Name Id. Number Lecture 1.

: Wika Prayogi : 4103332028 : Inorganic Chemistry I

Atom shells (n = 1, 2, 3, ) are name shell K, L, M, .. . In general, the electrons configuration for atoms of elements with atomic number is less than or equal to 20 follows the following rules: Fill the electrons starting from the lowest level of energy, that is shell K Shell K can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, while shells L, M, N, can hold a maximum of 8 electrons so, for the sodium atom, 2 electrons are place in shell K, 8 electrons are place in shell L electrons and the rest electron (1 electron) is place in shell M so sodium atom has 3 shell Bohrs Atomic model for hydrogen (H) atom. If H atom absorbs energy, the electron will move to an orbital with a higher energy level. However, if the Hydrogen atom emits energy, the electron will move to an orbit with a lower energy level. It means the electron is able to move from one shell to another shell spontaneously if electron absorbs or emits energy. Each atom tends to reach stability by releasing and catching electrons. If an atom releases electron, it will be positive ion and if an atom catches electron, it will be negative ion. The outer electron from the atom if it enters the shell inside the atom must release energy because the outer shell of an atom has the highest energy level. It means if the electron moves to the shell inside, the electron must release energy to balance with the energy of shell inside. At the time of hydrogen gas in a sealed container were sparks coming from the high-voltage power source, the hydrogen gas molecules will absorb energy. Consequently H-H bond in H2 is lost, so that the excited hydrogen atoms produced, I,e the excess energy of hydrogen atoms. Excess energy is then emitted in various forms of light with different wavelengths. At the time of visible light emission resulting from the hydrogen atom is passed through the prism it will produce the hydrogen atom spectrum. The conclusion of the experimental results That the hydrogen atom spectrum. The spectrum of the hydrogen atoms point to the fact that hydrogen gas emits light in the form of lines in the spectrum believe is closely related to atomic structure. Therefore, the atomic line spectrum can be used to test the truth of an atomic model. The lines of light in the spectrum corresponding to a particular wavelength, ie a line represents a wavelength which indicates a certain energy level. By then hydrogen atomic line spectrum indicates that hydrogen atoms occupy certain energy levels.

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Hypothesis Planck Bohr's atomic theory was based on the spectrum other than hydrogen atom also based on assumptions on the hypothesis that reveals the plank: 1. Any material cannot have the energy to any value but only allow a certain energy value 2. There is a relationship with the energy in the frequency of electromagnetic waves from a material.

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Basically, the principle of de Broglie duality motivated by quantum theory point out that at the max Planck. Search for the next Luis de Broglie waves through diffraction of the electron beam experiments. Based on its investigation, de Broglie express the principle of duality of matter has wave properties and particle properties. 1) experiments that explained by Max Planck that attempts to explain radiation characteristic emitted by a black body that indicate the nature of the particles emitted radiation is not continuous or concentrated in the smallest units called quanta 2) Experiment of electron diffraction experiments on the de Broglie; In 1923 Louis de Broglie addressed the question of whether all particles can have both a wave and a particle nature similar to the photon. Photons differ from many other particles in that they are mass less and travel at the speed of light. Specifically de Broglie asked the question of whether a particle that has both a wave and a particle associated with it is consistent with Einstein's two great 1905 contributions, the special theory of relativity and the quantization of energy and momentum. The answer turned out to be positive. The wave and particle nature of electrons was experimentally observed in 1927, two years after the discovery of the Schrdinger equation.

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10. Motivated by equation de Broglie, Schrodinger's wave mechanics to formulate the system at the same Heisenberg's matrix mechanics proposed system. Both systems are then incorporated into quantum mechanics. In quantum mechanics, the system state is described by wave function. Wave equations of particles (electrons) moving in one direction (x direction) is formulated as follows: ( )( )

m is the electron mass, v is the potential energy as a function of the coordinate system, and is the wave function. It can be generated as wave function of the equation is: contains three quantum numbers ie, principal quantum number, azimuth quantum number, and the magnetic quantum number

11. a. Principal quantum number (n): realizing the trajectory of electrons in atoms. n has a price of 1, 2, 3, ..... - n= 1 corresponds to the K shell - n = 2 correspond to the L shell - n = 3 in accordance with leather M, and so on each skin or any number of energy levels occupied by electrons. Maximum number of electrons that can occupy energy levels that must satisfy the Pauli formula = 2N2. example: skin-to-4 (n = 4) can be occupied by a maximum of = 2 x 42 electrons = 32 electrons b. Azimuth quantum number (l): sub-skin showing where the electrons were moving at the same time shows the sub skin which is a constituent of skin. Azimuth quantum number has the price from 0 to (n-1). n = 1; l = 0; according to the K shell n = 2, l = 0, 1; according to the L shell n = 3; l = 0, 1, 2; according to skin M n = 4; l = 0, 1, 2, 3; according to skin N, and so on, Sub leather prices vary is given a special name: l = 0; appropriate skin sub s (s = sharp) l = 1; corresponding sub-skin (p = principle) l = 2; appropriate skin sub d (d = diffuse) l = 3; appropriate skin sub f (f = fundamental) c. Magnetic quantum number (m): realizing the presence of one or several energy levels within a single sub-skin. Magnetic quantum number (m) has a price (-l) until the price (+ l). to: l = 0 (sub skin s), the price of m = 0 (has 1 orbital) l = 1 (skin sub p), the price of m = -1, O, +1 (has 3 orbitals) l = 2 (sub skin d), the price of m = -2, -1, O, +1, +2 (has 5 orbitals) l = 3 (sub kwit f), the price of m = -3, -2, O, +1, +2, +3 (has 7 orbitals) 12.
24Cr

Shell configuration of 24Cr = 2-8-8-6 Period=4 (the amount of shell), group=VI B (the electrovalence) Orbital configuration of 24Cr=1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 Period= 4 (the outer shell), group=VI B (the total of electron in 4s and 3d)

Quantum Number: 4s1 n=4 l=0 m=0 s=+1/2 3d5 n=3 l=2 m=+2 s=+1/2