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Can Cicero and Horace still help us in the age of reality shows?

From classical texts to habits of mind: the challenge of a new framework for schoolwork Angelo Chiarle
oJ dev ajnexevtasto~ bivo~ ouj biwto;~ ajnqrwvpwj A life without investigation is not worth living for (The Apology of Socrates, 38a)
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1. Introduction Within the medical research, actually the present contribution could be considered a kind of Case Report, which can be considered the product of nearly sixteen years of teaching both Italian and Latin language and literature just in two Licei Scientifici Statali in the Province of Turin, to students aged 14-19. The result of ten years of experimentations begun attending a first training course on Cooperative Learning given in Turin by Mario Comoglio, the author of the first Italian book on this subject (1996), and carried on in the following years with several other courses (and related books) about Understanding by Design, Authentic Assessment, Student Portfolio, Learning Communities, Differentiated Instruction, Habits of Mind. And more recently, I could enrich my experience and grasp various insights working as teachers trainer within a group of colleagues from all kinds of schools, a group responsible for innovation projects within the Turin district2. As a matter of fact, the blended experimentation which forms the core of this contribution undoubtedly is marked by an unintentional but inevitable bias, due to personal beliefs and habits of mind, professional training and experience, in short, to the specific and restricted environmental hic et nunc of the writer. Nevertheless, I think this contribution can be really effective in demonstrating what kind of powerful didactic

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Professor of Italian and Latin Literature at Liceo Scientifico Statale Ch. Darwin in Rivoli (Province of Turin), http://www.liceodarwin.rivoli.to.it/. For fuller information, browse the website: http://www.apprendimentocooperativo.it/, particularly the page: http://www.apprendimentocooperativo.it/?ida=11844.

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tools a teacher can borrow from the research so that he is able to meet the challenge of bringing classical text to new life during the daily class-work with their students. 1.1. Why the title? The title I did choose has been suggested, in a certain way, from what I found written in a official document by the Italian Ministry for Pubblic Education (2007):
The goal of the school [] is that of forming firmly every person on the cognitive and cultural level, so that she can face positively the uncertainty and mutability of present and future social and professional scenarios. The standardized and normative transmissions of knowledges, communicating invariant contents conceived for average individuals, are no more adequate. In this perspective, teachers will have to think and to carry out their educational and didactic projects not for abstract individuals, but for persons who live here and now, who rise precise existential questions, who are looking for horizons of sense.3

It is, after all, the planetary challenge of the new humanism Edgar Morin speaks about (2007):
A knowledge devoid of contextualization is a poor knowledge. [] Today we need a new humanism []: a concrete humanism. It is necessary a knowledges reform ot thought, a new global humanism which should be able to face the themes of the person and of the planet. The youngs today feel themselves lost, they dont find the reasons of existence.4

We can also consider this question from another perspective, suggested by Umberto Galimberti writing about the problem of todays publicizing of the inner life (2007, pp. 57-64). Starting from this question:
Why such a great youths partecipation to reality shows like Big Brother, Celebrity Survivor and other similar programmes, where the deepest feeling and the most hidden secrets of ones inner life are exibited shamelessly?,

the Italian philosopher and psychologist mourns about this consequence:


These souls secret outlines, in which everyone should recognize oneself s deep roots, when they are introduced shamelessly in publicizings circuit, when even not in marketings one, are no more properly mine, but common property.5

Per questo lobiettivo della scuola non pu essere soprattutto quello di inseguire lo sviluppo di sin-

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The actual scenario outlined by Galimberti looks like a really dramatic change:
Even though the thing could appear strange, its fulfilment in our society is already in progress and the process of shames elimination is almost complete, as the shame can be not only symptom of insincerity, but even and here also psychologists give a hand of introversion, of selfish closing, then of inhibition if not of repression. And inhibition and repression, do psychologys handbooks state, are symptoms of a frustrated social adaptation, then of a failed socialization. Look where we can arrive starting a syllogisms sequence a little self-assured? [] And all this, even if we dont think about, comes only to an effect: to carry out the total homologation of society till in single individuals intimacy and to fulfil the conformism. [] From here the necessity of [] taking away the individual from those homologations processes in which everyone of us risks of losing his own name.6

gole tecniche e competenze; piuttosto, quello di formare saldamente ogni persona sul piano cognitivo e culturale, affinch possa affrontare positivamente lincertezza e la mutevolezza degli scenari sociali e professionali, presenti e futuri. Le trasmissioni standardizzate e normative delle conoscenze, che comunicano contenuti invarianti pensati per individui medi, non sono pi adeguate. [] In questa prospettiva, i docenti dovranno pensare e realizzare i loro progetti educativi e didattici non per individui astratti, ma per persone che vivono qui e ora, che sollevano precise domande esistenziali, che vanno alla ricerca di orizzonti di significato. necessario umanizzare i saperi per limitare la dispersione della conoscenza. Una conoscenza priva di contestualizzazione una conoscenza povera. Come fare a riunire i saperi delle varie discipline? Serve un pensiero complesso che permetta di unire ci che separato. Oggi serve un nuovo umanesimo []: un umanesimo concreto. necessaria una riforma della conoscenza del pensiero, un nuovo umanesimo globale che sappia affrontare i temi della persona e del pianeta. I giovani oggi si sentono persi, non trovano le ragioni dellessere. Oggi i giovani sono chiamati ad affrontare un compito ancora pi ampio: la salvezza del genere umano. Hanno una missione grande davanti a loro e dobbiamo educarli ad apprendere e a maturare una conoscenza adeguata ad assolvere a questo compito fondamentale a cui sono chiamati. Perch tanta partecipazione di giovani a reality show come Il Grande Fratello, Lisola dei famosi e altre trasmissioni consimili, dove si esibiscono senza pudore i sentimenti pi profondi e i segreti pi nascosti della propria intimit?. Questi tracciati segreti dellanima, in cui ciascuno dovrebbe riconoscere le radici profonde di se stesso, una volta immessi senza pudore nei circuito della pubblicizzazione, quando non addirittura in quello della pubblicit, non sono pi propriamente miei, ma propriet comune. Per quanto la cosa possa apparire strana, la sua realizzazione nella nostra societ gi in corso e il processo di eliminazione del pudore quasi completo, perch il pudore pu essere non solo sintomo di insincerit, ma addirittura e qui anche gli psicologi danno una mano di introversione, di chiusura in se stessi, quindi di inibizione se non di repressione. E inibizione e repressione, recitano i manuali di psicologia, sono sintomi di un adattamento sociale frustrato, quindi di una socializzazione fallita.Vedete dove si pu arrivare avviando una sequenza un po disinvolta di sillogismi? [] E tutto ci, anche se non ci pensiamo, approda a un solo effetto: attuare lomologazione totale della societ fin nellintimit dei singoli individui e portare a compimento il conformismo. [] Di qui

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By contrast, the goal of teaching the classical texts should be located somewhere exactly in the opposite direction, as Pierre Grimal states while wondering about what and how should be learned studying Latin (Lana, 1990, pp. 31-32):
The big works of the Ancient Literature, so taken, in their time and in their universality, then realize this spirits liberation that seems to us necessary in creating a universe of eternity []. In this way we reach the depth of our being.7

In this perspective, Italo Lana is able to join both Morins and Grimals statements, raising a precise question (Lana, 1990, p. 12):
Above all, they [the youngs] aim to the future, to build it. Now, the considered goal is a civilization no more sectorial (like our Western one still is) but universal []. In order to build this future, this civilization at a planetary level, what the knowledge of Ancient can be useful for?,8

and launching a very practical challenge:


Lets try to pinpoint a precise way referring to matters of fact9.

This contribution can be considered, a matter of fact, like an answer to the challenge launched by former professor Lana from one of his former students at Turin University. 1.2. Why the subtitle? In May 2008 the Associazione TreeLLLe did issue an entire volume devoted to one of the big Open Questions the Italian school has to face with: Latin why? Latin who for?10 This volume not only displays the results of a research on todays teaching of Latin (and Greek) in Italy, Europe and the USA, but raises also a plenty of overarch-

la necessit di [] sottrarre lindividuo a quei processi di omologazione in cui ciascuno di noi rischia di perdere il proprio nome. 7 Le grandi opere della letterature antica, cos comprese, nel loro momento e nella loro universalit, realizzano allora questa liberazione dello spirito che ci appare necessaria nel creare un universo di eternit []. Noi raggiungiamo cos il profondo del nostro essere. 8 Soprattutto essi tendono verso il futuro, per costruirlo. Ora la considerata mta una civilt non pi settoriale (come ancora la nostra occidentale) ma universale []. Per la costruzione di questo futuro, di questa civilt a livello planetario, a che cosa pu servire la conoscenza dellantico?. 9 Cerchiamo di individuare una via precisa facendo riferimento a dati di fatto. 10 For further information on Associazione TreeLLLe, see http://www.treellle.org/?p=english; free download of the e-book (PDF format) at the link: http://www.treellle.org/files/lll/QA1.pdf..

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ing questions, like the one focused by Attilio Oliva (Latino perch? Latino per chi?, 2008, p. 29):
Latin puts itself in a hegemonic pattern grounded on a certain idea of man and of his training, on a certain conception of society, of her order and of her rules. Is this pattern still valid, today?.11

I would like to try to reformulate this big question. Can we maintain Latin changing the Ur-Typus, the ideal pattern of society we would like to build? Can Latin still play a role in XXIst century society? Which one? The volume is enriched with six really meaningful reflections by renowned Italian experts. The former Italian Minister for Pubblic Education Luigi Berlinguer seems to suggest the same practical approach fostered by Italo Lana (Latino perch? Latino per chi?, 2008, pp. 53-54): in the Italian Licei it is absolutely necessary to change method, and refuse the unilaterality of approach, the monopoly of grammatical method as the only formative bearing board12. Maurizio Bettini agrees with the necessity of a general methodological change pinpointed by Berlinguer, and speaks also of a necessary passing through a different paradigm, closer to the cultural necessities of contemporary society. Bettinis perspective look like really akin to Edgar Morins (Latino perch? Latino per chi?, 2008, p. 77):
The study of Latin in the only perspective of learning the language doesnt seem to me actual anymore. [] The study of the Latin language and literature therefore could be englobed on the inside of a wider formative project.13

Leopoldo Gamberales reflections blend in some psychological sensitivity to the conceptual universe of the youngs, with some of Michael Fullans renowned issues about school change (Latino perch? Latino per chi?, 2008, pp. 117, 120):
Retaining a stationary routine the reasons for Latin in the school cannot be supported, without the perspective of a deeply renewed teaching, grounded in

11 Il latino si inserisce in un modello egemonico fondato su una certa idea delluomo e della sua formazione, su una certa concezione della societ, del suo ordine e delle sue norme. Questo modello ancora valido, oggi?. 12 [] rifiutare la unilateralit dellapproccio, il monopolio del metodo grammatico come solo asse portante formativo; In effetti da noi la modalit dellaccesso al patrimonio classico che va rivista. [] Bisogna assolutamente cambiare metodo, non ridurre, limitare, assorbire la classicit latina nella lingua latina. 13 Lo studio del latino nella sola prospettiva di apprenderne la lingua non mi pare pi attuale [].Lo studio della lingua e della letteratura latina potrebbe dunque essere inglobato allinterno di un progetto formativo pi vasto.

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a solid technical competence but sensitive to the societys speedy change and to the boys changeable nature.14

Teaching Latin in the Secondary School has quite become a matter not exactly for philologists, but actually a complex challenge for the System Thinkers fostered by Fullan (2006), for teachers able to put themselves into the widest, challenging perspective of the Schooling For Tomorrow Project coordinated by OECD (2006)15. Fortunately, Rosario Dragos reflections display the sheer practicality of a experienced School Manager, but the scenario he depicts seems really gloomy (Latino perch? Latino per chi?, 2008, p. 107):
The student at a Italian Liceo, at school, never does anything alone or in group, never takes on curricular responsibilities, he doesnt participate to his own formative project, he doesnt make any demanding choice: he is a dependent, listens or, better, attends to teachers lectures, answers to questions during oral tests, elaborates and hands class tests. During this long and boring morning, always the same for 33 weeks of the bureaucratic canon, he is never asked for anything of really personal, like, for instance, what he wants to study.16

Unfortunately, some statistical evidence is provided to confirm Dragos embittering portrayal, at least for Latin. In effect, if it is true that 1.006.000 of 2.500.000 students of Italian Secondary Schools (41 %) study Latin as compulsory subject (Latino perch? Latino per chi?, 2008, p. 35), it is also true that the 30,4 % of the student who actually study Latin in some kind of Liceo dont reach the adequacy standards17. For these reasons, the challenge of experimenting a new framework for schoolwork is not only a beautiful theoretical suggestion, but factually a matter of sustainability and effectiveness when teaching classical texts nowadays.

14 Ma sono convinto che non si possono sostenere le ragioni del latino (e del greco) nella scuola con la conservazione di una immobile routine; senza la prospettiva di un insegnamento profondamente rinnovato, fondato su una solida competenza tecnica ma sensibile al rapido cambiamento della societ e alla mutevole natura dei ragazzi, i discorsi fatti fin qui sono completamente inutili. 15 OECD/CERI. (2006). Schooling for Tomorrow: Think Scenarios, Rethink Education. No place: OECD. 16 Il liceale italiano, a scuola, non fa mai nulla da solo o in gruppo, non si assume responsabilit curricolari, non partecipa al proprio progetto formativo, non fa scelte impegnative: un dipendente, ascolta o, meglio, assiste alle conferenze degli insegnanti, risponde alle domande nelle interrogazioni, svolge i compiti in classe e li consegna. In questa lunga e noiosa mattinata sempre uguale per 33 settimane del canone burocratico, non gli viene mai chiesto nulla di veramente personale, come, ad esempio, cosa vuole studiare. 17 See the data released by the Statistics Office of the Italian Ministry for Pubblic Education at the end of the school year 2006/2007, retrieved July 25, 2008, from http://edscuola.org/archivio/ esami/scrutini07.pps. The percentage 14,3 % here indicated is not correct, simply because the average has to be calculated only referring to the schools where Latin is really teached as curricular subject.

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Which didactic tools can teachers borrow from the research so that they are able to meet these challenges? Is there any experimental evidence of their sustainability and effectiveness? What can be achieved using them? Further, are we sure that with this general methodological change we are really meeting the challenge of XXIst century world? From the universal point of view above mentioned, why can we assess that this could be the right way? To give an answer to these questions is exactly the focus of this paper.

2. A blended experimentation Cooperative Learning, Understanding by Design, Authentic Assessment, Differentiated Instruction, teaching for activating and engaging Habits of Mind, Student Portfolio, building Learning Communities in classrooms During the past ten years even in a country like Italy, where as Benedetto Vertecchi complains (2008, p. 15) educational research is not adequately developed, a teacher like me has seen his potential tool-box enriched, year by year, by some significative publishings due to the longlasting and predictive effort by Mario Comoglio18. Trying to work since ten years like the reflective practitioner envisaged by Donald Alan Schn, starting with Cooperative Learning, finding a decisive turn with Understanding by Design, and finally rethinking everything in the perspective of Habits of Mind, stepwise I focused six guiding principles. 2.1. Guiding principles First of all, relationship, relationship, relationship, as Norm Green uses to say19. Assuredly, this is the main by-product of the quite constant use of Cooperative Learning, the indispensable didactic tool to build the relational bridges fostered by Philippe Perrenoud, the basic conditio sine qua non in a job of the human, where the part of the values, of the beliefs, of the relationships, of the affectivity, therefore of the subjectivity, is immense (2002, pp. 99, 107)20. Secondly, as soon as possible with my student I manage to shift from traditional

18 For further information about professor Comoglios projects at Universit Pontificia Salesiana in Rome, see http://cooperativelearning.unisal.it/. 19 Teacher, department head, Staff Development Officer of the Durham District School Board, and Director of Teaching and Learning Strategies, at Georgian College; winner of the Carl Bertelsmann-Preis 1996 for Innovative Schools. For wider explanations, see Chronik der Carl Bertelsmann-Preise, p. 4 (http://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/cps/rde/xchg/SID-5F613414-3E21FB6D/bst/hs.xsl/5763.htm). 20 Assuredly, about this issue the focus could be more and more sharpened, reaching the dephts of the dawn of human conscience, that at this moment the psychology is prone to consider originating from a cooperative relationship (Liotti, 2008, pp. 97, 111, 221).

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teaching to the coaching model (Caring-Modeling-Scaffolding-Fading), referring to the theory of cognitive apprenticeship within the social-constructivist paradigm. Obest plerumque iis, qui discere volunt, auctoritas eorum, qui se docere profitentur: en appuyant on the famous insight by Cicero21, and paraphrasing Alfie Kohn22, my goal is to go beyond discipline and compliance, in order to build a little communities really focused on students learning. Thirdly, appreciating plustost la teste bien faicte, que bien pleine not only in teachers, in accord with the well-known suggestion by Michel de Montaigne23, but also in students, the overall goal of class work for me is to promote critical thinking, especially applying Understanding by Design by Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe (2004). Fourthly, just because, as Walter Santagata writes (2007, p. 50), the birth of new creative talents is a crucial developing factor for every country, and the priority should be given to increase the necessary critical mass of creativity, I try to promote students creativity especially using Alternative Assessment. Fifthly, being aware that self-initiated, self-regulated, intentional learning at all stages of life has thus become the key to personal and professional advancement (Eurydice European Unit, 2002, p. 16), my long-term goal (at least, three school years) is to form autonomous learners using both Differentiated Instruction and Student Portfolio. Sixthly, I share the overall idea that evaluation (in our case, school evaluation) should be used to foster improvement and self-determination, to help people help themselves and improve their programs using a form of self-evaluation and reflection (Fetterman, Kaftarian, & Wandersman, 1996, pp. 4-5). In a more practical view, I constantly manage to apply principles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8 of the ten that compose the Empowerment Evaluations set of principles (Fetterman, & Wandersman, 2005, pp. 27-41)24. In other words, I use rubrics, whenever possible, through negotiable contracting and assessment (Stix, 1996). On the ground of this principles, my manifold efforts are to re-direct my classwork towards five main directions.

21 De natura deorum, I, 10. 22 Kohn, A. (1996/2006). Beyond Discipline: From Compliance to Community. Alexandria,VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. 23 Les essais, I, XXV. 24 Improvement, Democratic partecipation, Social justice (see also the justice techniques highlighted by Perrenoud, 2002, p. 162), Evidence-based strategies (according to this formative approach, the evaluation keeps count of everything can help the student to learn better, Perrenoud, 2002, p. 53), Capacity building; on the same perspective, see also Stix (1997).

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2.2. Promoting Critical Thinking Assuredly, there is a plenty of research starting at least from basic books by Robert Ennis25, Richard Paul26 and Arthur Costa27 and resources28 about teaching for thinking. More and the consciousness does raise that the only effective antidote against the gloomy scenario depicted by Galimberti maybe is to engage students in critical thinking. Teachers are also conscious of the deep abyss that separates the way of thinking teached to us in the schools and the decisions we are called to take in everyday life (Lipman, 2005, p. 226). As a matter of fact, I do agree with Richard Paul about the fact that developing critical thinkers is central to the mission of all educational institutions (Paul & Elder, 2005, p. 11). In the daily work with my students I found really effective the method traced by Grant Wiggins e Jay McTighe (2004). The chief goal of Understanding by Design template is that students grasp enduring understandings, in order to counter the learnings precariousness. The contents of scholastic learning decline with great rapidity, mourns Benedetto Vertecchi (1999). What is now emerging is the effect of a not interiorized learning. With this disquieting consequence: to a such quick learnings oblivion can correspond only cultural profiles rather weak. In other words, the challenge is to point to the essential, even at the cost of big sacrifices and renunciations for a promising and desirable understanding (Wiggins & McTighe, 2004, pp. 52, 183, 198, 228). After having established the priorities of a learning unit, the teacher has to resist the temptation to show what is more important. The fact is that understandings must be uncovered, that is, inferred, grasped, discovered, and constructed by students, with the aid of the teacher and well-designed learning experiences. Reaching an understanding means rise questions, conjecture theories, test, check, revise (McTighe & Wiggins, 2004, p. 256). Questions, not answers: thats what we need. If the desired result is an enduring understanding, it is necessary the arising of an insight. An illustrative instance of insight can be the story of Archimedes rushing naked from the baths of Syracuse with the cryptic Eureka!. An insight cant be explained neither communicated in words: it dipends upon a habitual orientation, upon a perpetual alertness ever asking the little question, Why?. It proceeds from the essential dynamism of human intelligence. It is the product of the inner dynamism

25 Ennis, R. H. (1996). Critical Thinking. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 26 Paul, R. W. (1995). Critical Thinking: How to Prepare Students for a Rapidly Changing World. Dillon Beach, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking. 27 Costa, A. (Ed.). (1985/1991). Developing Minds: A Resource Book For Teaching Thinking. Alexandria,VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. 28 See, for instance, the website of The National Center for Teaching Thinking, http://www.nctt.net/books-cds.html, or the website of The Critical Thinking Community, http://www.criticalthinking.org/.

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of inquiry of the cognitional activity, the result of the untrammelled unfolding of his detached, disinterested, and unrestricted desire to understand (Lonergan, 1997, pp. 27, 29, 57, 765-766). From this perspective, teacher is no more the knowledge holder and dispenser. Instead, he throws out the clues, the pointed hints, that lead to insight. It cajoles attention to drive away the distracting images that stand in insights way. Just because an intellectual development arises from the spontaneous accumulation of related insights (Lonergan, 1997, pp. 197-198), as a teacher I should manage to design the conditions for which students do continue asking themselves the same questions. In other terms, my job is to let emerge the need for theorizing, interpreting, applying and seeing in perspective. In short, I manage to provide an intellectual scaffolding in order to lead and encourage my students to explore the essential questions (Wiggins & McTighe, 2004, pp. 34, 47-48, 80, 92, 136, 153). In the final analysis, according to Jerome Bruner, the challenge is cultivate thinking ability, and the longterm target to make students better adults, sensible to grasp the intrinsic and extrinsic value of intellectual life (McTighe & Wiggins, 2004, p. 239). The human consciousness is moved by a dynamism of questions. The questions do lead the subject toward a full subjectivity, states Pierpaolo Triani (1998, p. 150). Hence, the operational advice by Wiggins e McTighe (2004, p. 57): Lets organize programmes, courses, learning units and lessons round questions, transforming the standards of contents in form of questions. This challenge has been a really deciding drive to rethink in toto the very concept of explanation, and par consquent to reprogram the class work with my students. The didactic framework I experienced can be exemplified through Examples 1 and 2.They resume an activity in second class of Liceo, with very encouraging results both during ex cathedra phase and during final oral tests.
Example 1 Focus of the Learning Unit: Troubadours, trouvres, S. Francis, Iacopone da Todi, the Sicilian school of poetry, Dolce stil novo. Hook: discussion with brain-storming on the topic: Love, this charming unknown. Learning Plan: i) ex cathedra teaching with discussion (70 %, due to difficult texts). Explanation focuses syntagms from which are extracted, discussed and reformulated some Essential Questions with students active contribution. ii) Informal Cooperative Learning: small-group (3-4) reading of other poetries (30 %). Operative instructions: read and understand given poetries, paraphrasing them, and finally finding out some other Essential Questions, using the method followed by the teacher. Assessment: individual oral test starting from the Essential Questions list enucleated by the teacher and by the groups.

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Example 2 Essential Questions on XIIIth century literature 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. What does give sense to life? Falling in love does actually mean to fall in love with ourselves? Can we speak only of what we directly experencied? Is it true that marriage is loves grave? Love is responsibility? Provenal poets were really feminist? Love and suffering are inseparable? Love is madness? What does drive a poet to write poetry? Suffering is to be accepted or always refused anyway? Does exist an acceptable suffering? Does being ourselfs mean never changing? In love it is better to dream or to be properly awake? In such difficult times like ours can sweetness still find some space?

Without any doubt, the strong point of this didactic approach was that it really activated and sustained in all students the sixth habit of mind of the 16 identified by Arthur Costa and Bena Kallick (2007), Questioning and posing problems. Little by little, discussions created in the classroom a learning environment richer in thought (Costa & Kallick, 2007, pp. 145-146), engaging students on a topic rather unpleasant to them (XIIIth century literature). A thinking tool really absolutely powerful to train the fourth habit of mind, Thinking Flexibly (Costa & Kallick, 2007, p. 47), is Template 6.3 (McTighe & Wiggins, 2004, p. 141, Figure 1)29. To use the lenses of the six facets of understanding (explain, interpret, apply, have perspective, empathize, have self-knowledge, Wiggins & McTighe, 2004, pp. 77-101) to originate possible essential questions is really a very effective exercise, first of all for the teacher. He is induced to some very significative changes of perspective, that require a selfconsciousness critical effort of great moment. In substance, he is called to: a) rethink tout court the very concept of study; b) renounce to the traditional role of memory coach imposed by traditional mnemonic setting of teaching/learning; c) wonder what of the six possible thinking lenses he wants the students to focus their critical reworking;

29 For a fuller description of my personal adaptation of Understanding by Design template, see also Chiarle (2008, pp. 251-273).

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d) rethink the typology of both written and oral testing; e) change his assessment criteria at least introducing, beside the knowledge dimension, that of students autonomous critical reflectiveness. Within the school, it seems to me that this could be defined really a not little Copernican revolution: to go beyond the deferent and respectful assimilation of knowledges, toward the active reflection, the inspection, the giving meaning (Wiggins & McTighe, 2004, p. 53). Also to the students is required to change their aptitude toward the study and their usually binary concept of knowledge (correct vs. incorrect). They are asked to rethink knowledge as endless work in progress, the laborious conquest by the dynamic structure of inquiring intelligence led by the unrestricted desire to understand completely (Lonergan, 1997, pp. 139, 660-661). What kind of relation with knowledge does the school pretend to shape? Thats another really central question, according to Perrenoud (2002, pp. 147-148). A knowledge subject to the endless work of rethinking and progressive refinement (Wiggins & McTighe, 2004, pp. 190-191, 202): here is an understandings target of the greatest moment in Lifelong Learnings perspective. Concretely, Example 3 suggests a possible didactic framework of a Learning Unit about Lucretius. Just in order to provide some experimental evidence of the obtained results in term of critical thinking, Evidence 1 reproduces the answers given by Stefano to two of the essential questions (interpret and apply) referred to Ludovico Ariostos Orlando furioso.

W te h rp co y d ur o re co age Luc ta nt a re tio in nd tiu n im ue b mo s i po ei ra nte rta ng l h lle nc of on ctu e? vit es al al ty

Explanation
What does substantiate Lucretius spiritual and poetic greatness?

i s at tiu ul ic re ef pl u c u s ult Ap uld L still iffic ur d o c o be e f w g e th s o Ho ura eet nge e? co o m alle tim t ch

In

on

l ia ve nit e ha i m u me s a ad yo sa he u h on ld e r t yo ati ou th /o if tu W red and sm e si ? ou m mi m us rb is ssi sa eti ha tim pe the ucr y op nal in s L th fi en a pa be m

What kind of fears and prejudices do condition my approach to life and persons?

Self-Knowledge

Figure 1

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W h p h at il w cr t h o o s o o u l et u p h d a iu g h e S s t r h t o vis ab a ic Pe io o u ve n t rs of pe lif ct e? Lu

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Can Cicero and Horace still help us in the age of reality shows?

Example 3 Focus of the Learning Unit: Lucretius De rerum natura. 1st lesson Hook: discussion with brain-storming on the topic: The progress of science: light and shade. 2nd lesson: ex cathedra introduction to the Learning Unit: Lucretius life, work and personality; and delivery of the paper with the big questions related to the six facets of understanding. Learning Plan: i) ex cathedra teaching with discussion (50 %). Translation of some texts and explanation focused on syntagms from which are extracted, discussed and reformulated some essential questions with students active contribution. iI) Small-Group (3-4) reading of other texts in translation (50 %). Operative instructions: read and understand given texts, commenting them on a Place Map on the ground of the given essential questions. On-going Assessment: i) At the end of every ex cathedra lesson, Pairs Check (10-15 min.); ii) evaluation of every Place Map; Final Assessment: iii) individual oral test starting from the essential questions list or written critical essay. Evidence 1 Stefano, 17 years old, may 2008 INTERPRETAZIONE: Quali meccanismi dellanimo umano ci rivela lOrlando furioso? APPLICAZIONE: Che cosa di utile in grado ancora di dirci Ariosto? Considerando sia la vita di Ariosto sia lOrlando furioso, possiamo osservare come siano presi in considerazione e toccati praticamente tutti i meccanismi e le sfaccettature dellanimo umano. Nella sua opera lAriosto pone laccento sugli elementi umanisti gi presenti nellopera del Boiardo, come lammirazione per il coraggio, per la forza fisica, per lastuzia. Non mancano inoltre laspirazione alla fama, lamore inteso come forza vitale e produttrice di virt, il gusto per i viaggi e le avventure in terre lontane. Circa la vita del poeta possiamo notare come egli desiderasse un ordine civile che riguardasse ogni aspetto della vita umana. Probabilmente, questo desiderio di un ordine rigoroso derivava dal fatto che Ariosto era figlio di un militare. Anche lamore per la vita semplice e sedentaria rintracciabile nella vita del poeta, il quale decise di trascorrere praticamente tutta la sua esistenza nella tranquilla e riservata Ferrara. Essa rappresentava la sua stabilit: vi lavor lungamente al servizio del cardinale Ippolito dEste. La critica ha molto insistito sul ritratto dellAriosto uomo tranquillo, spinto suo malgrado a diventare uomo politi-

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co. In realt c, senza dubbio, in lui laspirazione ad una vita sedentaria, raccolta, quieta e risolta nellassaporamento della poesia. Daltro canto la sua accettazione consapevole del proprio impegno nella vita pratica, nellattivit di diplomatico e di governatore. Scrivendo lOrlando furioso, Ariosto intendeva mettere in luce e smascherare particolari aspetti e ambivalenze dellanimo umano. Per riuscire nel suo intento si serv spesso dellironia, vista come mezzo efficace per conferire realismo allopera e guidare i personaggi nelle loro avventure. Possiamo, inoltre, notare come vi sia una diretta corrispondenza tra lanimo inquieto del poeta, lapparente disarmonia del poema, e la trasgressione e il lato oscuro di determinati personaggi. Si pu notare lattenzione verso la concreta realt della vita attraverso lanalisi delle passioni e degli abiti mentali dei personaggi, quali la gelosia, il furore amoroso, lambizione, lavarizia, lamicizia e la fedelt. Passando, quindi, allanalisi del poema, si possono cogliere alcuni aspetti dellanimo umano sin dal proemio. Innanzitutto, notiamo lumilt con la quale Ariosto presenta il suo capolavoro a Ippolito dEste (lumil servo vostro). Umilt accompagnata tuttavia dal grande orgoglio del poeta e dalla sua generosit (quanto io posso dar tutto vi dono). Sin dal proemio si trovano i due argomenti ricorrenti in tutto il poema: la follia e il desiderio, spesso accompagnati dal pentimento. Sempre nel proemio troviamo alcuni insegnamenti del poeta che potrebbero essere utili ancora ai giorni nostri. Ariosto fa, infatti, notare come il giudicio uman spesso erra: mette quindi in discussione la correttezza del giudizio umano e invita a riflettere attentamente prima di giudicare. Nel canto I, 43 nella descrizione della fuga di Angelica, la ragazza viene paragonata ad una rosa che, tolta dallo stelo, perde tutte le qualit che la rendevano speciale. Questo paragone ci vuole mostrare la precariet dellanimo umano, e ci fa capire come basti poco per perdere tutto quello che di buono abbiamo. Sempre nello stesso canto viene dimostrato come la finzione e linganno siano espedienti spesso utilizzati dalla persone per cavarsela da situazioni svantaggiose. Particolarmente significativo lepisodio del castello del mago Atlante. Qui si narra della storia di Ruggiero, imprigionato da Atlante in un castello inaccessibile e magico per preservarlo dalla morte a lui destinata in caso di matrimonio con Bradamante. Questo regno di desiderio e inganno rappresentato dal castello pu essere una metafora dellesistenza umana. Proprio come i personaggi ariosteschi, anche noi veniamo imprigionati da falsi ideali, da miraggi e promesse. La tentazione di accondiscendere ad unesistenza priva di libert ma lontana dalle angustie, asservita al denaro o ad un mago della politica in nome di una tranquillit che ci deriva dallassenza dellansia e del coraggio di prendere una decisione, ancora oggi pane quotidiano. Un grandissimo senso di superiorit suscita, inoltre, limponenza del castello descritta da Ariosto (quanto ha intorno inferior si lascia). Nella vicenda di Olimpia, nel canto XI, si pu trovare un esempio di coraggio e valore cavalleresco. Orlando, infatti, combatte strenuamente contro una gigantesca orca per salvare la regina Olimpia immobilizzata su uno scoglio. La figura del cavaliere che ci presenta Ariosto svuotata degli originari contenuti

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etici di impronta medievale ed portatrice di moderni valori. Il cavaliere , infatti, presentato come individuo libero, teso esclusivamente allaffermazione della propria personalit, alla conquista della gloria e della fama. Cos lamore, la lealt e la libert perdono la loro originaria motivazione etico-religiosa e si configurano unicamente come modi di suggellare la propria preminenza sugli avversari. Questo modo di percepire laffermazione di s quanto mai attuale, in quanto luomo moderno difficilmente concepisce la virt fine a s stessa o tesa ad un obiettivo posto nella vita che verr. Solitamente oggigiorno la virt considerata quale mezzo per ottenere risultati concreti nella propria vita. Infine, con lonore e la generosit incarnati da Medoro nellepisodio di Angelica e Medoro si completa lesplorazione dei sentimenti e dei meccanismi dellanimo umano effettuata da Ariosto nella stesura del suo poema. , tuttavia, la pazzia lultimo e fondamentale argomento toccato dal poeta. Nellepisodio La pazzia di Orlando viene messa in luce la fragilit e lo squilibrio della ragione umana. La reazione di Orlando di fronte alla relazione tra Angelica e Medoro ci dimostra quanto sia precario il possesso della ragione e quanto poco basti per perderla. Da questa perdita della ragione da parte del paladino deriva anche il titolo dellopera stessa. Furioso significa, infatti, colui che perde la ragione. Da questo episodio possiamo ricavare uno dei messaggi morali maggiormente importanti di tutta lopera, ossia il fatto sia molto facile smarrire la ragione indipendentemente da quanta se ne possieda. Come ho gi affermato in precedenza, lAriosto uno scrittore realista che non vuole rinunciare alla dimensione concreta del mondo pur sviluppando un racconto fantastico. notevole, infatti, la ricchezza psicologica delle figure del poema. Profondamente umana e realistica la pazzia per amore (la cronaca delle pagine dei nostri rotocalchi ci bombarda continuamente di situazioni simili: non sono fughe sulla Luna ma sono pur sempre fughe, magari non di cavalieri ma di uomini politici o famosi). Anche Angelica sempre in fuga, sempre pronta a fare affidamento sulla leale protezione di questo o quel cavaliere. Ovviamente resta continuamente delusa.Tanto pi che lultima immagine che di lei ci propone lAriosto ben prosaica: gettata gi dalla cavalcatura poco decorosamente. Come si detto, lamore non lunico sentimento proposto nel poema. Lamicizia e la fedelt caratterizzano la personalit di svariati personaggi. Conclusa, quindi, lesplorazione dei meccanismi dellanimo umano toccati da Ariosto, bisogna analizzare quali contenuti e quali messaggi di questo sommo poema siano utili ancora ai giorni nostri. Come gi visto, Ariosto, nel proemio mette in discussione la correttezza del giudizio umano, sottolineando come spesso questo possa errare. Linvito a esprimere giudizi corretti e ponderati quindi il primo messaggio del poeta che deve essere utile anche a noi oggi. Dalla stessa vita di Ariosto possiamo trarre un invito a condurre una vita tranquilla e semplice, trascorsa nel godimento dei beni mondani, e non nella ricerca di potere ed eccessive ricchezze che possono solo condurre allinfelicit. Anche la mentalit coerente e concreta del poeta pu essere utile e vincente ai giorni nostri. Infine, come gi analizzato precedentemente, possiamo notare come il palazzo di Atlante, incantato regno del desiderio e dellinganno, sia una

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metafora dellesistenza umana turbata e ingannata da inconsistenti e vani miraggi. In conclusione, si pu quindi affermare che a fare di questo poeta un grandissimo capolavoro della letteratura di tutti i tempi non siano solo le caratteristiche stilistiche di estrema eleganza e lintroduzione di nuove tecniche narrative, ma anche la sua capacit di esplorazione delluniverso dellanimo umano e i suoi messaggi, importanti non solo nel XVI secolo ma anche ai giorni nostri.

2.3. Promoting Students Creativity Contemporary knowledge [] requires collaboration and, correlatively, creativity (Triani, 2006, p. 124). Teaching for understanding, and re-orienting the classwork in order not to reduce the learning to the barren acquisition of knowledges fated to remain inert, aiming instead to strengthen, as David Perkins posits, the disposition to think and act flexibly using what they learn (Wiggins & McTighe, 2004, p. 71). All these goals require necessarily the shift from the traditional to the alternative or authentic assessment. Grant Wiggins (1990) summarizes this issue with the utmost neatness.
Assessment is authentic when we directly examine student performance on worthy intellectual tasks. Traditional assessment, by contract, relies on indirect or proxy items efficient, simplistic substitutes from which we think valid inferences can be made about the students performance at those valued challenges. [] Then let our assessment be built out of such exemplary intellectual challenges. [] Authentic assessments require students to be effective performers with acquired knowledge. [] Authentic assessments present the student with the full array of tasks that mirror the priorities and challenges found in the best instructional activities: conducting research; writing, revising and discussing papers; providing an engaging oral analysis of a recent political event; collaborating with others on a debate, etc. Conventional tests are usually limited to paper-andpencil, one-answer questions. [] Test validity should depend in part upon whether the test simulates realworld tests of ability. [] Authentic tasks involve ill-structured challenges and roles that help students rehearse for the complex ambiguities of the game of adult and professional life. Traditional tests are more like drills, assessing static and too-often arbitrarily discrete or simplistic elements of those activities.

Winthin the frame of the so-called Backward Design, an authentic performance task represents the consummatio of a Learning Unit, the main and conclusive evidence necessary to judge the student guilty of [enduring] understanding (Wiggins & McTighe, 2004, p. 121).

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A performance task can be carefully and effectively designer filling out GRASPS Template, in case using the proposed lists of roles, recipients and products/ perfomances (Templates 9.3-5, Working Templates 9.1, 9.3; McTighe & Wiggins, 2004, pp. 169-171, 176, 178):
What is the What is the Who is the What is your What is the By what Goal in the scenario? Role? Audience? Situation (context)? Performance challenge? Standards will work be judged in the scenario?

At the end of a Learning Unit (that can also include both Cooperative Learning activities and ex cathedra lessons, alongside some traditional testing used like formative assessment), the performance task can be individually elaborated in class or at home. Figure 2 reproduces the performance task worked out by Enrico (17 years old, april 2008) at the end of the Learning Unit on Torquato Tasso. The role selected is that of the Italian writer Alain Elkann, while the context is the rubric The Phone call within the magazine Specchio published by Turin newspaper La Stampa. The performance standard to reach (especially designed for Enrico) was improving a more up-to-date and synthetic writing style30. Once student become friendly with this different assessment modality, the performance task cant be designed any more by teacher, exactly because the move to reform assessment is based upon the premise that assessment should primarily support the needs of learners (Wiggins, 1990). Evidence 2, a performance task autonomously designed and worked out by Elisa (an impossible interview inspired to the pattern luckily experienced by Italian Television RAI in the years 1973-197531), demonstrates that, keeping on this way, it become possible to entrust this matter to the students free creativity. Actually, if it is true that school assessment can be defined, referring to Pierre Bourdieu, like a field strengths, then in order to let originality and innovation emerge, it is necessary that the field changes his structure (Santagata, 2007, pp. 4852). Thanks to alternative evaluation the critical mass of creativity produced by the school risks to be absolutely noteworthy, as Sonias performance task demonstrates (a nearly dramatic monologue in which the heroin of Senecas Phaedra expresses her interior discidium, Evidence 3). In a striking way, as Federicos Complex Thinking Task

30 For other students samples, to know what kind of scoring rubrics I use to evaluate these performance tasks, see also Chiarle (2008, pp. 263-274). 31 For a fuller information, listening and reading, see http://www.teche.rai.it/welcome/0002/page10.html.

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(an hypothetical address in defence of Renaissances grandeur, against Iranian President Khatamis accusations, Evidence 4) factually shows how it is really possible to infuse the teaching of critical and creative thinking into content instruction32.

Evidence 2 Elisa, 17 years old, june 2008 INTERVISTA IMPOSSIBILE A LUCREZIO Eccomi alla presentazione del poema De rerum natura di Tito Lucrezio Caro. Erano in molti ad attendere la pubblicazione di questo capolavoro! Passate le due ore di esposizione dellopera il pubblico era libero di fare delle domande allautore. Dal fondo della sale si alz in piedi un uomo: Ave, Lucrezio! Cosa lha spinta ad iniziare la sua opera invocando una dea? Unopera pu ottenere il felix exitus solamente se riesce ad avere il consenso del suo pubblico. Invoco Venere poich Roma si fonda sulla religione. Attraverso il valore della religione cerco di coinvolgere i lettori. Inoltre, mi rivolgo a Venere come buono auspicio. Lei ha creato la natura ed lei che pu ridonare la pace in questo mondo. Sine ea neque fit laetum neque amabile quicquam. Luomo in fondo alla sala si sedette. Non sembrava molto soddisfatto di quella risposta. Ad un tratto riprese lui la parola: Nel secondo brano Religio e Ifigenia, per, lei vede la religione negativamente. Come pu riuscire a desiderare il successo attraverso unopera che si apre con qualcosa in cui non crede?. Non il primo a commettere questo errore, e in fondo errare humanum est. Io non ho mai affermato di non credere agli dei! Ci che vorrei far in modo che i fedeli non diventino succubi delle divinit, humana iacet in terris oppressa gravi sub religione! Soprattutto, non bramo il successo, ma vorrei far comprendere ai giovani lettori che la propria vita non deve essere influenzata da paure e superstizioni religiose. Lesistenza deve essere guidata dalla ragione, come il mio caro maestro Epicureo insegna. Un uomo anziano poi si avvicin con passo solenne verso Lucrezio e in quel momento cal il silenzio. Non sapevo chi fosse finch non chiese: Oh fedele allievo, che ruolo ho avuto nella tua vita finora? (Si trattava di Epicuro) Grazie a te, maestro, la mia mente non brancola pi nelle tenebre! Sei stato importante quanto lo un padre per un figlio.

32 See Swartz, R. J., & Parks, S. (1994). Infusing the Teaching of Critical and Creative Thinking into Content Instruction. Pacific Grove, CA: Critical Thinking Books & Software. For a wider discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of the crucial shift towards authentic assessment, see Chiarle (2008, pp. 271-273).

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Dopo di che invit Lucrezio a salire sul palco e chiese un applauso in suo onore affermando: Is est primum Graius homo mortalis tollere contra est oculos ausus primusque obsistere contra! Finito lapplauso, feci anche io qualche domanda. Lucrezio, lei ha finora evidenziato i problemi della societ: lessere dominati dalle paure e dalle superstizioni. Per poter sfuggire a questa triste realt cosa consiglia? Consiglio ai giovani soprattutto di abbracciare lideale dellatarassia, cio distaccarsi dalla realt per essere interiormente sereni. Per esempio, nei versi del terzo brano tratto appunto questo concetto. Suave belli certamina magna tueri per campos instructa tua sine parte pericli. Le mie parole per non devono essere mal interpretate. Non voglio, infatti, dire che bisogna provare piacere nel vedere le sofferenze altrui, ma desidero far notare come sia bello osservare il mondo senza diventare una sua vittima... Mi sedetti e incominciai a scrivere parte del mio articolo. Una donna molto elegante poi fece un cenno al poeta. Tutto ci che ci circonda diviso in due opposti. Mi spiego meglio: esiste la felicit e la tristezza, la sapienza e lignoranza e cos via. Secondo lei cos che accomuna tutti gli esseri viventi? Purtroppo non siamo dei! Noi tutti siamo mortali quindi la fine della nostra esistenza e inevitabile. Prima che sopraggiunga la morte, per, ci accomuna il tedium vitae. Per tedium vitae intendo linsoddisfazione. La noia un peso, moles in pectore. La cosa buffa che sono in molti a scappare da s stessi, quasi onus deponete possent! Esiste un rimedio per poter realmente sfuggire a questa situazione? . La noia una malattia interna alluomo, unangoscia esistenziale. Lunico rimedio consiste nel cognoscere rerum naturam. In questo modo raggiungeremo latarassia, e finalmente saremo immuni dalle angosce procurate dalla vita e dalla morte. Pochi secondi dopo un uomo seduto in prima fila, un critico letterario, accusa Lucrezio di incoerenza, dichiarando che forse era dovuta alla sua pazzia, spesso menzionata negli articoli. Il critico poi continua dicendo: Nessuno scrittore si mai preso il gioco dei lettori come ha fatto lei nel De rerum natura! Prima elogia latarassia come fonte di sapienza che dona serenit alluomo e quasi si vanta di essere riuscito a raggiungerla, sentendosi probabilmente migliore anche dei presenti! Perch negli ultimi due brani Il mondo e luomo e La peste di Atene si allontana da un ideale cos nobile? Perch i lettori dovrebbero raggiungere latarassia quando lei stesso poi la abbandona?. Le sue domande sono interessanti. Iniziando lopera mi ero promesso di mostrare ai lettori la necessit di lasciare quel tipo di fede che costringe a compiere scelerosa atque impia facta, come ad esempio i sacrifici. Io desidero una rivoluzione della societ. Una rivoluzione di tipo intellettuale. I miei lettori devono comprendere limportanza delluso della ragione, devono cercare di scoprire le leggi della natura. Lobiettivo latarssia in cui io credo tuttora. Lata-

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rassia porta luomo ad allontanarsi, ad essere quasi indifferente ai problemi altrui, per non essere colpiti dai medesimi. La peste di Atene, per, rappresenta un eccezione giacch il dolore durante quel periodo si era diffuso ovunque! Chi non era colpito dal morbo veniva trafitto dalla paura di essere contagiati o dal dolore causato dalle morti dei propri cari e dall incredulit di come un virus riuscisse a distruggere lesistenza di interi popoli! impossibile rimanere indifferenti a tanto male! Nemmeno io sono riuscito. Non sono riuscito non perch non creda pi nei miei ideali, ma perch sono un uomo e come tale provo dolore, felicit e anche io ho delle paure. La differenza che io cerco di superare questi timori mentre certi ne restano succubi! Spero di essere stato esauriente. Lucrezio non aveva apprezzato la critica: glielo si leggeva in volto. La sua opera, a mio parere, rimane e rimarr comunque una delle pi significative della poesia italiana! Mancavano una manciata di minuti alla fine della presentazione, quando ad un tratto uno studente fa un ultima domanda. Ho letto una recensione a proposito del De rerum natura e poi unaltra sulla Peste di Atene scritta da Tucidide. Quali sono le differenze tra le due opere? E inoltre, parlano della peste allo stesso modo?. S, ho letto anche io quella recensione e conosco Tucidide. Le due opere parlano dello stesso argomento (la peste) ma in maniera differente. Io, infatti, descrivo quei momenti. Mi occupo di esprimere le sensazioni provate dai malati e dai sani, al lettore voglio semplicemente narrare quel periodo buio. Tucidide, invece, scrive quasi come un medico. Parla di tutti i sintomi con la speranza di avvertire le generazioni future se mai questo morbo si ripresentasse. Nelle sue parole emerge tutta la sua razionalit. Il suo testo potrebbe essere paragonato a una rivista medica. Pertanto la differenza sta nel fatto che io parlo della pesta da un punto di vista umano mentre lui da un punto di vista scientifico. Il tempo a disposizione purtroppo finisce e non c pi possibilit di fare altre domande. Lucrezio ringrazia tutti i presenti di aver partecipato, poi va via salutando. A voi ora rimane il mio articolo con le rivelazioni di un grande poeta a proposito della sua opera. A presto cari lettori!

Evidence 3 Sonia, 18 years old, may 2008 IL TORMENTO DI FEDRA Il mio nome Fedra. La mia storia stata narrata da diversi autori come Euripide, Racine, DAnnunzio e, infine, Seneca. Questultimo ha proposto la versione pi fedele, infatti ogni storia si differenzia per alcuni particolari. Ma, per tutti, io sono la donna sposata che ama un altro uomo che , per di pi, suo figliastro, un amore doppiamente colpevole a cui non mi sono potuta sottrarre. Non sono riuscita a seguire la strada della ragione, sono stata vinta dalla passione e sente dentro di me sentivo la forza di un Dio possente. Quasi a voler

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giustificare me stessa, e questo mio amore maledetto, sono stata sempre costretta a ricordare che anche gli Dei, come Giove o Marte, sono stati colpiti dalla fiamma dellamore. Quo verget furor? la domanda che si pongono tutti dopo aver udito la mia storia. Euripide narra che non ho colpa dellamore che provo per il mio figliastro Ippolito, perch tutto gi stato stabilito dagli dei, anche il rifiuto di Ippolito fedele alla casta della dea Artemide e la maledizione del padre Teseo, mio marito. Egli ha declinato la vicenda al maschile e subordinando la mia passione allonore di Ippolito e di Teseo: questo non giusto. Non esattamente cos: ho rivelato fin da subito la mia passione, perch ero decisa a morire piuttosto che rinunciare ad Ippolito. Sono sempre stata consapevole delle mie azioni. Non sono la primitiva ed istintiva cretese che conosce solo le leggi della passione, ma una donna che lotta contro il suo desiderio colpevole, contro il demone che lagita, anche se sono stata comunque destinata a perire e a distruggere tutta la mia famiglia. Seneca ha messo bene in evidenza, invece, una mia caratteristica: anche se sono stata sconfitta, si affermata in me la possibilit di lottare con la passione e dominarla, in quanto lamore non unimposizione dellonnipotente divinit, ma un puro istinto che si pu controllare con la fermezza dello spirito. Forse vi chiederete a questo punto come abbia fatto a dichiarare il mio folle amore: dapprima ho utilizzato la mia nutrice come mediatrice, ma poi, vinta dallimpazienza, sono svenuta tra le braccia del mio figliastro e poi mi sono abbandonata ad una sorta di delirio in cui ho rivelato tutto. Un amore empio peggio di un amore mostruoso: questo puoi imputarlo al destino, quello a te stessa..., mi aveva sempre detto mia madre, ma non ho voluto ascoltarla. La coscienza, lagitazione di unanima piena della sua colpa e che ha paura di se stesso. Il colpevole pu essere al sicuro, ma mai in pace. Anche su questo aveva ragione, non sono mai riuscita a perdonarmi, e mai ci riuscir. Che cosa accaduto dopo il mio gesto? Ebbene, Ippolito mi ha rifiutata e la mia nutrice, molto scaltramente, ha organizzato la falsa accusa di stupro, che poi ho dichiarato io stessa a Teseo. Ed ecco il mio grande errore. Non avrei mai dovuto compiere questo gesto! E ora non ha senso accusare la mia nutrice per avermi incoraggiata nella mia follia, ormai nulla a pi senso. Proprio lei, che sembrava la portatrice della ratio, al contrario di me, animata dal mio insano proposito, portatrice del furor, limpulso irrazionale, la passione, spesso scambiata da molti come pazzia, in quanto mi ha sconvolto lanimo, lo ha travolto irrimediabilmente. E allora mi chiedo quid ratio possit? vicit ac regnat furor?. Ho dovuto, per, accettare anche le conseguenze delle mie azioni. Si rivelata unimmensa tragedia e tutto per causa mia. Ora non posso far altro che piangere e rimpiangere la morte di Ippolito, davanti al suo cadavere non ho potuto che confessare la mia menzogna, il mio adulterio e la mia folle passione. Ero la regina abituata ad imporre il mio volere su quello degli altri e a non sottomettermi mai ad esso, e guardate ora come sono diventata! Sono una semplice donna a cui stato rifiutato il suo amore e che ora pensa addirittura al suicidio. S, proprio cos, non spero altro che ricongiungere il mio destino a

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quello di lui attraverso la morte, di accompagnarlo oltre essa. Forse solo unillusione, ma voglio portare il mio amore, il mio peccato al di l della vita. Da tutta questa vicenda comunque ho capito che fortuna regit sparsitque manu munera caeca. Spero solo, se avr un futuro, di non commettere mai pi gli stessi errori. La mia storia come uno scontro tra il bene e il male, furor e ratio, odium e amor, passione e virt, in altre parole, tra la vita e la morte.

Evidence 4 Federico, 17 years old, January 2008 Washington, National Cathedral, tempio religioso degli Anglosassoni, bianchi, episcopaliani dAmerica. Lattenzione mediatica di tutto il mondo rivolta verso un uomo, con in testa il turbante nero dei successori di Maometto. Si tratta di Seyyed Mohammed Khatami, quinto presidente della Repubblica Islamica Iraniana. Nel suo discorso, appena terminato tra gli applausi dei sostenitori e le grida degli intolleranti, ha criticato la modernizzazione frutto del Rinascimento, ma ha anche invocato il dialogo tra Oriente ed Occidente. Prende la parola dopo di lui lillustre italianista Amedeo Quondam La voce dellillustre studioso rimbomba nella cattedrale, seguita da quella affannata del traduttore. La platea applaude in segno di approvazione. Nonostante molti non credano nelle idee del presidente iraniano, non si pu negare il grande coraggio che ha dimostrato nellesprimerle. Egregi signori, innanzitutto vorrei ringraziare il presidente Khatami, che venendo in questa Cattedrale ha messo a rischio la sua credibilit ed incolumit. Nel suo discorso ho potuto cogliere chiari segnali riformisti, che spero possano aprire una strada nella diplomazia internazionale. Presidente, personalmente ritengo importanti questi segnali di apertura. Vorrei ringraziarla per il contributo che sta dando alla difficile situazione da noi tutti involontariamente vissuta. Signor Khatami, ho potuto anche notare come lei abbia criticato la modernizzazione imposta dal Rinascimento, da lei ritenuto colpevole di aver deviato dagli originali obiettivi, imponendo la ragione sulluomo. Quando ho sentito la parola Rinascimento, un brivido mi ha percorso la schiena. Vede, il Rinascimento stato un movimento che nacque e si svilupp in Italia. Noi italiani ne siamo sempre andati fieri, perch segna il passaggio da unepoca buia alla rinascita della cultura. Quando lei ha avanzato questa critica, il mio debole orgoglio nazionale si risvegliato. Inoltre, la sua accusa ha messo in cattiva luce una pietra miliare della letteratura italiana, che loggetto dei miei studi, e soprattutto la mia passione. come se lei avesse deriso la donna che amo: mi sento in dovere di difenderla a spada tratta. Lei ha affermato che il Rinascimento colpevole di aver imposto la ragione sulluomo, aprendo la strada ai mali di colonialismo, individualismo e collettivismo. Vorrei citarle Pico della Mirandola, un grande umanista, la cui Oratio de hominis dignitate viene considerata il manifesto del Rinascimento. In essa Pico afferma che luomo una creatura libera, capace di conoscere la realt e dominarla. Luomo, secondo il suo arbitrio, ricevuto da Dio, ha la facolt di decidere sulla natura degli altri esseri. Pico non afferma che la ragione si debba

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imporre sulluomo, anzi ritenuto completamente libero. Dio ha dato alluomo la ragione come mezzo per decidere sulla sua natura, ed imporsi su quella degli esseri inferiori. Luomo, secondo Pico, completamente libero: pu decidere se degenerare negli esseri inferiori o elevarsi a quelli superiori. La ragione il solo strumento che gli permette di giungere a questa condizione. Lei, presidente, ha frainteso il discorso di Pico: la ragione da intendersi come uno strumento nelle mani delluomo, non il contrario. Signor Khatami, forse lei stato spinto a trarre queste accuse dopo aver letto degli autori pi provocatori, quali Luigi Pulci o Franois Rabelais. Entrambi trasmettono dei valori sovvertiti, rispetto alla morale comune, ma sottoponendoli ad una pi attenta analisi, il giudizio pu essere ribaltato. In realt, il materialismo di Margutte una sottile satira della societ di quel tempo, e mostra la tolleranza che esisteva nei confronti di questo sempre contestato genere letterario, che spesso suscita lira dei protagonisti. Il Rinascimento ha il merito di aver affermato il principio della tolleranza, che ancora oggi spesso viene a mancare. Presidente, non vedo per che effetti possa aver avuto il principio di tolleranza nella divisione fra Occidente ed Oriente. La tolleranza teorizzata nel Rinascimento pu solo aiutare questi due mondi, che viaggiano su diverse lunghezze donda. Passando invece a Rabelais, nella sua opera principale Gargantua e Pantagruele, ho colto spunti che ritengo di essenziale importanza per la nostra societ. Quando si discutono le regole necessarie per reggere lAbbazia di Thlme, viene espressa una massima di eterna validit: Come potrei governare altrui, io che non saprei governare me stesso?. In questo passo racchiusa una grande verit. Potemmo addebitare la colpa della divisione fra Occidente ed Oriente solo alla sua negazione. Signor Khatami, questo il Rinascimento, non una deviazione dagli originali obiettivi, bens un tentativo di elevare la nostra condizione con il ricorso della ragione. Come possibile che rappresenti la causa della divisione tra Occidente ed Oriente? Vorrei continuare parlando di Franois Villon, il poeta maledetto. Si tratta di uno scrittore dal temperamento goliardico ed impulsivo, che divenne un delinquente condannato allimpiccagione. Innanzitutto, possiamo notare che, seppur fosse un delinquente, ha avuto la facolt di dedicarsi alla poesia. Fu un insolito poeta, e lelemento pi chiamato in causa nelle sue poesie Dio. Presidente, non si stupisce che in un poeta maledetto del Rinascimento, da lei criticato per aver imposto la ragione sulluomo, sia presente una forte religiosit? Come pu questo aver diviso lOccidente dallOriente? Posizione diversa, ma comunque contrastante con le sue idee, quella di Pietro Bembo, cardinale e grammatico di chiara fama. Anche il Bembo sostiene che luomo una creatura libera, avendo la possibilit di definire la sua essenza. Per, secondo Monsignor Bembo, la via che permette alluomo di raggiungere un livello superiore, lamore verso le cose terrene. Presidente, vorrei puntualizzare che, analogamente alla ragione, non lamore che si impone sulluomo, bens un mezzo a sua disposizione. Signor Khatami, il Rinascimento stato unepoca che ha segnato lo sviluppo della nostra mentalit, ma sono convinto che questo cambiamento sia stato in positivo. Lei lo ha rimproverato di aver deviato dagli originali obiettivi, ma non chiarendo quali essi siano.

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Io credo che lobiettivo da perseguire sia migliorare s stessi. Il Rinascimento ha affermato che luomo una creatura libera, responsabile del suo successo e colpevole dellinsuccesso. Il Rinascimento ha, per, riconosciuto alluomo degli strumenti, il cui utilizzo permette di elevare la nostra condizione. Essi sono la ragione e lamore. Luomo, essendo libero, ha la facolt di scegliere se ricorrere o no a questi strumenti, e cosi facendo aumenta o diminuisce la distanza che lo separa dallobiettivo, cio lelevarsi ad unessenza superiore. Signor Khatami, la ragione non devia dagli originali obiettivi, ma il mezzo attraverso cui possibile raggiungerli, e cos sfiorare il nostro unico limite, se di limite si pu parlare: la perfezione.

2.4. Activating and Engaging Habits of Mind


Schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of ability and aptitude [] Our schools are largely organized around this belief. [] Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare students against one another rather than against a standard of excellence. This approach makes it difficult to see the results of learning and thereby discourages effort. [] Two converging lines of research one from cognitive science, one from social psychology now give us reason to believe that we dont have to continue in this way. For more than 20 years, psychologists and other students of the human mind have been experimenting with ways of teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence. [] Early experiments on teaching specific, isolated components of intelligence yielded a common pattern of results: Most of the training was successful in producing immediate gains in performance, but people typically ceased using the cognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as the specific conditions of training were removed. In other words, they became capable of performing whatever skill was taught, but they acquired no general habit of using it or capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful. As a result of these findings, cognitive researchers began to shift their attention to educational strategies that immerse students in demanding, longterm intellectual environments.

This effective synthesis by Lauren Resnick (1999) explains why another challenge of the greatest moment addressed to teachers is really to direct the educational focus toward this wider view of educations outcomes (Costa & Kallick, 2007, p. 48). Unlike the American educational landscape, habits of mind are a very recent input for the Italian educational research, at least with the factualness of Costa-Kallicks system approach. The challenge being a refocusing on education toward wider, more enduring, essential, permanent learnings (Costa & Kallick, 2007, p. 47), first of all I tried to refocus my ex cathedra lessons. Figure 3 reproduces the template I worked out to resume the essential points of one Divina Commedias cantica. The aim of my interpretation was to point out, considering Dante as a wonderful magister vitae, what habits of mind is possible to observe in action verse by verse.

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Enrico had the idea of using my template, with a little amount of reworking, to summarize the essential points of the Renaissance authors he had to study. Martina, Melania, Roberta, instead, had the idea of scoring the same authors, one by one, reworking my assessment rubric (Figure 4). The oral test consisted in an open discussion of the reasons of their scorings, and was a surprisingly top-performance indeed. The learning units final task was to write an essay focused on this essential question, mirroring DeSeCo Project (Rychen, Salganik, & McLaughlin, 2003, p. 112): considering the examples of these authors life and works, what habits of mind are needed for youngs to lead a successful life and to face the challenges of the present and the future? Another significant refocusing I managed was to elaborate a new assessment rubric, jointly analytic and holistic, blending Costa & Kallicks sixteen habits of mind with some others (Figure 5). Actually, this double rubric can be used only to score authentic performance tasks, just because in the transparency of the traditional achievement tests it is really hard to grasp some evidence of habits of mind to work. Some teachers may consider authentic performance tasks not completely valid, in order to assess the effective retaining of knowledge. My little experience confirms that they are absolutely more reliable and predictive in a long-term perspective (McTighe & Wiggins, 2004, p. 272). In the perspective of habits of mind, to be sure, we better understand the Wigginss statement (1990): beyond these technical considerations the move to reform assessment is based upon the premise that assessment should primarily support the needs of learners. Finally, I devised a final certificate entirely focused on twenty dispositions (Figure 6), in order to assess in a fuller way the profit of the whole work done during the school year by my students. This was a completely formative assessment, devoid of any summative implication on the final report. 2.5. Differentiating Instruction
If, as a teacher, my belief in you is unerring, and if I accord you the full dignity due human beings, I will do all I can to ensure that you will become all you should be. That means my goal will be to provide you maximum opportunity to develop your possibilities. To communicate that opportunity to students, the teachers demeanor, words, and actions must continually say the following: I have important things for you to do here today. The things I ask you to do are worthy things. The things I ask you to do are often daunting. The things I ask you to do open new possibilities for you. The things I give you to do here help you become all you can be (Tomlison, 2006, p. 51).

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Figure 4

Figure 5

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In my case, there were no social reasons to think and act in terms of Differentiated Instruction. I had no particular differences in students family and cultural backgrounds to account (Brophy, 2003, pp. 306-312). Mine is really just a response of opportunity: discovering and adapting to the different students motivational patterns with the unique goal of maximizing their individual potential. According to the students unpredictable readiness and interest, first of all I manage to differentiate Learning Units by content, also providing some extrinsic incentive (Brophy, 2003, pp. 147-160). I clearly indicate the lowest common denominator (for instance, what poetries by Catullus are absolutely to be learned), giving contextually a list of possible readings, inviting the students to make their choice. Further, using GRASPS Template, I manage to differentiate by product, or better individually designing the final authentic performance task. Jere Brophy (2003, p. 302) adduces arguments for the reasonableness of this didactic approach:
High school students also develop interests in self-improvement, self-understanding, and vocations. The emergence of these interests reflects progression from a primary focus on competence (What are my areas of strength and weakness?) to a primary focus on identity (What kind of person do I want to become, in terms of personal values, life-style, occupation, etc.).

Example 4 shows how an authentic performance task on Caesars De bello Gallico can be designer in order to hold the students aspirations in due consideration.
Example 4 Julius Caesars De bello Gallico Authentic Performance Task for a student interested in Law Goal Your task is to send a secret report to the Senate of the Roman Republic in order to verify if theres sufficient ground for a penal action against proconsul Julius Caesar for crimes against humanity. The goal is to give a careful report on Caesars carnages. The challenge is to understand if those carnages were justifiable as ordinary war operations. The obstacle to overcome is having only party documentary sources (De bello Gallico). Role You are Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis (95 b. C. - Utica, 46 b. C.), the uncle of Marcus Junius Brutus, the future Caesars murderer. You have been asked for a detailed report. Your job is ad acta Commissar.

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Authentic Performance Task for a student interested in Military Academy Goal Your task is to send a secret report to the USA Pentagon with some strategic suggestions about a good Exit Strategy from Iraq war. The goal is to give a careful report with pragmatic and careful hints. The challenge is to understand how Caesars experience could be used in XXIst century. The obstacle to overcome are the great differences between our and Caesars times due to different mentality, technology, political, social and economic conditions. Role You are Robert Harris, english writer and televison reporter, famous for some successful novels like the recent Imperium, based on the figure of Cicero. You have been asked for a detailed report. Your job is external advisor super partes. The key to making your students learning experiences worthwhile is to focus your planning on major instructional goals, phrased in terms of desired student outcomes knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, and dispositions that I you want to develop in your students. Goals, not content coverage or learning processes, provide the rationale for curriculum and instruction (Brophy, 2003, p. 68).

The chief goal being to enhance students self-reliance, risk-taking, initiative and entrepreneurship (Eurydice European Unit, 2002, p. 12), or as Brophy puts it, to plan with major goals in mind, I devised a Learning Units Design Template (Figure 7). The willing student has to choose these major points: the learning angle-shot; the working hypothesis: the big question to answer; the desired outcomes in terms of enduring understanding and/or personal enrichment; the testing modality (written or oral) and date; the performances goal (the final score); the targeted facet of understanding; the habits of mind to develop or enhance33. I analyzed Catullus form the viewpoint of a love psychologist, in order to arrive, thanks to his experience, to understand a little better this complicated feeling: this was the learning angle-shot chosen by Sonia. Does the true eternal love really ex33 For a wider account of my three-level differentiating practices, once more see Chiarle (2008, pp. 275-280).

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ist?, was her big question. At the moment, Sonia was thinking to matriculate at Law University: we therefore decided to focus her individual learning plan on the habits Listening with Understanding and Empathy, Thinking and Communicating with Clarity and Precision and Thinking Flexibly. Sonia preferred to conclude the Catullus Learning Unit with an oral test. Her high-level final perfomance has been the starting point of a really virtuous spiral of cognitive empowerment, worthily sealed two school years later by the Phaedras monologue. 2.6. Forming Autonomous Learners and Reflective Practitioners
There are too many students. The time is too short. There is only one level of textbook in the class, only one set of standards for all. The room is too small. Materials are lacking. Kids dont come to us knowing how to be independent learners. We were not trained or hired to be social workers or psychologists. We dont know how to think about cultures different from our own. We are already consumed by the job (Tomlison, 2006, p. 45).

The excuses for not shifting to Differentiated Instruction really are legion and not without legitimacy. Last but not least, I would like to add the impression to sew, with this didactic approach, nothing else than the varicoloured Harlequins mantle, using the fanciful metaphor by Michel Serres (1992). A further question for intelligence arises: How can we assure the widest and deepest coherence to students creativity and to their autonomously conceived learning projects? The issue is really crucial. Nowadays, in our socit projets, according to JeanPierre Boutinets portrayal34 it is legitimate to push a boy to question himself, to make projects, to insert his work into a midde and long-term perspective. Maybe this is quite a primary goal for base schooling: becoming able to formulate projects, to fulfil and evaluate them (Perrenoud, 2002, p. 84). Working totally alone (not by my choice), I manage to address this challenge using student portfolio. Within my blended experimentation, I see student portfolio as a worthy tool to cultivate pratique e gouvernement de soi, that Michel Foucault in his Hermneutique du Sujet postulates as an urgent, fundamental, politically indispensable task. It functions like a principium individuationis, a sort of effective remedy against school curriculas abstractness. It is the practical answer to the didactic question: How can we get students working with the same passion, devotion, responsibility, persistence, interest to the continuous development of ones professionality as a photographer, an interior designer, or the best professionals in their job? The diagram represents the cyclical set of student portfolios formative goals. It is really a complex challenge for the student: it takes the shape of a constitutive self-

34 Boutinet, J.-P. (1999). Anthropologie du projet (5th ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

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resignification. In the last analysis, it is a practice of vertical freedom that aims to lead towards an always fuller authenticity (Triani, 1998, pp. 260-261). Imposing portfolio ope legis, like was done by Italian Minister for Pubblic Education in 2005, can be really a new form of symbolic violence (Perrenoud, 2002, p. 84). In actual facts, Example 5 summarizes the concrete procedure I follow35.
The diagram represents the cyclical set of student portfolios formative goals. It is really a complex challenge for the student: it takes the shape of a constitutive selfresignification. In the last analys, it is a practice of vertical freedom that aims to lead towards an always fuller authenticity (Triani, 1998, pp. 260261). Imposing portfolio o like was done by Italian Minister for Pubblic Education in 2005, can be really a new form of symbolic violence (Perrenoud, 2002, p. 84). In actual facts, E summarizes the concrete procedure I follow 35

Responsibility for ones own learning process

Acting in the present, looking into ones own future

Self-assessment Assertiveness

Self-awareness Selfmanagement

Example 5 Student Portfolio Optional interdisciplinary proposal addressed to all the students at the beginning of the school year Steps 1. At the beginning of the school year: what portfolio is and is not (introductory talk, with some examples from the real life); 2. willing students are singled out; 3. an explanation letter is delivered to these students and their parents; 4. Portfolio Design Template and the necessary scaffolding Analytic Scoring Rubric are jointly delivered; 3 5. the interested students are scaffolded are assisted with particular attention during the Portfolio Design Templates compilation; 6. whenever possible, during the school year authentic performance tasks are designed to fit to the particular scenario supposed by the student, and to correlated set of habits of mind selected;

35 For a fuller account of my portfolio theoretical-practical conception, to see the Portfolio Design Template and the Analytic Scoring Rubric I devised, always refer to Chiarle (2008, pp. 281-286).

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7. the students are requested to collect, by the way, all the tests they estimate more revealing possibly of all the subjects , writing out for each one a Reflection Schedule; 8. occasionally the involved students are monitored (urged, remotivated, etc.); 9. from the middle of may onwards the students start to work out their portfolio, with a more assiduous individual monitoring; 10. at the end of the school year the portfolios are evaluated with a score in fifteenths: the 10% of this score is used to increase, on the final report, the scores average of the subjects pertaining to the teacher who proposes the portfolio.

3. Conclusion Start: go out! Go out of the womb, of the cradle, of the shadow that descends from the fathers house and from juvenile landscapes.The suggestive metaphors by Michel Serres (1992, p. 28) effictively indicate maybe the only possible escape in the middle of the crushed globality of the Italian school. Meeting the challenge of change, therefore: an undoubtedly fatiguing labor mentis, but exceedingly enriching and no way improbus. Necessary, indeed, not only to avoid the abyss of professional burn-out, but especially in the hope of a possible second birth, maybe Serres will say, of teaching professionality. But, before concluding, we cannot avoid the arising of two final questions for reflection. Firstly, does this blended experimentation really meet the challenge of XXIst century world? As we have seen before, both DeSeCo Projects and Eurydice European Units address is to the think about the so called hidden curriculum, focusing on the dispositions to develop or strengthen. Once more, consider this wonderful list, maybe the curriculum of our ideal school (Comoglio, 2003, pp. 24-36).
Persistence Managing impulsivity Empathy Self-regulation Self-evaluation Accepting challenges fearless Willingness to undertake adventure Thinking about thinking (metacognition) Thinking and communicating with clarity and precision Gathering data through all senses Questioning and posing problems Applying past knowledge to new situations Accuracy and Precision Creating, imagining, innovating Disposition to astonish

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Responding with wonderment and awe Taking responsible/reasonable risks Remaining open to continuous learning Thinking interdependently Finding humor Ambiguity tolerance Inclination to open reflection Thinking flexibly Intellectual curiosity Intellectual attention Disposition to clarification Research aptitude Evaluating the Reasons and researching understanding Complexity of cognitive processes Planning and being strategic as regards self-given aims

We can narrow the field to the three Key Competencies focused by the DeSeCo Projects (Acting autonomously and reflectively, Using tools interactively, Joining and functioning in socially heterogeneous groups), adding just in case the five dimensions of these key competencies (Pattern recognition/coping with complexity, Contextual awareness/perception, Reflection and judgement/normativity, Interrelation with others/ability to cooperate, Larger perspective on life and reality/narrativity). The arising essential question is the same: Which dispositions of this plenitude is able to develop and enhance the traditional rote-learning one-size-fits-all? In my experience, both as student and as traditional teacher at the very beginning of my job, my answer is: persistence, accuracy and precision, responding with wonderment and awe, intellectual attention, disposition to clarification, but only in the lucky eventuality that we dont meet the uninterested or alienated students described by Brophy (2003, pp. 267-288). Secondly, following once more Philippe Perrenoud, our intent is not to elude to question the question: Is this the right way? Why? Finally, let the students express their opinion.
I think the guilt is of the old method for approaching literature if few students love it. In these week we have dealt not a sterile and fool school programme, but we have dealt with life (Eloisa, 17 years old, 2005). The most part of these my own potentialities were unkown to me and I never paid attention to them, howewer. [] This [experimentation] helped me to become more self-confident (Sonia, 17 years old, 2007). With a more open, elastic, flexible mind we will be able to face the life waiting for us with conviction, in a rasher and surer way, able to overcome obstacles that before could seem insuperable (Juliette, 15 years old, 2008).

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Thanks to portfolio it will remain to me a high definition snapshot of myself. [Last year] I was lacking in motivation, and therefore I was not fulfilling my own potential. Now Im very satisfied of the challenges I have accepted and won (Federico, 17 years old, 2008).

If the opening is the leaving and the inquiring is the travel, the self-transcendence is the direction. The man entirely fulfils himself only through a transcendency journey in which the recognition and the reception of the other than oneself bear also the return to oneself. Bernard Lonergans thinking is extremely effective in pointing the central item of the entire issue. Like every human being, the teacher is challenged to keep alive the il expansive, progressive and circular dynamism of a conscience inlove, that is open, enquiring, self-transcendent, able to intentionate the amplitude of our existence (Triani, 1998, pp. 140-154). In this perspective, we would find no better conclusion than Umberto Galimbertis passionate peroratio:
Why dont we excite the young peoples curiosity about their own capabilities, about their skills, their virtues, without thinking of anything of ascetic? If we excite these young peoples curiosity about their virtue, perhaps they could become fond of themselves, fall in love with themselves, and learn what for the Greeks was the big human existences goal, that is the art of living. An investment in themselves, like the flowers: how beautiful to see them flourish, instead of wither! If every young man would think to himself like a flower who wants to flourish, for the season which is given to him, then their expansiveness could find expression. Then, maybe the disquieting host, the Nihilism, would have passed not in vain.

References Brophy, J. E. (2003). Motivare gli studenti ad apprendere. Roma: Libreria Ateneo Salesiano. Chiarle, A. (2008). Progettare apprendimenti significativi e percorsi individualizzati in letteratura con il Cooperative Learning. In M. Bay (Ed.), Cooperative Learning e scuola del XXI secolo. Confronto e sfide educative (pp. 247-291). Roma: Libreria Ateneo Salesiano. Comoglio, M. (2002). La valutazione autentica. Orientamenti Pedagogici, 49 (1), 93-112. Comoglio, M. (2003). Insegnare e apprendere con il portfolio. Citt di Castello: Fabbri Editori. Costa, A. L., & Kallick, B. (2007). Le disposizioni della mente: Come educarle insegnando. Roma: Libreria Ateneo Salesiano. Eurydice European Unit. (2002). Key Competencies: A developing concept in general compulsory education, Brussels: Ensched/Van Muysewinkel. Retrieved July 25, 2008, from http://www.see-educoop.net/education_in/pdf/compulsary-edu-oth-enl-t05.pdf Fetterman, D. M., Kaftarian, S. J., & Wandersman, A. (Eds.). (1996). Empowerment Evaluation: Knowledge and Tools for Self-assessment & Accountability. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

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