Bhatla 1 Amit Bhatla IB Chemistry SL, Hour 5 Mrs.

Vossoughi 20 September 2011

Apply Density Lab Report

Background Information: The density of a material is measured as its mass per unit volume. Different materials usually have different densities. Apples specifically have a density that is less than water, because their mass to volume ratio is less than the mass to volume ratio of water. For this reason, apples float in water. Research Question: How does changing the mass of an apple affect its volume? Hypothesis: If the volume of an apple is decreased, then the mass of the apple will decrease. Variables: A) Dependent Variable: Mass. B) Independent Variable: Volume. C) Controls: using the same type of apple, using the same type of measuring instrument, having the same person take the measurement, measuring the density in the same environment, etc.

Bhatla 2 Material and equipment: Safety: Wear safety goggles, and be cautious with the apple so as to not hurt your mouth on it. Tie hair up and wear lab coat. Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Research topic and gather background information. Gather materials and equipment. Zero the balance by adjusting the beam underneath the plate. Place the apple on the scale and adjust the beams in order to find the mass of the apple. Record mass on table. Fill the overflow cup completely with water; allow it to drain all excess fluid from the pipe. 7. Slowly lower the apple into the overflow cup, allowing all displaced water exiting the overflow cup through the pipe to flow into the graduated cylinder(s). 8. Make sure the graduated cylinders are both filled below 100mL, not above. 9. Read the amount of water in the graduated cylinder(s) and add the values. 10. Record the value as the mass. 11. Have someone take a bite from the apple. 12. Repeat steps 4-11 until the mass of the apple is 10 grams or below, making sure it is the same person taking the bite each time. 13. Record all data. 14. Analyze Results. 15. Write conclusions and evaluations. 2 100-mL graduated cylinders 1 pair of Safety goggles 1 Overflow cup 1 3-beam balance 1 red delicious apple Paper towels Data collection equipment Water and water faucet Someone willing to bite the apple

Bhatla 3

Tables and Graphs: Mass (g) with an uncertainty of 0.05 137.70 g 127.95 g 113.41 g 98.93 g 85.81 g 72.12 g 60.91 g 51.31 g 39.70 g 27.21 g 21.32 g 18.10 g 11.46 g 5.52 g Volume (mL) with an uncertainty of 0.1 143.5 mL 138.0 mL 120.6 mL 108.47 mL 87.91 mL 69.37 mL 63.20 mL 50.93 mL 43.10 mL 32.47 mL 26.61 mL 21.12 mL 10.36 mL 6.71 mL

Calculations and errors analysis: A) Slope equation: 1.07 g/mL. B) Density of the apple: 1.07 g/mL. C) Equation of the Line: m = 1.07v

D) Average density (class average): 1.00 g/mL. E) Equation of the class average line: F) Percent error: 7%. m = 1.00v

Bhatla 4 Conclusion and Evaluation: A) My hypothesis was in fact supported by the results. Going back, my hypothesis stated that as the mass of the apple decreased the volume would as well. Every time I bit the apple I reduced its mass. I observed that when measuring the volume of the apple after the decrease in mass using the overflow cup I found that the volume also decreased. This means that decreasing mass of an apple also decreases its volume. B) My percent error for this lab was 7%. Random errors that could have contributed to this include: inability to accurately read the measurement on the graduated cylinders, the amount of water absorbed by the apple affecting the mass/volume, and not having an accurately zeroed balance. Systematic errors could include: having a part of the balance be damaged, having leftover fluid in the graduated cylinder affect the data, having bits of the apple break off after measuring the mass/trying to measure the volume. C) Improvements for this experiment could be: biting the apple from the top so that water doesnt observe in it, taking more care to make sure the apple is properly dried off without having it absorb the juice, making sure all the water gets into the graduated cylinder from the overflow cup, trying to keep the apple whole during the entire experiment, and using a different surface to set the overflow cup on so that it is easier to let it flow into the graduated cylinders.