Mathematical Formulas*

Quadratic Formula If ax2

bx c 0, then x

1b2 2a

Derivatives and Integrals 4ac d sin x dx d cos x dx d x e dx ex cos x sin x 2x2 1 (x2 x a 2(x2 a 2)1/2 a 2)1/2 sin x dx cos x dx cos x sin x

Binomial Theorem
(1 x)n 1 nx 1! n(n 1)x 2!
2

...

(x2 < 1)

Products of Vectors
: Let u be the smaller of the two angles between a and b .

Then
: a .b

: : b.a

axbx i ax bx

ayby j ay by k az bz az bz (azbx
:

azbz

ab cos u

2x 2 a 2 x dx (x2 a 2)3/2 dx (x2 dx a 2)3/2

e x dx a 2)

ex

ln(x

Cramers Rule a k x bx bzax)j ay by (axby bxay)k

Two simultaneous equations in unknowns x and y,

ay i by (aybz

az bz

ax j bx

a1x
have the solutions

b1 y

c1 and

a2x

b2 y

c2,

by az)i
: |a

b|

ab sin

c1 c2 a1 a2

b1 b2 b1 b2

c1b2 a1b2

c2b1 a2b1

Trigonometric Identities sin cos sin cos 2 sin 1( 2 2 cos

1 2(

) cos 1( 2 ) cos
1 2(

and ) ) y a1 a2 a1 a2 c1 c2 b1 b2 a1c2 a1b2 a2c1 . a2b1

* See Appendix E for a more complete list.

SI Prexes*
Factor 10 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101
24

Prex yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka

Symbol Y Z E P T G M k h da

Factor 10 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018 1021 1024
1

Prex deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto

Symbol d c m m n p f a z y

*In all cases, the rst syllable is accented, as in n-no-m-ter.

Some Physical Constants*

Speed of light Gravitational constant Avogadro constant Universal gas constant Massenergy relation Permittivity constant Permeability constant Planck constant Boltzmann constant Elementary charge Electron mass Proton mass Neutron mass Deuteron mass Bohr radius Bohr magneton Rydberg constant c G NA R c2
0

0 h k e me mp mn md a B R

2.998 108 m/s 6.673 1011 N m2/kg2 6.022 1023 mol1 8.314 J/mol K 8.988 1016 J/kg 931.49 MeV/u 8.854 1012 F/m 1.257 106 H/m 6.626 1034 J s 4.136 1015 eV s 1.381 1023 J/K 8.617 105 eV/K 1.602 1019 C 9.109 1031 kg 1.673 1027 kg 1.675 1027 kg 3.344 1027 kg 5.292 1011 m 9.274 1024 J/T 5.788 105 eV/T 1.097 373 107 m1

*For a more complete list, showing also the best experimental values, see Appendix B.

The Greek Alphabet

Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta a b g d e z h u Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi i k l m n j o p Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega r s t y ,w x c v

Some Conversion Factors*

Mass and Density 1 kg 1000 g 6.02 1026 u 1 slug 14.59 kg 1 u 1.661 1027 kg 1 kg/m3 103 g/cm3 Length and Volume 1 m 100 cm 39.4 in. 3.28 ft 1 mi 1.61 km 5280 ft 1 in. 2.54 cm 1 nm 109 m 10 1 pm 1012 m 1000 fm 1 light-year 9.461 1015 m 1 m3 1000 L 35.3 ft3 264 gal Time 1 d 86 400 s 1 1 y 365 4 d Speed 1 m/s 3.28 ft/s 2.24 mi/h 1 km/h 0.621 mi/h 0.278 m/s Force and Pressure 1 N 105 dyne 0.225 lb 1 lb 4.45 N 1 ton 2000 lb 1 Pa 1 N/m2 10 dyne/cm2 1.45 104 lb/in.2 1 atm 1.01 105 Pa 14.7 lb/in.2 76.0 cm Hg Energy and Power 1 J 107 erg 0.2389 cal 0.738 ft lb 1 kW h 3.6 106 J 1 cal 4.1868 J 1 eV 1.602 1019 J 1 horsepower 746 W 550 ft lb/s Magnetism 1 T 1 Wb/m2

3.16

107 s

Angular Measure 1 rad 57.3 0.159 rev rad 180 1 rev 2

104 gauss

*See Appendix D for a more complete list.

A P P E N D I X

Mathematical Formulas
Geometry
Circle of radius r: circumference 2pr; area pr . Sphere of radius r: area 4pr 2; volume 4 r 3. 3 Right circular cylinder of radius r and height h: area 2pr 2 2prh; volume pr 2h. Triangle of base a and altitude h: area 1ah. 2
2

is not equal to is identical to, is dened as is greater than ( is less than ( is much greater than) is much less than)

is greater than or equal to (or, is no less than) is less than or equal to (or, is no more than) plus or minus is proportional to

Quadratic Formula
If ax2 bx c 0, then x b

1b2 2a

4ac

the sum of xavg the average value of x

Trigonometric Functions of Angle u

sin tan sec y r y x r x cos cot csc x r x y r y

0 x y axis

Trigonometric Identities
sin(90 cos(90 sin u/cos u
y x axis

u) u) cos2 u tan u cot u cos2 u b) b) ) sin cos cos

2 2

cos u sin u tan u 1 1 1 sin2 u 2 cos2 u 1 1 2 sin2 u

sin2 u sec u csc u sin 2u

2 2

Pythagorean Theorem
In this right triangle, a2 b2 c2
c b a

2 sin u cos u sin a cos b cos a cos b cos a sin b sin a sin b

cos 2u sin(a cos(a tan(

Triangles
Angles are A, B, C Opposite sides are a, b, c Angles A B C 180 sin B sin C sin A a b c 2 2 2 c a b 2ab cos C Exterior angle D A C
C b

tan tan 1 tan tan 2 sin 1( 2 2 cos 1( 2 2 sin 1( 2 ) cos 1( 2 ) cos 1( 2 ) sin 1( 2 ) ) )

sin
a D

cos cos

A c

Binomial Theorem
(1 x)n 1 nx 1! n(n 2! 1)x 2 (x 2 1)

Mathematical Signs and Symbols

equals equals approximately is the order of magnitude of

Exponential Expansion
ex 1 x x2 2! x3 3!
A-9

A-10

APPENDIX E MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS

Logarithmic Expansion
ln(1 x) x
1 2 2x 1 3 3x

Products of Vectors
(|x| 1) Let i, j , and k be unit vectors in the x, y, and z directions. Then i i i j j i j k, k k i j j 1, j k j i k i, j k k k 0, i j k i 0,

Trigonometric Expansions (u in radians)

3 5

sin cos tan 1

3!
2

5!
4

Any vector : with components ax, ay, and az along the a x, y, and z axes can be written as
:

2!
3

4!
:

ax i

ay j

azk.

2 5 15

Let :, b , and : be arbitrary vectors with magnitudes a, a c b, and c.Then

:

(b
:

c)

: (a : s(a

b)
:

: (a

c) a scalar).

Cramers Rule
Two simultaneous equations in unknowns x and y, a1x b1 y c1 and a2x b2 y c2,
:

: (sa )

(sb )

b)

(s

Let u be the smaller of the two angles between : and a b . Then

: :

have the solutions c1 c2 a1 a2 b1 b2 b1 b2 c1b2 a1b2 c2b1 a2b1

a b

b : a
:

axbx
:

ayby i ax bx j ay by

azbz k az bz az bz (azbx

ab cos

and a1 a2 c1 c2 a1c2 a1b2 a2c1 . a2b1

:

ay i by (aybz

az bz

ax j bx bxay)k

a k x bx bzax)j

ay by

by az)i
: : :

a1 b1 a2 b2

(axby
: |a

b|

ab sin
:

a (b
:

c)

b (: c

a)

: c (a

b)

(b

c)

(a c )b

: : :

(a b ) c

: : :

PA R T 1

APPENDIX E MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS

A-11

Derivatives and Integrals

In what follows, the letters u and v stand for any functions of x, and a and m are constants. To each of the indenite integrals should be added an arbitrary constant of integration. The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (CRC Press Inc.) gives a more extensive tabulation. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. dx dx d dx d dx d dx d dx d dx d dx d dx d dx d dx d dx d dx d dx d dx d dx d dx 1 (au) (u xm ln x (uv) ex sin x cos x tan x cot x sec x csc x e
u u

1. 2. 3. 4.

dx au dx (u x m dx dx x u

x a v) dx u dx u dx v dx 1)

a v)

du dx du dx
1

xm 1 (m m 1 ln |x| uv v

5. dv dx 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

0

mxm 1 x u ex

dv dx dx ex

du dx dx

e x dx sin x dx cos x dx tan x dx

dv dx

du dx

cos x sin x ln |sec x|

1 2x 1 4

cos x sin x sec2 x csc2 x tan x sec x cot x csc x du e dx du cos u dx du sin u dx

sin2 x dx e xe x 2e xne x2ne

0 ax

sin 2x

dx dx dx dx dx

1 e a

ax

ax

1 (ax a2 1 (a 2x2 a3 n! an 1 1 3 5 2 ln(x

1) e

ax

ax

2ax

2)e

ax

ax

16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

0

ax2

1 n

(2n a a 2)

1)

sin u cos u

dx

x2

a2 x dx (x2 a 2)3/2 (x2 x2n dx a 2)3/2

1

x2
1 (x2 x

a 2)1/2 a 2)1/2
1

a 2(x2 n! 2a n d ln(x

ax2

dx

(a

0)

21.

x dx x d

d)