International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.13 No.1

IRRN Guidelines
The International Rice Research Newsletter objective is: To expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice-based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice, inasmuch as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land-scarce nations in the world . . . IRRN is a mechanism to help rice scientists keep each other informed of current research findings. The concise reports contained in IRRN are meant to encourage rice scientists and workers to communicate with one another. In this way, readers can obtain more detailed information on the research reported. Please examine the criteria, guidelines, and research categories that follow. It you have comments or suggestions, please write the editor, IRRN, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. We look forward to your continuing interest in IRRN.
Criteria for IRRN research reports
has international, or pan-national, relevance has rice environment relevance advances rice knowledge uses appropriate research design and data collection methodology reports appropriate, adequate data applies appropriate analysis, using appropriate statistical techniques reaches supportable conclusions
Guidelines for contributors
The International Rice Research Newsletter is a compilation of research briefs on topics of interest to rice scientists all over the world.
Contributions to IRRN should be reports of recent work and work-inprogress that have broad interest and application. Please observe these guidelines in preparing submissions: The report should not exceed two pages of double-spaced typewritten text. No more than two figures (graphs, tables, or photos) may accompany the text. Do not cite references or include a bibliography. Items that exceed the specified length will he returned. Include a brief statement of research objectives and project design. The discussion should be brief, and should relate the results of the work to its objectives. Report appropriate statistical analysis. Provide genetic background for new varieties or breeding lines. Specify the environment (irrigated, rainfed lowland, upland, deep water, tidal wetlands). If you must use local terms to specify landforms or cropping systems, explain or define them in parentheses. Specify the type of rice culture (e.g., transplanted, wet seeded, dry seeded). Specify seasons by characteristic weather (wet, dry, monsoon) and by months. Do not use national or local terms for seasons or, if used, define them. When describing the rice plant and its cultivation, use standard, internationally recognized designators for plant parts and growth stages, environments, management practices, etc. Do not use local terms. When reporting soil nutrient studies, be sure to include standard soil profile description, classification, and relevant soil properties. Provide scientific names for diseases, insects, weeds, and crop plants; do not use common names or local names alone. Survey data should be quantified (infection percentage, degree of severity, sampling base, etc.). When evaluating susceptibility, resistance, tolerance, etc., report the
actual quantification of damage due to stress used to assess level or incidence. Specify the measurement used. Use international measurements. Do not use local units of measure. Express yield data in metric tons per hectare (t/ha) for field studies and in grams per pot (g/pot) or per row (g/row) for small-scale studies. Express all economic data in terms of the US$. Do not use national monetary units. Economic information should be presented at the exchange rate $:local currency at the time data were collected. Use generic names, not trade names, for all chemicals. When using acronyms or abbreviations, write the name in full on first mention, following it with the acronym or abbreviation in parentheses. Thereafter use the abbreviation. Define in a footnote or legend any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in a table or figure.
INSFFER disease management insect management weed management managing other pests integrated pest management water management farm machinery environmental analysis postharvest technology farming systems ARFSN research methodology data management and computer modeling SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT environment production livelihood EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION training and technology transfer research communication research information storage and retrieval
Categories of research reported
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT genetic resources genetics breeding method yield potential grain quality and nutritional value disease resistance insect resistance drought tolerance excess water tolerance adverse temperature tolerance adverse soils tolerance lntegrated germplasm improvement research techniques data management and computer modeling IRTP seed technology
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT soils and soil characterization soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer physiology and plant nutrition crop management soil fertility and fertilizer management
CONTENTS
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Genetic resources
5 5 5 Some restorers and maintainers of WA cytosterile lines Rice dwarf mutant of Seratus Malam variety Effects of antimitotics on growth and differentiation of rice tissues grown in vitro Performance of japonica/indica cross derivatives under rainfed upland conditions Japonica and indica differences in large vascular bundles in culm Correlation between rice grain and straw protein content and yield Tungro (RTV) transmission and mode of green leafhopper (GLH) feeding Tungro (RTV) development in rice Stability of bacterial blight (BB) resistance in IR varieties Reaction of rice varieties with xa-5 to four Philippine races of bacterial blight (BB) Reaction of IR varieties to tungro (RTV) in the Philippines Ketoacids in healthy and bacterial blight (BB)-affected leaves of susceptible and tolerant rice varieties Resistance to bacterial blight (BB) in rice germplasm material Disease selection in rice in Colombia and Central America Rice cultures with early plant resistance to bacterial blight (BB) Gall midge (GM) resistance in traditional rice varieties in Bihar Growth recovery from salt stress during initial seedling stage Effect of salinity on net assimilation and rice grain yield Improved rice varieties released in Nigeria High-yielding, medium-duration variety for Tamil Nadu Promising, long-duration rice variety for Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu BG380-2, a high-yielding, short- to medium-duration rice Performance of selected photoperiod-sensitive breeding lines in Bangladesh
Disease management
22 23 23 24 24
Breeding methods
Overwintering of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae Response of rice bacterial blight (BB) pathogen in vitro to antibiotics and fungitoxicants Soil incorporation of fungicides to control sheath blight (ShB) Diseases of dry summer rice in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India Virulent strain of rice grassy stunt virus (GSV) identified in Indonesia Influence of carbofuran dose and time of application on control of rice water weevil (RWW) Effect of neem seed bitters (NSB) on green leafhopper (GLH) survival and rice tungro virus (RTV) transmission Compatible insecticides and fungicides to control leaffolder (LF) and sheath rot (ShR) in rice Brown planthopper (BPH) outbreak in Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu Effect of neem seed bitters (NSB) on green leafhopper (GLH) feeding Effect of neem seed treatment on rice seedling vigor and survival of brown planthopper (BPH) and green leafhopper (GLH) Effect of plant derivatives on green leafhopper (GLH) and rice tungro (RTV) transmission Chemical weed control in transplanted rice Nitrogen fertilization and Meloidogyne incognita incidence in rice Economizing irrigation through rice fallow cropping strategies
Yield potential
6 7 7 8
Insect management
25 25 26 26 27 27 28
Grain quality and nutritional value Disease resistance

10 10 11 12 12 13 14 15 15 16 17
Weed management
29 30 30 30 31 32
Managing other pests Water management Farming systems
Insect resistance
Adverse soils tolerance
Integrated germplasm improvement

17 18 18
Effect of tillage on stem borer (SB) larvae carry-over in a rice wheat rotation Intercropping upland rice and Lamtoro in acid Red Yellow Podzolic soils Performance of transplanted aman rice varieties in cropping pattern trials
19 19
SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Production
32 Economics of rice gall midge (GM) management in resistant and susceptible cultures
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer
20 Effect of blue-green algae (BGA) inoculation and urea supergranule (USG) on rice yields in sodic soils Influence of iron on nutrient uptake by rice Effect of integrated nitrogen management in rice on soil organic carbon and on succeeding wheat crop yield
ANNOUNCEMENTS
33 33 33 34 34 34 Deepwater rice workshop examines innovative cropping 1987 International Rice Research Conference Gene banks and the worlds food Environmental impact of pesticides Crop loss assessment to improve pest management New IRRI publications
Physiology and plant nutrition

20 21
Soil fertility and fertilizer management
ERRATA
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Genetic resources
Some restorers and maintainers of WA cytosterile lines
S. Saran and R.K. Mandal, Botany Department, Patna University, Patna 800005, India
Spikelet and pollen fertility percentages in F 1 hybrids and their male parents. Cross and male parent V20A/IR54 IR54 V20A/Br. 34 Br. 34 V20A/Br. 9 Br. 9 V20A/Cuttack Basmati Cuttack Basmati V20A/BIET8549 BIET8549 V20A/BIET1009 BIET1009 V20A/Radha Radha V20A/BIET8550 BIET8550 Spikelet fertility (%) 85.8 86.9 12.2 89.1 29.0 83.0 39.0 91.2 82.5 89.1 86.8 89.2 84.9 91.0 10.5 85.5 Pollen fertility (%) 76 80 7 79 16 76 23 88 71 74 81 81 76 89 6 76
Using Chinese CMS line V20A as a common female parent, eight crosses with standard rice cultivars were made during 1984 wet season. To identify restorers and maintainers, 20 plants from each hybrid and the male parents
grown in the test cross nursery in 1985 were examined for pollen fertility and spikelet seed-setting percentage. Male parents of the F 1 that showed 70-80% pollen fertility and above 80% spikelet fertility were designated restorers. Male parents of the F1 showing 5-7% pollen fertility were designated maintainers. Male parents showing intermediate pollen and spikelet fertility were designated partial restorers. IR54, BIET8549, BIET1009, and Radha were identified as restorers, Br. 9 and Cuttack Basmati as partial
restorers, and Br. 34 and BIET8550 as maintainers (see table).
Breeding methods
Rice dwarf mutant of Seratus Malam variety
P.S. Mugiono and A.M.R. Soemanggono, National Atomic Energy Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
Agronomic characters of dwarf mutant M-362 and the mother variety Seratus Malam. Characteristic Plant height (cm) Productive tillers (no.) Panicle length (cm) Culm length (cm) 1,000-grain weight (g) Yield per plant (g) Mutant M-362 58.50 4.50 17.17 41.33 12.75 10.55 Seratus Malam 119.00 10.00 27.00 92.00 22.24 18.41
Seeds of Seratus Malam, a local upland rice variety (tall with long panicles and high yielding potential) were irradiated
with gamma rays at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 kGy in 1983. Plants were selected in the M 2 generation for dwarf and semidwarf stature. From 50,000 M 2 plants, 130 semidwarf mutants and 1 dwarf mutant were selected. Dwarf mutant M-362 was isolated from the 0.1 kGy gamma ray treatment. It has significantly shorter plants, shorter culms, lower number of productive tillers, shorter panicles, and lower 1,000-grain weight than Seratus Malam (see table). In the allelic test, dwarf mutant M362 was crossed with Acc. 123 (carrying DGWG gene). Dwarf mutant M-362 was not allelic with Acc. 123. Performance of dwarf mutant M-362 is shown in the figure.
Effects of antimitotics on growth and differentiation of rice tissues grown in vitro

A.N. Sharma and U. Sinha, Botany Department, Patna University, Patna 800005, India
Stature of M-362 dwarf mutant and the mother variety Seratus Malam. Jiakarta, Indonesia.
Seratus Malam
Dwarf mutant
We studied the effects of three antimitotic agents chloral hydrate,
IRRN 13:1 (February 1988)
p-fluorophenylalanine (FPA), and ethionine on growth and differentiation of cultured explants (root, shoot, endosperm, and embryo) of indica rice varieties Sita and Rajendra Dhan 201. All the chemicals decreased the rate of elongation of roots and shoots differentiated from treated embryos and fresh and dry weights of root, shoot, and endosperm calli. The extent of growth inhibition depended on the chemical and its concentration. Of the three, ethionine was most effective. The morphological changes induced by the chemicals were manifested at the macromolecular levels as well. They lowered the levels of DNA, protein, and carbohydrates of the plantlets differentiated from chemically treated embryos, thereby indicating an overall disturbance in general metabolism (see table). The decrease in the amount of total DNA gives indirect evidence for the changes induced in the levels of ploidy
Effects of antimitotics on DNA, protein, and carbohydrate contents of 10-day-old plantlets differentiated from excised embryos. Chemical Control Chloral hydrate Concentration (mg/liter) 0.0 82.7 165.4 827.0 FPA 25.0 50.0 100.0 Ethionine 5.0 10.0 15.0 Amount in g/g fresh weight of plantlets DNA 1060.0 44.9 534.2 31.4 237.4 31.1 204.6 52.6 973.0 25.9 789.7 57.1 463.2 55.8 735.6 69.4 295.7 32.3 253.0 8.8 Protein 417.6 28.4 198.0 28.3 130.3 2.8 113.2 14.2 273.9 17.8 176.2 28.1 141.7 20.4 311.9 16.5 163.7 40.2 129.4 16.2 Carbohydrate 544.3 21.1 259.6 21.8 150.7 10.8 141.5 3.0 228.6 13.1 187.2 3.8 149.7 6.7 345.6 25.2 317.8 15.8 296.6 2.3
of the treated tissues. Cytological studies of the treated tissues are needed to reveal the nature of permanent heritable
changes brought about by these antimitotics.
Yield potential
Performance of japonica/indica cross derivatives under rainfed upland conditions
S. K. B. Roy, State Agricultural Experimental Farm, Malda, West Bengal; and M. Arraudeau, International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines
May in West Dinajpur and Malda is affected by high temperature (around 40 C). The problems associated with prekharif yields include unevenly occurring drought spells; soil deficiencies, mostly N and P; diseases,
mostly blast, sheath rot, and brown spot; insects, termites, stem borers, mealybug, and leaffolders; and rootknot nematodes. Weeds also are an important problem. We screened 37 F4 bulk population crosses including japonicas and indicas from IRRI and local cultivars at Malda in prekharif 1986. Seeds were sown in
Table 1. Screening F 4 bulk crosses under rainfed upland conditions. Malda, India, 1986. Designation IR47724-14 IR47730-4 IR47705-6 IR47697-2 IR47688-35 IR47687-10 IR47699-28 IR4768-33 IR47721-21 IR47701-20 IR47699-22 Dular Panke Soni
aI
Pre-wet season rainfed rice is grown in about 336.4 thousand ha in northern West Bengal. Rainfall varies from 4,000 mm at Cooch-behar to 1,430 mm at Malda; 80% falls between May and Sep. Drought is not common in Coochbehar, Jalpaiguri, and Darjeeling districts, but happens occasionally in West Dinajpur and Malda. Germination and initial growth of the crop direct seeded early Mar in the terai region of Jalpaiguri and Cooch-behar is affected by low temperature (17-20 C). Growth of the crop seeded late Apr and
Cross Moroberekan/IRAT177 IRAT112/Apura Moroberekan/Palawan ITA235/IR9669 sel. IRAT112/Sein Talay IRAT104/Salumpikit IRAT104/Palawan IRAT104/Salumpikit IRAT177/H.T. Boewani ITA235/UPLRi 7 ITA235/Palawan Local check Local check Local check
Varietal groupa VI/VI VI/I VI/VI VI/I VI/I VI/I VI/VI VI/I VI/I VI/I VI/VI
Panicle length (cm) 16-25 15-23 15-20 15-20 15-22 16-19 15-17 13-18 15-22 17-21 19-24 20 23 19
Fertile Duration grains (d) (no./panicle) 90 81-92 88-90 90-92 90-91 91-94 89 91-93 89 80 81-93 85 100 82 50-140 42-92 52-100 54-85 79-102 80-135 80-1 15 46-68 70-113 78-94 65-140 81 123 65
Grain fertility (%) 12-47 0-60 10-71 32-70 45-50 0-7 2 39-55 37-38 12-55 63-65 39-67 32 9 43
Selections made (no.) 5 23 10 8 3 5 2 2 8 2 5
= indica, VI = japonica.
6 IRRN 13:1 (February 1988)
early May. Individual plant selection was based on maturity, panicle length, grains per panicle, grain fertility, and grain acceptability (Table 1). The bulk population materials were as early as local cultivars. Some of them showed better seed fertility and grain numbers per panicle than local cultivars. Duration was about 90 d. The most promising materials are japonica/japonica crosses Moroberekan/IRAT177 and ITA235/ Palawan. Lack of rain (108 mm) during Aug 1986 affected the reproductive and maturing stages. Selected plants were sown 3 Oct 1986 to test cold tolerance at the vegetative stage. The transplanted crop was
Table 2. Cold tolerance of selected advanced lines of rainfed upland crosses. Malda, India, 1986-87. Designation IR47687-10 IR47698-32 IR47688-78 IR47697-2 IR47699-22 IR47699-28 IR47701-20 IR47705-6 IR47721-21 IR47724-14 IR47730-4 Soni Dular Cross IRAT104/Salumpikit IRATl12/Sein Talay IRATl12/Sein Talay ITA235/IR9669 sel. ITA235/Palawan ITA235/Palawan ITA235/UPLRi-7 Moroberekan/Palawan IRAT177/H.T. Boewani Moroberekan/IRAT177 IRATl12/Apura Local check Local check Varietal group VI/I VI/I VI/I VI/I VI/VI VI/VI VI/I VI/VI VI/I VI/VI VI/I Lines tested (no.) 3 1 6 6 3 2 3 8 6 3 5 Survival (%) 12.5 87.5 45.8 62.5 12.5 56.3 43.8 64.5 52.5 33.8 12.5 25.0 12.5 Average cold score (0-9 scale) 7.0 4.0 7.0 5.8 6.0 5.5 8.0 6.7 4.7 6.6 6.5 9.0 9.0 Range of cold tolerance 7-7 3-5 5-9 3-9 4-9 5-6 7-9 5-9 1-9 6-7 6-7 8-9 9-9
screened 3 Jan 1987. Average minimum temperatures were 18 C in Nov and
13 C in Dec. Table 2 shows crosses promising for survival percentage.
Japonica and indica differences in large vascular bundles in culm

Huang Huang, Agronomy Department, Hunan Agricultural College, Changsha, Hunan, China
We studied the number of large vascular bundles in the first internode from the
top (NLVBFI) and the number of primary branches of panicle (NPBP) at heading, in 45 indica (hsien) and japonica (keng) type varieties during 1981-82. NLVBFI was 20.9 6.3 for indica type and 10.1 1.9 for japonica type (see table). NPBP showed almost no differences between the two types. The ratio for NLVBFI/NPBP for 10 indicas averaged 1.97 and ranged from
1.64 to 2.27. The ratio for 10 japonicas averaged 1.13 and ranged from 1.02 to 1.19. It seems that the ratio can be considered a new character to distinguish the two types. The difference in NLVBFI between the two types may relate to evolution and to nutrient transport.
NLVBFI and NPB a in selected indica and japonica varieties. Hunan, China. NLVBFI Average (A) Guang-lu-ai 4 Yu-chi 231-8 Xiang-ai-zhao 9 Ke-zhen 145 Wei-you 6 Zhen-zhu-ai Qui-chao 2 Qiang-yan 1811 Mi-yan 23 IR26 Tian-jin-yong Long-hu 6 58 fu-nuo 177 fu-lei 14.6 15.5 18.1 27.5 24.1 22.7 22.9 18.7 23.2 18.7 12.0 11.7 8.3 10.7 11.0 9.5 10.3 9.5 11.6 CV (%) Indica 8.7 8.7 6.1 9.1 16.0 13.6 9.5 8.7 10.7 14.9 Japonica 9.6 7.0 9.9 15.7 14.8 12.9 20.9 8.8 10.8 NPBP Average (B) 7.2 8.0 8.2 16.0 12.0 11.4 11.6 9.6 10.2 11.2 10.8 10.2 7.0 10.5 10.3 8.0 9.2 8.0 10.6 CV (%) 12.8 8.8 15.0 5.6 5.6 9.4 7.3 11.1 11.1 5.6 8.5 12.0 19.0 14.3 17.8 13.4 25.2 11.8 15.4 A/B
2.08 1.94 2.21 1.69 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.95 2.27 1.64 1.11 1.14 1.18 1.02 1.07 1.19 1.12 1.19 1.09
Grain quality and nutritional value

Correlation between rice grain and straw protein content and yield
M. M. Ullah and N. A. Khondaker, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Hathazari, Chittagong 4330, Bangladesh
6107
4001
78-14
Hai203 Yi-chang 105
aMeans of 10 plants, including 5 main culms and 5 tillers. NLVBFI = large vascular bundles in first internode, NPBP = primary branches of panicle.
BR3 rice was grown at the Bangladesh Agricultural University Farm, Mymensingh, May-Oct 1982 with 4 treatments of ZnO (0, 2, 5, and 8 kg Zn/ha) and gypsum (0, 20,30, and 40
kg S/ ha). Normal cultural operations were done. The experiment was in randomized block design with four replications. Seedlings (25 d old) were transplanted 22 May at 25- 15-cm spacing and harvested at 134 d. Rough grain and straw yields were recorded. Samples of rough grain and straw were analyzed for protein content by the improved Kjeldahl method (N 6.25). There was a significant positive correlation between grain protein content and yield ( r = 0.84**) and straw protein content and yield ( r = 0.79**) (Fig. 1, 2).
Disease resistance
Tungro (RTV) transmission and mode of green leafhopper (GLH) feeding
G. Dahal and H. Hibino, Plant Pathology Department; and R. C. Saxena, Entomology Department, IRRI
We studied the relationship between feeding behavior of GLH Nephotettix virescens and transmission of RTVassociated viruses in seedlings of nine rice cultivars. Newly emerged adults from a GLH colony reared on rice
1. Correlation between rice grain yield and protein content. Chittagong, Bangladesh.
2. Correlation between rice straw yield and protein content. Chittagong, Bangladesh.
1. Transmission of RTBV or RTSV or both by GLH and insect mode during inoculation access feeding on 9 selected rice cultivars. IRRI, 1987.
2. Scatter diagram of acidic and basic honeydew spots excreted by individual virus transmitter and nontransmitter GLH on 9 selected rice cultivars during 22 h inoculation feeding. IRRI, 1987.
cultivar TN1 were given a 4-d acquisition feeding on plants infected with rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV), then a 1-d inoculation feeding on individual seedlings. Feeding behavior during inoculation access was monitored by the color reaction of honeydew spots on bromocresol-treated filter paper disks. Blue spots (basic reaction) indicated phloem feeding and brown spots (acidic reaction) indicated xylem feeding. Inoculated seedlings were individually
indexed for the presence of viruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Greater xylem feeding occurred in GLH-resistant cultivars ASD7, Gam Pai 30-12-15, Palasithari 601, and ARCl1554 (Fig. 1). Greater phloem + xylem feeding occurred in GLHsusceptible cultivars Utri Rajapan, Habiganj DW8, IR22, and TN1. Except for ARC11554, GLH-resistant cultivars were predominantly infected with RTBV alone. On Gam Pai 30-12-15 and Palasithari 601, GLH that transmitted
viruses fed more on phloem + xylem than on xylem; on GLH-susceptible Utri Rajapan and Habiganj DW8, all GLH fed on phloem + xylem, and most failed to transmit either virus. The areas of basic and acidic honeydew spots excreted by individual GLH on each cultivar varied (Fig. 2), indicating heterogeneity of GLH in the colony used, although the colony has been maintained on TN1 for many years. Virus transmission did not correlate with feeding sites in the scatter diagram.
Tungro (RTV) development in rice

E. R. Tiongco, R. C. Cabunagan, Z. M. Flores, and H. Hibino, Plant Pathology Department, IRRI
We studied the development of RTV infection in rice varieties with different levels of resistance to the vector green leafhopper (GLH). In a wet season trial Aug-Oct 1985, high infection by rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) was
28 DT, coincidental with detection of RTBV + RTSV. RTSV infection rate was highest about a month after transplanting, and decreased thereafter, whereas infection with RTBV + RTSV increased remarkably 1 mo after
1. Percentage of RTBV and RTSV infection assessed by latex test in 6 rice varieties at different times after transplanting, IRRI. WS = wet season, DS = dry season.
2. Percentage of RTBV and RTSV infection assessed by latex test, and RTV incidence based on symptoms in variety TN1 at different times after transplanting. IRRI, 1987 DS.
found 30 d after transplanting (DT) in all varieties except IR54 and IR58, which have GLH resistance. RTSV infection remained high to the end of the test period, except in susceptible TN1 and IR22. Infection with both RTSV and rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) was high in TN1 and IR22. In a similar trial Jan-Mar (dry season) 1986, RTSV infection at 30 DT was low even in TN1 and IR22. Infection increased slowly with both viruses in all varieties. RTV development was more rapid in susceptible TN1 and IR22 than in moderately resistant IR36 and IR42. IR54 and IR58 had low infection, regardless of cropping season (Fig. 1). In the Jan-Mar 1987 trial using TN1 plants, RTSV infection occurred as early as 14 DT. RTV symptoms appeared at
transplanting (Fig. 2). The rate of RTV development varied among varieties and cropping seasons. RTSV infection could occur soon after transplanting, about a month before appearance of RTV symptoms. RTSV incidence also varied with cropping season.
Stability of bacterial blight (BB) resistance in IR varieties

Wei Zi Sheng and Li Yu Rong, Hunan Agricultural Science Academy, Rice Research Institute, Changsha, China
Eleven IR varieties were evaluated for BB resistance at AanRen, Hunan, 1975-
87. Seedlings were transplanted in 1 row at 18- 18-cm spacing. Plants were artificially inoculated (clipping method) with a virulent local isolate at maximum tillering. Disease reaction was recorded 20 d after inoculation. IR22, IR26, IR32, IR36, IR38, and IR42 showed stable resistance, with a narrow reaction range. IR20, IR28, IR29, IR30, and IR34 had a wider reaction range (see table).
Stability of BB resistance in IR varieties. Hunan, China. Variety IR20 IR22 IR26 IR28 IR29 IR30 IR32 IR34 IR36 IR38 IR42
aStandard
Reaction of rice varieties with xa-5 to 4 Philippine races of BB. Variety Hashikalmi Kele Aus 25 1 Aus 449 Bageri Dharial DV29 DV319 DD100 DNJ 142 DV32 DV52 DV85 DV86 DZ78 Pankhiraj Dharial UCP 28 Laksmijota Lahargura Loroi Chinsurah Boro II Koalarata ARC6231 ARC6565 ARC7001 ARC7013 ARC7043 ARC7045 ARC7046 ARC7055 ARC7060 ARC7090 ARC7098 ARC7102 ARC7128 ARC7207 ARC7260 ARC7291 ARC7323 ARC7336 ARC7406 ARC7416 ARC7423 ARC10027 ARC10376 ARC10520 ARC10952 ARC11067 ARC11071 ARC11072 ARC11075 ARC11083 ARC11092 ARC11109 ARC11121 ARC11204 ARC11219 BJ1 Banglaluwa Devarasi Dudhi Lal Ahu Lalaka Gadur Lal Sar Matury Nakhi Ram Bilash IRRI acc. no. 3397 25881 29043 29206 16193 3396 8816 8880 8649 8426 8818 8828 8839 8840 8555 24139 34034 8728 31595 25886 27567 11484 28598 12260 20400 20436 20437 20458 20460 20461 20468 20471 20490 20498 20501 20524 20545 12346 12356 20602 20606 20617 20625 20627 20655 20887 20967 12682 42623 21184 21186 21188 21189 21192 21199 21207 21223 21236 3711 16268 16173 16 25 6 16 121 16255 16185 16190 16254 16273 Country of origin Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India India Nepal Nepal Nepal Nepal Nepal Nepal Nepal Nepal Nepal Nepal Reaction a to races 1 (PXO 61) R R R R R R R R MR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R MR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R 2 (PXO 86) R R R R R R R R MR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R 3 (PXO 79) 4 (PXO 71) MR MR MS MS MS MS MR R MS MS MR MR R R MS MS MR MS MS MS R R MR MS S S MS MS S S S MS S MR MS MS S S MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MR MR MS MR MR MS S MR MS MR MR MR MR R MS MS MS MS S MS S S MS next page
Test duration 1975-47 1975-87 1975-87 1975-87 1975-47 1975-87 1976-87 1976-47 1976-87 1976-87 1976-87
BB reaction a Range 1-5 1-3 1-3 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-3 1-5 1-3 1-3 1-3 Average 3.15 2.85 2.38 3.30 3.00 3.46 2.67 3.16 2.67 2.67 2.67
evaluation system for rice.
Reaction of rice varieties with xa-5 to four Philippine races of bacterial blight (BB)
A.K. Saha, Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Joydebpur, Bangladesh; and G.S. Khush, IRRI
More than 100 varieties having recessive gene xa-5 for BB resistance have been identified (genetic analysis using BB race 1). The xa-5 gene conveys resistance to BB races 1,2, and 3. We have found that varieties with xa-5 give widely variable reaction to race 4. We reinoculated (clipping method) 6 plants each of 74 varieties with 4 races at maximum tillering. All varieties were resistant to races 1, 2, and 3 (see table). However, 52 were susceptible or moderately susceptible and 22 were resistant or moderately resistant to race 4. We are analyzing some varieties resistant to race 4 to determine if they
R R R R R R R R MR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Continued on
11
Table continued Variety Sajani Sokan Dhan Tally Gokhue Sair Mujaer DL 5
a
IRRI acc. no. 16177 16250 16146 16195 18296 8593
Country of origin Nepal Nepal Nepal Nepal Indonesia Pakistan
Reaction a to races 1 (PXO 61) R R R R R R 2 (PXO 86) R R R R R R 3 (PXO 79) R R R R R R 4 (Pxo 71) S MS MR MS MS MS
have an additional gene for resistance. A vast majority of the varieties came from gene center 1, comprising Bangladesh, Nepal, and northeast India. One variety is from Indonesia and one from Pakistan.
Individuals, organizations, and media are invited to quote or reprint articles or excerpts from articles in the IRRN.
R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible.
Reaction of IR varieties to tungro (RTV) in the Philippines

E.R. Tiongco, R.C. Cabunagan, Z.M. Flores, and H. Hibino, Plant Pathology Department; and O. Garcia, R. Necesario, and G. L. Denning, Training and Technology Transfer Department, IRRI
IR varieties were tested for reaction to RTV during the 1986 dry season in Koronadal, South Cotobato; Baybay, Leyte; and Guimba, Nueva Ecija. Disease incidence was based on symptoms; rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) in rice plants were indexed by the latex test 60 d after transplanting. Symptoms of RTV incidence in fields surrounding the test sites were assessed visually. RTV incidence varied among varieties and locations (see table). In Nueva Ecija, where virtually no RTV incidence
was observed in the surrounding fields, only RTSV infection occurred in all varieties. In Leyte, where RTV incidence was moderately low, high levels of RTSV infection and low levels of RTBV infection occurred in all varieties. In South Cotabato, where RTV incidence was high, many varieties were infected with both viruses. Even under high disease pressure in South Cotabato, IR56, IR60, and IR62 had relatively low infection rates. IR50, IR54, and IR64, which have Gam Pai 30-12-15 as a donor for vector resistance in their parentage, showed low infection rates with either virus in Nueva Ecija but high infection rates in Leyte and South Cotabato. IR26 and IR30 were mostly infected with RTBV alone in South Cotabato. These results indicate field resistance to RTV in IR50, IR54, and IR64 in Nueva Ecija but not in Leyte and South Cotabato.
The latex test on test plants and plants from surrounding fields in South Cotabato revealed 12% infection with rice grassy stunt virus (GSV). It seemed that GSV strain 2, which caused RTVlike symptoms, was prevalent in South Cotabato. GSV-infected plants might have been scored RTV-infected. These results confirm that RTV incidence varies with disease severity and the vector population prevailing in the area. Unsuspected RTSV occurs widely in fields perceived to be disease-free.
Ketoacids in healthy and bacterial blight (BB)-affected leaves of susceptible and tolerant rice varieties
Ch. Ramanamma and A. Sreeramulu, Botany Department, S. V. University, Tirupati 517502, A. P., India
RTV incidence based on symptoms, and RTBV and RTSV infection based on the latex test in IR varieties 60 d after transplanting in fields in Nueva Ecija, Leyte, and South Cotabato, Philippines. Nueva Ecija a RTSV infection (%) Leyte RTV Infection (%) incidence (%) RTBV+ RTBV RTSV RTSV 61 0 0 5 25 1 3 0 0 0 3 20 0 0 4 17 2 4 0 0 0 2 13 2 1 3 4 2 2 1 1 0 2 11 0 0 22 64 28 48 2 4 4 28 South Cotabato RTV Infection (%) incidence (%) RTBV+ RTBV RTSV RTSV 99 89 49 92 98 100 100 5 29 7 100 50 0 2 19 25 39 65 1 1 4 31 8 34 37 12 14 10 5 2 3 2 15 29 0 1 19 20 19 21 10 11 25 22
Variety
IR22 IR26 IR30 IR36 IR42 IR50 IR54 IR56 IR60 IR62 IR64
a No
11 12 10 29 26 9 4 5 26 13 6
visual scoring made. No RTBV+RTSV or RTBV infection observed.
Ketoacids act as precursors of amino acids. Their alteration may affect the composition of amino acids during disease development in rice leaves. Three ketoacids pyruvic acid, ketoglutaric acid, and an unknown ketoacid were detected in healthy and inoculated plants of susceptible TN1 and tolerant IET4141 rice varieties. Their content during disease development in inoculated leaves of both varieties was greater than in healthy leaves. Disease stages 1 to 5 were monitored at 2, 5, 10 15, and 20 d after inoculation of 55-dold rice plants with a virulent isolate of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae.
12
Lesser amounts of ketoacids were found in IET4141 than in TN1. The three ketoacids were present in all stages of healthy and inoculated leaves of TN1. But the unknown ketoacid was absent at stage 1 of healthy plants and stages 1 and 2 of inoculated IET4141. a -ketoglutaric acid was present in higher quantities than the two other ketoacids in both varieties (see figure). Accumulation of ketoacids in susceptible TN1 shows that the tricarboxylic acid cycle of the plant is affected during disease development. Pyruvic acid at 500 ppm was phytotoxic to both varieties. a ketoglutaric acid was not phytotoxic, but that and the unknown ketoacid may contribute indirectly to symptom development.
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Resistance to bacterial blight (BB) in rice germplasm material

R. N. Singh, A. T. Khan, and B. N. Mahto, N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Dabha Semar, Faizabad, U.P., India
Ketoacid content of 2 healthy and infected varieties. Tirupati, India.
We evaluated part of the rice germplasm collection at the Crop Research Station, Dabha Semar, for reaction to BB pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Dye during the 1985 and 1986 wet seasons (1 Jun-30 Nov). Each test entry was planted in two 2-mlong rows at 20- 15-cm spacing. Plants were clip-inoculated with the suspension of a local isolate at maximum tillering and disease was rated ( Standard evaluation system for rice) 15 d and 30 d after inoculation. Final scores were used to classify the germplasm. None of the genotypes was found to be free from infection, and only IET6155 had a disease score of 2 (see table).
13
Reaction of rice germplasm material to the local isolate of BB pathogen, Faizabad, U. P. India, 1985 and 1986. Germplasm material IET6155 IET4555, NP085, RP419, Pant Dhan 4, NDU7, NDU22, T63, M23, H62, IET4141 IET8675, Restonoorin 21-9, T43, W1278, RR51-1, NDR88 NDR80, NDR84, NDR97, Saket 4, Type 3, CH45, CH1059, HDLL 39, NDU21, NDU37, NDU39, NDU48, SLO-17, SRA41, IET6238, Basmati 370, Pankaj, Ranikazal, Chainphool, Kalakand Narendra 1, Narendra 2, NDR308, China 4, Champa coarse, Rohini 1708, K333, CH1039, IET9782, FS18, CR1416, T6, Joginia, FR9, K39, RP79-9, Sorhi, Anandi, CBF, Ramaniya IR28, NDRl19, Indrasan, Ratna, IR24, Improved Sona, Sarjoo 52, Dehula, Lalsar, Satha Opening, Anjani I, Padhini, T113, T132, Dulhiniya, T102, Agwar, Karhani (B), Garer, Bazarbhog, JBS1241, T128, T124, Bagari, Banshawa, Bilaspur, Carreon, Champa (F), Delha, Dadhaha, Dudiha, FRG4, FRG10, Jaisuria, Jalhar (C) 11, Kanga (Turahwa), KPW6B, Motibadam, Motipandey, MT4, NDR82, Pahuna, Soron, Sonachoor, Sumokhan, Tudat Reaction scorea 2 3 4 5 Varieties (no.) with similar score 1 10 6 20
20
46
Govind, NDR118, Kachni, Karanga, Tinpakhiyal, Dalkachari, 8 Gajraj, Lakand, Bakaiya, Rohan 2662, Rambhog, Velluthacheera, Chinigurdi 11, Sapna, Sawani bhadai, Selection-8, Lalki bhadai, Lalkawa, Katki I, Katki II, Hari Nibbu, Culture 4, T136, Neebbu, Bagari (B), Karhani (R), Bhadai (R), Babu Ram, NDR501, Pusa 33-18, T42, IR30, Ashahaniya, T-86, Kashi, T116, Kulsha, Motafarm, IR8 Rasi, Pusa 33, Cauvery, Saket 1, Saket 2, Saket 3, Jhona 349, N22, Madhuri, T21, Prasad, Kodaya, Kodya Improved, Culture 4 (RE), Karhan, Aktahwa (Red), Aktahwa (Black), Nootan, Dudhi, Champa fine, Ram Bilas, Bakain, Mungera, Sahdeyia, Rodola, Rohani, Reshma, Rajbhog, IET6663, Harikesh, Bhadai (B), Bhadai (W), Bala, Bakki, Singul, Satha Band (B), Satha Band (W), Parsom, Usha, T1242, T2, T46, KSR142, Bhunali, IET7301, Kota Basmati, T129, Gajgaur (B), Kapoorchini, Sarjoo 49, Anjana, Champa (C), Kalamdan, Mutra, Sukhawan, Talman, Tinpakhiya II, Akatahwa (FD), Gheebhat, Sath fine, Karnya, Kashi P. D., Katri III, Madhukar, NDR-49, Ramkajara, Rohan, Sawani, Akatahwa (T. D.), Anand, Basmati, Bindibali, Bindi kali, FH-109, Gajgaur, Gajgaur II (W), Jaya, Karanji, L. C. Pratapgarh, Madanchand, Mangova, Motifarm, Muskan, Nutex, Pasarhi, Safedawa, Sajna, Shyamghata, Sona, Turhawa, Lalka, T(N) 1.
a
39
92
Standard evaluation system for rice (1980).
Disease selection in rice in Colombia and Central America

F. Cuevas-Perez and J. S. Gaona, IRTP Latin America, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado Aereo No. 6713, Cali, Colombia
Materials are tested by CIAT for disease reaction prior to dispatch to national programs in Central America. Evaluations are done in Villavicencio, Colombia, a highly favorable disease
environment where blast (Bl) caused by Pyricularia oryzae, leaf scald (LSc) by Gerlachia oryzae, and brown spot (BS) by Helminthosporium oryzae are endemic. We studied whether selecting under the high-disease environment prevalent in Villavicencio would predict disease performance in Central America, and compared the efficiency of this testing with selecting entries based only on Bl bed readings. The analysis was based on disease
data reported from CIAT Rice Program evaluation plots in Villavicencio and from IRTP collaborators in Central America who reported moderate to severe disease levels in 1982-86 for Bl and in 1985-86 for LSc and BS. Data for 1984 were not used because no disease evaluations from Colombia were available that year. Each line was classified as selected for a given disease when it received a score lower than that of the nearest susceptible check in the field ( Standard evaluation system for rice ). The coincidence in selection between Colombia and Central America was estimated for each disease as the mean probability for a line to be selected in both locations. The probability of coincidence in selection for Bl was 0.7 for 1982-83, when selection in Colombia was based on data from the uniform Bl bed in Palmira. It increased to 0.92 during 1985-86, when selection was based on field evaluations in Villavicencio. The predictability of selections done in Colombia for Central America for LSc and BS was calculated as 0.80 for 1985-86. This indicates high similarity of the race distribution of Bl and the disease environment between Villavicencio, Colombia, and testing sites in Central America. To estimate the consistency across time of disease evaluations done in Colombia, we calculated the probability of coincidence using 1985-86 data from observational nurseries planted in consecutive years in Colombia. Probabilities of coincidence were 0.83 for Bl and 0.93 for LSc (see table). Coincidence for BS could not be estimated because incidence was low in 1986. No significant differences were observed between coincidence values of leaf Bl and LSc within years in Colombia and between Colombia and Central America for the period and genotypes considered. We estimate that Bl and LSc evaluation in Villavicencio can predict reaction in Central America at least 80% of the time. Consistent BS evaluations might be very difficult to obtain.
Probability of coincidence in disease selection for consecutive years in Colombia and between Colombia and Central America, 1985-86. a Disease Leaf blast Leaf scald Brown spot
a
Colombia b 0.83 0.93
Central America c 0.88 0.85 0.79
1.54 (0.1 < P < 0.9) 2.75 (0.05 < P < 0.1)
Probability of coincidence: probability for a line to be selected in those locations in Central America with moderate to severe disease levels, given that it was selected in Colombia. bBS pressure was too low in 1986; thus no selection was made.
The International Azolla Newsletter is published for researchers in the development and application of azolla in rice production. Its content focuses on discussions of current issues; it does not publish research reports. For more information, write Dr. I. Watanabe. Azolla Newsletter editor, IRRI, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
Rice cultures with early plant resistance to bacterial blight (BB)

R. N. Singh and A. T. Khan, N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Dabha Semar, District Faizabad 224133, U. P., India
Rice cultures showing early (prebooting stage) plant resistance to local BB pathogen isolate. Faizabad, U. P., India, 1986. Variety or culture RP1860-102-23-4-3 MTU7633 CR210-1018 CR98-7269 CR260-131-5 OR142-29 OR142-93 OR151-17 CR149-7171-271 CR149-206 CR98-8081 MTU5182 CN836-3-6 CN836-3-8 CR376-KR-1 CR376-KR-2 CR376-KR-3 RAU83-8-4 RP1859-206-6-4-2-1 RP1860-249-3-1-1 RP1641-11-5-1-B RP1641-44-7 RP1641-144-11-B TN1 (check)
aBased
Cross IET5656/Salamat VasistalMahsuri Pankaj/Jagannath L. Z. Nira/TN1 CR151/CR1014 Pankaj/Sigadis Pankaj/Sigadis Hema/CR51-1523//Vikram MNP36/CR12//Pankaj CR63-5218-1/Pankaj L. Z. Nira/TNl MTU4569/ARC6650 BR-51-46-5l/Mahsuri Swarnadhan/Benong III Swarnadhan/Salamat Vikram/Bulu Benong III
Diseasea score 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
BB caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Dye, a serious disease of wet season (1 Jun-30 Nov) rice in eastern Uttar Pradesh, is more damaging during the early crop season when temperature and atmospheric humidity are very high. Only the prebooting stage of long-duration varieties coincides with this period. We tested a number of cultures for prebooting stage resistance to BB during 1986-87 wet season. Each entry was sown in two 2-m-long rows at 20- 15-cm spacing. Plants were clipinoculated with a suspension of a local BB isolate at tillering and rated at 15 d and 30 d after inoculation. TN1 at maximum tillering was the susceptible check. Eight test cultures had disease scores of 2, 15 had scores of 3 (see table).
on Standard evaluation system for rice (1980).
Insect resistance
Gall midge (GM) resistance in traditional rice varieties in Bihar
P. Chand, Entomology Department, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi 834006, India
The lnternational IPM Newsletter is published for researchers in the development and transfer of integrated pest management (IPM) technology in rice production. Its content focuses on discussions of current issues; it does not publish research reports. For more information, write Dr. B. M. Shepard, IPM Newsletter, IRRI, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
Seven local rice varieties collected from endemic GM areas of Chhotanagpur plateau, Bihar, were evaluated for resistance in 1984-86 wet seasons. Two resistant and one susceptible highyielding varieties were included for
comparison. One-month-old seedlings were planted in 3- 4-m plots with 3 replications. Silvershoot percentage was recorded at peak infestation (45 d after transplanting). Local variety Baghpanjar consistently showed resistant reactions comparable to those of resistant checks RD202 and Shakti (Table 1). When 3-yr data were pooled, all varieties except Dhusri were better than Jaya. Baghpanjar matched the resistant checks. However, susceptible Jaya recorded the highest yield (Table 2).
15
Table 1. Silvershoots in GM resistance trials. Bihar, India, 1984-86. Variety Kalamdani Baghpanjar Bhojni Saraikela Dhusri Karnusal Bheri-rice Jaya (susceptible check) RD202 (resistant check) Shakti (resistant check) CD (0.05)
a
Silvershoots a 1984 2.13 1.83 2.73 0.87 3.13 2.97 3.03 4.37 1.10 2.10 0.89 (4.54) (3.35) (7.45) (0.76) (9.80) (8.82) (9.18) (19.10) (1.21) (4.41)
b
(%) Mean b 2.13 1.34 2.20 1.76 2.83 3.30 2.51 4.07 1.03 1.4l 0.93 ( 4.54) ( 1.80) ( 4.08) ( 3.10) ( 8.00) ( 9.18) ( 6.30) ( 16.60) ( 1.06) ( 2.00) ab c
Table 2. Yield in GM resistance trial. Bihar, India, 1984-86. Variety Kalamdani Baghpanjar Bhojni Saraikela Dhusri Karnusal Bheri-rice Jaya RD202 Shakti Yield (t/ha) 1984 4.3 2.4 3.7 2.6 3.7 3.3 3.0 4.0 3.6 2.6 1985 1.2 1.5 0.7 1.5 1.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.8 1986 2.1 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.9 2.5 3.8 Mean a 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.7 2.2 2.1 2.7 2.5 2.4
1985 1.00 (1.00) 1.60 (2.56) 1.20 (1.44) 1.77 (3.13) 1.73 (3.00) 2.13 (4.54) 1.37 (1.88) 3.20 (10.24) 1.40 (1.96) 0.63 (0.40) 1.15 3.23 0.60 2.63 2.63 3.63 4.50 3.13 4.63 0.60 1.50 0.86
1986 (10.43) (0.36) (6.92) (6.92) (13.18) (20.25) (9.80) (21.44) (0.36) (2.25)
c bc d de cd e a ab
Figures in parentheses = original values. different at the 5% level.
Values followed by a common letter are not significantly
Adverse soils tolerance

Growth recovery from salt stress during initial seedling stage
K.S. Gill and O.S. Singh, Botany Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
In the southern and eastern part of India near the sea, the rice crop is affected by tides at the early seedling stage. We studied the effect of salinity on seedling growth after removal of salt stress. The experiment was conducted in petri dishes at electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.5 and 13.6 dS/m. Forty seeds each of Jaya (tolerant) and Basmati 370 (sensitive) varieties were placed in petri dishes lined with filter paper Whatman No. 1, with 30 replications. Seeds were surface-sterilized by 0.1% mercuric chloride solution. Salinity stress was removed 4.6, and 8 d after sowing (DAS) by washing 10 replications/treatment with water at EC 1.5 dS/m. Two replications were removed at each sampling to measure length of root, shoot, dry weight of root and shoot, endosperm part, and recovery rate. Salinity retarded root and shoot
Carryover effect of salinity at seedling stage on root and shoot length after stress removal, Ludhiana, India. Arrows indicate days when stress was removed.
growth. On removal of salt stress, seedlings began to recover.
Initial recovery in root and shoot length was better when stress was
16 IRRN 13:l (February 1988)
removed 4 DAS. Jaya gained more than Basmati 370 (see figure). Root and shoot weight decreased with salinity and the recovery gap widened with days under stress. Salinity caused less decrease in endosperm weight due to decreased metabolic mobilization. Seed weight decreased more in Jaya than in Basmati 370 (see table). Salinity appeared to retard root and shoot growth more on Basmati 370 than on Jaya. Recovery also was better in Jaya. High initial recovery rate in Jaya was accompanied by less dry weight decrease of endosperm, showing more hydrolysis and translocation of metabolite from endosperm. This indicated that longer stress might cause irreversible effects on metabolism. Jayas faster recovery may be due to higher metabolic utilization from the endosperm.
Effect of salinity on endosperm utilization rate (% seed weight decrease/5 seeds) on recovery from salt stress. a Ludhiana, India. Salinity (dS/m) 1.5 Day of stress removal Variety Endosperm utilization rate at given time (d) after germination 4d 0.0 0.0 6d 30.5 (30.5) 9.7 (9.7) 7.5 (7.5) 2.5 (2.5) 0.0 0.0 8d 41.2 (15.3) 36.7 (29.9) 24.3 (18.2) 22.1 (20.1) 11.3 (11.3) 13.0 (13.0) 0.0 0.0 10 d 62.5 (36.5) 48.9 (19.1) 51.6 (35.9) 38.7 (21.3) 25.4 (15.8) 25.1 (13.9) 19.5 (19.5) 8.3 (8.3) 12 d 65.6 (7.8) 57.5 (16.8) 59.6 (16.6) 51.1 (20.1) 48.3 (30.6) 38.9 (18.9) 29.8 (12.8) 20.1 (12.9) 14 d 66.0 (2.3) 64.1 (15.5) 62.2 (27.2) 47.7 (14.4) 39.0 (13.1) 34.2 (17.6) 16 d 66.6 (0.6) 63.7 (1.2) 59.7 (33.9) 45.3 (16.9)
Seed weight (%) Jaya Basmati 370 Recovery from stress 4 Jaya Basmati 370 6 Jaya Basmati 370 8 Jaya Basmati 370
13.6
0.0 0.0
Values in parentheses indicate increase over time interval.
Effect of salinity on net assimilation and rice grain yield

S.K. Dutt and A.R. Bal, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, P.O. Canning Town, 24 Parganas (S), Pin 743329, India
Effect of salinity levels (3, 8, 12 dS/m) on grain yield and NAR of 7 varieties. Parganas, India. Variety M1-48 Jaya CST-202-2 CST-438-1 CST-14-2 CST-100-1 CSR-1 Grain yield (g/plant) 3.0 17.1 14.4 32.6 22.1 28.5 21.6 31.8 8 .0 10.3 12.3 21.8 20.7 23.3 21.6 29.5 12.0 Nil 11.7 10.7 8.7 15.2 9.6 13.0 NAR at peak tillering (g/plant per wk) 3.0 3.24 3.08 1.47 3.04 3.24 1.81 1.81 8.0 0.51 1.55 1.01 0.60 2.10 1.36 2.00 0.13 0.08 0.22 12.0 0.06 1.08 0.16 0.08 1.80 0.76 1.09
We studied the critical limits of salt tolerance and the effects of salinity on net assimilation rate (NAR) of M1-48, Jaya, CST-202-2, CST-438-1, CST-14-2, CST-100-1, and CSR-1 rice varieties. M1-48 and CSR-1 were the salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant checks. Jaya and the CST genotypes have been found promising in coastal saline soils. Three salinity levels ECe 4.0, 8.0, and 12.0 dS/m were created artificially by adding saline river water. At 25 C, average composition of river water at 35 dS/m was 7571.3 Na, 269.2 K, 403.8 Ca, 778.0 Mg, 1314.3 Cl, 969.1 ppm SO 4, and pH 7.8. Thirty-day-old seedlings were transplanted in 20-kg capacity porcelain pots, 4 plants/pot, with 4 replications. Fertilizer was applied at 120 kg N, 26.4 kg P, 49.8 kg K/ ha as urea, single superphasphate, and muriate of potash.
CD at P = 0.05 Varieties: 2.67 Salinity: 1.74 Var. Sal: 4.62
CST-14-2 had the highest grain yield at ECe 12 dS/m, followed by CSR-1 (see table). At peak tillering, NAR was significantly reduced in all genotypes
with increase in soil salinity. This reduction was least in CST-14-2. CST14-2 and CSR-1 are the more tolerant of the genotypes tested.
Integrated germplasm improvement

-
Improved rice varieties released in Nigeria

S.O. Fagade, P.G. Pillai, and J.K. Kehinde, National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI), Badeggi, Ibadan, Nigeria
Five NCRI breeding lines belonging to three crosses (Table 1) were recently released as FARO 30 to 34. Three medium-duration ITA lines were released as FARO 35 to 37. The
17
Table 1. Pedigree, parentage, and agronomic characters of 8 lowland rice varieties newly released in Nigeria. Variety Early duration FARO 30 FARO 31 FARO 32 FARO 33 FARO 34 FARO 27 (check) Medium duration FARO 35 FARO 36 FARO 37 FARO 29 (check)
a
Pedigree
Parentage
Ht (cm)
Maturity (d)
Panicles (no./m 2 )
Reaction a to Bl R R MR R R MR R R R S Fe toxicity MR MR MR S MR MR S MR MR MR RYMV MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR
FAROX 228-2-1-1 FAROX 228-3-1-1 FAROX 228-4-1-1 FAROX 233-1-1-1 FAROX 239-2-1-1 TOx 103 ITA 212 ITA 222 ITA 306 BG90-2
FARO 15/IR28 FARO 15/IR28 FARO 15/IR28 FARO 12/IR28 lR28/FARO 12 BG90-24 /Tetep Mahsuri/IET1444 TOX 494-3696/ TOx 711//BG6812
105 104 91 100 90 91 97 91 105 97
115 118 117 115 115 119 132 127 124 130
194 258 221 25 9 209 25 3 210 227 203 216
S = susceptible, R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant. Table 2. Grain yields and grain qualities of 8 lowland rice varieties newly released in Nigeria. Variety Early duration FARO 30 FARO 31 FARO 32 FARO 33 FARO 34 FARO 27 (check) Medium duration FARO 35 FARO 36 FARO 37 FARO 29 (check)
a
varieties were tested in zonal and multilocation trials. All the varieties exhibit high yield potential. They are resistant to blast (Bl) and moderately resistant to rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) (diseases common in the irrigated lowland ecology). In the early-duration group, FARO 30 had the highest yield (6.5 t/ ha), with very good cooking quality (Table 2). FARO 34 combines long slender grains, a character highly preferred by Nigerian consumers, with very good milling and cooking qualities. The medium-duration FARO 37 possesses high yield and long slender grains. FARO 33 and 35 are susceptible to Fe
Grain yielda (t/ha) 6.5 5.0 5.3 5.8 5 .0 4.9 5.6 6.3 5.8 5.6
Grain type
Cooking quality
Amylose group b
Medium bold Medium bold Medium bold Long slender Long slender Medium bold Medium bold Medium bold Long slender Medium bold
Very good Good Good Good Very good Good Good Good Good Good
Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate High High High High High
AV of 3 yr (1984-86) multilocation trials. b Intermediate = 20-25%, high = above 25%.
toxicity, the others are moderately resistant. All early-maturing varieties have
intermediate amylose; the mediummaturing have high amylose.
High-yielding, mediumduration variety for Tamil Nadu

S. Sevugaperumal, G. Soundrapandian, and A. Amirthadevarathnam, Agricultural Botany Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute (ACRI), Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, India
ACM31, a high-yielding, mediumduration (132 d) variety, is a cross derivative of CO 13 and IR26. The culture is semidwarf and nonlodging with medium slender white grains. Its performance was evaluated for 3 yr 1984-85 to 1986-87 (see table). Mean grain yield was 6.2 t/ ha, 31.9% more
than IR20. This variety could replace IR20 in the Periyar-Vaigai River ayacut area.
Performance of ACM31, a promising, medium-duration culture at ACRI, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, 1984-85 to 1986-87. Variety ACM31 IR20
a For
Promising, longduration rice variety for Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu

T. Sundaram, O.R. Pillai, S. Sevugaperumal, J. G. Robinson, and A. S. Mathar, Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Thirupathisaram 629901, Tamil Nadu, India
Mean yield a (t/ha) 6.2 4.7
Days to 50% flowering 92 96
Plant height (cm) 95.6 101.8
Panicle length (cm) 20.6 22.8
Panicles (no./hill) 10.4 13.6
3 yr.
Traditional rice varieties are grown in about 40% (9,200 ha) of the rice area in
Kanyakumari District during the second season (pishanam). They have long duration and low yield potential. Farmers prefer them because of their high straw yield, the only local feed for cattle. The performance of TP4121 (CO 25 / CO 40), 163-d duration, was evaluated for 3 yr, 1983-84 to 1985-86 (see table). It had the highest grain yield (5.3 t/ha) in 1984-85; mean grain yield was 4.8 t/ha, 40 and 61% more than Vallarakkan and Valsiramundan,
Performance of TP4121 at ARS Thirupathisaram, Tamil Nadu, India, 1983-84 to 1985-86. Grain yield (t/ha) Variety Parents 198384 CO 25/CO 40 CO 4/ADT10 Traditional Traditional 4.2 2.6 1.9 1.7 198485 5.3 4.2 4.3 3.4 198586 5.0 3.8 4.0 3.8 Mean 4.8 3.5 3.4 3.0 Duration (d) 163 162 180 170 Plant height (cm) 123.6 122.4 126.7 122.9 Panicles (no./hill) 9 7 7 7 Panicle wt (g) 2.13 2.00 1.85 1.98
TP4121 CO 25 Vallarakkan Valsiramundan
respectively. TP4121 is 123 cm tall with short bold white grains. Its higher yield potential is
due mainly to higher panicle weight and increased number of productive tillers.
BG380-2, a highyielding, short- to medium-duration rice

S. Sevugaperumal, G. Soundrapandian, and A. Amirthadevarathnam, Agricultural Botany Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, India
Yield performance of promising entries. Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, 1986-87. Entry BG380-2 BR316-15-4-4-1 S512 B-199 C1333-4 IR20 CD (0.05) Parentage BG90-2*/OB677 IR5 (P)/Biplab IR42/C4-63(G) IR262/TKM6 Grain yield (t/ha) 9.4 9.3 7.9 7.7 6.3 1.9 % of IR20 149.2 147.6 125.4 122.2 Days to 50% flowering 90 86 97 92 95 Plant height (cm) 93.7 106.8 82.4 65.9 83.9 Panicle length (cm) 23.1 21.4 19.8 18.2 19.5 Panicles (no./m 2) 520 457 540 477 493
An experiment in the 1986-87 dry season tested 22 International Rice Yield Nursery entries in a random block design with 3 replications. BG380-2
yielded 9.4 t/ha in 120 d, compared with 6.3 t/ha in 125 d for IR20 (see table). BG380-2 can replace IR20 which
showed reduction in yield for cultivation in the Periyar-Vaigai River Project.
Performance of selected photoperiodsensitive breeding lines in Bangladesh

M.A. Kabir, L. Ali, and N. M. Miah, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh
Ancillary characteristics of the selected photoperiod-sensitive lines. Bangladesh, 1986 T. aman. Designation BR716-7-2-1-1 BR545-5-1-2-1 BR1141-2B-37 Nizersail (local check) BR11 (check) Parentage DA29/BR4 BR52-87-1/Tilakkachari BR4/Jhingasail Plant height (cm) 1st 115 106 128 126 110 2d 105 95 112 110 90 Yield (t/ha) 1st 4.2 4.0 4.0 2.8 3.8 2d 3.5 3.3 3.1 2.3 1.0
IR20/IR5-47-2
Bangladesh farmers grow transplant aman (T. aman) rice after aus rice or jute, in a delayed planting. Photoperiodinsensitive varieties are subjected to cold stress at flowering, resulting in drastic yield loss. Eleven photoperiod-sensitive advanced breeding lines, one local photoperiod-sensitive check, and one long-duration, high-yielding check were evaluated during the 1986 T. aman season at Joydebpur, Comilla, and Barisal. Test entries were evaluated in normal and late plantings. The normal planting was 8 Aug using 30-d-old seedlings, the late planting was in Sep,
using 45-d-old seedlings. Entries were grown in 5.4 m long 12 row wide plots at 25- 15-cm spacing with 2 seedlings/ hill, in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The whole plot was harvested for yield data, which were statistically analyzed separately for location, planting date, and the combination of locations. No entry gave high yields at all locations (see table). Combined yield analysis of both plantings showed an interaction between location and variety.
BR716-7-2-1-1, BR545-5-1-2-1, and BRl141-2B-37 were selected for future breeding of photoperiod-sensitive varieties.
The International Rice Research Newsletter is mailed free to individuals and institutions engaged in rice research and training. For further information, write IRRI, Communication and Publications Dept., Division R, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
19
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer
~
Effect of blue-green algae (BGA) inoculation and urea supergranule (USG) on rice yields in sodic soils
P. Pandiyarajan and A. Rajamannar, Soil Salinity Research Centre, Trichy 620009, India
The field experiment was conducted Sep-Jan 1985-86. Plots were 3 1.75 m with 3 replications of 8 treatments, in a randomized block design. Soil test
showed the need for 127.5-80-87.5 kg NPK/ ha. All the plots were treated basally with superphosphate (16% P2O5), muriate of potash (60% K2O), and 25 kg ZnSO4/ha. Inoculation of BGA significantly increased grain and straw yield over the control and in the treatment with 100% fertilizer N (see table).
Effect of BGA inoculation on rice grain and straw yie1d. a Trichy, India. N level (%) 0 75 100 125 CD (0.05)
a*
Grain yield (t/ha) Without BGA 2.0 2.6 2.9 3.3 0.2 With BGA 2.3 2.7 3.6 3.4
% increase 15* ns 12* ns
Straw yield (t/ha) Without BGA 4.6 6.1 7.0 7.5 0.8 With BGA 5.4 6.8 7.9 7.7
% increase 17* ns 12* ns
We studied the effect of BGA inoculation in a sodic soil (pH 9.01, EC 0.33 dS/m, and exchangeable sodium percentage 32) at 4 levels of N (0, 75, 100, and 125% of recommended) applied as USG.
= significant difference, ns = not significant.
Physiology and plant nutrition

Influence of iron on nutrient uptake by rice
N. K. Fageria, National Rice and Bean Research Center, EMBRAPA, GoianiaGoias, Brazil
Table 1. Uptake of nutrients in the roots and shoots of rice cu1tivars. a Fe 0.09 mM Nutrient Concn % or ppm 2.82 0.33 2.95 0.08 0.12 44 19 22 2258 4.09 0.48 2.95 0.17 0.43 24 14 199 350 a ab a a a a b c c Content (mg or g/4 plants) 23 2.66 25 0.65 l 37 15 18 1806 186 21 133 8 19 109 62 874 1578 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a Fe 0.89 mM Fe 1.78 mM Content (mg or g/4 plants) 6 0.96 4 0.26 0.26 b b b b b a b b b b b b b b b b c
Concn % or Content (mg Concn % or ppm or g/4 plants) ppm Roots 2.76 0.27 1.73 0.10 0.11 26 22 27 12717 Shoots 3.38 0.18 1.94 0.24 0.39 18 16 139 2008 a a 11 b 1 a 6 b 0.38 b 0.42 b c b b c c c b c c 10 8 10 4658 51 3 26 3 5 24 22 183 2627 b b b b b b b b b b b b b 2.53 0.39 1.46 0.11 0.11 38 23 38 37458 4.18 0.26 2.17 0.22 0.22 21 17 152 4233 b a b a a
N P K Ca Mg Zn Cu Mn Fe N P K Ca Mg Zn cu Mn Fe
aValues
b b b
b 10 a 6 a 9 a 9202 a b b a c 50 3 25 3 5
Brazil has about 30 million ha of lowland areas suitable for rice. But after 1 or 2 yr cultivation, Fe toxicity builds up in flooded rice because of a decrease in soil fertility. Nutrient imbalance may be the main cause. A solution culture experiment with increasing Fe concentrations was conducted to understand the nutrient uptake behavior of lowland rice cultivars. With slight modifications, the nutrient solutions were those developed by IRRI. The macronutrient composition in mM follows: 2.85 NH4NO3, 0.13 NaH 2PO4, 1.03
b a a b a a a b c
ab b
b 25 a 20 b 184 a 4988
are mean of 12 cultivars. Concentrations of macronutrients are in % and micronutrients in ppm. Similarly, macronutrient contents are in mg and micronutrients in g. Under each Fe level, values for each nutrient followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level by Duncan's multiple range test.
K2SO 4, 1 CaCl2, 1.64 MgSO47H 2O. Micronutrient composition in M is 9.1 Mn as MnCl2 4 H 2O, 0.52 Mo as
(NH4)6 Mo7O 24 4H2O, 18.48 B as H3BO3, 0.15 Zn as ZnSO47H2O, and 0.16 Cu as CuSO45H 2O. Fe was
supplied as Fe EDTA in amounts required for Fe concentrations of 0.09, 0.89, and 1.78 mM. Nutrient solutions were changed weekly. Solution pH was adjusted to 4 0.2 initially, then once every 2 d with 0.1 N NaOH or 0.1 N HC1. Seeds of rice cultivars were germinated in nutrient solution using 2liter plastic pots. At 17 d, uniform seedlings were transplanted to acrylic discs with holes in the center and held in place with cotton. Discs were transferred to plastic pots containing about 8 liters nutrient solution with different Fe treatments. Each treatment was replicated twice. After 35 d growth in Fe-treated solutions, plant shoots and roots were harvested separately and washed in distilled water. Plant material was dried at about 80 C to a constant weight. Dry matter was ground and digested with a 2:1 mixture of nitric and perchloric acids. Composite samples of 12 rice cultivars per treatment were analyzed chemically for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe. The P concentration in the digest was determined colorimetrically; other elements were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Total N in the tissue was determined using a Tecator 1016 digester and 1004 distilling unit. In general, uptake of all nutrients was reduced with increasing Fe concentration in the growth medium (Table 1). Among macronutrients, P uptake was most highly affected, followed by K and N. Among micronutrients, absorption of Mn and Zn was most affected. Nutrient inhibition by Fe can be put in the following order (Table 2): macronutrients P>K>N>Mg>Ca micronutrients Mn>Zn>Cu. Among macronutrients, P uptake was highly inhibited and Ca uptake was least affected. Among micronutrients, Mn was most inhibited and Cu least affected. The results suggest that with higher Fe concentrations in lowland rice, P, K, and Zn deficiencies will be the first to appear. Fe toxicity problem in lowland rice could be alleviated by increased P, K, and Zn fertilization.
Table 2. Inhibition of nutrient uptake by higher concentrations of Fe in rice cultivars shoots Cultivars (no.) under each group Nutrient Low N P K Ca Mg Zn Cu Mn Inhibition = 2 1 Fe 0.89 mM Medium 6 1 10 8 5 10 1 High 6 12 11 4 7 1 11 nutrient content at high Fe levels Low 2 1 1 Fe 1.78 mM Medium 7 1 10 8 3 8 4 High 5 12 11 4 8 3 8
nutrient content at optimum Fe level
nutrient content at optimum Fe level
100
Optimum Fe level was 0.09 mM.
Soil fertility and fertilizer management

Effect of integrated nitrogen management in rice on soil organic carbon and on succeeding wheat crop yield
B.S. Mahapatra and G.L. Sharma, Agronomy Department, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Nainital 263145, U. P., India
We studied the residual effect of applied N (organic + inorganic) in lowland rice on soil organic C content and grain yield of the succeeding wheat crop grown without fertilizer on a Mollisol of the Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh. The silty clay loam soil had pH 7.2, 1.20% organic C, 0.116% total N, 42.5 kg available P/ ha, 214 kg available K/ha, and bulk density 1.33 g/cc. Soil
Soil organic C after wet season rice harvest and wheat yield after integrated N management in rice.a Pantnagar, India, 1984-85 and 1985-86. Treatment b N (kg/ha) 0 58 58 87 87 87 87 120 120 Soil organic C (%) after wet season rice harvest 1984-85 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.20 1.19 1.24 1.19 1.17 1.26 1985-86 1.16 1.17 1.21 1.20 1.24 1.25 1.29 1.20 1.31 0.09 a a ab ab abc abc bc ab c Wheat grain yield (t/ha) 1984-85 1.0 c 1.2 b 1.2 b 1.3 ab 1.3 ab 1.4 a 1.3 ab 1.3 ab 1.6 a 0.11 1985-86 1.3 c 1.9 b 2.2 b 1.9 b 2.1 b 2.0 b 3.3 a 1.9 b 3.5 a 0.45
No N USG USG + fresh wheat straw (29+29) PU + azolla (58+29) PU + fresh wheat straw (58+29) USG + azolla (58+29) USG + fresh wheat straw (58+29) PU USG + azollac (60+60) CD (0.05)
a In
a column, values followed by the same letter do not differ significantly. b Figures in parentheses are kg N/ha. Treatment of rice crop only in both years. Azolla was incorporated. Prilled urea (PU) was best split. USG placed 10-12 cm deep 7 d after planting rice. Fresh wheat straw incorporated at puddling. In the first year, azolla with PU or USG showed more increase in organic C content. Azolla left on the surface at incorporation multiplied and added organic matter throughout rice growth. In other treatments, variations were 0.01-0.03%. c Half the azolla N incorporated at planting and half inoculated 7 d after planting rice.
21
organic C (by modified Walkley and Black method) after harvesting the wet season rice crop and wheat grain yield were observed 1984-85 and 1985-86. Integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizer in rice had a significant residual effect on the succeeding wheat crop grain yield (see
table). The residual effect was more pronounced the second year. In both years, urea supergranule (USG) (60 kg N) + azolla (60 kg N) applied to the rice crop showed the maximum residual effect on wheat yield (0.6 t/ha in 198485, 2.2 t/ha in 1985-86). Fresh wheat straw combined with chemical N in rice
showed a higher residual effect the second year. Chemical N alone had very low residual effect. The increase in grain yield of wheat after organic-inorganic N fertilization in rice is explained by the significant modification of organic C, which in turn gives more hydrolyzable organic N.
Disease management
Ovewintering of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae
K. Raj and V. Pal, Plant Pathology Department, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
We studied the overwintering of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae the causal pathogen of bacterial blight (BB) in soil, seeds, and infected leaves collected from a rice crop artificially inoculated during the 1985-86 crop season.
Samples of seeds and leaves were collected in cloth bags and stored in a refrigerator (8+1 C), incubator (281C), and at room temperature (5-42C) in the laboratory. Bacterium in the samples was measured at 1-mo intervals from Nov 1985 to Aug 1986. Methods were direct plating (DP), dilution streak plating (DSP), ooze test (OT), pathological test (PT) with
Recoverya of X. c. pv. oryzae from soil, seed, and leaves collected from diseased fields showing heavy infection with BB during the 1984-85 crop season, Hisar, India. Source of infection Soil Storage conditions Detection methods DP DSP IF-S Refrigerator (8lC) DP DSP IF-S GOB PT DP DSP IF-S GOB PT DP DSP IF-S GOB PT OT DP DSP IF-S PT OT DP DSP IF-S PT OT DP DSP IF-S PT Recovery Nov 1985 + ND ND ND ND ND ND + + + + ND + + + + ND + + + + ND Dec 1985 + ND ND ND ND ND ND + + + + ND + + + + ND + + + + ND Jan 1986 ND ND ND ND ND ND + + + + ND + + + + ND + + + + ND Feb 1986 ND ND ND ND ND ND + + + + ND + + + + ND + + + + ND Mar 1986 ND ND ND ND ND ND + + + + ND + + + + ND + + + + ND Apr 1986 ND ND ND ND ND ND + + + + ND + + + + ND + + + + ND May 1986 ND ND ND ND ND ND + + + + ND + + + + ND + + + + ND Jun 1986 ND ND ND ND + + + + ND + + + + ND + + + + ND Jul 1986 ND + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Aug 1986 ND + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Seed
Incubator (281C)
Room temperature (5-42C) Leaf Refrigerator (81)
Incubator (281C)
Room temperature (5-42 C)
a+
= X. c. pv. oryzae present, = bacterium absent, ND = test not performed.
extracts of seed and leaf, growing on bioassay (GOB), and immunofluorescence staining (IF-S) using antiserum raised against X. c. pv. oryzae. Watanabes medium was used for DP and DSP methods. IF-S technique indicated the presence of the test bacterium in soil up to 1 mo after harvest (4 Nov 1985); negative results were recorded by DP and DSP test methods (see table). X. c. pv. oryzae could not be detected
in stored seed lots by any of the methods. However, saprophytic yellow bacteria were found associated with the seeds. The seed did not produce diseased seedlings by GOB test and their extract (inoculation by tip clipping) did not initiate BB in 2.5-mo-old seedlings of rice TN1 in the next crop season, when conditions were congenial for disease development. The presence of bacterium could be confirmed by all the methods in infected
leaves irrespective of storage conditions. BB could successfully be induced in seedlings of the test cultivar with a bacterial suspension obtained from the leaves. These findings indicate that X. c. pv. oryzae did not overwinter in soil nor in seed collected from the diseased crop. Infected leaves seem to constitute the primary inoculum for the next crop season.
Response of rice bacterial blight (BB) pathogen in vitro to antibiotics and fungitoxicants
B.N. Mahto, R.N. Singh, and G. P. Singh, N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Dabha Semar, District Faizabad 224133, U.P., India
We tested the effect of 2 antibiotics and
10 fungitoxicants on rice BB pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae using the paper disc assay method. Filter paper discs 12 mm in diameter, impregnated separately in 1,000, 100, and 10 ppm solutions of the chemicals, were placed on the surface of plated solidified and bacterium-seeded nutrient agar. Paper discs immersed in distilled water were the check. One paper disc for each concentration of each chemical and for sterile distilled
In vitro bacterial inhibition efficiency of antibiotics and fungitoxicants at different concentrations against Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae. U. P., India. Chemical Streptocycline Concentration (ppm) 1000 100 10 1000 100 10 1000 100 10 1000 100 10 1000 100 10 1000 100 10 100 100 10 1000 100 10 1000 100 10 Mean inhibition zone (mm) 24 h 27.8 25.8 23.0 22.0 17.0 0.0 21.0 16.0 0.0 18.0 15.0 0.0 18.0 0.0 0.0 17.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 14.0 0.0 15.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 0.0 0.0 48 h 27.8 25.8 23.0 22.0 16.5 0.0 21.0 16.0 0.0 17.8 15.0 0.0 18.0 0.0 0.0 16.6 0.0 0.0 15.0 14.0 0.0 15.0 0.0 0.0 14.0 0.0 0.0 72 h 27.8 25.7 22.6 21.0 15.2 0.0 20.5 15.0 0.0 17.3 14.5 0.0 17.8 0.0 0.0 15.5 0.0 0.0 14.5 13.0 0.0 14.0 0.0 0.0 14.0 0.0 0.0
Thiram (75% WP)
Streptomycin MEMC
Zineb (75% WP)
water were placed in a petri dish. The experiment had three replications, three petri dishes serving as one replication. The plates were incubated at room temperature (30 C 2). Zone of inhibition was recorded 24, 48, and 72 h after incubation. Both antibiotics and seven fungitoxicants inhibited growth of X.c. pv. oryzae (see table); zineb, carbendazim (50% WP), thiophanatemethyl (70% WP), and sterile distilled water did not. Streptocycline exhibited the widest zone of inhibition (27.83 mm) 24-48 h after incubation. It inhibited bacterial growth at all three concentrations. Thiram, streptomycin, MEMC, and Foltaf inhibited BB at 1,000 and 100 ppm. Four other chemicals showed inhibition only at 1,000 ppm. Higher concentrations invariably increased growth inhibition. Maximum growth inhibition by Deltan was achieved 24 h after incubation. Other fungitoxicants did not differ with incubation time. In general, the inhibition declined 72 h after incubation, except with streptocycline.
Copper oxychloride
Foltaf (80% WP)
Soil incorporation of fungicides to control sheath blight (ShB)

I.F. Telan and D.B. Lapis, Plant Pathology Department, University of the Philippines at Los Baos (UPLB)
Carboxin (75% WP) Deltan (50% WP) Captan (50% WP)
Fungicides were evaluated singly and in combination under upland and lowland
23
Table 1. Soil incorporation of fungicides to control ShB on UPLRi 4 under lowland conditions. a UPLB, Philippines. Fungicide Rate Disease (kg/ha) severity (%) 71.0 74.9 77.7 72.9 71.8 74.8 87.3 90.0 Yield (t/ha) 4.6 4.5 4.1 4.1 3.6 a a a a a
b
random plants/plot and severity computed:

disease severity = total no. of rating 9
sum of disease rating
100
Iprodione 50% WP 1 Benomyl 50% WP 1 Benomyl-EMDOC c Benomyl-iprodione 1 Triphenyltin acetate 1 60% WP-triphenyltin hydroxide 50% WP Triphenyltin acetate 1 iprodione PCNB 50 No fungicide (control) a b
Under lowland conditions, all treatments except PCNB had significantly less disease than the control (Table 1). Under upland conditions,
plots treated with iprodione and benomyl-EMDOC had significantly less disease than the control (Table 2). In both situations, PCNB had the highest disease rating and disease severity. Iprodione and benomyl, singly or in combination, seem to control disease, although yields did not show significant differences.
4.1 a 4.3 a 3.7 a
Mean of 10 plants/treatment in 3 replications. Sampling area for yield was 1 m 2 . Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. c Ethyl 3-(3-5 dichlorophenyl)-5-methy1-2-4 deoxo-5-oxazoldine carboxylate (Serinal 50% WP).
Diseases of dry summer rice in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

R.N. Singh, R.N. Vishwakarma, and A. T. Khan, N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Dabha Semar, District Faizabad 224133, U.P., India
Table 2. Soil incorporation of controlling ShB on UPLRi 5 under upland conditions. a UPLB, Philippines. Disease ate Rate Disease severity (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (%) 47.0 50.7 44.4 48.8 51.1 57.7 Yield b (t/ha) 3.4 3.1 2.1 2.9 a a a a
Fungicide
1 Iprodione 50% WP Benomyl 50% WP 1 1 Benomyl-EMDOC c Triphenyltin acetate 1 60% WP-triphenyltin hydroxide 50% WP PCNB 50 No fungicide (control) a Mean of 10 plants/treatment in b Means followed by the same
2.9 a 2.4 a
3 replications. letter are not significantly different at the 1% level. Sampling 2 . c Ethyl 3-(3-5 diarea for yield was 1 m chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2-4 deoxo-5-oxazoldine carboxylate (Serinal 50% WP).
conditions during the 1983 wet season. Varieties were UPLRi 4 for upland and UPLRi 5 for lowland. Upland treatments (six) and lowland (eight) were in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Upland plots measured 2 3 m with 20 cm between rows; lowland plots were 2 2 m with 20- 20-cm spacing. Fungicides were incorporated into the plots, and fields were planted the day after treatment. Plants were inoculated 45 d after fungicide application. Rice grain-hull culture of Rhizoctonia solani 3-4 wk old was inserted between tillers and between plants. Disease readings were taken 2-3 d before harvest on 10
Rice in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh is mainly grown in the hot wet season 1 Jun-30 Nov. However, some farmers plant a small part of their holdings to rice during the hot dry season 1 Feb-15 Jun. Seedlings are raised while temperatures are still low. Although mainly dependent on irrigation, the crop occasionally receives one or two mild showers. It is harvested before the normal rainy season begins. We surveyed farmers' fields in different districts and university experimental rice plots at Faizabad for incidence and severity of diseases in 1986 and 1987. We identified bacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Dye, bacterial leaf streak (BLS) caused by Xanthomonas
Incidence and severity of major diseases in hot season rice in eastern U.P., India, 1986-87. Disease BB BLS BS Khaira ShB ShR
a
campestris pv. oryzicola (Fang et al) Dye, brown spot (BS) caused by Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Haan, khaira induced by Zn deficiency, sheath blight (ShB) caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, and sheath rot (ShR) caused by Sarocladium oryzae (Saw.) Gams (see table). Incidence and severity of the diseases varied from cultivar to cultivar and field to field in both years. BB and ShR occurred consistently and, depending on conditions, severely.
Virulent strain of rice grassy stunt virus (GSV) identified in Indonesia

Y. Suzuki, N. Widiarta, N. Raga, and S. Nasu, Directorate of Food Crop Protection, Indonesia: and H. Hibino, Plant Pathology Department, IRRI
Disease incidence a (%) 10-80 0-20 0-20 0-15 0-10 10-60
Disease score b 3-9 1-5 1-3 2-5 1-3 5-7
Based on percent leaves (BB, BLS, BS), percent culms (ShB, ShR), and percent plants (khaira) infected/unit area. b Standard evaluation system for rice, 1980.
An unidentified rice disease showing tungro (RTV)-like symptoms was noticed in Java in 198 1. We used a serological assay and transmission test to confirm its causal agent, a virulent strain of GSV. Latex suspensions sensitized with antisera to GSV, rice tungro bacilliform virus, and rice tungro spherical virus were obtained from IRRI. GSV was detected by the latex test only in leaf samples collected from plants showing RTV-like symptoms at Cianjur, West Java. None of the samples reacted positively to antisera against the RTVassociated viruses. Laboratory colonies of brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens
24
and green leafhopper (GLH) Nephotettix virescens were given 1-2 d access feeding on diseased plants collected at Cianjur. The test insects were transferred to healthy Cisadane seedlings for 1-d inoculation feeding immediately after acquisition feeding and after a 9-d incubation. Only BPH that had 9-d incubation transmitted the disease (see table). Transmission by BPH also was confirmed using artificially inoculated source plants, Seedlings inoculated at 7 d developed stunting and pale-green to pale-yellow discoloration 6-14 d after inoculation. Later symptoms consisted of striping or mottling on the second and third leaves from the youngest, rusty spots on lower leaves, and narrowing and shortening of leaf blades. Drying started from the tips of leaves before chlorosis spread over a whole leaf. Additional N failed to retrieve infected plants. Most infected plants died 19-75 d after inoculation. Tiller numbers in
Transmission of a virulent strain of GSV by BPH and GLH. a Inoculation Source plant Insect Insects/ seedlings Incubation period (d) after feeding on source 0 0 9 9 0 9 9 Plants inoculated (no.) 30 30 60 40 30 30 9 Plants infected (%) 0 0 23.3 7.5 0 0 22.2
Field collected Greenhouse infected Greenhouse infected
GLH (2d instar) BPH (2d instar) BPH (2d instar) BPH (2d instar) GLH (adult) GLH (adult) BPH (2d instyb)
30/10 30/10 1/1 30/10 1/1 1/1 10/1
aInsects
were allowed an acquisition access feeding of 1 or 2 d and then were given a l-d inoculation access to 7-d-old seedlings after no or 9-d incubation period. bSeedlings inoculated at 30 d.
diseased plants were not significantly different from check until 30 d after inoculation. Plants that did not die produced numerous small tillers. Leaves with symptoms responded positively, but not consistently, to iodine. Seedlings inoculated at 30 d exhibited uniform RTV-like orange-yellow discoloration on the third leaves at early
stages of infection. Neither stunting nor narrowing of leaves was conspicuous in 20 d after inoculation. However, later symptoms were not markedly different from those in 7-d-old seedlings. These results show that the infectious agent is a virulent strain of GSV. A recent field survey found the strain occurring widely in Central Java.
Insect management
Influence of carbofuran dose and time of application on control of rice water weevil (RWW)
R. Meneses-Carbonell, Rice Experiment Station Sur del Jibaro, Sancti-Spiritus, Cuba
Effect of different levels of carbofuran 5% G on RWW. a Sancti-Spiritus, Cuba. Dosage (kg ai/ha) 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.5 1.9 Check
aAv
Adult mortality (%) 2 DAI 72 70 68 68 70 74 2 14 DAI 82 88 84 86 88 88 2
Effect of neem seed bitters (NSB) on green leafhopper (GLH) survival and rice tungro virus (RTV) transmission
R. C. Saxena and M. E. M. Boncodin, Entomology Department, IRRI
Larvae morta1ity (%) 10 DAI 98 98 98 96 100 100 0
The RWW Lissorhoptrus brevirostris affects 10-28% of the land planted to rice in Cuba, and it is the most difficult insect pest to control. Different levels of carbofuran 5% G (0.6-1.9 kg ai/ha) were broadcast before sowing (test 1) and 25 d after germination (DAG) (test 2). Three plants of variety J-104 were sown in 12-cm-diameter clay pots. In test 1, they were inoculated with 20 RWW adults/pot 20 DAG. In test 2, 20 first-instar larvae/pot were inoculated the day after insecticide application. All levels of carbofuran controlled RWW adults and larvae. Control was
tion.
of 4 replications. DAI = days after inocula-
greater when carbofuran was applied 25 DAG than when it was broadcast before sowing (see table). In the field, the insect shows similar behavior in respect to the time of invasion. Application must be done when larvae are leaving the leaf sheath after hatching; that is the stage most susceptible to insecticides.
A reduction in phloem feeding by GLH Nephotettix virescens, the vector of RTV disease, is observed in plants with foliar or systemic application of NSB. RTV is phloem-specific. We evaluated RTV transmission efficiency of GLH feeding on NSB-treated plants. Two-week-old TN1 seedlings were treated by 24-h root immersion or sprayed with 2,500 ppm NSB. Untreated seedlings were used as check. Each seedling was placed in a 15- 1.5-cm test tube covered with nylon mesh and arranged by treatment. Newly emerged GLH females reared on virus-free TN1 plants were allowed a 3-d acquisition feeding on source plants. One viruliferous GLH was transferred to each tube. One day after infestation
25
(DAI), surviving insects were transferred to freshly treated seedlings. Inoculated seedlings were transplanted in seedboxes for disease development. Successive inoculation feeding continued up to 5 d. RTV symptoms were observed at 20 DAI. GLH survival decreased significantly after 2-d exposure to systemically treated plants. Although survival of GLH exposed to foliar NSB-treated seedlings was not significantly different from check, ability to transmit RTV was significantly lower than that of untreated seedlings (see table).
Survival of GLH females and RTV transmission after 5 d exposure to TN1 rice seedlings treated with 2,500 ppm NSB.a IRRI, 1987. Treatment Foliar Systemic Check
a
GLH survival (%) 1d 95 a 90 a 95 a 2d 91 b 74 a 89 b 3d 84 b 69 a 84 b 5d 69 b 51 a 74 b
RTV infection (%) 1d 38 b 17 a 65 c 2d 8 a 4a 22 a
Av of 5 replications, 30 GLH and 30 TN1 seedlings/replication. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
Systemic NSB application was best against RTV transmission. RTV transmission efficiency of the vector
became negligible after 2d inoculation feeding in check as well as in treated plants.
Compatible insecticides and fungicides to control leaffolder (LF) and sheath rot (ShR) in rice
N. Raju, R. Saroja, and M. Suriachandraselvan, Rice Research Station, Tirur 602025, India
We studied the compatibility of commonly used insecticides phosphamidon, monocrotophos, and chlorpyrifos with popular fungicides edifenphos, mancozeb, and carbendazim
during 1985-86 and 1986-87. Field trials consisted of 10 treatments replicated 3 times. In both years, 25-d-old Co 43 seedlings were planted in 10-m2 plots at 20- 10-cm spacing. Combined sprays were applied at 20, 40, and 60 d after transplanting. Only rice LF and ShR occurred during the study. In both years, combined spraying of monocrotophos with any one of the three fungicides was the most effective treatment, keeping LF infestation well below economic injury level (<5%). In 1986-87, combined
spraying of monocrotophos with carbendazim resulted in the lowest incidence of ShR (see table). In both years, combined spraying of monocrotophos with the three fungicides resulted in the highest yields.
Brown planthopper (BPH) outbreak in Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu

K. Natarajan, M.S. Venugopal, and S. Chelliah, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai 612101, Tamil Nadu, India
Efficacy and compatibility of insecticides and fungicides in the control of rice pests and diseases. Rice Research Station, Tirur, India, 1985-86 and 1986-87. 1985-86 Treatment LF-damaged leaves (%) 29 19 32 4 3 3 11 15 17 63 5.0 Grain yield (t/ha) 3.1 3.0 2.8 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.7 1.5 LF-damaged leaves (%) 15 14 16 2 3 2 7 9 25 77 15.4 1986-87 ShR infected tillers (%) 7.0 6.6 8.2 6.0 6.0 4.9 7.0 6.2 5.6 13.5 5.5 Grain yield (t/ha) 4.2 4.1 3.8 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.9 4.0 3.1 0.4
Phosphamidon 250 ml/ha + edifenphos 500 ml/ha Phosphamidon 250 ml/ha + mancozeb 1000 g/ha Phosphamidon 250 ml/ha + carbendazim 250 g/ha Monocrotophos 500 ml/ha + edifenphos 500 ml/ha Monocrotophos 500 ml/ha + mancozeb 1000 g/ha Monocrotophos 500 ml/ha + carbendazim 250 g/ha Chlorpyrifos 500 ml/ha + edifenphos 500 ml/ha Chlorpyrifos 500 ml/ha + mancozeb 1000 g/ha Chlorpyrifos 500 ml/ha + carbendazim 250 g/ha Control CD (P=0.05)
During the Jun-Sep 1987 drought due to failure of the monsoon, a BPH out break in Sivapurani, Kondasamudram, and Kurichi villages of Kumbakonam division, Thanjavur District, caused typical hopperburn symptoms on IR50. Approximately 100 ha were affected. Farmers applied double the recommended N as basal fertilizer. Because the insecticides used were not directed toward the base of the plants, control was inadequate. Furthermore, the farmers sprayed quinalphos, a resurgence causing insecticide, which aggravated the pest population. Unsprayed fields recorded 56 hoppers/hill; phosphamidon-sprayed fields had 8 hoppers/hill. Where quinalphos was sprayed, populations
exceeded 250 hoppers/hill. Populations of natural enemies like mirid bug, wolf spider, and coccinellid beetles were higher in unsprayed fields.
Effect of neem seed bitters (NSB) on green leafhopper (GLH) feeding

R. C. Saxena and M. E. M. Boncodin, Entomology Department, IRRI
A simple process has been developed at IRRI to extract the bitters (limonoids) from neem seed kernel. Using an electronic device, we monitored the feeding behavior of newly emerged GLH Nephotettix virescens females on 21-dold TN1 rice seedlings that had been treated systemically by overnight root immersion or by dipping the foliage in a 2,500 ppm NSB aqueous solution for 25 s. During a 3-h observation, waveform
patterns (see figure) showed that duration of phloem feeding was significantly reduced in neem-treated seedlings (see table). The decrease in phloem feeding was accompanied by a corresponding significant increase in frequency of probing, salivation period, and xylem feeding. If GLH feeds less in the phloem, it has less probability of acquiring or transmitting tungro viruses.
Effect of neem seed treatment on rice seedling vigor and survival of brown planthopper (BPH) and green leafhopper (GLH)
A.A. Kareem, R.C. Saxena, M.E.M. Boncodin, Entomology Department; and V. Krishnasamy and D.V. Seshu, IRTP, IRRI
The principal bitters of neem, particularly azadirachtin, are known to be systemically translocated through the roots. We evaluated seed treatment with crude neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) or neem cake (NC) as a BPH or GLH control measure for young seedlings. We also measured the effect of neem treatment on seed germination and seedling vigor. In one treatment, healthy seeds of TNl, IR36, and IR42 were soaked in 2.5, 5, or 10% aqueous NSKE solution for 24 h, then incubated for 48 h. In
Table 1. Effect of seed treatment with crude NSKE and NC on BPH and GLH survival. a IRRI, 1987. Waveforms electronically recorded during N. virescens feeding on TNI rice plants, IRRI, 1987. a = control, b = 2500 ppm NSB-systemic, c = 2500 ppm NSB-foliar. P = probe, S = salivation, Pi = phloem ingestion, R = rest, Xi = xylem ingestion. Events in 3-h feeding by N. virescens females on TN1 rice seedlings treated with 2,500 ppm NSB solution.a IRRI, 1987. Treatment Systemic Foliar Control
a
Neem concentration (%) NSKE 2.5 5.0 10.0 NC 1.0 2.0 0 (check)
a Av
Nymphs becoming adults (%) BPH on TN1 GLH on TN1 GLH on IR42 6.7 a 10.0 a 10.0 a 6.7 a 13.3 a 36.7 a
Probes (no .) 25 a 24 a 13 b
Salivation (min) 20.7 a 15.2 ab 9.6 b
Phloem ingestion (min) 27 b 33 b 77 a
Xylem ingestion (min) 23 a 27 a 1 b
Total ingestion (min) 50 a 60 a 78 a
46.7 b 57.0 b 63.3 cd 44.3 b 30.0 a 6.7 a 50.0 bc 30.0 a 70.0 d 50.0 b 30.0 b 70.0 b
Av of 10 replications. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
of 3 replications, 10 first-instar nymphs/ replication. In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
27
another treatment, seeds soaked in water for 24 h were dressed with 1 or 2% NC powder and incubated for 48 h. Untreated seeds were used for the check. At 7 d after sowing, individual TN1 seedlings in 15- 1.5-cm glass test tubes were infested singly with first-instar BPH nymphs. TN1 or IR42 seedlings were infested with first-instar GLH nymphs. Insect survival was recorded daily until all nymphs became adults or died. Fewer BPH nymphs reached adulthood on TN1 seedlings treated with NSKE or NC than on check seedlings, but only 10% neem extract treatment was significantly more effective than other treatments (Table 1). Only treatment with 10% NSKE reduced GLH nymph emergence on highly susceptible TN1. GLH nymph emergence on IR42 was not significantly affected by neem derivatives, probably because IR42 is already moderately resistant to GLH. Seed germination of IR36 and IR42 and seedling root length, shoot length, and chlorophyll content were not affected by neem treatment. In fact,
Table 2. Effect of treating rice seed with crude NSKE and NC on germination and seedling vigor. a IRRI, 1987. Neem treatment (%) NSKE 2.5 5.0 10.0 NC 1.0 2.0 0 (check) NSKE 2.5 5.0 10.0 NC 1.0 2.0 0 (check)
a
Germination (%)
Growth index Root Shoot IR36
Length (mm) Root Shoot
Dry wt (mg)/10 seedlings
Chlorophyll b (g/g)
96 a 95 a 94 a 94 a 96 a 94 a
77.5 a 79.8 a 81.5 a
66.0 a 71.3 a 70.5 a
250.3 a 249.3 a 250.8 a 249.3 a 250.0 a 249.8 a
105.0 a 104.0 a 106.0 a 106.0 a 105.8 a 105.3 a
91 a 92 a 90 a 90 a 89 ab 85 b
51 a 50 a 52 a 50 a 51 a 49 a 106 a 106 a 105 a 104 a 106 a 104 a
60.8 b 60.5 b c 55.0 63.5 b d 44.3 c 34.8 IR42 43.8 ab 39.5 b 48.8 a 24.8 24.8 16.0 c c
96 a 96 a 95 a 95 a 95 a 94 a
46.8 b 47.8 b 52.5 a 22.5 26.3 17.3 c c
218.0 a 220.5 a 219.5 a 220.0 a 220.8 a 219.0 a
80.0 a 80.8 a 80.0 a 80.0 a 81.0 a 81.0 a
83 ab 85 a 84 ab 80 bc 82 abc 78 c
Av of 5 replications. In a column, means for each variety followed by a common letter are not sitnificantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. b Fresh weight basis.
soaking seed in NSKE increased seedling vigor, with significantly higher seedling root and shoot growth indices than control. NC treatment also improved seedling vigor, but not as
much as NSKE. Dried IR36 and IR42 seedlings germinated from seeds without neem treatment weighed significantly less than seedlings germinated from neem-treated seeds (Table 2).
Effect of plant derivatives on green leafhopper (GLH) and rice tungro (RTV) transmission
V. Narasimhan and V. Mariappan, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, India
GLH survival and RTV infection rates on TKM9 seedlings sprayed with leaf extracts, seed oils, and insecticides. Source Leaf extracts Nirgunda Crotons Bilwa Ocimum Ikshugandha Seed oil or extracts Neem oil Custard apple oil Laural Mahua Neem seed extract Neem cake extract Insecticides Carbofuran 3 G Phosphamidon Control
aIn
Ratea
GLH survival (%) 1d 100 100 100 100 100 15 60 60 80 95 100 7 15 100 5d 65 90 40 65 60 0 0 5 45 75 55 0 0 90 10 d 15 30 5 5 10 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 15
RTV (%) 14 64 26 33 36 25 33 39 17 54 31 29 50 75
10 10 10 10 10 1 1 1 1 2 5 1.3 0.1
Leaf extracts of nirgunda Vitex negunda L., croton Crotons sparsiflorus Marong, bilwa Aegle marmelos Coor., ocimum or sweet tulsi Ocimum sanctum L., and ikshugandha Tribules terestris L. in water; seed oils of neem Azadirachta indica A. Juss, laural Calophyllium inophyllum L., mahua Madhuca longifolia Koen. Macbr. var. latifolia Roxb. chevai, custard apple Annona squamosa Linn. in water emulsified with 1% teepol; crude seed extract of neem and cake extract of neem in water; and insecticides phosphamidon (dimecron)
percent, except carbofuran in kg/ha.
and carbofuran were tested for effects on survival of GLH Nephotettix virescens Dist. and RTV transmission.
The plant derivatives and insecticides were sprayed on l0-d-old TKM9 seedlings raised in mud pots, using a
baby hand sprayer. Five hours after spraying, the seedlings were removed and the root portion washed. The seedlings in test tubes with water were exposed for 24 h to GLH that had fed on RTV-infected plants for 4 d, at 2 insects/ seedling. Fifty seedlings were inoculated per treatment. Inoculated seedlings were
transplanted in pots in insect-proof cages for development of symptoms. A fresh seedling already treated with a plant product or chemical was introduced into each tube containing an insect. Survival of insects was recorded until all insects died. Seed oils gave higher GLH mortality than leaf extracts (see table). Neem oil
gave the highest mortality. GLH mortality on leaf extract-treated seedlings was not significantly different from that on untreated seedlings. Percentage RTV-infected seedlings was much reduced in all treatments over control. Seedlings treated with leaf extracts of nirgunda and bilwa had low RTV infection rates.
Weed management
Chemical weed control in transplanted rice
M.A. Zafar, Adaptive Agricultural Research Farm, Sheikhupura, Pakistan
Two experiments, one in less weedy and one in highly weedy fields, evaluated five herbicides piperophos + dimethametryn, butachlor, chlornitrofen, thiobencarb, and pendimethalin at the adaptive research farm and 5 farmers' fields in 1983. Chlornitrofen and piperophos + dimethametryn were
not used in the highly weedy trials. An unweeded check was maintained. The experiments were laid out in completely randomized blocks with three replications. KS-282 rice variety seedlings were transplanted at 35-40 d in 10- 6-m plots the last week of Jun. Butachlor mixed with 60 kg sand and other granular herbicides were broadcast; pendimethalin in 400 liters water/ ha was sprayed 2-3 d after transplanting (DT). Water (4-5 cm deep) was retained in the fields for 5 d to allow herbicides to dissolve and make a
Effect of chemical weed control on tillering and yield of transplanted coarse rice and benefit-to-cost ratios of different weeding treatments in less and highly weedy fields. Herbicide a Dose (kg ai/ha) 0.910 0.975 1.200 3.600 2.000 2.500 1.237 Weed control b (no./m2 ) Tillering b (no./m2) Paddy yield b (t/ha) 5.1 5.5 5.1 5.6 5.1 5.4 5.5 5.5 a a a a a a a a Benefit:cost c
Check Piperophos + dimethametryn G Butachlor EC Butachlor EC Chlornitrofen G Thiobencarb G Thiobencarb G Pendimethalin EC Check Butachlor EC Butachlor EC Thiobencarb G Thiobencarb G Pendimethalin EC
Less weedy fields 25.7 e 4.0 bc 11.3 d 2.0 a 15.5 d 6.0 c 3.0 ab 5.0 bc
299.2 328.7 309.1 340.0 305.5 327.3 337.9 334.0 215.6 226.2 285.6 252.5 268.1 270.4
a ab ab b ab ab b ab a a
Highly weedy fields 164.3 e d 72.0 0.975 1.200 11.7 a 35.0 c 2.000 22.3 bc 2.500 1.237 15.3 ab
c b bc bc
5.3 a 5.6 a d 7.5 6.2 b c 7.0 7.0 c
1.82:l 9.79:1 2.88:1 4.40:1 4.33:1
a G = granule, EC = emulsifiable concentrate. b Av of 6 sites and 3 replications at each site in the district. In a column, figures followed by a common letter are not statistically different at 0.05% level of confidence (DMRT). c For economic analysis, the costs included herbicide price (thiobencarb 10 G @ $1.21/kg, and butachlor 60 EC and pendimethalin 33 EC @ $8.62 and $8.05/liter, respectively) and application costs ($2.59 or $1.44/spray or broadcast). Benefits included the price of enhanced yield over that of the check @ $3.33140 kg paddy.
Benefit:cost = extra benefits extra costs
(for treatments).
layer or film on the soil or water surface. Fertilization was 115 kg N, 25 kg P, and 47.3 kg K/ha. All the P and K and half the N were added at puddling, half the N at 30 DT. Weed count at 45 DT and at tillering (75 DT) was taken from 2 randomly selected 1-m 2 quadrats/plot. Yields were averaged. Benefit-to-cost ratios were calculated by dividing the extra benefits attained from enhanced yield by the extra costs incurred for each treatment. Extra costs and benefits included cost and labor charges for herbicide application and price of enhanced yield. Tillering was enhanced significantly by weed treatments except at the lower rate of butachlor in highly weedy fields (see table). The presence of grassy and more competitive weeds such as Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, E. crusgalli (L.) Beauv. and Paspalum distichum L., resulted in significant yield losses. Weed control was not necessary when weed infestations were low. Weed control in rice can be economically achieved with chemical herbicides. Underdosing of butachlor is not beneficial. In order of their prevalence, weeds in the experimental fields were Cyperus iria L., C. difformis L., C. rotundus L., Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl, Echinochloa crus-galli ssp. hispidula (Retz.) Honda, Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn., E. colona, E. glabrescens Munro ex Hook. f., Marsilea minuta L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Paspalum distichum, Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd., Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel., and Trianthema portulacastrum L.
29
Managing other pests

Nitrogen fertilization and Meloidogyne incognita incidence in rice
O. A. Fademi, Rice Research Program, National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Nigeria
Sulfate of ammonia treatments at 30 and 45 kg N/ha, and an unfertilized control were in a completely randomized block design with 3 replications. Data on emergence, seedling vigor, and plant height were taken. Roots were examined for galls
and processed for nematode recovery. Plant performance in the fertilized plots was better (see table). Galling was less in plants that received 45 kg N/ha, and the galls obtained were much smaller. Nematode recovery from infected roots was highest in plants without fertilizer. Although plants were much taller at reduced N, seedling vigor was less.
We examined the influence of different rates of sulfate of ammonia on M. incognita in a greenhouse experiment. Faro II (OS6) seeds were grown in autoclaved sandy loam soil in microplots (1.5 1 1 m). Each block was inoculated with 600 eggs and second-stage juveniles of M. incognita obtained from galled roots of Celosia sp.
Effect of ammonium sulfate fertilizer on M. incognita in rice. Badeggi, Nigeria. Treatment No N 30 kg N/ha 45 kg N/ha LSD (5%)
a
Plant height (cm) 53.5 48.0 42.3 4.7

b
Seedling vigora 4 3 1.5 1.71
Galling indexb 2.5 0.5
Nematode recovery (no.) 23.50 16.10 7.20 15.03
Standard evaluation system for rice. 0 = no galls, 5 = maximum galling.
Water management
Economizing irrigation through rice fallow cropping strategies
B. P. Patil, Irrigation Research Scheme, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Wakawali 415711, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.), India
The rice crop needed 1,185 mm of water for a yield of 4.1 t/ha (see table). Peanut, sunflower, and green gram
required 612-775 mm less water than rice, a 53-65% water economy with WUE almost identical (2.92-3.49 kg/ha per mm) to that of rice. The gross return from 1 mm of irrigation was about 2.4 times greater with alternative crops.
Water use by rice, peanut, sunflower, and green gram on the irrigated rice fallows. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India, 1986. Crop Rice Peanut Sunflower Green gram
a From
Water needs of alternative crops (peanut, sunflower, and green gram) were evaluated in irrigated rice fallows of coastal Maharashtra in 1986. The area receives essentially monsoon rainfall (2,500-3,500 mm) Jun-Sep, with a characteristic rain-free period Oct-May. Soil of the experimental plot was medium black, with 0.63% organic C, 12.68 kg P, and 157.7 kg K/ha. Peanut, sunflower, and green gram were sown the first week of Jan; rice was sown in mid-Dec and transplanted in late Jan. Recommended fertilizer, plant density, plant protection, and irrigation were adopted. Water used by different crops was recorded throughout growth. Water use efficiency (WUE) was based on yield and water utilized.
Yie1d (t/ha) 4.1 2.0 1.5 1.2
Gross returnsa ($/ha) 788 923 692 646
Water applied (mm) 1185 572 430 410
Gross returns ($/mm irrigation) 0.66 1.60 1.60 1.58
Water use efficiency (kg/ha per mm) 3.46 3.49 3.49 2.92
Economy in irrigation water (mm) 612 (53) 755 (64) 775 (65)
grain or pod.
Farming systems
Effect of tillage on stem borer (SB) larvae carryover in a rice - wheat rotation
M.A. Zafar and A. Razzaq, Adaptive Agricultural Research Farm, Sheikhupura, Pakistan
Little time is left after rice harvest to prepare land for sowing wheat. Farmers cultivate twice, broadcast wheat seed, and cover it with a tractor-drawn wooden plank. Zero tillage or direct drilling is being introduced to reduce production costs.
30
But zero tillage leaves intact the rice stubble that harbors hibernating Scirpophaga incertulas, S. innotata, and Sesamia inferens SB. The larvae carry over to the next rice crop. Sesamia sp. also attacks wheat, spring maize, and sugarcane. We assessed the extent to which Basmati 370 rice stubble would remain in condition for infestation by hibernating SB larvae in four differently tilled wheat fields in 1984-85 and 198586. A 65-hp tractor and implements (cultivator, plank, rototiller, and seed drill) were used in tillage operations in 30- 30-m plots at the adaptive research farm and on 3 farmers fields. Stubble was collected from 4 randomly selected 3-m 2 areas of each tillage type zero-tilled/direct-drilled; cultivator run twice followed by one planking; cultivator run three times followed by two plankings; rototiller once, cultivator
Effect of tillage on stubble destruction and rice SB larvae hibernation in wheat following rice. a Sheikhupura, Pakistan. Tillage operation Stubble (no./3 m 2) 137 a 44 b 26 c 1 e 138 a 37 b 14 d 0 e SB-infested stubble (%) 1984-85 84 a 46 b 5 d 0 e 1985-86 83 a 37 c 5 de 0 e Larvae (no./stubble) 3.8 ab 1.8 d 0.7 ef 0.0 f 2.9 be 2.0 cd d 1.8 f 0.0 Destruction (%) of stubble 0 64 79 99 0 70 88 99
Zero-tilled b /direct-drilled Cultivator (2) + plank (1) Cultivator (3) + plank (2) Rototiller (1) + cultivator (2) + plank (1) Zero-tilled b/direct-drilled Cultivator (2) + plank (1) Cultivator (3) + plank (2) Rototiller (1) + cultivator (2) + plank (1)
a Figures
DMRT).
b No
followed by common letters are not statistically different (95% level of confidence by land preparation carried out. Wheat seed directly drilled.
twice, and planking once. The stubble was dissected in the laboratory for number of SB larvae/ stubble. Data reveal nearly 100% destruction of stubble and no hibernating SB larvae in the rototilled fields (see table).
Cultivating followed by planking was not as effective in stubble destruction, but its effectiveness increased with number of runs. Larvae infestation was highest in the stubble of zerotilled/direct-drilled fields.
Intercropping upland rice and Lamtoro in acid Red Yellow Podzolic soils
D. Djamaan, A. Tahir, A. Yusuf, A. Jugsujinda, and A. K. Syarifuddin, Sukarami Research Institute for Food Crops (SARIF), P. O. Box 103, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia
We studied the interactions of four cultivars of Lamtoro Leucaena leucocephala with upland rice Oryza sativa cultivar Sentani in acid Red Yellow Podzolic soil during 1983-84 cropping season. The soil was classified Haplorthox - Paleudult, with a 0-27 cm clayey topsoil, with pH of 4.2, exchangeable Al+H and Ca+Mg 4.0 and 0.7 meq/100 g, and A1 saturation 85%. Three-month-old Lamtoro seedlings were planted in double hedgerows 2 m apart (see figure). Each double hedgerow was 50 cm apart, with 33.3 cm between plants. Triple superphosphate (TSP) at 200 kg/ ha was applied at the bottom of the plant hole at planting. The plants were cut back to 30 cm above the ground 4 mo after planting
Planting arrangement of Lamtoro and upland rice. Sumatra, Indonesia, 1983-84.
and the biomass incorporated into the soil. One month after cutting and incorporating Lamtoro, upland rice was interseeded at 25- 25-cm spacing into the well-established Lamtoro rows. Then 200 kg TSP, 50 kg KCl, and 40 kg carbofuran/ ha were applied at the bottom of the plant hole with rice seeds. Two additional cuttings of Lamtoro were made at 2-mo intervals after rice seeding.
The experiment with Lamtoro cultivars Peru, K-8, K-28, Gung, and control without Lamtoro was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plot size was 5 5m. After three cuttings, cumulative dry weight of biomass of Peru was 4.6 t, Gung 4.7 t, K-8 5.2t, K-28 6.3 t/ha (see table). However, the interactions between upland rice and Lamtoro did not appear to favor upland rice growth
31
and yield. At harvest, rice had a significant plant height reduction of 912% and tiller number reduction of 1824%. The pure stand of upland rice yielded 2.8 t/ha; intercropped rice showed significant yield reduction. Reduced plant height, tiller number, and grain yield was correlated positively with
Lamtoro cumulative dry weight. The results suggest a negative interaction between Lamtoro cultivars and intercropped upland rice with the 2 m row spacing. Row spacing should be adjusted for optimum rice yield. A decrease in exchangeable A1+H and Al saturation and an increase in
exchangeable Ca+Mg occurred in the intercropped plots. Intercropping upland rice and Lamtoro and returning Lamtoro biomass to the soil over a period of several years may actually result in decreased A1 and increased plant nutrients in the soil.
Cumulative dry weight of Lamtoro after 3 cuttings, growth and yield of intercropped upland rice, and soil chemical properties after rice harvest. a Sumatra, Indonesia, 1983-84. Lamtoro variety Peru K-8 K-28 Gung Control
a
Cumulative dry weight (t/ha) 4.6 5.2 6.3 4.7 a a a a
Upland rice plant height (cm) 30 DAS 43 a 45 a 47 a 41 a 42 a 60 DAS 73 74 76 69 79 a a a a a Harvest 111 120 120 115 126 c ab ab bc a
Upland rice tillers (no./hill) 30 DAS 19 a 20 a 18 a 17 a 21 a 60 DAS 34 37 38 39 36 a a a a a Harvest 13 b 14 b 14 b 14 b 17 a
Upland rice grain yield (t/ha) 2.1 2.4 1.7 2.1 2.8 b b b a
Exchangeable A1+H (meq/100 g) 3.9 3.8 2.8 3.5 4.0 ab ab b ab a
Exchangeable Ca+Mg (meq/100 g) 0.8 0.8 1.5 0.9 0.7 a a b a a
A1 saturation (%) 82 82 63 84 85 ab ab b a a
DAS = days after seeding. Data are means of 4 replications. Mean separation by DMRT at 5%.
Performance of transplanted aman rice varieties in cropping pattern trials

A. Hashem, Agronomy Department, Institute of Postgraduate Studies in Agriculture; and Md. Jahiruddin, Farm Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh
Performance of T. aman varieties in farmers cropping patterns at Hathazari, Bangladesh, 1982-83. a Variety BR3 BR4 BR10 BR11 Pajam Chakkal (check) CV (%)
aDT
Flowering (DT) 1982 68 b 65 c 64 c 62 d 56 e 72 a 2.7 1983 70 ab 67 bc 66 c 64 c 59 d 73 a 4.6
Maturity (DT) 1982 109 106 106 101 97 114 b bc bc c a 1983 112 b 109 bc 108 c 108 c 101 d 117 a 2.1
Grain yield (t/ha) 1982 3.2 2.6 3.2 3.2 2.8 2.0 19.8 a ab a a a b 1983 3.5 3.0 3.4 4.3 2.7 2.8 20.0 ab b b a b b
2.9
We evaluated six T. aman rice varieties in cropping pattern trials in the 19821983 late wet seasons. The Hathazari cropping systems site is medium high land. The objective was to identify short-duration varieties with higher yields at low fertilizer levels in the broadcast aus - T. aman - cowpea cropping pattern under rainfed conditions. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with five replications across farms. Each year, 37-d-old seedlings were transplanted 2427 Aug at 20- 15-cm spacing with 6017.6-16.6 kg NPK/ha. The varieties exhibited significant variations in yield, days to flowering, and days to maturity (see table). BR11 is resistant to lodging and shattering, with medium grains. Its market value is higher because its grains produce quality rice and pop.
= days after transplanting.
SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Production
Economics of rice gall midge (GM) management in resistant and susceptible cultures
G. Logiswaran, V. Kr. Sathiyanandam, and P. C. Sundara Babu, Agricultural Entomology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625104, India
We studied the incidence of GM in three resistant and one GM-susceptible cultivars with and without pest management in a split-plot design with three replications during the 1986 wet season. GM incidence in the susceptible variety crossed the economic threshold (ETL) 48 d after transplanting (DT)
and again 68 DT. Incidence in the 3 resistant varieties did not cross ETL, but leaffolder incidence crossed ETL at 68 DT. In the pest management plots, the susceptible variety received two sprayings; the resistant varieties received one. Phosalone 35 EC at 1.5 liters/ ha
was sprayed 48 DT, monocrotophos 36 WSC at 500 ml/ha was sprayed 68 DT. GM incidence was calculated as percentage affected tillers. GM incidence among the three GMresistant varieties was significantly lower in IET8649 and higher in IET6315 (see table). The three GM-resistant varieties
that received only one spraying gave higher yield and income than the GMsusceptible variety with two sprayings. Yield of GM-susceptible variety Sona was on a par with that of GM-resistant varieties IET8649 and 6315. Highest income was from GM-resistant variety IET8655 (1:12.12 cost-benefit ratio).
Economics of the use of GM-resistant and susceptible cultures.a Culture GM-resistant IET8649 IET8655 IET6315 GM-susceptible Sona Meanb
aFigures
GM incidence (%) 80 DT PM 1.7 (7.9) 3.8 (11.7) 4.8 (13.2) 11.4 (20.1) 5.4 (13.2) No PM 2.0 (8.4) 3.2 (10.9) 7.1 (15.7) 18.6 (25.5) 7.7 (15.1) Mean 1.85 a (8.15) 3.50 b (11.30) 5.95 c (14.45) 15.00 (22.80) d
Grain yield (t/ha) PM 6.40 8.22 7.02 No PM 5.83 7.40 6.45 Mean 6.12 b 7.81 a 6.74 b
Added returns due to PM ($/ha) 89.7 129.1 89.7
Cost of PM ($/ha) 9.8 9.8 9.8
Added net returns due to PM ($/ha) 79.9 119.3 79.9
Cost-tobenefit ratio
1:8.12 1:12.12 1:8.12
5.93 6.89 b
5.72 6.35 a
5.83 b
33.1
24.8
8.3
Loss
in parentheses are arc sine values. PM = pest management, no PM = no pest management. Means in a column followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. bMeans followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Deepwater rice workshop examines innovative cropping
The Deepwater Rice Workshop in Bangkok, Thailand, 26-30 Oct 1987 was cosponsored by IRRI and the Thai Department of Agriculture and the Rice Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. The 79 participants and 36 observers from 16 countries included trainees in the special Genetic Evaluation and Utilization Training Course for Deepwater Rice and participants in the Deepwater Rice Monitoring Tour that visited Vietnam, India, and Thailand. Discussion groups on research priorities, methodology, breeding strategies, and terminology made recommendations for future action. The workshop produced a number of innovative ideas, such as additional crops (sunflower, early-maturing rice, etc.) before, with, or after the deepwater rice crop; ratooning the deepwater rice; use of rice herbage from the deepwater rice crop; methods for screening against ufra nematode and yellow stem borer; and methods for measuring oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethylene in floodwater. IRRI will publish the proceedings.
1987 International Rice Research Conference

Nearly 100 participants from 19 countries met 21-25 Sep 1987 in Hangzhou, China. The focus was on irrigated rice. Discussions spanned the global rice situation, physiological aspects of yielding ability, disease, insect, and weed management; nutrient management; water management and farming systems; innovative breeding; grain quality; farm machinery and postharvest management; and collaborative research relationships.
Extensive recommendations for research and related priorities were made in all areas. A highlight of the conference was the dedication of the China National Rice Research Center research facilities and buildings at the experimental farm site. National Minister of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Fishery He Kang addressed the conference during opening ceremonies. A proceedings including selected key papers and abstracts of the 64 papers presented will be published by IRRI in late 1988.
Gene banks and the worlds food

Gene banks and the worlds food by D.L. Plucknett, N.J.H. Smith, J.T. Williams, and N.M. Anishetty provides a history of germplasm preservation and exchange (from botanical gardens to modern cold-storage units) and an assessment of the scientific and political ramifications of gene bank programs. It contributes to the debate on how best to
33
preserve some of the worlds most valuable raw material, and gives an upto-date report on the stocks and locations of gene banks. Data for ordering: Princeton University Press. 1987. Hardcover. 248 p. ISBN 0-691-08438-6. Price includes shipping, US $35; Outside USA: $42.00 via surface mail; $47.00 via airmail. Payment must accompany order to AGRIBOOKSTORE, Winrock International, 1611 North Kent St., Arlington VA 22209, USA
which is followed by an indication of the contents of each paper and, in some cases, a relevant abstract. Depending on the request, an information synthesis is available. At present, there are no plans to provide on-line facility for external users. For information, contact: PESTICIDE IMPACT SECTION, Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute, College House, Wrights Lane, London W8 5SJ, England.
rice agreed that IPC goals should be based on local problems and be determined by national priorities, with emphasis on farm and community level pest management.
New IRRI publications

Farmers primer on growing soybean on riceland Farmers primer on growing cowpea on riceland
Environmental impact of pesticides

The Pesticide Impact Section of the London-based Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute has compiled a computer database of books and scientific articles about the environmental side-effects of pesticides (including herbicides and fungicides) in the tropics. ENVIRON is designed to provide a rapid and comprehensive information service to scientists, farmers, and agricultural administrators living in developing countries and working for international development organizations. Gathered within ENVIRON is information previously widely scattered throughout the scientific literature. Use of such information can help ensure that inefficient and environmentally damaging uses of pesticides are minimized. Topics covered include: Pesticide toxicity to nontargets Pesticide persistence and residues Environmental fate of pesticides Ecological impact of pesticides on nontarget organisms: evidence of mortalities, population changes, and sublethal effects (e.g., animal behavior) ENVIRON can handle inquiries about the effect of pesticides on nontarget organisms (including soils). It requires specifying the pesticide or pesticides, the target pests or nontarget organisms, or a combination of these. The output is a list of references, each of
Crop loss assessment to improve pest management

More than 100 scientists attended this workshop 11-17 Oct 1987 at IRRI. Five working groups and national program leaders of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Intercountry Program on Integrated Pest Control (IPC) made recommendations for future work. The term pest was taken to include insects, disease, pathogens, weeds, and vertebrates that damage the rice crop. Pest assessment and sampling recommendations focused on standardization of methods and formats for collecting, managing, and exchanging data. Thresholds and intensity/ loss relationship recommendations focused on establishing a network to facilitate exchanges among national programs. The farm-level decisionmaking group defined the important objective as increasing self-reliance of all workers in the technology transfer system in making correct pest management decisions. Pest and crop loss databases need pan-national information on distribution; effects on farm infestations, yields, and pesticide use; policy decisions and planning; pesticide logistics; modeling and forecasting research; germplasm evaluation; and quarantine. The concerns of the group working on economics and utilization of pest and loss data were data reliability and extension of research technology deeper into national programs. National program leaders from the FAO intercountry program on IPC in
ERRATA
12 (2) (Apr 1987). Minimum isolation distance for hybrid rice production, by H.L. Sharma, H. Singh, and D.P. Joshi p. 24: In the table, the seven columns under percent seed set . . . should bear, respectively, the following headings indicating direction: N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, SE, and S. 12 (3) (Jun 1987). A simple device for mass extraction of rice anthers, by S.K. Raina and S. Hadi. p. 24: In column 1, lines 9-10 should read: with a 3.5-cm length of steel tubing fitted into the screw cap of the bottle. From . . . In the figure, 1) add this sentence to step 4: Anthers float out of the slits. 2) Replace the sentence in Step 5 with this Debris is removed with the bottle, leaving usable anthers floating in the medium. 12 (4) (Aug 1987). Stem borers (SB) in dryland and wetland rice, by A.T. Barrion and J.A. Litsinger. p. 17: In the figure, 1) the names of 4 varieties should be corrected to read as Beira Campo, Jaguarizhino, Levanta Homem, and Meruim Vermelho; and 2) Seratus Malam is an indica variety. In column 2, replace sentence 2 of paragraph 2 with this sentence: Traditional upland japonica varieties were more severely damaged, but two improved upland japonicas (IRAT144 and CNA108-13-42-24-2B) had the lowest numbers of whiteheads and stem borer larvae (see figure).

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IRRN Guidelines

Criteria for IRRN research reports

Guidelines for contributors

Categories of research reported

Grain quality and nutritional value Disease resistance

Managing other pests Water management Farming systems

Adverse soils tolerance

Integrated germplasm improvement

SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Physiology and plant nutrition

Soil fertility and fertilizer management

restorers, and Br. 34 and BIET8550 as maintainers (see table).

Effects of antimitotics on growth and differentiation of rice tissues grown in vitro

We studied the effects of three antimitotic agents chloral hydrate,

IRRN 13:1 (February 1988)

changes brought about by these antimitotics.

Selections made (no.) 5 23 10 8 3 5 2 2 8 2 5

6 IRRN 13:1 (February 1988)

screened 3 Jan 1987. Average minimum temperatures were 18 C in Nov and

13 C in Dec. Table 2 shows crosses promising for survival percentage.

Japonica and indica differences in large vascular bundles in culm

Grain quality and nutritional value

Hai203 Yi-chang 105

IRRN 13:1 (February 1988)

8 IRRN 13:1 (February 1988)

IRRN 13:1 (February 1988)

Tungro (RTV) development in rice

Stability of bacterial blight (BB) resistance in IR varieties

Eleven IR varieties were evaluated for BB resistance at AanRen, Hunan, 1975-

10 IRRN 13:1 (February 1988)

evaluation system for rice.

IRRN 13:1 (February 1988)

IRRI acc. no. 16177 16250 16146 16195 18296 8593

Country of origin Nepal Nepal Nepal Nepal Indonesia Pakistan

R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible.

Reaction of IR varieties to tungro (RTV) in the Philippines

visual scoring made. No RTBV+RTSV or RTBV infection observed.

IRRN 13:1 (February 1988)

Resistance to bacterial blight (BB) in rice germplasm material

Ketoacid content of 2 healthy and infected varieties. Tirupati, India.

IRRN 13:1 (February 1988)

Standard evaluation system for rice (1980).

Disease selection in rice in Colombia and Central America

14 IRRN 13:1 (February 1988)

Colombia b 0.83 0.93

Central America c 0.88 0.85 0.79

Rice cultures with early plant resistance to bacterial blight (BB)

on Standard evaluation system for rice (1980).

IRRN 13:1 (February 1988)

Figures in parentheses = original values. different at the 5% level.

Values followed by a common letter are not significantly

Adverse soils tolerance

growth. On removal of salt stress, seedlings began to recover.

16 IRRN 13:l (February 1988)

Values in parentheses indicate increase over time interval.

Effect of salinity on net assimilation and rice grain yield

CD at P = 0.05 Varieties: 2.67 Salinity: 1.74 Var. Sal: 4.62

Integrated germplasm improvement

Improved rice varieties released in Nigeria

IRRN 13:1 (February 1988)

Reaction a to Bl R R MR R R MR R R R S Fe toxicity MR MR MR S MR MR S MR MR MR RYMV MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR

105 104 91 100 90 91 97 91 105 97

194 258 221 25 9 209 25 3 210 227 203 216