International Rice Research Notes Vol.18 No.3

International Rice Research Notes
The International Rice Research Notes (IRRN) expedites communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and ricebased systems. The IRRN is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported. The IRRN is published quarterly in March, June, September, and December by the International Rice Research Institute; annual subject and variety indexes are also produced. The IRRN is divided into three sections: notes, news about research collaboration, and announcements.
September 1993
Contents
Stress toleranceadverse soils 17 Comparative studies of germination and seedling growth of some salt-tolerant selections at different salinity levels lntegrated germplasm improvementirrigated 18 18 ADT41 (JJ92), a short-duration Basmati rice for Tamil Nadu, India Mahsuri derivatives developed: Kushal, Maniram, Bahadur, and Ranjit On-farm evaluation of rice cultivars for spring season in the lower hills of Chitwan, Nepal IR36-derived lines are stable high yielders in Kerala,India Wei You 647: a new high-yielding hybrid rice KSB54, a new variety with moderate resistance to Mekong Delta population of brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens Stl) Zhenong 8010: a new indica rice variety with high yield, blast (BI) resistance, and good quality lntegrated germplasm improvement rainfed lowland 22 Bogabordhan: a stable, high-yielding, low-input traditional variety of Assam, India lntegrated germplasm improvementupland 22 23 Upland rice varieties Sita and Rimke released to farmers in Cambodia Vandana (RR167-982), a new upland variety in the plateau region of Bihar, India Yield potential 11 Different grades of grain occur during grain filling in short- and medium-duration rice Pest resistancediseases 12 Using pedigree analysis to identify sources of resistance to rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV) 3 Detection of rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) in asymptomatic leaves of tungroinfected rice plants by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) Evaluation of resistance to bakanae and foot rot disease Pathological constraints on hybrid rice production technology High-yielding, brown planthopper (BPH)resistant varieties developed at Maruteru, Andhra Pradesh (AP), India Pest resistanceother pests 16 Susceptibility of wild rice species to nematode Meloidogyne graminicola lntegrated germplasm improvementdeepwater 24 Performance of some promising deepwater rice (DWR) cultivars in northwestern Nigeria lntegrated germplasm improvementtidal wetlands 25 Netravathi (KKP-6): a promising rice variety for coastal lowlands of Karnataka, India gene of Moroberekan
Germplasm improvement
Genetics 4 Improved lines with wide compatibility (WC)
Breeding methods 4 A self-sustaining system for hybrid rice seed production 5 5 Two-line hybrid rice in China Heterosis and combining ability evaluation of cytoplasmic male sterile (A) lines and restorer 6 7 8 8 (R) lines Isolation-free system for producing experimental hybrid rice seed for preliminary evaluation Identifying maintainer and restorer lines for hybrid rice in Himachal Pradesh (HP), India Maintainers and restorers for four cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines Identifying maintainers and restorers of cytoplasmic genetic male sterile (CMS) lines for hybrid rice breeding Genotypic differences in embryogenic callus formation and plant regeneration in indica rice Effect of interaction between genotype and culture medium on callus induction and plant regeneration of anther culture of Vietnamese indica rice (Oryza sativa L.)
19 20 20 21
21
9 10
Crop and resource management

Physiology and plant nutrition 26 Nitrate reductase (NRase) activity as an index for early maturity Fertilizer management 27 Comparative efficiency of Sesbania, Gliricidia, and urea as N sources in wetland rice Fertilizer managementinorganic sources 27 Effect of lignite fly ash (LFA) on rice
14 15 15
ISSN 0115-0944
Fertilizer managementorganic sources 28 Using desiccation to preserve blue-green algae 28 (BGA) Effects of Sesbania aculeata (dhaincha) on rice yield Crop management 29 Comparative yields and N uptake in six transplanted and direct seeded lowland rices lntegrated pest managementdiseases 30 Occurrence of rice grain rot disease in Vietnam 30 31 Treating rice seeds with fungicides and antagonists to control seedborne diseases Effect of foliar spraying of Aspergillus terreus Thom on sheath blight (ShB) and rice plant characteristics Efficacy of botanicals in managing sheath rot (ShR) of rice New races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) among strains representing major ricegrowing areas of India and Nepal lntegrated pest management-insects 34 34 35 37 Effects of neem and nochi on rice bug Leptocorisa acuta Developmental biology and host plant range of rice-feeding tiger moth Creatonotus gangis (L.) Shifts in population characteristics of brown planthopper (BPH) immigrants to Japan Detoxifying enzymes of the brown planthopper (BPH) lntegrated pest managementother pests 37 Efficacy of benomyl in controlling the ufra nematode in Vietnam Water management 38 Water management in transplanted wetland rice farming systems 39 Establishing rainfed no-till winter crops under NPK fertilization after transplanted wet rice 39 40 Varietal diffusion in a rice farming system Rice -fish - azolla farming system for low-lying ricefields
42
43
A simple methodology for analyzing rice sheath blight (ShB) epidemiologic processes under semicontrolled conditions Maximum diseased leaf area (DLA): a new parameter for leaf blast (BI) severity
News about research collaboration

44 44 44 IRRI-CIMMYT on Rice-Wheat Collaboration Vietnamese rice farmers quickly adopt "water seeding" German Government and Asian Development Bank help IRRI launch Asian Rice Biotechnology Network
page 14
33 33
Announcements
45 45 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 Rice dateline Postdoctoral research fellowship positions at IRRI Climate Change and Rice Symposium Who are the outstanding young women in rice science? page 14 IRRI 1993 group training courses Rice literature update reprint service UNE 1994 short courses Wet seeded rice workshop Temperate rice conference Revised Journal of production agriculture Introduced by ASA, CSSA, 47 48 48 48 and SSSA Call for news Rice conference for Latin America and the Caribbean New publicatlon IRRI address
page 48
page 46
Instructions for contributors

Inside back cover
Research methodology 41 Combined effects of pests in farmers' fields: methodological outlines of a yield-loss data base in rice
page 4
Germplasm improvement
Genetics
Improved lines with wide compatibility (WC) gene of Moroberekan
D. Senadhira, R. M. Herrera, and J. P. Roxas, IRRI
We previously reported that the WC gene of Moroberekan is very effective but that this upland variety might not be the best WC source for use in lowland rice breeding programs. Moroberekan performs poorly in anaerobic soil. Uneven tillering and flowering and abnormal tillers are common. Desirable recombinants are rare when Moroberekan is used as a bridge variety in indica japonica crosses. We made a series of crosses with Moroberekan to develop improved lines adapted to flooded soil conditions and possessing Moroberekans WC gene. Crosses were advanced under irrigated conditions at IRRI. We used modified bulk method for five generations; selection was based on normal growth
Spikelet fertility of new WC lines, their parents, and F 1 with japonica (Akihikari) and indica (IR36) testers. IRRI, 1993 DS. Variety/cross IR61614-3B-3-1-1 lR61614-3B-6-2-3 lR61614-3B-7-3-3 lR61614-3B-12-3-3 lR61614-3B-19-3-2 I R36 lR32429-47-3-2-2 Akihikari Moroberekan Akihikari/IR61614-3B-3-1-1 (F1) Akihikari/lR61614-3B-6-2-3 (F1) Akihikari/lR61614-3B-7-3-3 (F1) Akihikari/lR61614-3B-12-3-3 (F1) Akihikari/lR61614-3B-19-3-2 (F1) IR36/IR61614-3B-3-1-1 (F1) IR36/IR61614-3B-6-2-3 (F1) IR36/IR61614-3B-7-3-3 (F1) IR36/IR61614-3B-12-3-3 (F1) IR36/IR61614-3B-19-3-2 (F1) Spikelet fertility (%) 92.3 94.4 96.6 93.9 92.2 95.2 94.9 95.4 95.9 87.2 81.1 85.4 87.7 84.1 89.5 84.6 91.5 94.7 90.8
and plant type characteristics. Pedigree selection was used thereafter. In the F7 generation, agronomically uniform lines from two crosses were tested for the presence of the WC gene. The lines were hybridized with an indica (IR36) and a japonica (Akihikari); F1 fertility was examined. All lines of the cross IR61 315 (Moroberekan/IR66) showed normal fertility (>85%) with IR36 but were partially fertile (<40%) with Akihikari. Five lines derived from the cross
IR61614 (IR32429-47-3-2-2*2/ Moroberekan) showed normal fertility with both japonica and indica testers. They were tested again in 1993 dry season (DS) and the presence of the WC gene in IR61614 lines was confirmed (see table). Unlike Moroberekan, the new lines are adapted to anaerobic soil conditions and possess high-yielding plant type characteristics. They mature in 125 d and are highly resistant to blast. Seeds of these lines are available from IRRI.
Breeding methods
A self-sustaining system for hybrid rice seed production
S. S. Virmani, J. Manalo, and R. Toledo, IRRI
isolated from adjoining ricefields flowering at the same time. This condition is difficult to achieve in many rice-growing areas. We propose a system in which hybrid rice growers
One of the disadvantages of hybrid rice technology is that cultivators must secure new seeds every season. To produce pure hybrid rice seed, fields must be
Proposed field layout of a self-sustaining system for hybrid rice seed production.
IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)
can produce their own hybrid seed using 8-10 d time isolation and no distance isolation. In the self-sustaining seed production system, about 5% of the area of a rice farm is used for producing the next season's hybrid rice seed; the rest is used for growing grain. The seed production plot is planted so that it flowers 8-10 d after the main crop flowers to reduce contamination from pollen of commercial hybrids or inbred varieties. Locating the plot in the corner of the farm lessens the chance of contamination from the neighboring farm. The R (restorer) line is planted in a 3-m-wide strip around the seed production plot, covering about half of it. The actual F1 seed production plot is
planted with A (maintainer):R lines in a 10-3 row ratio (see figure). The R line strip provides sufficient pollen load to minimize contamination from other pollen sources. Recommended seed production practices, including flag leaf clipping, GA3 application, and supplementary pollination, are followed to achieve high outcrossing of the A line and thus a high seed yield of A x R hybrid. Seeds produced at IRRI using this system gave uniform hybrid crops during 1992 dry and wet seasons comparable with ones raised from seeds produced in isolated seed production plots. Seed yield in the A x R area was 50-70 g/m2 for the hybrid and 100-150 g/m2 for the R line. Yield from the R line border rows was about 5 t/ha.
Half of a 500-m2 hybrid rice seed production plot is allocated to plant A and R lines and half to pure R line. This plot will yield 12.5-17.5 kg hybrid seed (enough to plant 1 ha), and about 125 kg R line seed, which can be used as grain. As management improves, hybrid seed yields can be increased to 100-125 g/m2 ; thus the 500-m2 hybrid seed production plot can be reduced to 350-400 m2 . Farmers need to buy only 400 g of A line seed in this system. Although they can use their own R line seed, we advise them to buy 1 kg fresh R line seed every season to ensure seed purity. Public or private sector seed companies can produce foundation seed for A and R lines.
Two-line hybrid rice in China

Mao Chang-Xiang and Deng Xian-Lin, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, 410125 Changsha, Hunan, China
Table 1. PGMS and TGMS lines developed in China. Line 7001 S 5088 S 5047 S K9 S K14 S 5460 S 8902 S W6111 S Pei Ai 64 S An Nong S-1 545 S N8 S Heng Nong S-1 Type Japonica PGMS Japonica PGMS Japonica PGMS Indica TGMS Indica TGMS Indica TGMS Indica TGMS Indica TGMS Indica TGMS Indica TGMS Indica Indica Indica Indica TGMS TGMS TGMS TGMS Province in which developed An Hui Hubei Hubei Guang Xi Guang Xi Fujian Hubei Hubei Hubei Hunan Hunan Hunan Hunan Hunan
Chinese scientists have been working to develop two-line hybrid rice to increase yield and simplify the seed production
Table 2. Promising two-line hybrid rice being tested.
Hybrid K9 S/03 Pei Ai 64 S/ Xiang Zao Xian 1 Pei Ai 64 S/ Te Qing 2 W6154 S/ Te Qing 2 W6154 S/312 An Nong S-1/312 Heng Nong S-1/ Ming Hui 63 N8 S/Xiang 26 545 S/402 W6111 S/ Te Quing 2 5088 S/1514 5088 S/R9-1 5460 S/R9-1 W6154 S/ Vary Lava 1312 7001 S/ Lun Hui 422
Type Indica Indica Indica Indica Indica Indica Indica Indica Indica Indica Japonica Japonica Indica Indica Japonica
Province in which developed Guang Xi Hunan Hunan Hunan Hunan Hunan Hunan Hunan Hunan Hubei Hubei Hubei Fujian Fujian An Hui
process. Some photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterile (PGMS) lines, thermosensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines, and two-line hybrids have been successfully developed (Tables 1 and 2). Japonica mutant Nong Ken 58 S and indica mutants An Nong S- 1 and Heng Nong S-1 are the major sources of these PGMS and TGMS lines. Some of the promising two-line hybrids have been tested in on-farm and demonstration trials. They were cultivated on 100,000 ha in China during 1991-93. About 2 million ha are expected to be planted to the two-line hybrids by 1995.
Heterosis and combining ability evaluation of cytoplasmic male sterile (A) lines and restorer (R) lines
O. Watanesk, Chainat Rice Experiment Station, Chainat, Thailand
The general combining ability (GCA) of four A lines and five R lines and the specific combining ability (SCA), heterosis, heterobeltiosis, and standard heterosis of 20 F1 hybrids were studied in a line x tester mating design. The 31 treatments of 20 F1 s, 4 lines, 5 testers, and 2 traditional varieties (RD23 and
Table 1. General combining ability effects a of parents for grain yield and other characters. Chainat, Thailand, 1992 WS. Parent A lines CNTA-1 CNTA-7 CNTA-10 CNTA-34 SE R lines CNTLR80140-14-1-1-1 RD7 C4-63 SPRLR77034-PSL-17-1-1-1 SPRLR75055-352-2-1 SE
a
Grain yield 14.43 3.82 16.28 34.53* 13.89 28.03 127.49** 37.93* 52.53** 89.84** 15.53
Days to 50% flowering 2.40** 0.50* 1.85** 4.82** 0.25 1.32** 1.74** 1.76** 0.43 0.87** 0.28
Plant height 1.26* 0.99 3.51** 5.76** 0.72 8.74** 1.95* 4.97** 3.13** 8.63** 0.81
Tillers/ hill 0.34 0.19 0.16 0.01 0.31 1.04** 1.35** 0.08 0.45 0.85* 0.34
100-grain wt 0.02* 0.03** 0.01 0.06** 0.01 0.02** 0.05** 0.10** 0.03** 0.01 0.01
Spikelets/ panicle
% unfilled grain
Panicle length
4.60 10.71** 9.65** 24.95** 2.54 10.60** 5.15 7.65** 4.65 3.46 2.84
2.52* 1.44 0.66 4.62** 1.00 1.02 7.65** 5.61** 7.44** 4.79** 1.12
0.02 0.03 0.22 0.2 0.14 1.47** 0.45** 0.85** 0.78** 1.09** 0.15
*, ** = significant at the 5 and 1% levels, respectively.
Table 2. Heterosis (Ht), heterobeltiosis (Hb), and standard heterosis (Sh) in yield of the top 5 F1 hybrids at Chainat, Thailand, 1991 WS. Grain yield a (g/1.19 m 2) Grain yield (%) Ht Hb over RD23 CNTA-10/CNTLR80140-14-1-1-1 CNTA-10/SPRLR77034-PSL-17-1-1-1 CNTA-1/CNTLR80140-14-1-1-1 CNTA-7/SPRLR75055-352-2-1 CNTA-34/CNTLR80140-14-1-1-1 CNTA-1 CNTA-7 CNTA-10 CNTA-34 CNTLR80140-14-1-1-1 RD7 C4-63 SPRLR77034-PSL-17-1-1-1 SPRLR75055-352-2-1 RD23 SPR60 CV = 12.4 %
a
F 1 hybrid
Sh over SPR60 28.4 47.2 29.9 44.4 16.4
570.5 654.0 577.3 641.8 517.3 477 476.8 461.3 402.3 328.3 371.8 366.5 447.8 423.8 431.0 444.3
abcde a abcd ab cdefg defghi
44.5 43.9 43.8 42.5 41.6
23.7 41.8 21.0 34.6 28.6
32.4 51.7 33.9 48.9 20.0
C4-63 had the best GCA effect for early days to 50% flowering and spikelets/panicle, RD7 for 100-grain weight, and CNTLR80140-14-1-1-1 for tillers/hill. The F1 cross of CNTA- 10/ CNTLR80140-14-1-1-1 had the highest heterosis in yield at 44.5% (Table 2). CNTA-10/SPRLR77034-PSL-l7-1-1-1 had the highest heterobeltiosis at 41.8% and standard heterosis at 5 1.7% more than RD23 and 47.2% more than SPR60.
defghi fghijk hijkl I jkl jkl fghijk ghijkl ghijk fghijk
Isolation-free system for producing experimental hybrid rice seed for preliminary evaluation
S. S. Virmani and C. Casal, IRRI
ln a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
SPR60) were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications in 1992 wet season (WS). Each treatment (plot) was one row of 21 plants, one plant per hill, with 25- 25-cm spacing. Five plants from each plot were randomly measured for yield component analysis and 19 plants from 1.19 m2 for yield analysis. For the A lines, CNTA- 10 and CNTA-1 were good general combiners
6 IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)
for yield, plant height, and panicle length (Table 1). CNTA-1 had the best GCA effect for tillers/hill, CNTA-7 for spikelets/panicle, and CNTA-34 for early days to 50% flowering, 100-grain weight, and low % unfilled grain. For the R lines, SPRLR75055-352-2-1 and SPRLR77034-PSL-17-1-1-1 were good general combiners for yield, plant height, low % unfilled grain, and panicle length (Table 1).
Artificial hybridization is impractical when hundreds of hybrid combinations requiring thousands of seeds must be produced for yield testing each season. We developed an isolation-free system for producing experimental hybrid rice seed for evaluation in preliminary yield trials. In the system, various restorer (R) lines are grown side-by-side in 5- 3-m plots (see figure). On the four sides of each plot, four rows of R plants are planted at 20- 20-cm spacing to form a border to provide some isolation from adjoining plots. In the center of each plot are four 40-cm-wide vacant spaces, interspersed by single rows of R plants. The spaces can accommodate
We have been using the isolation-free seed production system at IRRI for the past three seasons. During 1992, we produced seeds of 103 experimental hybrids for evaluation in preliminary yield trials. Seed contamination was 0-8%, with a mean of 1.7%. We strongly recommend that hybrid rice breeders in national programs use this system for producing experimental hybrid rice seed for evaluation in preliminary yield trials.
Identifying maintainer and restorer lines for hybrid rice in Himachal Pradesh (HP), India
G. S. Oinam and R. P. Kaushik, Plant Breeding and Genetics Department, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidalaya (HPKV), Palampur 176062, HP, India
up to 68 cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) (A) plants at flowering (see figure). A lines of experimental hybrids are planted five times at an 8-10 d interval. This staggered planting ensures a continuous supply of flowering A plants to synchronize with the flowering of R lines in different seed production plots. A lines are planted upwind from R lines and near the seed production plots to facilitate the transport of plants. When primary tillers of A and R lines are at booting, their flag leaves are clipped. The two outermost border rows in the R plots are not clipped to demarcate the plots and to act as a barrier to pollen from adjoining plots. Three to five d after clipping, A plants are uprooted and relocated to the vacant spaces. Uprooting is done between 0630 h and 0800 h to reduce shock. A line plants are not used if more than 20% of their spikelets have already bloomed. Pollen dispersal is increased at peak anthesis (1030 h to 1 100 h) by shaking R line panicles with a bamboo stick. Pollen
Layout for isolationfree system for producing experimental rice hybrid seed.
Identifying maintainer and restorer lines in traditional varieties (TVs) and modern varieties (MVs) adapted to the agroclimatic conditions of HP is a prerequisite to initiating a hybrid rice program in the state. Cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line V20 A, which possesses wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm, seems ideally suited for this purpose.
Identified maintainer and restorer lines a of V20 A at HPKV, Palampur, HP, India, 1991 wet season. Cultivar Based on Pollen fertility M M M M M M M M M PR PR Spikelet fertility M M M M M M M M M PR PR PR PR PR PR
movement to the adjoining plots is minimized by disturbing only R plants immediately surrounding the A plants. Supplementary pollination is done for 5-7 d or until pollen of a R line is exhausted. R line plants from seed production plots are harvested first, followed by A plants bearing the (A R) F1 seeds. Two CMS lines yielded 4-5 g hybrid seed/plant during wet season and 7-10 g seed/plant during dry season using this system. Five to ten plants of a CMS line can produce 40 g of experimental hybrid seed for evaluation in an observation yield trial for two seasons. Twenty to 40 plants can produce 150 g experimental hybrid seed for evaluation in a replicated preliminary yield trial for two seasons.
Himdhan R575 Kaladhan CH1039 IR18482-Plp3-2-5-2 HPU2202 Debal HPU5101 CH988 K39 Himalaya 741 HPU799 HPU2216 lR9129-263-3-3-3-2-3-2 HPU5039-PIp13-4-4-6-3B
a
M = effective maintainer (0% fertility), PR = partial restorer (10-69% pollen fertility and 1079% spikelet fertility).
A set of 16 locally used TVs and MVs were crossed with V20 A, which was used as the female parent. Five spikelets were selected from each plant before anthesis and fixed in 70% alcohol. Two or three anthers from each spikelet were placed together on a glass slide and squashed in 1% iodine solution. Slides were screened for sterile/fertile pollen. Estimates were based on five panicles from bagged hybrid plants. Maintainers and restorers for V20 A were identified based on pollen and spikelet fertility (see table). Maintainers
were more frequent than restorers. Himdhan, R575, Kaladhan, CH1039, IR18482-Plp3-2-5-2, HPU2202, Debal, HPU5101, and CH988 had 100% pollen sterility and were identified as effective maintainers for V20 A. Pollen fertility did not show any correlation ( r = 0.24) with spikelet fertility. Therefore, spikelet fertility was used to identify restorers. Effective restorers have spikelet fertility of 80% and above. K39, Himalaya 741, HPU799, HPU2216, IR9129-263-3-3-3-2-3-2, and
HPU5039-Plp13-4-4-6-3B were classified as partial restorers, which means spikelet fertility is less than 80% but 10% or more. These findings indicate that effective maintainers are common among rice cultivars adapted to HP's conditions. New CMS lines possessing WA cytoplasm and from different genetic backgrounds can be developed by recurrent backcrossing procedure. Effective restorers for WA cytoplasm still need to be identified among locally adapted rice cultivars to develop heterotic rice hybrids.
Maintainers and restorers for four cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines
J. S. Bijral, K. S. Kanwal, and T. R. Sharma, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Regional Agriculture Research Station (RARS), R. S. Pura 181102, India
Maintainers and restorers for PMS-3 A, PMS-10 A, lR62829 A, and V20 A. a RARS, R. S. Pura, India, 1992 WS. Variety RR8585 IET10485 IET10749 IET11074 IET11831 IET12395 IET12403 IET13152 Kasturi R. Basmati Giza 14 (japonica) CMS lines PMS-3 A R M M M R PR M M M PMS-10 A R R M R M M M M M lR62829 A R PR M M PR M M M V20 A R R M M M
Screening elite breeding lines for effective and genetically diverse maintainers and restorers for different CMS lines is important in developing new CMS lines and productive hybrids. Short-, medium-, and long-duration rice cultivars were used as pollen parents for crossing with WA-type CMS lines PMS-3 A, PMS-10 A, IR62829 A, and V20 A. The F1 hybrids were evaluated for spikelet fertility during the 1992 wet season (WS). Rice cultivars with 80% or more spikelet fertility were classified as effective restorers, those with 1-79% as partial restorers, and those with less than 1% as effective maintainers. All the test cultivars except IET10485, IET11831, IETl2395, and RR8585 were identified as effective maintainers (see table). IET11831 proved to be an effective restorer for PMS-3 A and PMS-10 A, and a partial restorer for IR62829 A. IET10749 restored the fertility of PMS-10 A but maintained the sterility of PMS-3 A and IR62829 A. IET10485 and IET12395, however, partially restored the fertility of IR62829 A and PMS-3 A, respectively. Only RR8585 restored the fertility of all four CMS lines.
a R = restorer, PR = partial restorer, M = maintainer.
Identifying maintainers and restorers of cytoplasmic genetic male sterile (CMS) lines for hybrid rice breeding
D. M. Maurya, S. P. Giri, and A. K. Singh, Genetics and Plant Breeding Department, N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Masodha, P. O. Dabhasemar, Faizabad 224133, Uttar Pradesh (UP), India
sterility. The pollen parents and F1 s were transplanted together to determine maintainers and restorers. Panicles were bagged before emergence to avoid outcrossing. Spikelet fertility of F1 s and parents (l0 plants each) was recorded at the Crop Research Station (CRS), Masodha, Faizabad, during 1987-90 wet seasons
Table 1. CMS lines used in the study. CMS line V20A lR46830 A lR54752 A ES18 A Madhu A PragathiA Pushpa A Mangla A Origin China IRRI IRRI India India India India India Source of cytoplasm Wild abortive Wild abortive Wild abortive MS 577 MS 577 MS 577 MS 577 MS 577
We used 25 varieties as male parents to make 132 crosses with CMS lines V20 A, IR46830 A, IR54752 A, ES18 A, Madhu A, Pragathi A, Pushpa A, and Mangla A (Table 1) to identify maintainers and restorers with varying tolerance for agroclimatic stress and resistance to biotic stress. Pollen from each CMS line was tested with 1% iodine solution before crossing and found to have a high degree of
Table 2. Height, duration, and fertility of F1s test crops involving 8 CMS lines. a CRS, Masodha, Faizabad, UP, India, 1987-90 WS. 1987-88 Variety Narendra 1 Narendra 2 Narendra 80 Narendra 118 IR8 IR24 Saket 1 Saket 3 Saket 4 Sarjoo 52 Sattari Manhar Sita Madhuri Jaya Satha 34-36 China 4 Boro Gazipur Boro Mirzapur Jhona 349 Cauvery Govind Mahsuri T100 N22
a
1988-89 lR54752 A PM PR PR R PR PR R R R R PR R PM PM PM PR PR PM PR PM ES18 A PM PR PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM Madhu A PM PR PM PR PM PM PM PR PM PM PM PR PM PM PM PM PR PR PR PM
1989-90 Pragathi A PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM Pushpa A PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM Mangla A PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM
Height Dwarf Dwarf Tall Dwarf Dwarf Dwarf Tall Dwarf Dwarf Dwarf Dwarf Dwarf Dwarf Dwarf Dwarf Tall Tall Tall Tall Tall Dwarf Dwarf Tall Tall Tall
Duration Early Early Early Early Medium Medium Early Early Early Medium Early Medium Medium Early Medium Early Early Early Early Early Early Early Late Late Early
V20 A PM PR PR R PM R PR R PR PM PM PM R PR PM PR PM
lR46830 A PR PR PM PR R PR PM PR PR PM PM PM PM PR PM PM PR PR PR PR
R = restorer, PR = partial restorer, PM = partial maintainer.
(WS). Based on spikelet fertility of F1s, the rice varieties were categorized as effective restorers (80- 100% spikelet fertility), partial restorers (21-79% spikelet fertility), partial maintainers (2-20% spikelet fertility), and maintainers (0-1% spikelet fertility).
Narendra 118, Saket 4, and Satha 34-36 were identified as restorers for V20 A and IR54752 A, and IR24 for IR46830 A (Table 2). No varieties were identified as restorers for ES18 A, Madhu A, Pragathi A, Pushpa A, and Mangla A, and no varieties were identi-
fied as effective maintainers for any CMS lines in this study. Results indicate that CMS source wild abortive was genetically diverse from MS577.
Genotypic differences in embryogenic callus formation and plant regeneration in indica rice
G. S. Oinam and S. L. Kothari, Botany Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
Fifteen indica varieties were used for determining response to embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration (see table). Embryos were separated from mature, dehusked seeds that had been soaked in sterile distilled water for 24 h at 28 C. Embryos were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar adjusted
to pH 5.8 and supplemented with 2.5 mg 2,4-D/liter. We observed variations in culture responses among genotypes. Calli formed at the scutellar surface after 1 wk of culture. Himalaya 1 did not form any calli. Genotypes formed either embryogenic or nonembryogenic calli or both types. Embryogenic calli were compact, nodular, loosely globular, shiny, dry in appearance, and yellow to cream in color. Nonembryogenic calli were friable in appearance, white to brown in color, and occasionally developed roots. On the basis of embryogenic callus formation, Chambal, CH1039, HPU5039-Plp13-4-4-6-3B, Himdhan,
HPU5101, HPU2202, and IR18482Plp3-2-5-2 were selected for regeneration (see table). Four-week-old calli of these genotypes were maintained on MS medium supplemented with 2.5 mg 2,4-D/liter. For plant regeneration, calli (about 1.15 g from each callus) from the second subculture were plated onto MS medium supplemented with three levels of BAP (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/liter) and NAA (0.05,0.1, and 0.5 mg/liter) in various combinations. We observed that calli did not regenerate at 0.5 mg BAP/liter and 0.05 mg NAA/liter. At the higher level BAP and NAA combination, a high frequency of regeneration was observed in Chambal, CH1039, and Himdhan
Embryogenic and nonembryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration from indica rice genotypes. Genotype Callus type a Callus growthb Calli plated for regeneration (no.) Plants regenerated c (no.) Green Chambal CH1039 CH988 HPU5039-Plp13-4-4-6-3B HPU2216 HPU5101 HPU2202 Himalaya 1 Himalaya 741 Himdhan IR18482-Plp3-2-5-2 IR36 K39 Kaladhan R575 E E NE E NE E E NR NE E E NE NE NE NE +++ +++ ++ + ++ ++ +++ + +++ ++ + + +++ ++ (50) (50) (25) (12) (37) (17) (58) (25) (42) (8) (25) (37) (75) (8) 40 48 48 52 32 44 32 219 588 72 130 72 297 Albino 181
(see table). HPU5039-Plp13-4-4-6-3B, HPU2202, and HPU5101 regenerated into green plantlets but at a lower frequency. IR18482-Plp3-2-52 did not regenerate. Chambal, CH 1039, and Himdhan were considered more responsive than the others to callus formation and plant regeneration. Chambal had a high frequency of albino plants. The results indicate that embryogenic callus formation and plant regeneration ability vary among indica rice genotypes.
+ = poor, ++ = moderate, +++ =good to excellent, = not attempted. Values in parentheses indicate the percentage of response among replicates. c Plant regeneration medium = MS + 1.0 mg BAP/liter and 0.1 mg NAA/liter.
a Callus Induction medium = MS + 2.5 mg 2,4-D/liter. E = embryogenic callus, NE = nonembryogenic callus, NR = no response. b
Effect of interaction between genotype and culture medium on callus induction and plant regeneration of anther culture of Vietnamese indica rice (Oryza sativa L.)
M. Don Nguyen, Food Crops Research Institute, Hal Hung, Vietnam, and F. J. Zapata, IRRI
Table 1. Constituents of callus induction media. Medium (mg/liter) G1 KNO3 2830 463 170 185 440 4.4 1.5 6.2 0.83 0.025 0.025 0.025 37.25 27.85 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 500.00 100.0 2.0 2.5 40000 8000 5.8 Fj 3150 220 540 185 150 22.3 10.0 6.0 1.0 0.025 0.025 0.025 37.25 27.85 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 500.0 100.0 0.5 2.5 40000 8000 5.8 L8 3000 540 185 150 22.3 10.0 6.0 1.0 0.025 0.025 0.025 37.25 27.85 2.5 5.0 3.0 500.0 100.0 0.5 2.0 40000 8000 5.8
Constituent
We evaluated the response of 12 Vietnamese indica rice genotypes (including F1, promising lines, and varieties) to anther culture using several callus induction media (CIM) and plant regeneration media (PRM). Anther culture can complement the rice breeding program in Vietnam by offering the advantage of rapid achievement of homozygosity. Anthers with microspores at the miduninucleate to early binucleate stage of development were plated on CIM G1, Fj, and L8 (Table 1) at a density of 1.5 anthers/ml of medium. The plated anthers were incubated in the dark at 251C. Callus induction percentage was recorded 2 mo after culture and calculated as number of callus-producing anthers relative to total anthers plated. We transferred calli of 1-2 mm diameter to
(NH4)2SO4 KH2PO4 MgSO2 7H2O CaCI2 2H 2O MnSO4 4H 2O ZnSO4 7H 2O H3BO3 KI CuSO4 5H 2O CoCI2 .6H 2O NaMoO4 2H 2O Na2 EDTA FeSO4 7H 2O Glycine Thiamine-HCI Pyridoxine-HCI Nicotinic acid Lactalbumin Casein hydrolysate Inositol 2,4-D Naphthalene acetic acid Sucrose Agar PH
10
11 PRM for plant regeneration, which was calculated as number of calli producing green plants relative to total calli plated. Genotype and medium interaction showed significant effect on callus induction (Table 2). All genotypes responded with callus induction being genotype- and medium-dependent. Callus induction ranged from 1.8% in IR64DR2588-1-3-2 on G1 medium to 27.9% in Nep Hoa Vang on L8 medium. Among the three CIM tested, L8 gave the highest average callus induction of 19.5%, followed by G1 and Fj. Green plant production ranged from 13.3% in IR64DR2588-1-3-2 to 25.4% in IR8/828//Nep Ga Gay (Table 2). Significant effects of the interactions among genotypes, CIM, and PRM were observed. Among the PRM used, however, M6 medium (Murashige and
Table 2. Interaction between genotype and medium on callus induction and plant regeneration of indica rices.
Callus induction a (%) Genotype Fj C15/Nep Hoa Vang (F 1) C15/Nep Ga Gay (F 1) IR1529-680-3-2/Pelita (line) IR8/DU//IR529 (line) IR8/828//Nep Ga Gay (line) IR8/DU//C4-63///IR1569 (line) 184/IR8 (line) lR64/IR2588-1-3-2 (line) C10 (variety) Xuan So 4 (variety) Nep Hoa Vang (variety) Nep Ga Gay (variety) 4.8 efghijk 5.5 defghi 7.0 cde 4.9 efghijk 3.8 hijklmn 5.2 defghi 3.7 hijklmn 2.7 mno 5.7 cdefgh 13.2 a 7.8 bc 4.6 fghijkl 13.0 15.2 19.4 16.8 5.6 18.9 6.8 1.8 16.7 19.5 18.7 13.3 G1 cd bc ab abc L8 c c
Green plant regeneration b (%)
15.6 15.4 25.4 22.5 f 17.1 ab 22.1 ef 11.4 g 16.4 abc 11.2 a 24.1 ab 27.9 cd 24.6
17.7 cd de 15.1 f ab 13.3 b 17.9 cd c 25.4 a b 18.0 c d 21.7 b c 13.3 f d 16.3 cd ab 23.0 ab a 14.9 ef ab 17.5 cd
a Means in a column with the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. Means among CIM in b a row are separated using LSD
0.05
= 2.59.
The response for each variety is the mean of 11 PRM.
Skoog basal supplemented with 1.0 mg naphthalene acetic acid/liter and 8 mg kinetin/liter) produced the most green Good and high density grains (HDG) constituted 67% of total grains in Rasi at 15 DAPE (see table). This percentage increased towards maturity, although at 25 DAPE it nearly stabilized at 77% of the total grains/panicle. Unfilled grains constituted 16% of the total as early as 15 DAPE and declined gradually towards maturity. In Pusa 2-21, HDG made up about 55% of the total grains at 15 DAPE; this percentage remained almost stable until maturity. Pusa 743 has good grain type. The occurrence of good grains/panicle was almost stable around 20 DAPE, although at 15 DAPE, good grade grains were only 8.8% of the total. HDG/panicle was 9.2% at 20 DAPE, dropped, and then climbed to 10% at 35 DAPE.
plants. A total of 3211 green plants were regenerated from these materials; 40% of the regenerants produced seeds. In Pusa 169, unfilled grains coupled with poor and average grain accounted for 90% of total grains at 15 DAPE, but dropped to 71% at maturity. Good plus HDG grains made up 46% of total grains/panicle at 15 DAPE in Jaya and 65% at 30 DAPE. The appearance of this high percentage of good plus HDG at 15 DAPE indicates that this is a genotypic character distinct from large grain size and high total grains/panicle. Many HDG appeared as early as 15 DAPE in short-duration cultivars such as Rasi and Pusa 2-21. HDG was barely evident up to 30 DAPE in mediumduration cultivars, such as Pusa 169 and Pusa 743. These results suggest that grain filling may be a predetermined phenomenon or a genotypic character.
Yield potential
Different grades of grain occur during grain filling in short- and medium-duration rice
N. M. Chau and S. C. Bhargava, Plant Physiology Division, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 11001 2, lndia
We graded grain during grain filling in five rice cultivars in 199 1 kharif (monsoon) season at IARI. Panicles emerging synchronously from the main tillers were labeled. Five panicles per cultivar were collected at a 5-d interval from 15 to 35 d after panicle emergence (DAPE). Panicles were threshed and graded by specific gravity method.
Number and percentage of different grades of grain/panicle at successive growth stages during grain filling. IARI, New Delhi, India, 1991 kharif. High density grains/ panicle no. 15 20 25 30 35 80 96 91 59 104 %b (58.4) (62.3) (64.5) (48.8) (61.9) Good grains/ panicle no. 12 12 18 43 31 % (8.8) (7.8) (12.8) (35.5) (18.5) no. 8 8 7 4 7 Av grains/ panicle % (5.8) (5.2) (5.0) (3.3) (4.2) Poor grains/ panicle no. 16 16 8 4 11 % (11.4) (10.4) (5.7) (3.3) (6.5) Unfilled grains/ panicle no. 21 22 17 11 15 % (15.6) (14.3) (12.0) (9.1) (8.9) Total grains/ panicle (no.) 137 154 141 121 168
Cultivar
DAPE a
Rasi
continued on next page
11
From page 11 High density grains/ panicle no. 83 105 94 73 81 0.3 14 2 2 13 0.3 2 1 1 7 12 16 34 33 41 %b (55.2) (59.3) (59.9) (50.0) (51.3) (0.2) (9.2) (1.3) (1.4) (10.0) (0.2) (1.2) (0.5) (0.7) (3.6) (7.2) (8.7) (17.7) (18.6) (22.0) Good grains/ panicle no. 2 4 16 13 30 15 78 74 72 59 19 50 27 25 50 65 73 85 82 76 % (1.3) (2.3) (10.2) (8.9) (19.0) (8.8) (51.3) (47.1) (50.7) (45.7) (10.3) (30.7) (14.4) (17.6) (25.4) (39.2) (39.4) (44.3) (46.3) (40.9) Av grains/ panicle no. 4 4 12 11 15 35 7 38 3 17 32 12 46 45 30 22 27 16 17 16 % (2.7) (2.7) (7.6) (7.5) (9.5) (20.6) (4.6) (24.2) (19.1) (13.2) (17.4) (7.4) (24.5) (31.7) (15.2) (13.3) (14.8) (8.3) (9.6) (8.6) Poor grains/ panicle no. 10 32 26 35 25 48 24 18 9 15 40 15 27 25 46 18 21 27 33 33 % (6.9) (18.2) (16.6) (24.0) (15.8) (28.2) (15.8) (11.5) (6.3) (11.6) (21.7) (9.2) (14.4) (17.6) (23.4) (10.8) (11.5) (14.0) (18.6) (17.7) Unfilled grains/ panicle no. 51 32 9 14 7 72 29 25 32 25 93 84 87 46 64 49 46 30 12 20 % (33.9) (18.1) (5.8) (9.6) (4.4) (42.3) (19.1) (15.9) (22.5) (19.4) (50.5) (51.5) (46.3) (32.4) (32.5) (29.5) (25.1) (15.6) (6.8) (10.8) Total grains/ panicle (no.) 150 177 157 146 158 170 152 157 142 129 184 163 188 142 197 166 183 192 177 186
Cultivar Pusa 2-21
DAPE a 15 20 25 30 35 15 20 25 30 35 15 20 25 30 35 15 20 25 30 35
Pusa 743
Pusa 169
Jaya
a DAPE = d after panicle emergence. b Numbers in parentheses indicate percentage of total grains/panicle.
Pest resistance diseases

Using pedigree analysis to identify sources of resistance to rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV)
F. Cuevas-Perez, Apartado Aereo 67-13, Cali, Colombia; C. Ventura-Flores, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Chiclayo, Peru; and F. Correa-Victoria, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Rice Program, Cali, Colombia
RHBV is the only virus disease of rice in the western hemisphere. It is restricted to Latin America. The insect Tagosodes orizicolus (Muir) transmits RHBV. To identify the original sources of resistance, we searched the literature for varieties and lines reported as resistant or moderately resistant to RHBV and conducted pedigree analyses. Cultivars reported to have some degree of resistance, their parents with unknown reaction, and some landraces contributing to the pedigrees were evaluated in the greenhouse for their
reaction to RHBV. Cages (2 1 1 m) with capacity for 180 pots, each containing 10 plants, were used. Ten pots with 15-d-old plants of each genotype were randomly distributed within the cage and exposed for 5 d to a colony of the insect vector with at least 70% of the individuals carrying the virus. Each plant was assessed for disease symptoms 15 d after exposure. Eight of the nine varieties or lines previously reported as resistant to RHBV showed infections of less than 30%, which is the accepted resistance level (see table). The susceptible reaction of line IR1721-146-4-3 was reconfirmed by the performance of its parents, Oryza nivara and IR24, and its other ancestors, B5580A1-15 and Sigadis (parents of IR127, used to develop IR24), suggesting the lack of genetic sources of resistance. One accession of Agostano and Balilla and both of Blue Rose and Takao Iku 18 showed a reaction similar to that of the resistant check. It can be inferred that
Colombia 1 carries the resistance genes of Takao Iku 18 because its other parent, Napal, was reported as susceptible when released. Genes of Agostano (and possibly Balilla and Blue Rose) could be responsible for the resistance of Diamante, and ICA10 could be a source of the resistance genes coming from PI215936. Lacrosses pedigree analysis showed that its ancestors were Colusa, Blue Rose, Shoemed, and Fortuna; the observed resistance could come from the first two varieties. Doing the same exercise with the Oryzica varieties, Takao Iku 18 appears to be the most probable source of resistance. For Llanos 4, Taichung 6.5 and Makalioka might have contributed resistance genes through IRAT122 (Chianan 8/Makalioka). Pedigree analysis can be used to identify major sources of resistance and to help select parents that enable diverse genes to be incorporated into a breeding program. Pedigree analysis reduces the crosses needed to determine the relationship among the resistance sources identified.
12
Description of rice varieties and lines previously reported to be at least moderately resistant to RHBV, their ancestors, and Percentage of Plants with RHBV symptoms. Name Origin Designation Cross Reaction to RHBV (% of affected plants) 3.9 3.8 2.2 28.0 72.9 7.4 23.6 4.4 0.8 0.7 61.7 88.3 6.4 8.3 0.9 78.5 97.9 3.7 6.1 5.7 6.6 83.3 19.8 3.3 62.5 13.0 75.6 2.0 5.0 83.6
Colombia 1 Diamante ICA10 INIAP415 Lacrosse Oryzica 1 Oryzica Llanos 4 Oryzica Llanos 5 Agostano Agostano Balilla Balilla Blue Rose Blue Rose IR24 Oryza nivara PI215936 PI215936/CI9214 Takao Iku 18 Takao Iku 18
Colombia Chile Colombia Ecuador IRRI USA Colombia Colombia Colombia Italy Hungary Italy Italy USA USA Philippines India China USA China China USA China USA USA Madagascar Indonesia China Colombia USA
Varieties and lines T319E-2M-2M-lM-lM Napal/Takao Iku 18 Agostano/Blue Rose//Balilla P1-2-2-2-1 British Guyana 79/(PI215936 CI9124) T112D-7P-5T P1042-2-3-1B P738-137-4/P723-40-3-1 lR24*3/ O.nivara lR1721-146-4-3 Sel. no. 250-121 2913A5-1-3/ALll-l P1429-8-9M-16 P1223/P1225 CR 1113/1RAT 122//Colombia1/P1274-6-8M P5413-8-3-5-11 Colombia l/P1274-6-8M*2//P2060F4-25-2 CT5747-24-5-4-2 Acc. 3135 Acc. 9334 Ace. 3098 Ace. 3107 Ace. 1731 Ace. 1732 lR661-1-140-3 Acc. 101508 Acc. 146 Ace. 11394 Ace. 3037 Ace. 6923 Acc. Acc. Acc. Acc. Acc. Acc. 6993 90 1714 1708 5324 79 Parents IR8/IR127-2-2 Other ancestors Century Patna/SLO 17 Taichung 65//Mitsui/Oloanchu Bluebonnet/Benong Shinriki/Kameji Checks Napal/Takao Iku 18 Rexoro/Fortuna
B5580AL-1-15 Chianan 8 Colusa Fortuna Makalioka Sigadis Taichung 65
(CP-SLO)
Colombia 1 (resistant) Bluebonnet 50 (susceptible)
T319E-2M-2M-lM-lM
Detection of rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) in asymptomatic leaves of tungro-infected rice plants by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
S. R. Venkitesh, R. W. Briddon, and P. G. Markham, Virus Research Department, John lnnes Institute, John lnnes Centre for Plant Science Research, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
We have detected the presence of RTBV and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) in infected TN1 rice plants by antibody fragment F(ab)2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 1 wk after
inoculation. Green leafhoppers Nephotettix virescens (Distant) were given an acquisition access period of 72 h on plants infected with both rice tungro disease (RTD) viruses and a transmission access period of 24 h on 2-wk-old rice seedlings (2 d-leaf stage). Infected plants were grouped, following F(ab) 2 ELISA tests, for the presence of RTSV (S) or RTBV (B) alone or RTD (B+S) in the newly emerged leaf. RTDinfected rice seedlings were dissected 1 wk after inoculation (3 d-leaf stage) into individual leaves, stem apex, and roots. Each part was then tested for the presence of RTSV or RTBV by F(ab)2 ELISA and for the presence of RTBV DNA by PCR.
The presence of viral coat proteins varied in different plant parts (Fig. 1). One wk after inoculation, detectable amounts of RTSV and RTBV viral coat proteins were found in the newly emerged leaf (leaf 3), stem apex, and roots. Among the symptomless leaves (those which emerged before the insect inoculation), very few (3 out of 20) contained detectable amounts of RTSV coat proteins. Neither virus was detectable by F(ab)2 ELISA in most of them. Two plants showing a typical pattern of virus distribution by F(ab)2 ELISA (Fig. 1c) were dissected and tested by PCR (Fig. 1d). PCR showed the presence of RTBV DNA in symptomless leaves of these plants.
13
1. Viral coat proteins in different plant parts as detected by ELSA and PCR.
and 2 = leaves emerged before Insect Inoculation; 3 = newly emerged leaf after Insect Inoculation. NV = no virus (es) detected; B = RTBV; S = RTSV, B+ S= RTBV+ RTSV b 20 RTD-infected plants were dissected into five parts (leaves 1, 2, and 3, stem apex, and roots). c Out of 20 RTD-infected plants, dissected parts of two plants were tested by PCR
a1
~~
In RTD-infected plants, RTBV DNA was detected in all parts of the infected plant by PCR. The PCR technique is much more sensitive than F(ab')2 ELISA for
detecting the presence of RTBV in symptomatic and symptomless plant tissue. Oligonucleotide primers were designed to the published sequence of RTBV. The
plus strand primer (5'GAGCGCTGATTACCCAACTTTCAAGG-3') and minus strand primer (5'-GGAGTAGAATACTCCACAACCGGCG-3') were complementary to regions of the P12 and P194 open reading frames, respectively, and amplified an 827-bp fragment of RTBV DNA. PCR reaction conditions were standard with a typical input of 100 ng of total nucleic acid extract of rice plant tissue and 50 nM primers. PCR reaction products were resolved on 1% agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide (Fig. 2).
Reaction of rice varieties/lines to bakanae and foot rot disease under greenhouse condition. Variety Fine grain Basmati 370 Basmati 6129 Basmati 198 Basmati 385 4048 1053-32 4439 1053-1-2 33608 Basmati C-622 Medium grain Shadab Iran PK3303-15-1 DR83 Jhona 349 IR8 IR6 IR9 KS282 PK1399-12-1-1-0-6 Disease incidence (%) 1990 16.7 8.3 0.0 58.3 50.0 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1991 92.4 77.0 38.5 84.7 100.0 92.4 15.4 84.7 100.0 100.0 0.0 92.4 0.0 30.8 100.0 0.0 7.7 0.0 0.0 7.7 1992 15.40 69.20 54.6 46.2 61.5 0.0 0.0 7.7 7.7 46.2 0.0 30.8 0.0 0.0 38.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Evaluation of resistance to bakanae and foot rot disease

M. A. Gill, S. I. Yasin, T. Z. Khan, O. Ahsanullah, and M. A. Butt, Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Lahore, Pakistan
2. PCR products resolved in 1% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. Markers: lane 1 = uninfected extract; lane 2 = no DNA; lanes 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 = extracts from stem apex, dissected leaves no. 3, 2, 1, and roots.
Bakanae and foot rot disease, caused by Fusariwn moniliforme Sheld., appeared in patches on Basmati 385 in farmers fields during 1989. The disease developed further because no control measures were adopted. None of the Basmati 385 fields surveyed during 1991 were disease-free in Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, and Sialkot districts, which make up the traditional rice-growing area in the Punjab. Disease incidence ranged from 5 to 90%. To overcome the disease problem through resistant varieties, 10 fine-grain and 10 medium-grain varieties/lines were screened in the greenhouse during 1990-92. Soil was infected with the diseased plant debris and F. moniliforme culture grown on wheat grains. During 1990 and 1992, the inoculum potential
14
was kept low, while it was doubled in 1991 to test the resistance in the materials. Seedlings were transplanted at 40 d. Elongation/mortality of the seedlings started 2 wk later. Data were recorded 1 1/2 mo after transplanting (see table). Among the fine-grain varieties/lines,
Basmati 370,4439, 1053-1-2, 1053-32, and 33608 showed resistance under low inoculum potential and high incidence under high inoculum potential. These varieties can be grown in fields with low soil infestation. Basmati 385, Basmati 6129, and 4048 are susceptible under all
conditions and should be avoided. Medium-grain varieties/lines IR6, IR8, IR9, Shadab, KS282, PK3303-15-1, and PK 1399-12-1-1-0-6were highly resistant and can be grown successfully in severely infested fields.
Pathological constraints on hybrid rice production technology

R. C. Sharma, G. S. Sidhu, T. S. Bharaj, and H. L. Sharma, Department of Seed Science and Technology (DSST), Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
Preliminary observations during 1989 kharif (monsoon) season revealed a higher incidence of Fusarium sheath rot (FShR), caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheld., and kernel smut Tilletia barclayana (Bref.) Sacc. & Syd. on cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines than on their corresponding maintainers. We have since been observing these diseases under natural field conditions at
Percent incidence of kernel smut on CMS lines and hybrid rice and their corresponding maintainers, restorers, and inbred rice varieties.a Kapurthala, India, 1991. Entry Incidence (%) Incidence on corresponding maintainer line (%) 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.2 0.8 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.3
Regional Rice Research Station, Kapurthala, and at DSST research farms. To assess FShR severity, we randomly selected 100 tillers at five nearly equally spaced spots in a seed production plot. Disease intensity was scored on a 0-4 scale where 0 = no infection and 4 = maximum infection where no panicle emerged. We detected kernel smut by soaking 5,000 seeds of each sample in sodium hydroxide (0.2%) solution for 20 h at 25C. Seeds were then washed thoroughly and spread out on blotting paper for examination. Kernel smut and FShR were generally more severe on CMS lines and hybrid rice compared with their corresponding maintainers, restorers, and inbred rice varieties (see table). Kernel smut incidence was as high as 9.5-15.0% in CMS
lines. FShR intensity was 33.1-42.4% in CMS lines and 15.4-19.3% in maintainers, restorers, and inbred rice varieties. Panicles of CMS lines are enclosed in sheaths longer than panicles of other types of rice plants, thus providing favorable conditions for disease development. Nonexsertion of CMS panicles was 11.2-16.8% compared with 2.4-5.8% in the other groups. The high degree of susceptibility of CMS lines to FShR and kernel smut might become a limiting factor in hybrid seed production and perhaps commercial hybrid yields. Transferring genes imparting resistance or partial resistance to kernel smut to CMS lines might be useful. We are exploring the use of chemical seed treatment and foliar sprays to check the disease.
CMS line PMS1 A PMS2 A PMS3 A PMS4 A PMS5 A PMS6 A PMS7 A PMS8 A PMS9 A PMS10 A Hybrid rice PAU2 A/1126-1-1 PMS8 A/1106-6-2 PMS8 A/31432 PMS8 A/1126-15-3
9.5 10.7 15.0 2.9 4.8 0.9 4.6 13.9 0.5 7.5 5.8 10.2 5.1 10.0
High-yielding, brown planthopper (BPH)-resistant varieties developed at Maruteru, Andhra Pradesh (AP), India
Y. Suryanarayana, P. S. Rao, N. S. R. Reddy, K. R. K. Murthy, P. S. N. Murthy, I. N. Rao, and V. R. Rao, Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Maruteru 5341 22, AP, India
a Kernel smut incidence was 0.05-1.7% on restorer lines and 0.08-0.68% on inbred rice varieties (grown next to CMS lines) PR106, PR108, PR109, Jaya, Basmati 370, and Basmati 385. Incidence in Pusa Basmati No. 1 was 1.3%.
Severe BPH damage that led to hopperbum was noticed in AP in 1976. Since then, BPH has been a recurring problem in both wet (WS) and dry (DS) seasons in rice areas of East and West Godavari, Krishna, and Guntur districts. Yield losses due to BPH have ranged from 10 to 100%. Developing BPH-resistant varieties is environment friendly and offers economic savings for farmers. Resistant donors ARC6650 and ARC5984 and popular high-yielding local variety
Sowbhagya were used in a breeding program for BPH resistance that began in the late 1970s at ARS. Selection was exercised in segregating populations of crosses Sowbhagya/ARC6650 and Sowbhagya/ARC5984, resulting in the release of six promising BPH-resistant varieties during 1986-91 (see table). Farmers of Krishna and Godavari deltas are growing these varieties during WS on 1 million ha. They were proven superior in several yield evaluation trials at state and national levels, including the All India Coordinated Trials.
15
Characters and BPH resistance score for varietiesa bred at ARS, Maruteru, AP, India.
Variety MTU5249 (Vajram) MTU5293 (Prathiba) MTU2067 (Chaitanya) MTU2077 (Krishnaveni) MTU5182 (Nandi) MTU4870
Parentage Sowbhagya/ ARC6650 Sowbhagya/ ARC6650 Sowbhagya/ ARC5984 Sowbhagya/ ARC5984 Sowbhagya/ ARC6650 Sowbhagya/ ARC6650
Yield (t/ha) 6.0 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.0 6.0
Crop duration (d) 150 165 155 155 150 150 150
Plant height (cm) 100 115 110 110 110 110 105
Panicles (no./m 2) 343 364 390 405 350 384 360
Test weight (g) 21.0 21.1 21.5 19.7 20.7 22.2 20.0
Seed dormancy (wk) 4 2 4 4 3 5 3
Grain type b MS MS MS MS MS MS MS
Reaction to BPH in fieldc 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 8.0
Year of release 1986 1986 1988 1989 1991
Swarna (susceptible check)
a All varieties have white kernels. b MS = medium slender. c Scored using Standard evaluation system for rice scale of 0-9.
Pest resistanceother pests

Susceptibility of wild rice species to nematode Meloidogyne graminicola
E. B. Gergon and J.-C. Prot, IRRI
We tested 15 accessions of 10 wild rice species to locate sources of resistance to the rice root knot nematode, M. graminicola. Eight-day-old seedlings of Oryza australiensis from Australia; O. barthii and O. brachyantha from Africa; O. latifolia from South and Central America; and O. minuta, O. nivara, O. officinalis, O. rhizomatis, O. ridleyi, and O. rufipogon from Asia were infested with 1,000 2d-stage juveniles of M. graminicola from a culture maintained on cultivar IR72 in a greenhouse. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design, with six replications, in a greenhouse using 60-cm long, 10-cm diameter PVC tubes filled with 6 kg of sterilized soil. Six plants of each accession were grown under upland conditions and watered daily. Roots were collected 48 d after infestation. Second-stage juveniles were extracted by placing the roots in a misting chamber for 7 d. Results were analyzed
using ANOVA and DMRT. M. graminicola reproduced on all of the wild rice species tested, indicating that none were resistant to the parasite (see table). Different degrees of susceptibility, however, were observed.
Average number of M. graminicola 2d-stage juveniles recovered from 1 g of root. Wild rice species tested (accession no.) M. graminicola juveniles recovered from 1 g of root a (av no.) 10236 1672 5855 761 505 469 1362 1024 3209 238 650 452 872 965 396 a c
O. australiensis and O. brachyantha allowed greater reproduction of the parasite than did the other accessions. We will need to test other wild rice species and accessions of species previously tested to determine whether absolute resistance to rice root knot nematode exists in the genus Oryza.
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O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O.
australiensis (100882) barthii (101827) brachyantha (101232) latifolia (100914) latifolia (105141) latifolia (105142) minuta (101141) nivara (103422) nivara (103839) officinalis (100896) rhizomatis (105432) ridleyi (100821) rufipogon (100692) rufipogon (103817) rufipogon (104453)
b a a a a a ab a a a a a a
a Av of six replications. Averages followed by the same
letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
16
Stress toleranceadvance soils

Comparative studies of germination and seedling growth of some salt-tolerant selections at different salinity levels
S. Gupta, Field Crop Research Station, Burdwan, West Bengal, lndia
Ten salt-tolerant selections, identified and developed in the IRRI-India Collaborative Program at Kakdwip, were tested for their tolerance for high salinity during germination and seedling stages. These included eight accessions, two traditional improved selections (Hamilton, from local variety Nona Bokra, and Matla, from local variety Getu) widely grown under tidal wetland situation, a resistant check (SR26-B), and a susceptible check (Jaya). We arranged 50 seeds of each line on glass plates and conducted a germination test following the method of Dasgupta et al (1976). In separate procedures, the bottoms of the glass plates were immersed in one of the
following treatments: distilled water (Tl), saline water from a local estuary diluted with distilled water to have an electrical conductivity (EC) of 7.8 dS/m (T2), and saline water from the estuary without dilution that had an EC of 14.6 dS/m (T3). The experiment was replicated three times. Effects of salt concentrations on plant characters were analyzed statistically (see table). Germination was significantly reduced in only two entries-IR52712B-B-33-B-B-CN-3 and IR49737-B-B29-B-B-CN-1-when salinity was increased from 0 to 7.8 dS/m. Germination was significantly reduced in selections IR527 12-B-B-33-B-B-CN-3, IR52713-B-B-19-B-B-CN-4, IR49737B-B-29-B-B-CN-1, and SR26-B at higher salinity (EC 14.6 dS/m). Germination percentage in other entries remained almost constant across salinity levels. Significant increase in root length at 7.8 dS/m was observed in IR4630-22-51-CN-940, IR5 1194-CN-930-44-16-B, and IR52713-B-B-19-B-B-CN-4, but at
14.6 dS/m, root growth was significantly reduced in IR52713-B-B-19-B-BZN-4. Root growth was almost unafFected-even at the high salinity levelin Hamilton, Matla, and IR52712-B-B33-B-B-CN-3. Root growth decreased steadily in IR31376-1-2-2-2-2-4-1 with the increase in salinity level. Shoot length generally decreased with increasing salinity; this tendency was most conspicuous in Jaya and IR31376-1-2-2-2-2-4-1. Shoot growth remained almost unaffected across salinity levels in other entries. Dry matter accumulation in general was not affected by salinity, except in LR52712-B-B-33-B-B-CN-3, IR52713B-B-19-B-B-CN-4, and Hamilton. In LR49737-B-B-29-B-B-CN-1 and SR26-B, it increased constantly with the increase in salinity. IR4630-22-5-1-CN-940 was comparatively more tolerant of high levels of salinity during germination and seedling growth stages than the other entries.
Comparative performance of entries under different salinity levels a during germination and seedling stages.
Comparative performance with respect to character Germination (%) T1 84.4 IR13198-66-2-CN 939-2-1 88.1 lR4630-22-5-1-CN-940 84.1 lR51194-CN-930-44-16-8 93.5 IR41213-6-6-3-B-6-CN-107 90.4 lR31376-1-2-2-2-2-4-1 81.8 IR52712-B-B-33-6-6-CN-3 91.0 IR52713-6-B-19-6-B-CN-4 94.3 lR49737-6-6-29-6-B-CN-l 92.2 Hamilton 95.2 Matla 89.1 Jaya (susceptible check) 93.1 SR26-B (resistant check) CV (%) for treatments CV (%) for selections LSD (treatments) at P (0.01) LSD (selections) at P (0.01) T2 82.2 89.3 87.2 92.7 87.7 74.0 91.0 72.8 89.5 91.6 90.5 88.4 2.2 3.0 7.1 5.4 T3 81.2 86.0 82.2 92.7 86.0 65.0 82.5 69.9 87.3 90.2 82.2 83.9 Mean root length (cm) T1 12.1 10.2 8.9 16.8 19.1 6.9 6.8 8.6 15.3 15.2 12.1 16.3 T2 14.7 16.3 14.4 13.7 15.7 8.3 11.2 9.8 14.2 18.7 13.4 17.3 9.3 16.6 4.4 4.4 T3 Mean shoot length (cm) T1 T2 6.8 8.1 8.7 9.6 10.5 6.8 6.5 5.6 11.2 12.0 5.1 9.8 10.4 13.6 3.1 2.4 T3 5.4 8.2 7.8 9.5 8.2 5.1 4.9 4.8 9.7 8.1 3.6 7.3 Dry wt per plant (mg) T1 12.83 14.10 12.60 32.60 27.07 21.09 20.23 28.23 19.80 30.77 38.23 44.63 T2 14.87 16.03 14.40 39.43 25.87 21.70 20.17 31.33 12.33 32.93 36.70 46.97 8.7 10.5 8.1 5.5 T3 11.67 13.70 12.33 32.20 22.70 12.03 9.50 32.46 10.27 32.80 29.77 49.37 Normal seedlings germinated (%) T1 80.3 85.7 84.3 89.6 81.6 71.8 92.0 83.4 76.6 80.5 79.9 78.1 T2 75.3 83.5 84.6 78.0 84.5 62.7 84.7 65.6 77.2 83.1 74.3 74.6 3.7 2.9 10.3 4.5 T3 41.6 71.0 55.4 69.2 77.4 54.0 56.4 68.1 58.4 67.7 60.9 62.2
Entry
11.2 6.5 14.3 6.8 15.7 6.2 13.7 11.3 12.4 12.6 9.9 7.0 6.4 6.3 7.4 5.7 15.8 11.6 14.9 9.0 9.1 7.5 9.4 13.4
a T1 = distilled water, T2 and T3 = saline water collected from local estuary with EC value of 7.8 and 14.6 dS/m, respectively.
17
Integrated germplasm improvementirrigated

ADT41 (JJ92), a shortduration Basmati rice for Tamil Nadu, India
S. Vairavan, S. Arumugachamy, P. Vivekanandan, A. P. M. Kirubhakaran Soundararaj. S. Giridharan, S. Palanisamy, A. Abdul Kareem, and S. Chelliah, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India Table 2. Morphological and grain quality characters of ADT41 (JJ92). Character Plant height (cm) Days to maturity (d) 1,000-grain wt (g) Head rice recovery (%) Grain length (mm) Grain length -breadth ratio Grain length after cooking (mm) Grain elongation ratio Volume expansion (g/g) Gelatinization temperature a (alkali score) Aroma
a
ADT41 95 110 24.2 55.7 8.3 4.3 11.4 1.4 4.6 6 Mild
Pusa Basmati 1 90 130 18.8 44.8 7.4 4.2 12.0 1.7 4.5 2 Mild
Basmati minimum acceptable standard >40.0 6.5 3.5 10.0 >1.5 3.7 5-6 Fine, appealing smell
Basmati rices are reputed for their aroma and quality. Traditional Basmati rices are tall, low-yielding, photoperiodsensitive, and susceptible to insect pests, diseases, and lodging. High-yielding Basmati varieties are cultivated in northwestern India. ADT41, popularly known as JJ92, is a semidwarf Basmati developed at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TNRRI), Aduthurai. It is a selection from a dwarf mutant of Basmati 370. It matures early (110 d), has acceptable Basmati rice quality, and is nonlodging and photoperiod-insensitive. It is moderately resistant to blast but susceptible to brown planthopper, leaffolder, bacterial blight, and bacterial leaf streak. ADT41 yielded a mean of 4.2 t/ha in 44 trials at research stations and on farms (Table 1). The highest grain yield obtained was 10.6 t/ha in the Adaptive Research Trial, Kodumudi. Most of the grain quality characteristics of ADT41 are comparable with those of Pusa Basmati 1, a high-yielding variety grown in northern India. ADT41 conforms to the minimum acceptable standards for Basmati quality (Table 2),
Table 1. ADT4l (JJ92) yields in Tamil Nadu, India. Type of trial and year TNRRI, Aduthurai, 1990-92 Multilocation trial, 1991 Demonstration, at research stations, 1992 On-farm trial, 1992 Adaptive research trial, 1992 Total/mean Trials (no.) 4 4 8 8 20 44 Av grain yield (t/ha) 3.9 3.0 3.7 4.6 5.8 4.2
Scored using the Standard evaluation system for rice.
with grain length and L-B ratio much higher than the minimum standards. Cooked rice length averaged 11.4 mm. The mildly scented rice is soft and not sticky, making it well-suited for specialty rice products.
The Tamil Nadu State Variety Release Committee has released ADT41 (5592) for general cultivation during kharif (monsoon) season in Tamil Nadu.
Mahsuri derivatives developed: Kushal, Maniram, Bahadur, and Ranjit

T. Ahmed, D. K. Baruah, K. K. Sarmah, P. K. Pathak, H. C. Bhattacharyya, S. Ali, and A. K. Pathak, Regional Agricultural Research Station, (RARS) Assam Agricultural University, Titabar 785630, India
Kushal, Maniram, Bahadur, and Ranjit have been recommended for flood-free rainfed lowlands during winter season in
Table 1. Main characteristics of varieties. Character Height (cm) Duration (d) Panicle length (cm) 1,000-grain wt (g) Hulling (%) Milling (%) Head rice (%) Amylose content (%) Grain length (mm) L-B ratio Kushal 116 150 25.8 23.1 78.0 72.0 63.0 22.67 5.8 3.4
Assam. They were developed by crossing Pankaj and Mahsuri. The varieties are free of some of the undesirable traits of Mahsuri. They are fertilizer-responsive and moderately resistant to shattering. Kushal, Maniram, and Bahadur are resistant to blast. Important characteristics and yield data are presented in Tables 1 and 2.
Maniram 105 150 26.5 21.6 79.5 73.0 62.0 20.12 5.6 3.3
Bahadur 114 155 27.7 20.2 79.0 71.0 64.0 22.71 5.5 3.6
Ranjit 99 155 27.5 17.4 79.5 68.0 57.0 22.99 5.4 3.5
18
Table 2. Yield data of the Mahsuri-derived varieties under multilocational testing. Assam, India, 1989-91. Yield (t/ha) Variety Kushal Maniram Bahadur Ranjit Mahsuri (check) 5.8 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.2 Titabara 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.2 North Lakhimpur a 5.8 5.4 5.3 4.0 Pambari b 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.2 Tinsukia b 6.1 5.5 6.1 4.2 2.5 Kalachand b 4.5 4.9 4.5 4.4 Mahakal b 2.5 3.1 3.3 3.9 2.3 North Lakhimpur b 5.5 4.7 6.5 5.8 4.0 Nowgaon b 6.3 6.0 5.3 6.1 4.0
a RARS. b Field trial station. All tests were conducted in 1991 except those in Titabar, which were in 1989 and 1990.
On-farm evaluation of rice cultivars for spring season in the lower hills of Chitwan, Nepal
J. Timsina, F. P. Neupane, G. K. Shrestha, B. B. S. Dongol, R. C. Sharma, N. P. Joshi, and N. K. Mishra, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
Table 1. Mean grain yield and other agronomic characters a of 6 early rice cultivars grown in 7 farmers' fields. Chitwan, Nepal, Mar-Jul 1992. Cultivar Chaite-2 Chaite-4 Ghaiya-2 Radha-2 Radha-32 Farmers' variety b CV (%) Productive tillers/m 2 (no.) 75 73 74 58 75 84 21.2 ab ab ab b ab a Nonproductive Grains/ tillers/m 2 panicle (no.) (no.) 7 11 8 6 7 8 48.2 ab a ab b ab ab 115 a 95 b 106 ab 95 b 106 ab 112 a 13.1 Days to heading (no.) 66 a 58 c 62 b 53 d 63 b 56 ab 3.6 Days to maturity (no.) Grain yield (t/ha)
Most farmers in the village of Kholaghari and a few in the village of Daletar in Chitwan, Nepal, have farmer-managed irrigation systems and can grow irrigated transplanted rice in the spring before the main season rice crop. Many farmers, however, keep their lands fallow or grow maize in the spring because suitable rice cultivars are not available and they are unsure whether an early rice could be grown successfully. We evaluated six promising rice cultivars in irrigated bunded terraces of seven farmers' fields (six in Kholaghari and one in Daletar) from Mar to Jul 1992. Soil was sandy loam or loam, with 5.1-7.6 N, 0.03-0.06 kg available P/ha, and 10-58 kg available k/ha. Each farmer's field served as one replication; plots were 60 m 2. Two to three seedlings/ hill were transplanted at the spacing used by the farmers. Fertilizers were applied at 60:8.8:16.6 kg NPK/ha. Half of the N and all of the P and K were applied as basal; the remaining N was topdressed at the grain-filling stage. The participant farmers completely managed the trials. We found significant differences among rice cultivars for most characters. Chaite-2 and Ghaiya-2 yielded the most among cultivars (Table 1). We requested the farmers to assemble to evaluate the trials after harvest. A matrix ranking was done on cultivar
97 a 4.8 ab 88 c 4.2 bc 93 b 5.2 a 84 d 4.2 bc 97 a 4.1 bc 98 a 3.9 c 2.9 15.7
a ln a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. b Differed among
farmers. Two used Laxmi, while the others used CH45.
Table 2. Matrix ranking of early rice cultivars grown by participant farmers, Chitwan, Nepal, Mar-Jul 1992. Attribute Varieties Chaite-2 Chaite-4 Ghaiya-2 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 Radha-2 3 8 3 3 3 7 4 7 4 5 6 4 Radha-32 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 6 3 4 Laxmi 8 6 7 8 8 4 6 4 7 5 7 6
Yield Grain 7 3 Straw 6 3 Tillering 7 4 Disease resistance 7 4 Insect resistance 7 3 Early maturity 4 6 Shattering 6 4 Threshing ease 4 6 Dormancy 7 3 Milling recovery 5 4 Grain weight 6 4 Cooking quality 6 5 Best variety: Two farmers - Laxmi Rest of the farmers - Chaite-2
attributes. Farmers were given 30 maize kernels and asked to allot them to show the relative differences among the cultivars for a particular attribute. After discussion, farmers agreed on how the maize kernels should be allotted. The same procedure was used for all attributes. When asked which cultivar they would choose if they could only use one, two farmers chose Laxmi, while the rest chose Chaite-2 (Table 2). When asked which
cultivars they would plant next year, all of them chose Chaite-2 and Laxmi. The participant farmers reported that many other farmers visited their trials and asked for seeds of Laxmi and Chaite-2. We concluded that local farmers preferred these two cultivars. Farmers considered Chaite-2 and Laxmi superior to the other cultivars, although we thought Chaite-2 and Ghaiya-2 were the outstanding cultivars.
IRRN 18:3 (September 1993) 19
IR36-derived lines are stable high yielders in Kerala, India

C. A. Rosamma, C. R. Elsy, and P. V. Prabhakaran, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi, Kerala 679306, India
Table 2. Parentage and agronomic attributes of promising rice genotypes from Pattambi, India. Genotype KAU8753 KAU8754 KAU8755 KAU8756 KAU8757 KAU8759 IR36 (check) Jyothi (check) Parentage IR36/Jyothi IR36/Jyothi IR36/Pavizham IR36/Pavizham IR36/Cul 23332-2 IR36/Annapoorna Duration (d) 115 115 115 110 115 100 115 115 Mean plant height (cm) 85 90 88 90 87 80 90 90 Productive tillers (no.) 5.8 5.5 3.9 6.5 5.0 5.1 5.5 3.9
IR36 was used in a rice breeding program at Pattambi to develop varieties with multiple resistance to pests and high adaptability. Six short-duration, semidwarf lines evolving from this program were evaluated with IR36 and popular high-yielding variety Jyothi for grain yield and other agronomic attributes. Experiments were laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Tests were conducted in different seasons including 1987, 1988, and 1989 kharif (monsoon): 1989 and 199 I summer; and 1990 rabi (wet). Plots were 10 m 2 and spacing was 15 10 cm. Recommended agronomic and plant protection measures were followed. Grain yields were recorded at 14% moisture level. Stability of the genotypes over six environments was analyzed. Regression of genotypes for average yield on the environmental index resulted in regression coefficients (bi) from 0.88 to 1.34. Deviation from regression mean squares (s 2d) ranged from -0.05 to 0.21 (Table 1). These stability parameters were not significant, indicating that all lines tested were stable yielders across the environments. Rice cultures KAU8754 and KAU8755 had bi very close to unity (1.04), which indicates their highly stable performance across environments tested. These two cultures and KAU8753 and KAU87.56 had grain yields higher than
Table 1. Mean grain yield (t/ha) and estimates of stability parameters for 8 rice genotypes over 6 environments. Genotype MU8753 KAU8754 KAU8755 MU8756 KAU8757 KAU8759 IR36 Jyothi AV x 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.4 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.9 bi 0.93 1.04 1.04 1.34 0.89 1.13 0.91 0.88 s 2d 0.05 0.15 0.04 0.21 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07
the pooled mean. KAU8756 yielded the most at 4.4 t/ha and had the highest bi (1.34), indicating this genotypes superior performance under favorable environments. (See Table 2 for parentage and agronomic attributes of genotypes.) All six genotypes derived from crosses with IR36 were stable yielders in kharif,
~
rabi, and summer seasons. KAU8753, KAU8754, KAU8755, and KAU8756 are recommended for use in breeding programs aiming to develop cultivars with high yield potential and adaptability. KAU8754 was released recently in Kerala as Kairali (Ptb 49). and KAU8756 as Kanchana (Ptb 50). indica cytoplasmic male sterile lines V20 A and Zhen Shan 97 A have shown very strong heterosis and high yield ability. Hybrid Wei You 647 is the F1 progeny of V20 A/647 R. It was ranked first five times and second twice in various yield trials and recorded a 4.3-13.7% increase in yield over commercial hybrid checks. (See table for yield results in the 1991 China National Hybrid Rice Yield Trial.) Yield potential of Wei You 647 is high and stable in on-farm cultivation. Wei You 647 has been released for commercial production.
Wei You 647: a new highyielding hybrid rice

Mao Chang-Xiang and Deng Xiao-Lin, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, 41 01 25 Changsha, China
Indica/japonica hybrid rice could have stronger heterosis than indica/indica hybrids, but poor seed set is a major problem. By hybridizing an indica restorer line with a japonica variety and backcrossing, an indica-type restorer line (647 R) with japonica characteristics has been developed. Hybrids of 647 R and
Yield performance of top 4 new hybrid rices in the China National Hybrid Rice Yield Trial over 21 locations. China, 1991. Hybrid Wei You 647 (V20 A/647 R) Shan You 20964 (97 A/20964 R) Wei You 77 (V20 A/77 R) Shan You 3-9 (97 A/3-9 R) Wei You 64 (V20 A/IR9761-19-1 R) (check) Growth duration (d) 133 130 127 131 127 Yield (t/ha) Yield over that of check (%) 13.7 10.3 7.0 7.0 Rank
7.6 7.4 7.1 7.1 6.7
1 2 3 4 5
20
KSB54, a new variety with moderate resistance to Mekong Delta population of brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens Stl)
Duong Thanh Tai and Pham Van Bien, lnstitute of Agricultural Science (IAS), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Table 1. Reaction of KSB54 and its parents to BPH. Variety Biotype 2 KSB54 lR18189-2-3 IR36
a
Reaction to BPH a Biotype 3 R S R Mekong Delta population MR S S
R R R
KSB54, derived from cross IR18189-2-3/ IR36, was released in Mar 1992 for use in the Mekong Delta area. It is 85-95 cm tall and has a 105-110 d growth duration. It has long slender grain, good cooking quality, and a 1,000grain weight of 26 g. It is drought- and sulfate acid soil-tolerant. KSB54 is moderately resistant to the Mekong Delta BPH population, although neither of its parents are resistant (Table 1). In a BPH field survey, KSB54 scored and performed about the same as moderately resistant IR64 and as good as popular varieties IR66 and IR13240-1082-3 or better (Table 2). Mean grain yield was 5.6 t/ha across five successive trials at IAS in 1989-91 and 4.9 t/ha in IAS multisite trials in 1990, compared with 4.8 and 5.0 t/ha, respectively, for check IR13240-108-2-3. KSB.54 is planted on about 15,000 ha in the Mekong Delta.
R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, and S = susceptible.
Table 2. Performance of KSB54 and other varieties in BPH field nursery in Tien Giang, Vietnam, 1991 wet season.
Days after transplanting Variety BPH/hill (no.) KSB54 IR66 MTL 61 lR13240-108-2-3 IR64 TN1 (susceptible check) lR50404-57-2-2-3 554 380 276 482 567 419 342 65 Score a BPH/hill (no.) 179 112 24 157 237 33 147 70 Score BPH/hill (no.) 21 10 1 20 33 1 18 75 Score
5.0 5.0 7.6 5.0 3.0 9.0 4.3
5.6 8.3 8.3 7.0 4.3 9.0 4.3
5.6 8.3 9.0 7.6 5.0 9.0 4.3
a Scored using Standard evaluation system for rice scale of 0-9.
Zhenong 8010: a new indica rice variety with high yield, blast (BI) resistance, and good quality
Shi Chunhai, DU Ruwej, Lin Dawej, Zhang Wanggen, Xu Yunbi, He Zhuhua, and Shen Zongtan, Agronomy Department, Zhejtang Agricultural University, Hangzhou 31 0029, China Table 1. Yield potential of Zhenong 8010 in China, 1992. Site Hangzhou, Zhejiang Ningbo, Zhejiang Yuhuan, Zhejiang Yiyang, Hunan Changting, Fujian Ganzhou, Jiangxi
a Guangluai 4.
Zhenong 8010 is a new semidwarf indica rice variety derived from the indica japonica cross of Keqing 3/IR29/8004. Zhenong 8010 is suitable for both seasons in the double-cropped area of southern China. It was released in Jan 1993 as an early rice variety. About 7,000 ha in southern China are planted to Zhenong 8010, which has a growth duration of about 116 d. Zhenong 8010 has high, stable yield potential under normal fertilization. It yielded 6.4-8.5 t/ha in regional trials in 1992 (Table 1), which was 0.1-22.5% more than the check. Its leaf B1 and neck B1 resistance scores were 1.7 and 0.8,
compared with check Guangluai 4, which scored 5.7 and 6.8, respectively. Morphoagronomic characters are in Table 2. Appearance, hulling recovery, milling recovery, gel consistency, protein content, and cooking and eating quality meet China's national index for goodquality rice. Grain length is 6.8 mm with a 3.0 length-breadth ratio. Grain is semitranslucent with 14.4% protein content, 8.4% amylose, low gel consistency (97 mm), and high gelatinization temperature (alkali spreading value of 3). Hulling recovery is 80.8%: milling recovery, 72.7%; and head rice recovery, 45.5%.
Yield Increase (t/ha) over check a (%) 7.6 7.7 8.5 7.1 7.7 6.4 4.4 0.1 11.4 22.1 22.5 21.6
Table 2. Morphoagronomic characters of Zhenong 8010 at different sites in China, 1992. Character Site Hangzhou, Zhejiang 79.5 17.9 78.8 87.5 23.2 Taojiang, Hunan 79.8 20.9 112.3 63.8 22.5 Changting, Fujian 83.0 18.5 88.5 90.3 24.5 Fenyi , Jiangxi 89.0 19.0 93.7 70.5 23.0
Plant height (cm) Panicle length (cm) Grains (no./panicle) Fertility (%) 1,000-grain wt (g)
21
Integrated germplasm improvementrainfed lowland

Bogabordhan: a stable, highyielding, low-input traditional variety of Assam, India
U. C. Kalita, Plant Breeding and Genetics Department (PBGD), Assam Agricultural University (AAU), Jorhat; D. K. Baruah, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Titabar; and L. P. Upadhaya, PBGD, AAU, Jorhat, Assam, India
Northeastern India is endowed with many landraces of rice that are adapted specifically to the harsh, varying rainfed environments of the region. These varieties are the results of selections made by farmers. Farmers prefer varieties that have reasonably high levels of relative productivity and stability under management situations with little or no inputs. We evaluated the performance of 20 local varieties selected from sali (wet season [WS]) germplasm stock maintained at the RARS, based on their phenotypic acceptability for three consecutive wet seasons from 1988 to 1990. Their performance was compared with two widely grown checks, Manoharsali and Jaya. The crop was transplanted under rainfed lowland conditions at 20- 20-cm spacing. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 7.2-m2 plots and three replications. No fertilizers or pesticides were applied. The experimental site had 587.4 kg available N/ha, 19.5 kg available P/ha, and 86.3 kg available K/ha.
Bogabordhan and Manoharsali were photoperiod-sensitive and Jaya was photoperiod-insensitive (see table). Bogabordhan outyielded both checks in grain yield, filled spikelet percentage, and 1,000-grain weight. The variety had adequate field resistance to sheath rot and moderate resistance to bacterial blight, sheath blight, and false smut. Higher disease incidence in Jaya could be a reason for its
low percentage of filled spikelets (71%) and lower yield (3.4 t/ha) than other varieties. Bogabordhan yielded 45.2% more than Jaya (see table). The lack of significance of the regression of yield across years indicates that Bogabordhan has the stability needed by resource-poor farmers. Bogabordhans high yield of 4.5 t/ha coupled with it stability make it popular among farmers in Assam.
Performance of Bogabordhan and checks at Titabar, Assam, India, 1988-90 WS. Character Bogabordhan Manoharsali (local) Sensitive 141 145 224 1 3 27 114 96 29.9 5.73 2.93 3 1 3 3 4.9 0.022 ns 0.25 ns Sensitive 139 149 231 9 9 25 123 91 25.6 6.06 2.53 5 3 0 3 4.8 3.467* 0.14 ns 1.2 Checks Jaya Insensitive 99 131 236 3 1 23 146 71 24.3 5.93 2.19 7 5 5 7 3.4 1.355* 0.20 ns 45.2
Photoperiod sensitivity Plant height (cm) Days to maturity (d) Panicles/m 2 (no.) Lodging incidence a Culm strength b Panicle length (cm) Spikelets/panicle (no.) Filled spikelets (%) 1,000-grain wt (g) Brown rice length (mm) Brown rice width (mm) Disease reaction c Bacterial blight Sheath rot Sheath blight False smut Grain yield (t/ha) Regression coefficient (b) of yield on yearsd Mean square deviations (s 2d) Increase in yield (%) in Bogabordhan over
c 0 = highly resistant, 1 = resistant, 3 = moderately resistant, 5 = moderately susceptible, 7 = susceptible. d ns = not
a 1 = less than 20% area lodged, 3 = 20.40%. 9 = more than 80%. b 1 = strong, 3 = moderately strong, 9 = very weak.
significant, * = significant at the 5% level.
Integrated germplasm improvementupland

Upland rice varieties Sita and Rimke released to farmers in Cambodia
R. C. Chaudhary, Cambodia-IRRI Rice Project. P. O. Box 1, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; O. Makara,P. K. Hel, and S. Sophol, Agronomy Department, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Upland rice is grown on only 2.5% (about 36,000 ha) of the area under rice in Cambodia. Most of these upland areas are in the provinces of Kampong Cham, Siem Reap, Kampong Thom, Mondul Kiri, Ratana Kiri, Kandal, Kampong Speu, and Stung Treng. Because there are no recognized varieties for these rainfed uplands, we conducted a speedy varietal identification project using some research stations
and many farmers fields. The trial was conducted during 1989 at four locations in Kandal, Kampong Speu, and Phnom Penh. During 1990 and 1991, we distributed many trial sets for on-farm testing. (See Table 1 for performance of the varieties.) ITA150 is derived from the cross 63-83/(RO1, SE363G, Dourado Precoce) where the male parent was a mixture of pollen from three varieties. The breeding line was advanced with the pedigree TOX502-41-1-1. ITA257 is
22
Table 1. Yield (t/ha) of Sita and Rimke in some provinces of Cambodia, 1989 and 1990. Province (Location) Phnom Penh (Chumcar Daung) Kampong Speu (Chhbar Morn) Kampong Speu (Phking) Kandal (Udong) Sita 2.7 1.1 1.0 1.1 Rimke 3.7 0.9 0.8 1.3 Check 4.3 1.0 0.8 1.6
Table 2. Morphoagronomic characteristics of Sita and Rimke compared with check variety C22.
Characteristic Plant height (cm) Duration (d) Culm diameter (mm) Root diameter (mm) Panicle length (cm) Tillers/plant (no.) Leaf length (cm) Leaf width (cm) Flag leaf area (cm 2) Panicle weight (g) 100-grain wt (g) Grain length (mm) Grain width (mm) Grain typea Harvest index
a
Sita 91 91 4.4 1.37 23.0 8 40.3 1.2 32.8 2.89 3.25 7.0 2.3 LS 0.51
Rimke 93 103 4.2 1.35 22.8 8 39.9 1.2 32.2 3.29 3.96 7.0 2.3 LS 0.49
C22 113 135 4.5 1.29 22.9 11 29.2 0.9 16.9 2.30 2.42 6.00 2.5 LB 0.43
derived from cross IRAT 13/Dourado Precoce//TOX490-1. ITA150 and ITA257 have been released as varieties in Africa and were introduced to Cambodia from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria. Morphological characteristics of these varieties are in Table 2. More than 100 Cambodians participating in a cooking quality test rated the grain quality characteristics of Sita and Rimke to be superior to that of IR64, IR72, Kru, and IR66. ITA 150 and ITA257 were released for cultivation by Cambodian farmers as Rimke and Sita, respectively. Both varieties are early maturing, have drought tolerance and blast resistance, and possess excellent grain quality. The varieties are spreading among farmers although no organized seed multiplication and extension systems exist.
S = long slender; LB = long bold.
Vandana (RR167-982), a new upland variety in the plateau region of Bihar, India
P. K. Sinha, C. V. Singh, M. Variar. V. S. Chauhan, and K. Prasad. Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station (CRURRS), P. O. Box 48, Hazaribag 825301, Bihar, India
Table 1. Characteristic features of Vandana and popular local variety Brown gora. Character Plant height (cm) Duration (d) Vigor Early Late Tillering (no.) Panicle length (cm) Panicle weight (g) Lodging Drought reaction Spikelets/panicle (no.) 1,000-grain wt (g) Grain yield (t/ha) Grain color Kernel color Kernel length (mm) Kernel breadth (mm) L-B ratio Grain type Abdominal white Water uptake (ml) Cooked kernel length (mm) Amylose content (%) Isozyme group a
a
Vandana 115-130 90-95 Very good Excellent 3.03 20.12 2.50 Moderate Moderately resistant 76 24.2 2.5-3.5 Straw White 6.0 2.3 2.53 Long, bold Present occasionally 285 9.8 19.1 0
Brown gora 110.9 85-90 Excellent Excellent 3.77 18.87 1.49 High Resistant 41 28.5 1.0-2.0 Brown Red 5.6 2.7 2.07 Short bold Present 320 9.6 22.0 1
About 5.1 million of Indias 6.5 million ha of upland rice is concentrated in eastern India. Many upland farmers grow gora rice varieties, which have average yields of less than 1 t/ha. RR167-982, derived from the cross C22/Kalakeri, was released as Vandana in 1992 by the Bihar State Variety Release Committee. It is for cultivation in the uplands of Chhotanagpur Plateau, which make up 33% of Bihars upland area. Vandana is semitall (115-130 cm) and has very good early and late vigor that allows proper stand establishment and competition with weeds (Table 1). It has a growth duration of 90-95 d and long roots (100 cm). Vandanas panicles are compact and exsert fully; 1,000-grain weight is 24.2 g. Vandana has white kernels that are long and bold and of
Using Glaszmann's 1-6 scale.
23
Table 2. Yield data from multilocation evaluation of RR167-982 (Vandana) compared with local and improved checks. Bihar and Orissa, India, 1988-91.
Site
Vandana
Kalinga Ill
Birsadhan 101
Brown gora (local check) 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.5 1.1 1.1 2.5 1.6 2.1
Vigyan Kendra, Pondicherty CRURRS Barkatta Handio Mean Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Location 4 Location 5 Mean Location 1 Location 2 Mean
Hazaribag district, Bihar 4.2 1.5 2.4 1.5 3.4 1.8 2.3 1.5 3.2 1.6 Giridih district, Bihar 2.6 2.6 1.9 1.9 3.2 3.0 4.7 3.6 4.3 3.0 4.2 3.5 Kalahandi district, Orissa 2.9 2.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.0
0.7 1.1 0.9 2.1 1.2 2.8 4.2 3.0 3.3 2.7 3.2 3.0
acceptable cooking and eating quality. It is moderately resistant to blast (Bl) in uniform B1 nurseries and to brown spot under field conditions. It is also resistant to sheath rot. Vandana was evaluated under directseeded conditions in a station trial, multilocational testing, and in farmers' fields (Table 2) during 1988-91. It outyielded Brown gora, Birsadhan 101, and Kalinga III in grain and straw production. It averages 2.5-3.5 t/ha under normal conditions, although up to 4.7 t/ha have been recorded in farmers' fields. Vandana has also performed equally well in the highly drought-prone Kalahandi district of Orissa.
Inetgrated germplasm improvementdeepwater

Performance of some promising deepwater rice (DWR) cultivars in northwestern Nigeria
W. N. Umeh, National Cereals Research lnstitute (NCRI), Badeggi, PMB 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria Growth attributes and grain yield of deepwater rice cultivars. a NCRI, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria, 1989-91. Floodwater depth on weekly basis Date (1991) cm
Cultivar
Days to Plant 50% height Panicles/m 2 flowering (cm) (no.)
Grain yield (t/ha) 1989 1990 1991
Seven lines of Oryza sativa and three lines of O. glaberrima were tested for flood tolerance and yield performance under rainfed deepwater condition at NCRI, Birnin Kebbi. Lines were evaluated against check FARO 14, which is a long-duration (170-198 d), photoperiodsensitive variety. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The gross plot was 4 3 m, and the net plot, 3.2 2.2 m. Two seeds per hill were sown on 17 Jun 1991 at a spacing of 20 20 cm. A basal application of 30 kg NPK/ha was made at planting. Three weeks after seedling emergence, another 30 kg N/ha as urea was placed deeply among four hills before the floodwaters started in mid-July. Flood depth was recorded weekly from 16 Jul to 19 Nov. The maximum depth measured was 1.4 m on
O. glaberrima b Jan-iri Farin-iri Yar-kaushe O. sativa DM17 DA29 Maiada BKN6986-17 FARO 4 (KAV-12) FARO 6 (ICB) FARO 7 (Maliong) FARO 14 (FRRS-43-111-2) CV (%) LSD (0.01)
99 107 101 120 109 109 113 119 115 129 141
161 186 181 213 198 201 190 200 220 209 233 4.7 18.1
389 385 388 338 371 361 316 416 358 379 351 10.9 ns c
2.2 4.1 3.0 5.3 5.6 5.4 4.3 2.4 3.6 3.5 3.0
3.0 3.5 3.3 5.0 5.0 5.5 5.6 3.2 2.4 4.7 4.1
2.4 3.6 3.3 5.4 3.7 5.4 2.7 3.4 4.9 5.1 6.0 20.1 1.63
16 Jul 23 Jul 30 Jul 6 Aug 13 Aug 20 Aug 27 Aug 3 Sep 10 Sep 17 Sep 24 Sep 30 Sep 10 Oct 17 Oct 22 Oct 29 Oct 5 Nov 12 Nov 19 Nov
7 13 18 25 30 47 53 68 83 100 121 133 140 125 89 75 60 54 43
a Results reported are 1991 data unless otherwise noted. b lndigenous types of rice. c ns = not significant.
24
3-7 Oct. Harvesting began on 23 Oct and ended on 25 Nov. All entries had submergence tolerance and elongation ability. Plant height, which reflects elongation ability in relation to water depth, was significantly different among entries (see table). Tillers and panicles/m2 were quite numerous, but entries did not significantly differ. Glaberrima cultivars had a high incidence of grain shattering,
which might be a major factor in their low grain yield. Yields did not significantly differ among entries. None of the test entries outyielded FARO 14. This contrasts the previous year's results when DM17, DA29, and Maiada outyielded FARO 14 by producing more than 5 t/ha. Cultivars DA29, Maiada, and O. glaberrima mature 3-5 wk earlier than FARO 14. The earliness of DA29 and
Maiada makes them suitable for deepwater areas where flood duration is short and the harmattan cold and wind makes cultivating long-duration varieties risky. Their acceptability, based on phenotype and grain quality as determined with the Standard evaluation system for rice, is excellent.
Integrated germplasm improvement-tidal wetlands

Netravathi (KKP-6): a promising rice variety for coastal lowlands of Karnataka, India
N. A. Janardhana Gowda, N. S. Parameswar, 6. Vidyachandra, and C. Malleshappa, University of Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Research Station, Kankanady, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. Table 1. Performance of Netravathi (KKP-6) in yield trials,a Karnataka, India, 1983-87. Trial GM-resistant varietal trial GM-resistant varietal trial GM-resistant varietal trial Year 1983 1984 1985 Location Agricultural Research Station, Mangalore Agricultural Research Station, Mangalore Regional Research Station, Brahmavar Replications (no.) 3 4 4 Plot size (m 2) 1.5 3.0 4.6 2.0 6.2 1.8 Grain yield (t/ha) KKP-6 Phalguna 4.9 4.4 4.3 3.2 3.5 4.4
Rice is grown on more than 150,000 ha in coastal Karnataka during kharif (monsoon) season. Phalguna, the variety commonly grown in lowlands that are partially submerged during heavy rains, has problems with spikelet sterility and is susceptible to neck blast (BI). IET2886 was crossed with Red Annapurna, and KKP-6 was identified and released as Netravathi in 1990. Netravathi outyielded Phalguna (Table I) in multilocation trials conducted at Mangalore and Brahmavar. Leaf and neck B1 incidence was less in Netravathi than in Phalguna. Netravathi also resists gall midge (GM) (Table 2). It has a
Rice varietal trial

a
1987
Regional Research Station, Brahmavar
4.5 2.0
4.7
3.6
Fertilized at the rate of 75-75-90 kg NPK/ha.
growth duration of about 135- 140 d and is 104 cm tall. It can withstand submergence for 5-7 d. Netravathi yields about 11 % more grain than does Phalguna. Netravathi has less spikelet sterility than Phalguna, and it is suitable for parboiling. The variety is recommended for lowland areas during kharif.
Table 2. Reaction of Netravathi (KKP-6) to BI and GM in coastal Karnataka, India. a Variety Leaf Neck GM BI BI (% affected) (% affected) (% affected) 1.3 3.4 5.1 24.5 0.00 0.75
Netravathi Phalguna
a
Mean of four trials.
25
Crop and resource management

Physiology and plant nutrition
Nitrate reductase (NRase) activity as an index for early maturity
S. Manonmani, T. B. Ranganathan, S. R. Sree Rangasamy, P. Narasimman, and M. Suresh, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India Table 1. NRase activity ( moles NO2 /gfresh weight per h) at different growth stages of varieties and hybrids with different growth durations. Coimbatore, India, 1990 WS. Variety or hybrid IR50 Co 37 ADT36 ASD16 co 39 ASD8 ASD17 Heera Kalyani II Mean of parents CV (%) IR50/Co 39 IR50/ASD8 IR50/ASD17 IR50/Heera IR50/Kalyani II Co Co Co Co Co 37/Co 39 37/ASD8 37/ASD17 37/Heera 37/Kalyani II Duration (d) 105 120 114 110 95 87 95 87 86 99.89 94 105 97 102 95 112 111 103 105 94 95 105 101 102 95 95 95 100 106 94 100.30 15 DAS 1.58 1.26 1.39 1.43 1.80 1.94 1.79 1.96 1.99 1.68 16.30 1.82 1.57 1.75 1.65 1.80 1.41 1.49 1.63 1.59 1.79 1.77 1.79 1.67 1.66 1.80 1.80 1.77 1.69 1.51 1.82 1.69 7.10 30 DAS 3.12 2.77 2.93 2.96 3.34 3.45 3.32 3.48 3.52 3.21 8.52 3.36 3.11 3.28 3.18 3.33 2.94 3.02 3.02 3.13 3.33 3.30 3.32 3.20 3.19 3.33 3.32 3.30 3.22 3.06 3.35 3.21 4.04 50 DAS 6.85 6.52 6.66 6.69 7.06 7.21 7.06 7.23 7.26 6.95 3.98 7.08 6.81 7.01 6.51 7.07 6.67 6.75 6.89 6.86 7.06 7.05 7.05 6.53 6.93 7.06 7.07 7.03 6.95 6.76 7.08 6.91 2.66 70 DAS 8.97 8.63 8.75 8.81 9.18 9.33 9.18 9.34 9.38 9.05 3.11 9.26 8.94 9.13 9.03 9.18 8.79 8.87 8.99 8.98 9.18 9.16 9.15 8.56 9.04 9.18 9.18 9.16 9.06 8.91 9.56 9.08 2.47 90 DAS 8.43 9.14 8.76 8.72 5.23 5.94 5.81 5.93 5.52 7.05 23.33 5.97 8.65 7.47 8.25 5.77 8.76 8.73 8.27 8.35 5.75 7.22 8.33 8.22 8.26 5.78 5.77 7.44 7.49 8.63 8.65 7.44 16.06
Studying parents and hybrids increases understanding of the nature of the gene action involved in the expression of NRase activity and earliness. NRase is the enzyme involved in converting nitrite to nitrate. We estimated NRase at five stages in four early (IR50, Co 37, ADT37, and ASD 16) and five very early rice varieties (ASD8, ASD17, Co 39, Heera, and Kalyani 11) and their 20 (5 4) hybrids (Table 1). NRase analysis was carried out using leaf samples following the method of Nicholas et al (1976) at 15, 30, 50, 70, and 90 d after sowing (DAS). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design, with three replications, and conducted at Coimbatore in 1990 wet season (WS) under irrigated condition.
Growth duration of early parents was
ADT36/Co 39 ADT36/ASD8 ADT36/ASD17 ADT36/Heera ADT36/Kalyani II ASD16/Co 39 ASD16/ASDS ASD16/ASD17 ASD16/Heera ASD16/Kalyani Il Mean of F 1s CV (%)
105-120 d and 86-95 d for the very early parents. NRase activity increased from seedling to flowering stage (up to 70 DAS) and declined thereafter. NRase increased in late-maturing parent Co 37, but at a rate less than that of earlymaturing parents (Table 1). Among the hybrids, ASD16/Kalyani II and IR50/ Co 39 recorded very high NRase activity from seedling to flowering stage. Both had durations of 94 d. All the hybrids were significantly early compared with mean duration of the parents. Most of the hybrids with very early parents Co 39 and Kalyani II matured early. Kalyani II hybrids were the earliest of the F1s.
Table 2. Correlation coefficient between total growth duration and NRase activity at different growth stages. Coimbatore, India, 1990 WS. a 15 DAS Total growth duration 15 DAS 30 DAS 50 DAS 70 DAS 90 DAS
a
30 DAS 0.96** 0.99**
50 DAS 0.85** 0.87** 0.86**
70 DAS 0.84** 0.86** 0.85** 0.89**
90 DAS 0.87** 0.84** 0.85** 0.81** 0.81**
0.97**
* * = significant at the 1% level.
Growth duration of the parents and hybrids and NRase activity at 15 DAS showed a significant negative correlation (0.97** to 0.84**), except for NRase and 90 DAS, which showed a significant positive value (0.87**) (Table 2).
The intercorrelation of NRase activity at different DAS showed significant positive values. Estimating NRase activity seems to be a useful measure for selecting the early-maturing types at an earlier stage of crop growth.
Fertilizer management
Comparative efficiency of Sesbania, Gliricidia, and urea as N sources in wetland rice
D. K. Kundu, K. V. Rao, and K. G. Pillai, Directorate of Rice Research (DRR), Ralendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, Andhra Pradesh, India
Seshania cannabina is a well-recognized green manure (GM) for rice. Farmers have not widely adopted it because they are reluctant to use their land, water, and other inputs for raising a crop exclusively for GM. Gliricidia sepium, a perennial leguminous tree, is grown extensively in roadsides, hedges, and field boundaries in the tropics. High foliage yields, vigorous coppicing ability, and tolerance for regular lopping make Gliricidia a good GM. Using loppings for GM is popular in many parts of southern India. We compared efficiency of Sesbania. Gliricidia, and urea as N sources for rice variety Rasi in a Vertisol with 0.92% organic C, 0.10% total N, and pH 7.9 during 1988 dry season (DS). The equivalent of 100 kg N/ha from each source was supplied to rice crops. A no-N control was also used. Eight-wk-
old Seshania plants (from a different field) and 1-m-long tender Gliricidia loppings (collected from hedges) were chopped into 10-15 cm pieces for incorporation into the puddled field as a single basal dose at 2 d before transplanting. On a fresh weight basis, the Sesbania samples contained 0.50% total N, and the Gliricidia, 0.64% total N. Urea was applied in two equal splits at transplanting and 57 d later at panicle initiation (PI) stage. The 2 M KC1 extractable NH4-N in soil under the different N treatments was monitored through the first 8 wk after transplanting (WAT). Rice grain yield and total N uptake at PI and at maturity were evaluated.
Urea was the most efficient of the N sources. Efficiency of Gliricidia N and Sesbania N was about 67% and 45%, respectively, that of urea N. Crop N uptake from Gliricidia was significantly higher than from Sesbania at both PI and maturity. Rice yield using Gliricidia was 0.6 t/ha more than with Sesbania. Gliricidia released relatively more N to the soil than Sesbania through 8 WAT. While the rice crop was growing, mean available N content in the soil (015 cm plow layer) treated with Gliricidia was 16.6 kg/ha and 13.9 kg/ha with Sesbania. Availability of N to the rice crop from Gliricidia at early tillering stage (4 WAT) was significiantly higher than that from Sesbania (see table). Gliricidia seems to be more promising than Sesbania as a GM source of N for wetland rice.
Efficiency of 3 N sources in rice variety Rasi in a submerged Vertisol. Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India, 1988 DS.
N source 2 None Ureab Sesbania Gliricidia LSD (0.05)

a
Available N a content in soil (kg/ha) 7 Days after transplanting 14 28 42 13.4 39.1 20.7 22.2 3.8
b
N uptake by rice (kg/ha) 56 1.3 2.7 2.1 2.7 0.9 PI 49.4 91.6 70.9 87.0 9.0 Maturity 69.0 146.0 102.1 114.2 8.2
Rice grain yield (t/ha) 3.9 6.6 5.1 5.7 0.8
10.9 46.8 20.1 18.6 4.3
13.4 42.2 20.5 22.2 2.9
7.5 17.0 15.2 29.2 2.6
7.4 3.8 4.7 4.8 1.0
2 M KC1 extractable NH,-N in 015 cm plow layer.
Applied in two equal splits at transplanting and 57 d later.
Fertilizer management-inorganic sources

Effect of lignite fly ash (LFA) on rice
B. Raghupathy, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu (TN),lndia
We evaluated the effect of LFA on dry matter production (DMP) of rice cultivar IR20 grown in a lateritic sandy clay loam soil in Kadampuliyur village, South Arcot District, TN, during Jun-Sep 1987 and Dec 1987-Apr 1988. Analysis of LFA (obtained from Thermal Power Plant, Neyveli, TN, India) indicated pH of 10, EC 1.0 dS/m, 49% SiO2, 12% CaO, 6.3% MgO, 8.3% K2O, 300 ppm
available SiO2, and no N and P. The experimental soil had pH 5.5, EC 0.1 dS/m, 0.17% organic C, 70 ppm available SiO2 (low), 70 ppm available N (low), 2.8 ppm Olsens P (low), and 83 ppm available K (low). Soil was airdried, sieved, and put into clay pots at 10 kg/pot. In the first season, LFA was applied at 5 g/pot (1 t/ha). Nutrient treatments were N, NP, NK, and NPK, with and without LFA (Table I). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with four replications. Rainwater was added to the pots, which were then submerged for 10 d. We applied N as urea at 40 ppm, P as
Table 1. DMP and P and SiO2 content of rice when LFA was applied in lateritic sandy clay loam soil. a 1987. Nutrient content Treatment DMP (g/pot) c c bc b P (ppm) SiO2 (%) 3.09 3.95 2.90 3.11 2.95 2.40 3.16 2.86 ns b
N 11.07 N + LFA 11.36 N+P 13.39 N + P+ LFA 14.83 N+K 9.56 N + K + LFA 10.74 N+P+K 15.99 N+P + K 22.70 + LFA LSD (P=0.05) 3.09
295 e 350 c 323 d 362 c d 309 de b 421 b cd 328 d 569 a a 19
a Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. b ns = not significant.
Table 2. Effect of LFA and added P on grain and straw yields of lR20 in lateritic sandy clay loam soil. 1988.
Treatment LFA (g/pot)
Yield Grain (g/pot) 16.29 17.48 23.07 16.81 18.81 17.25 19.31 23.62 16.07 19.06 % increase Straw (g/pot) 20.47 22.68 27.72 17.64 22.12 25.08 24.23 33.40 17.18 24.97 % increase
No added LFA 2.5 5.0 7.5 Mean No added LFA 2.5 5.0 7.5 Mean LSD (P = 0.05)
p (0 ppm) 7.3 41.6 3.2 P (13 ppm) 11.9 36.9 6.8
10.8 35.4 13.8
3.4 33.2 31.5
diammonium phosphate at 13 ppm, and K as sulfate potash at 11 ppm. Twenty-day-old rice seedlings raised in the experimental soil were transplanted at two seedlings per hill, three hills per
pot, and allowed to grow for 50 d under flooded condition. LFA combined with NPK resulted in the highest DMP (22.7 g/pot), which was about 42% more than that of NPK alone
(Table I). P content was consistently higher when LFA was added. LFA with N, P, K, and their combinations did not influence SiO2 content in rice plants. Another pot culture trial in Dec 1987Apr 1988 incorporated 0,2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g LFA/pot (0,0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 t/ha) with 13 ppm P and no P. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications. N at 40 ppm and K at 1 1 ppm were applied to all pots. Regardless of P treatment, LFA at 5 g/ pot gave the highest grain yield, followed by LFA at 2.5 g/pot (Table 2). Applying P with LFA at 2.5 g/pot increased grain yield, but at 7.5 g LFA/pot, yields were reduced by 6.8% compared with no LFA. Straw yield was markedly increased with 5 g LFA/pot with or without P. LFA at 7.5 g/pot adversely affected straw yield. Silicicolous plants, such as rice, can benefit from up to 1 t LFA/ha, particularly in lateritic acid soils. Fifteen of the 136 strains dried on paper strips lost viability after at least 5 mo of storage. The number increased to 30 after another 6 mo, and none of the strains were viable after 4 yr. The paper strip method should only be used for short-term preservation. Powdered mass cultures remained viable after 9 yr of storage. As with the soil-based cultures, the populations decreased tremendously over time; higher aliquot parts and longer incubation periods were required to obtain growth. The best method for preserving BGA in the dry state is the powdered mass culture, which has the advantages of unialgality and retention of viability for up to 9 yr.
Fertilizer managementorganic sources

Using desiccation to preserve blue-green algae (BGA)
S. S. Ardales, IRRI; and P. A. Roger, lnstitut Franais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpernent en Cooperation, Laboratoire de Microbiologie. Universite de Provence, Case 87, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
We wanted to find a suitable method to preserve BGA in the dry state as an alternative to frequent subculturing of fresh cultures. We produced soil-based cultures, cultures deposited on paper strips, and mass cultures and tested their viabilities after long storage. Soil-based cultures were produced in 250-ml erlenmeyer flasks or on petri plates (14 cm diam). A loopful of culture was inoculated into a previously autoclaved mixture of 100 ml BG-110 medium and 20 g soil. Cultures were incubated under continuous illumination for 4 wk and then dried slowly. Cultures were ground and kept in plastic bottles at room temperature. To preserve strains on paper, 6- to 12wk-old liquid cultures were deposited aseptically on to sterile strips (2 7.8 cm)
of Whatman chromatography paper no. 3 and dried in a convection flow clean bench. Paper strips were stored in plastic bags at room temperature. Mass cultures were produced in 12 liters of medium exposed to continuous illumination, stirring, and bubbling of an air-CO2 mixture. Cultures were decanted and centrifuged after 4-6 wk of growth. They were dried slowly under fluorescent lamps and later ground and stored in plastic bottles. Viabilities of the dried cultures were tested by incubating aliquot parts of the soil-based and mass cultures in 25-ml erlenmeyer flasks containing 5 ml of medium. For cultures on paper strips, 0.5-cm portions were cut and incubated like the other cultures. Of the 65 soil-based cultures, 58 remained viab1e after 6 yr of storage. A disadvantage of using soil as a base is the presence of contaminants. About 40% of the cultures were contaminated with either diatoms, BGA (notably Nostoc sp.), or both. Soil must be sterilized completely to remove indigenous flora when using this preservation method.
Effects Of Sesbania aculeata (dhaincha) on rice yield

J. C. Sharma and M. S. Kuhad, Soil Science Department, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, lndia
We studied how rice yields were affected by green manuring with dhaincha and by incorporating green manure (GM) with graded doses of N, P, K, and Zn (see table).
Effect of graded doses of NPK with and without dhaincha on rice yield, yield attributes, and profit.a Hisar, India. 12.5 t dhaincha/ha + 120 N + 13.2 P + 24.9 K + 5.75 Zn b kg/ha Rice yield (t/ha) Increase in yield (t/ha) over 125 kg N/ha treatment Increase in yield (t/ha) over 180 kg N/ha treatment Expenditure on fertilizer, including dhaincha (US$/ha) Yield price (US$/ha) Net profit (US$/ha) Increase in profit (US$/ha) over 125 kg N/ha treatment Increase in profit (US$/ha) over 180 kg N/ha treatment Benefit-cost ratio over 125 kg N/ha treatment 180 kg N/ha treatment Yield attributes Plant height (cm) 1,000-grain wt (g) Tillers (no.) Soil data (postharvest) pH (1:2) EC (1:2) OC (%) Available P (kg/ha) Available K (kg/ha) 8.7 1.3 180 N + 13.2 P + 125 N + 27.28 P + 24.9 K + 5.75 Zn 51.46 K + 5.75 Zn kg/ha kg/ha 8.2 0.8 7.4 LSD 0.05 0.4
Crop management
Comparative yields and N uptake in six transplanted and direct seeded lowland rices
D. K. Kundu, K. V. Rao, and K. G. Pillai, Directorate of Rice Research (DRR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, Andhra Pradesh (AP), lndia
0.4
65.30
51.70
50.85
880.57 522.32 112.80
836.79 492.14 82.62
753.32 409.52
30.18
8.8:1 3.2:1 85.6 26.0 18.0 8.2 0.12 0.24 7.20 250 88.5 25.9 17.6 8.4 0.14 0.23 8.00 253 85.7 25.0 16.9 8.3 0.16 0.22 8.80 268 0.79 nsc ns ns
a Price (US$/kg): N = 0.19, P = 0.22, K = 0.08, Zn = 0.34, rice = 0.10. Expenditure on all agricultural operations = US$292.95/ha. b Zn = zinc sulfate. c ns = not significant.
Soil of the experimental field was classified as sandy loam (Typic Ustochrept) with pH 8.3,0.30% organic C, EC (1:2) 0.15 dS/m, CEC 10.5 meq/ 100 g soil, 150 kg available N/ha (alkaline permanganate method), 9.0 kg available P/ha (NaHCO3 extract), and 260 kg available K/ha (ammonium acetate extract). Available Zn was 0.58 ppm (DTPA extractable). Dhaincha sown in another field was cut at 45 d, transported, and incorporated into the soil at 12.5 t/ha. N was 1.1% of fresh biomass. Rice variety HKR-120 (145 d) was planted in the field.
One-third of the N as urea and full doses of P, K, and Zn were applied at transplanting. The remaining N was applied in two equal splits at 3 and 6 wk after transplanting. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The experimental plot was 0.3 ha. GM and 120 kg N/ha yielded significantly more than 125 kg N/ha and about the same as 180 kg N/ha. This resulted in a net profit of US$30/ha (see table).
We compared yields and N uptake of six rice varieties in a submerged Entisol under transplanted and direct seeded cultures. The field experiment was conducted on Manmool clay soil (deep aquic Ustorthent) with pH 6.6 and 0.13% total N at the Ramachandrapuram farm of DRR during the 1990 wet season (WS). The experiment was laid out in a splitplot design, with direct seeded rice and transplanted rice in the main plots. Subplot treatments were the six varieties. Rice was direct seeded at 100 kg seed/ha. Pregerminated seeds were broadcast in half of the main field and in nursery beds on 10 Jul. No standing water was allowed in the direct seeded plots for 2 wk during seedling establishment. Water level was kept at 5-7 cm during the growing season. Three-week-old seedlings were transplanted at 20- 1 5-cm spacing in the remaining half of the main field on 3 Aug. Eighty kg N, 17 kg P, and 33 kg K/ha were uniformly applied. All of the P and K were applied to the field 1 d before seeding or transplanting. N was applied in three splits for the direct seeded crop: 25% at seeding, 25% at 3 wk after seeding, and 50% at panicle initiation (PI). N was applied in two equal splits at planting and at PI in the transplanted crops. Grain and straw were sampled at maturity to determine total N uptake. Grain and straw yields did not vary significantly with crop establishment method. Sasyashree produced significantly higher straw and lower grain yields than did the other varieties. Culture type and variety had significant interaction effect on straw yields but not grain yields. Rasi and IET9219 produced more straw under direct seeding than
under transplanted culture. Straw yield of Sasyashree was higher than that of Vikash in direct seeded culture, but they performed equally well when they were transplanted. Neither culture type nor variety significantly influenced total N uptake in rice, although their interaction effect was significant. N uptake in Vikash was significantly more under transplanted condition than that of IET7959, but in direct seeded culture, the opposite was true. Vikash and IET9978 can be used for direct seeding. The two varieties also removed significantly less N when direct seeded than when they were transplanted (see table).
Yields and N uptake of six rice varieties under two cultures in a submerged Ustorthent. Ramachandrapuram, AP, India, 1990 WS. Variety Rasi Sasyashree Vikash IET7959 IET9219 IET9978 Mean LSD (0.05) Culture (C) Variety (V) CV C at same V V at same C
a
Grain yield (t/ha) DS a 4.6 4.0 4.4 4.6 4.9 4.4 4.5 TP b 4.1 3.5 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.2 nsc 0.34 ns Mean 4.4 3.7 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.4
Straw yield (t/ha) DS 4.2 4.8 3.9 3.7 4.2 3.8 4.1 TP 3.3 4.5 4.4 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.8 ns 0.44 0.72 0.62 Mean 3.7 4.7 4.1 3.6 3.8 3.8
Total N uptake (kg/ha) DS 89.8 86.2 78.4 88.8 85.6 79.4 84.7 TP 85.6 82.4 89.9 81.5 81.7 92.3 85.6 ns ns 10.0 8.0 Mean 87.7 84.3 84.1 85.1 83.7 85.8
DS = direct seeded.
TP =transplanted.
ns = not significant.
Integrated pest management-diseases

Occurrence of rice grain rot disease in Vietnam
Ha Minh Trung, Nguyen Van Van, Ngo Vinh Vien, Do Thanh Lam, and Mai Lien, Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Chem, Tu Liem. Hanoi. Vietnam
Rice grain rot disease has caused damage in Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, and Latin America. The disease causal organism is bacterium Pseudomonas glumae. Symptoms are discolored grain, husk, and endosperm. Grain is unfilled in severely infected plants. The disease was first recorded in Vietnam in 1991 early summer rice season in the central provinces and in the summer rice season in the Red River Delta provinces. PPRI studied the disease etiology and its distribution. About 100,000 ha were infected in 1992 early summer and summer seasons. Five provinces (Ha Tay, Thai Binh, Nam Ha, Thanh Hoa, and Khanh Hoa) are reported to be disease hot spots, with crop losses of up to 75%. To confirm the causal agent of the disease, infected grains were collected. Two botanic parasitic bacteria were isolated and identified in the laboratory. One had a yellow colony and the other, a creamy white colony. Seedborne fungi Cercospora, Helminthosporium, and Curvularia were also isolated.
Variety CR203, which is widely grown in the Red River Delta was artificially inoculated at the heading stage. Only the bacterium with the creamy white colony at 108 cfu/ml concentration produced symptoms similar to the disease observed in the field; it was designated as isolate no. 18.
We used the method of Matsuida et al to detect P. glumae using a CaC2O4 crystal. We cultured isolate no. 18 in a potato-peptone-glucose-agar (PPGA) mixed medium and with 0.1% CaCl2 at 38 C. The color of the PPGA turned a pale greenish yellow, and the CaC2O4 crystal on the colony was observed under the microscope. P. glumae was identified as the causal organism. assessed monthly for 6 mo by roll towel method. Inhibition zone assay was used to determine inhibition of pathogens. In the roll towel method, 10-d-old normal seedlings were selected randomly and root length, shoot length, and dry weights were measured. Vigor index (VI) was calculated as VI = Germination % root length (mean of 10 seedlings, in cm) = Germination % shoot length (mean of 10 seedlings, in cm) = Germination % dry weight (mean of 10 seedlings, in mg). In the inhibition zone assay, the spore suspension (10 6 spores/ml) of the test pathogen ( P. oryzae or H. oryzae) was mixed with molten potato dextrose agar medium and poured in petri plates. A treated seed was placed at the center of the medium. The diameter of the
Treating rice seeds with fungicides and antagonists to control seedborne diseases
D. Geetha and K. Sivaprakasam, Plant Pathology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625104, India
Rice blast (Bl), caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav., and brown leaf spot, caused by Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Haan, are seedborne diseases that cause appreciable yield loss. We treated rice seeds with some fungicides and antagonists to assess effects on seed viability, seedling vigor, and inhibition of seedborne pathogens. We conducted standard blotter assays using seeds of rice cultivar ADT36. P. oryzae infected 27.0% of the seeds and H. oryzae, 35.4%. Seeds were treated with fungicides and antagonists (see table), shade-dried, and stored for 5 mo. Seed viability and seedling vigor were
Effect of treating seed with chemicals and antagonists on inhibiting seedborne pathogens and on gemination, root length, shoot length, dry weight, and vigor indices. a Diameter of inhibition zone for P. oryzae (mm) 22.90 30.11 30.77 20.45 27.44 27.50 15.22 21.56 22.11 14.83 18.22 19.06 14.11 19.67 19.72 12.28 15.06 17.50 c ab a c-f b b ghi cd cd hi efg def i def def i hi fgh Diameter of inhibition zone for H. oryzae (mm) 15.47 18.39 19.33 21.94 25.06 26.39 22.22 24.11 25.00 21.67 22.94 24.00 29.50 33.28 33.00 18.50 23.33 24.84 b g fg def cd bc def cde cd ef de cde b a a g cde cde Germination (%) Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Dry weight (mg) Vigor index based on root length and percent germination Vigor index Vigor index based on based on shoot length dry matter and percent and percent germination germination
Treatment
Concentration (%)
Fungicide Pyroquilon Pyroquilon Pyroquilon Tricyclazole Tricyclazole Tricyclazole Carbendazim Carbendazim Carbendazim Carboxin Carboxin Carboxin Mancozeb Mancozeb Mancozeb Thiram Thiram Thiram
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4
95.11 94.89 93.78 94.67 96.00 95.56 95.34 97.11 97.33 96.00 95.78 96.00 94.67 95.56 95.34 96.22 97.11 96.45
ab ab b ab ab ab ab ab a ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab ab
16.12 16.50 16.37 16.99 18.81 18.60 21.05 21.77 20.53 17.50 20.31 19.77 16.53 17.82 18.73 19.76 20.39 20.03
fg efg fg dg a-f a-f ab a abc c-g abc a-e efg bg a-f a-e abc ad
6.22 6.49 6.05 6.61 7.18 6.85 7.77 7.90 7.23 7.01 7.59 7.59 6.82 7.31 7.67 6.84 7.67 7.61
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
151.70 152.44 150.17 158.22 164.61 161.56 175.56 176.22 174.67 165.61 174.61 172.94 165.61 169.61 171.44 173.72 175.03 174.61
jk j jkl i gh h ab a ab fg ab bc fg de cd abc ab ab
1536.16 1565.90 1536.22 1610.47 1808.12 1782.84 2054.78 2119.58 1972.14 1674.35 1909.41 1892.87 1562.86 1703.46 1786.86 1901.47 1980.98 1941.22
q p q o j I b a d n f h p m k g c e
592.55 616.67 568.25 625.92 689.65 655.10 755.73 769.75 727.91 669.17 735.02 694.81 646.74 699.04 731.94 658.44 745.37 735.00
p 14441.78 o 14471.78 q 14088.17 n 14989.56 i 15011.33 I 15446.89 b 17091.55 a 17156.67 f 16771.33 j 15830.67 d 16884.22 h 16535.33 m 15642.67 g 16209.78 e 16347.11 k 16719.77 c 17093.94 de 16859.55
q p r o n m b a e k c g I i h f b d
Antagonists Bacillus subtilis 60 10 9 cfu/ml Pseudomonas 60 109 fluorescens cfu/ml Carbendazim 60 10 9 (0.2%) + cfu/ml Bacillus subtilis Control LSD (P = 0.05)
a
15.06 hi 14.83 hi 21.22 cde 0.00 j 0.66
18.50 g 19.83 fg 23.17 cde 0.00 i 0.68
93.78 b 93.78 b 94.67 ab 88.45 c 3.40
16.15 fg 16.11 fg 19.67 a-e 15.15 g 0.07
5.99 a 6.04 a 6.54 a 5.73 a 0.02
149.33 kl 147.78 Im 167.94 ef 144.94 m 0.90
1515.89 r 1512.69 s 1858.51 i 1341.63 t 46.30
562.49 r 13930.22 s 553.41 s 13857.28 t 619.47 o 15939.78 j 507.18 t 11.80 12889.00 u 282.69
Av of 3 replications of 6 mo of observations. Values followed by different letters in each column are significantly different (P = 0.05) by DMRT.
inhibition zone that developed around the seed was measured. Seeds treated with pyroquilon (0.3%) had the largest inhibition zone for P. oryzae, followed by tricyclazole (0.3%), mancozeb (0.4%), and carboxin (0.3%). Seeds treated with mancozeb (0.4%) had the largest inhibition zone for H. oryzae, followed by tricyclazole (0.3%). Carbendazim and carboxin (both at 0.2 and 0.3%) also inhibited the pathogens (see table). Treated seeds showed higher seedling vigor than untreated seeds. Seedlings raised from seeds treated with carbendazim (0.2%) and mancozeb (0.4%) had the best seedling vigor. It is advisable to treat seeds with either pyroquilon or tricyclazole (0.2%) in areas
where B1 and brown leaf spot disease are severe. These fungicides effectively inhibit the pathogens while maintaining vigorous seedlings. Significantly higher seedling vigor, germination percentage,
and inhibition of seedborne pathogens can also be obtained by treating seeds with carbendazim (0.2%) and mancozeb (0.3%).
Effect of foliar spraying of Aspergillus terreus Thom on sheath blight (ShB) and rice plant characteristics
R. Gogoi and A. K. Roy, Plant Pathology Department, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, Assam, India
We tested the efficacy of A. terreus as an aqueous spore suspension spray in reducing incidence of ShB (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn).
The experiment was conducted during 1988 and 1992 ahu seasons (Apr-Aug). Twenty-six-day-old seedlings of rice cultivar IR50 were transplanted into 25-cm-dim clay pots containing 5 kg ricefield soil. A. terreus conidial suspension (47 106 spores/ml in 1988 and 49 106 spores/ml in 1992) was sprayed on foliage 38 d after transplanting in three ways: 3 d after, 3 d before, and simultaneously with inoculation of R. Solani. R. solani
ShB lesion size (mm2) after treatment with foliar spray of A. terreus spore suspension. Assam, India, 1988 and 1992 ahu seasons. Days after spraying A. terreus (no.) 1988 R. solani alone R. solani + A. terreus spray 3 d later R. solani R. solani Meana + A. terreus + A. terreus on same spray 3 d day before 4.50 8.52 12.24 12.34 14.15 14.64 14.79 15.22 15.78 12.46 c 0.81 1.40 ns b 0.71 4.52 8.70 9.54 11.01 11.45 12.41 13.06 13.16 9.36 d R. solani R. solani alone + A. terreus spray 3 d later 8.78 10.25 11.87 13.11 14.91 16.36 16.94 17.24 17.80 14.03 b 1992 R. solani + A. terreus on same day 4.76 8.05 9.96 11.14 12.59 13.40 14.24 14.52 14.79 11.49 c R. solani + A. terreus spray 3 d before 0.71 4.35 6.41 9.33 11.53 12.68 13.40 13.91 14.00 9.59 d Mean
3 10.67 8.85 9 11.25 10.50 15 11.68 11.70 21 12.70 12.08 27 14.05 15.68 33 16.80 16.04 39 17.85 16.51 45 18.14 17.07 75 20.70 18.15 Mean 15.86 a 14.06 b LSD (0.05): Inoculation (I) days (D) ID
a
6.18 a 8.41 8.69 b 11.55 11.08 a 12.42 11.66 c 15.19 13.72 d 16.01 14.73 d 18.14 15.39 d 20.16 15.87 de 20.23 16.97 e 21.53 15.96 a 15.96 a 1.82 3.16 ns
b
5.41 a 8.55 ab 10.17 bc 12.19 cd 13.76 de 15.14 def 16.18 ef 16.48 ef 17.03 f
Means followed by different letters are significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
ns = not significant.
Effect of foliar sprays of A. terreus spore suspension on growth characters of rice plants inoculated with R. solani. a 1988, 1992.
a Means in a column with a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
inoculation without A. terreus served as control. Plants were inoculated with R. solani by inserting 12-d-old sclerotium (grown on potato dextrose agar) between individual sheath and culm. ShB incidence was recorded up to 75 d after spraying with A. terreus (see table). Foliar spraying of A. terreus reduced ShB infection in all treatments in both years (see table). Maximum reduction, was obtained when A. terreus was sprayed before R. solani. Spraying after R. solani inoculation was the least
effective treatment. Significant differences existed among days of observation, with disease incidence progressively increasing with time. Effect of sequence of inoculation and days after inoculation on disease incidence were significant. Differences among treatments were shown at many points along the disease progress curve. Plant height and yield in 1988 and 1992, and dry weight of plant in 1992 were significantly greater in plants receiving A. terreus treatments than in the
control (see figure). Greater increases for all characters were obtained when A. terreus was sprayed either before or simultaneously with R. solani inoculation than when it was sprayed after R. solani inoculation.
Efficacy of botanicals in managing sheath rot (ShR) of rice

V. Narasimhan, V. V. Sridhar, and A. Abdul Kareem, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai 612101, lndia
Effect of botanicals on ShR incidence and grain yield of rice. a Aduthurai, India. 1990-92 WS. Treatment Neem cake, basal Neem cake, basal + neem seed kernel extract 5% FSb Neem seed kernel extract - FS Neem cake-coated urea, basal Neem oil - FS Prosophis leaf extract FS lpomoea leaf extract FS Neem formulation Carbendazim Untreated check
a
Dose 150 kg/ha Neem cake at 150 kg/ha + FS 5% 5% Neem cake at 150 kg/ha + urea at 75 kg N/ha 3% 10% 10% 3% 0.1%
Mean ShR (%) 1990-91 20.9 ab 18.2 a 17.6 a 25.4 ab 23.7 ab 26.3 b 23.9 ab 17.6 a 40.0 c 1991-92 c
Mean grain yield (t/ha) 1990-91 5.6 bc 6.2 a 6.2 a 6.0 ab a a a a 5.6 bc 5.3 bc 5.9 ab 6.1 a 5.2 c 1991-92
The efficacy of neem derivatives and leaf extracts of Prosophis juliflora L. (10%) and Ipomoea cornea L. (10%) on ShR caused by Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksw., was evaluated using susceptible cultivar Co 43 in the field in 1990-91 and 1991-92 wet seasons (WS). Neem derivatives were neem seed kernel extract 5% (NSKE), neem oil 3% (NO), and neem formulation 3% (NF) from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Leaf extracts and standard fungicide carbendazim (0.1%) were applied as foliar sprays at booting and 10 d later. Neem cake (NC) at 150 kg/ha and neem cake-coated urea (NCU) at 150 kg NC/ha + 75 kg N/ha were applied to the soil at planting. Each treatment was replicated three times. Plots were 5 4 m 2. ShR incidence was measured as the percentage of tillers affected in 25
27.7 a 29.4 28.3 30.9 29.0 27.0 41.9
5.0 a 4.1 d 4.7 abc 4.5 bcd 4.5 cd 5.1 a 3.7 e
a b
Values after angular transformation. Values having a common letter in a column are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. b FS =foliar spray. c Not tested.
randomly selected hills per plot at 20 d after the last spray. All treatments significantly reduced ShR in both years, (see table). NSKE alone, NC + NSKE, and carbendazim controlled ShR significantly better in the first year trial than in the second, which was reflected in grain yield. In the second and in the areas of Banke, Bara, Bardia, Bhairahawa, Butwal. Dang, Jhapa, Lamjung, Palpa, Parsa, Ratuahat, Syanja, and Tanahua of Nepal. Plants of the differential cultivars were grown in a greenhouse at UH for 40-50 d. Suspensions of 24-48 h bacterial cultures were adjusted to 2 108 colony forming units/ml. Plants were inoculated in replicated experiments using the scissor clip inoculation technique. Inoculated plants were kept under controlled conditions (28 C temperature and 75% relative humidity) that favored both plant and disease development. Data on lesion lengths were recorded 14 d after inoculation, averaged, and rated as resistant or susceptible (see table). One hundred twenty strains formed six groups based on average lesion length. Nepalese strains NXO200 and NXO216 did not fit any of the above pathogenicity patterns and were not assigned a group designation. None of the Nepalese strains tested corresponded to the previously reported race groups of N1 and N2 from
year, the carbendazim treatment recorded the highest grain yield, but did not significantly differ from NSKE and Prosophis leaf extract. NSKE applied as foliar spray is promising for reducing ShR and increasing grain yield.
New races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) among strains representing major rice-growing areas of India and Nepal
Faiz-Ur Rehman, Plant Pathology Department (PPD), University of Hawaii (UH), 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA; S. S. Gnanamanickam, Center for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Madras 600025, India; T. B. Adhikari, Plant Pathology Department, lnstitute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Central Campus, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal; and A. M. Alvarez, PPD, UH
We have studied the pathogenic variation of 122 Xoo strains (86 from India, 36 from Nepal) using IRRIs standard differential rice cultivars IR8 (Xa-11 ), IR20 (Xa-4), IR1545-339 (xa-5 ), CAS209 (Xa-10 ), and DV85 ( xa-5, Xa-7 ). Strains were collected during the past 5 yr from various rice-growing areas in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal,
Nepal because they were not based on the rice differentials that we used in our study. Groups la, lb, and 2 from the present study, however, corresponded to the previously reported Indian races Ia, Ib, and II, respectively. The reaction patterns of groups 3,4, and 5 are new and have not been previously reported from these areas. Based on these findings, we are proposing to designate group 3, which included two Indian and eight Nepalese strains, as Indian race III, and the relatively small group 4, which included three Indian and one Nepalese strain, as Indian race IV. We have not assigned a race designation to the 11 Indian and 11 Nepalese low-virulence strains that formed group 5. If tested on some indigenous rice cultivars, this group of strains might be found virulent and have some significance. Notably, none of the 36 Nepalese strains tested belonged to Indian race Ib. The discovery of two new races and a low virulence group may be useful in breeding for resistance against Xoo in India and Nepal.
Differential rice cultivar reactions to Xoo strains. Range of av lesion length and disease reactiona IR8 (Xa-11) IR20 (Xa-4) 3.0 7.0 10.015.0 11.017.0 3.0 7.5 3.0 3.5 1.0 4.0 (R) (S) (S) (R) (R) (R) lR1545-339 (xa-5) 13.020.0 11.017.0 17.021.0 14.025.0 3.0 9.0 3.0 5.0 (S) (S) (S) (S) (R) (R) CAS209 (Xa-10) 33.040.0 31.040.0 20.0=39.0 19.043.0 23.046.0 1.0 4.0 (S) (S) (S) (S) (S) (R) DV85 (xa-5, Xa-7) Race designation
Group
Strain (no.)
Indian strains Group 1a Group 1b Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Nepalese strains Group 1a Group 1b Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 NX0200 NX0216
a
86 5 27 38 2 3 11 36 7 0 7 8 1 11 1 1
13.028.0 16.024.0 19.023.0 10.018.0 11.023.0 1.0 3.5
(S) (S) (S) (S) (S) (R)
7.0 9.0 (R) 7.0 8.5 (R) 31.036.0 (S) 23.040.0 (S) 6.0 8.0 (R) 1.0 5.0 (R)
la Ib II III IV
10.416.0 (S) (S) 10.223.0 (S) 10.921.3 (S) 10.5 (S) 1.3 8.4 (R) 6.8 (R) 10.5 (S)
2.1 7.7 (R) (S) 10.621.0 (S) 1.86.3 (R) 2.2 (R) 1.0 2.7 (R) 2.1 (R) 5.5 (R)
10.321.7 (S) (S) 10.920.4 (S) 13.019.6 (S) 5.1 (R) 1.4 6.1 (R) 3.6 (R) 7.5 (R)
10.524.6 (S) (S) 11.624.1 (S) 14.819.3 (S) 10.3 (S) 2.2 9.6 (R) 12.4 (S) 10.8 (S)
3.0 7.6 (R) (R) 13.925.9 (S) 14.822.1 (S) 7.6 (R) 1.4 9.4 (R) 10.6 (S) 13.6 (S)
la Ib II III IV
R = resistant (<10-cm lesion length), S = susceptible (>10-cm lesion length).
Integrated pest management-insects

Effects of neem and nochi on rice bug Leptocorisa acuta
C. Durairaj, National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban Pudukkottai 622303 and M. S. Venugopal, Agricultural Entomology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625104, India
We conducted a field experiment using IR20 to study the effects of Azadirachta indica (neem) and Vitex negundo (nochi)
Effect of botanical pest control products on rice bug populations. Madurai, India, 1991-92. Treatment Rice bug Decrease (no./ over 5 net control sweeps) a (%) 4.0 5.0 9.0 14.3 18.0 17.7 29.0 2.54 86.2 82.8 69.0 50.7 38.0 39.0
botanical pest control products on rice bug during the second season (Sep 1991Feb 1992). The insecticide malathion 50 EC was included for comparison (see table). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 20-m 2 plots and three replications. Twenty-four hours after spraying, rice bug populations were assessed as the
number of bugs/five sweeps of a net. Only four rice bugs were recorded in the malathion-sprayed plot, which had a population reduction of 86.2% compared with the control. The next best treatment was Neemark, with S bugs. Neem oil, neem seed kernel extract, and nochi were much less effective than malathion and Neemark.
Developmental biology and host plant range of ricefeeding tiger moth Creatonotus gangis (L.)
J. L. A. Catindig, A. T. Barrion, and J. A. Litsinger, IRRI
Malathion 0.05% Neemark 0.5% Neem oil 2.0% Nochi leaf extract 2.5% Nochi leaf extract 5.0% Neem seed kernel extract 5.0% Control CD (P = 0.05)
a
Mean of three replications.
We studied the development of C. gangis on 20 common plant species from families Poaceae (14), Cyperaceae (5), and Commelinaceae (1). Unfed neonate larvae were placed on 25- to 30-d-old individual host plants in 20-cm-diam clay pots enclosed in 10- 72-cm cylindrical mylar cages with top and side vents of nylon mesh (1 mm2). Ten larvae were released per cage. Each cage served as a treatment, replicated 10 times, in a randomized complete block design in a
non-airconditioned headhouse. Temperature averaged 26.9 1.06 C. Relative humidity averaged 73.2 4.0%. Host suitability was determined as percentage of larval survival, larval developmental period, larval growth index, and eggs laid by emerging females. Fecundity was determined on an individual basis for newly emerged moths, which were held in a 65- 65- 110-cm rectangular wooden cage frame with sides of nylon mesh (1 mm2). Honey solution (10%) was provided for food. A male was introduced for each caged female. C. gangis survived to pupation on all 20 plant species, confirming the polyphagous nature of this insect.
Table 1. Host plant range of C. gangis. IRRI headhouse, Feb-Mar 1990.a Parameter Larval survival (%)bc Poaceae TN1 rice Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees Maize Echinochloa colona (L.) Link E. glabrescens Munro ex Hook f. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. lsachne globosa L. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. P. conjugatum Berg. Leersia hexandra Sw. Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf. B. distachya (L.) Stapf. Chloris barbata Sw. lmperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv Cyperaceae Cyperus kyllingia Endl. C. brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Cyperus iria L. C. rotundus L. Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa Burm. f. 79.0 73.0 69.9 63.0 67.0 72.0 53.0 57.0 31.3 24.1 15.0 12.1 10.0 8.0 57.2 52.1 19.0 22.0 4.0 9.5 20.0 12.0 26.3 18.3 18.7 46.4 22.1 16.0 23.2 7.1 11.4 0.0 4.2 a ab abc abc abc ab c bc d de def ef ef ef bc c Larval developmental period (d) d 22.1 23.7 29.4 30.2 30.6 31.5 31.5 36.1 29.1 31.5 37.7 38.1 38.1 42.1 0.8 a 1.4 b 0.9 c 1.6 d 0.9 e 1.8 ef 1.0 ef 1.2 fg 1.2 c 1.2 ef 0.9 gh 1.4 gh 1.2 gh 1.6 i 1.6 1.2 0.7 0.7 1.1 e f gh fg i h 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.0 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 1.7 1.5 0.6 0.6 0.1 Larval growth index (rating) e 0.4 a 0.9 ab 0.5 bc 1.0 cd 0.7 bcd 0.7 bc 1.8 de 0.7 ef 0.6 h 0.9 ghi 0.2 ij 0.3 ij 0.0 j 0.0 j 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 ef efg h-j h-j j 46.7 45.8 25.5 34.1 36.2 21.5 49.5 29.2 36.7 44.7 17.7 16.2 17.8 6.1 38.3 15.9 11.7 33.2 22.8 Eggs laid (no./female) 40.7 a 12.5 a 18.9 c-g 9.3 a-e 7.3 a-d 5.6 d-h 38.9 a 15.8 b-f 13.7 a-d 6.7 ab 7.1 e-h 12.5 fgh 1.7 e-h 6.0 h Overall ranking f
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 13 14 15 18 10 11 13 16 17 19
24.5 24.4 8.8 9.2 5.2 5.2
32.0 38.1 def 35.6 def 43.0 f 39.6 f
11.7 abc fgh 4.6 4.4 gh 11.9 a-e 6.3 c-g 7.0 c-g
4.0
30.8 0.7
0.1
i25.3
a Av of 10 replications. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P < 0.01) by LSD statistical test. b Suvival (%) = Larvae becoming pupae x 100. c n = 100. d n = 10. e Growth index = Larval survival (%)
. f 1 = best, 19 = worst,
Total larvae
Larval growth period (d)
Table 2. Life history of C. gangis. IRRI headhouse, Mar-Dec 1989. a x SD Egg incubation period (d) 4.6 0.8 Larval stadium (d) 4.5 0.5 I 4.9 1.3 II 4.0 0.7 III 4.7 0.8 IV 4.0 0.5 V 2.0 0 Prepupa (d) 8.5 0.5 Pupa (d) Total developmental period (d) 37.2 1.4 12.0 1.5 Moth longevity (d) 46.7 40.7 Eggs laid (no./female)
a n = 100.
the most suitable host (Table 1). All the plant species served as ovipositional hosts and supported complete development of C. gangis. Greatest fecundity (no. eggs/female) occurred from moths reared on Isachne globosa (49.5), rice (46.7), L. chinensis (45.8), Leersia hexandra (44.7), Cyperus kyllingia (38.3), Paspalum conjugatum
(36.7), E. glabrescens (36.21, and E. colona (34.1) (Table 1). Life history data for C. gangis developing on rice appear in Table 2. Even though C. gangis is highly adapted to rice, it occurs rarely and has never been reported to be economically important.
Highest larval survival to pupation (n = 100) occurred on rice (79%), Leptochloa chinensis (73%), and Eleusine indica (72%). The quickest larval developmental period was on rice (22.1 d), although on all other plant hosts development was significantly delayed. These two developmental parameters resulted in a high growth index for rice (3.5) and L. chinensis (3.1), which were significantly higher than for the other plants. Rice (TN1) was
Shifts in population characteristics of brown planthopper (BPH) immigrants to Japan

K. Sogawa, Laboratory of Pest Management Systems, Kyushu National Agricultural Experiment Station, Suya 2421, Nishigoshi, Kumamoto 861-11, Japan
Hopperburn was observed for the first time on a BPH-resistant breeding line with Bph 1 gene in Japan in 1990, indicating that BPH immigrating to Japan may have changed significantly. This population shift was evaluated
quantitatively using 96 immigrants in 1992. Honeydew excretion of adult females was measured individually. Insects were confined to leaf sheaths of rice at the early tillering stage with clip-on Parafilm sachets (about 1.5 1.5 cm) at 25C for 1 d. The same insects were transferred daily from resistant IR26 (Bph 1 gene) to susceptible japonica Reihou to resistant IR42 ( bph 2 gene) to clarify the biotypic properties of individual females. Individuals excreting at least 10 mg honeydew were tentatively classified as able to feed normally. Of the 92% that
Honeydew excreted by 96 adult female immigrants on Reihou, IR26, and IR42. Individuals were arranged in descending order based on amounts of honeydew excreted on Reihou. Japan, 1992.
fed normally on Reihou, 47% could feed on IR26, and 1% could feed on IR26, IR42, and Reihou. Average honeydew excreted daily was about 4623 mg on Reihou and 3318 mg on IR26, respectively. Only one female excreted 49 mg on IR42. Five females excreted
more than 10 mg on IR26, but less than 10 mg on Reihou and IR42 (see figure). We conclude that about half of the recent BPH immigrants to Japan were biotype 2, and the rest were still biotype 1.
Integrated pest management other pests

Efficacy of benomyl in controlling the ufra nematode in Vietnam
Nguyen Thi Thu Cuc and Tran Vu Phen, Plant Protection Department, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam; and J.-C. Prot, IRRI
Detoxifying enzymes of the brown planthopper (BPH)

Chien-Jung Gu, Wen-Lin Chen, and ChihNing Sun, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
Among the major detoxifying enzymes, hydrolases are the most studied group because of their involvement in the resistance of Nilaparvata lugens Stl to both organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides. Activity of carboxylesterase toward 1-naphthyl acetate in BPH is at least 20-fold higher than in some lepidoptera. More than a dozen carboxylesterase isozymes have been resolved using isoelectric-focusing electrophoresis, and substrate specificity has been observed in some isozymes. Considerable conjugation of 1 -chloro2,4-dinitrobenzene mediated by glutathione transferase has been observed in BPH. This enzyme in the pest, however, does not show any detectable activity toward another model substrate, 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, or insecticides (parathion, paraoxon, and methyl parathion) known to be substrates
for glutathione transferase in other insects. Activity of microsomal P450dependent monooxygenases toward several model substrates in BPH is very low-only about 1/50 to 1/100 of that in some lepidopterous insects. It has been hypothesized that this low monooxygenase activity may be due to its contact with only water-soluble materials in plant saps (see table). The metabolic mechanisms of insecticide resistance observed in BPH may reflect the fundamental makeup of detoxifying enzymes. A lack of crossresistance in BPH from existing organophosphorus/pyrethroid resistance (conferred by enhanced carboxylesterase hydrolysis) to buprofezin might be because the carboxylesterases do not hydrolyze this chitin synthesis inhibitor. Further, there may not be active microsomal monooxygenases with which to hydroxylate buprofezin, a known detoxifying reaction observed in soils. If resistance to buprofezin should occur in BPH, it might be the result of target site alterations.
Activities of detoxifying enzymes of Nilaparvata lugens Stal. Enzyme and substrate Carboxylesterase 1-naphthyl acetate 2-naphthyl acetate Glutathione transferase 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene Parathion Paraoxon Methyl parathion Microsomal P450-monooxygenases Aldrin Methoxyresorufin Ethoxyresorufin Ethoxycoumarin
a
Specific activity 40.2 mol/min per mg protein 36.9 mol/min per mg protein 192 mol/min per mg protein NDa ND ND ND 3.75 pmol/min per mg protein 2.90 pmol/min per mg protein ND ND
ND = not detected.
We conducted two experiments to test the effect of benomyl on the ufra nematode, Ditylenchus angustus, in deepwater rice in farmers' fields. The first experiment was conducted in the village of Long Thanh My, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh City. The farmer transplanted 45-d-old seedlings of variety Tieu doi in an ufra-prone area. Eight benomyl treatments were evaluated. The second experiment was conducted, in Dong Phu, Chau Thanh district, Can Tho Province, in a field dry seeded with variety 1960. Rice showed ufra symptoms 40 d after sowing. Two benomyl and water solutions were tested: 0.1 and 0.2% ai sprayed at a rate of 500 liters/ha. An untreated control was the third treatment. Fields were cultivated following farmers' practices. Experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications using 7- 7-m plots for the first experiment and 10- 10-m plots for the second experiment. In the first experiment, 10 hills/plot were collected at rice crop maturity for nematode analysis. In the second experiment, five crop cuts of 20- 20-cm were collected at random from each plot 1 d before, and 10 and 20 d after benomyl treatments. In both experiments, nematodes were extracted from all of the stems collected. Results were analyzed using ANOVA. Means were separated using DMRT. D. angustus infestation was low in the first experiment, most probably because of late flooding and low water level during the flood. Results indicate,
however, that none of the benomyl treatments controlled the nematode (Table 1). In the second experiment, D. angustus numbers were significantly lower in benomyl-treated plots than in
untreated plots at both sampling times (Table 2). Benomyl, however, failed to control the nematode effectively and nematode counts per stem remained high.
Water management
Water management in transplanted wetland rice
S. C. Mastan and B. Vijaykumar, Agronomy Department, Andhra Pradesh (AP), Agricultural University, Hyderabad 500030, India
Table 1. Number of D. angustus/hill observed at rice crop maturity after benomyl treatments. Long Thanh My, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Treatment D. angustus /hill a (no.) 7.6 8.4 a ab
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
a
Untreated Seed treatment by soaking for 24 h in a solution of benomyl at 0.1% ai T2 + spraying at 30 DT c with a solution of benomyl at 0.1 ai at a rate of 400 dm3/ha Seedling treatment by spraying with a solution of benomyl at 0.1 ai 2 d before transplanting at a rate of 240 dm3/ha T 4 + spraying at 30 DT with a solution of benomyl at 0.1 ai at a rate of 400 dm3/ha Spraying at 30 DT with a solution of benomyl at 0.1 ai at a rate of 400 dm3/ha T6 + spraying at flowering with a solution of benomyl at 0.1 ai at a rate of 500 dm3/ha Spraying at 21 d after flooding with a solution of benomyl at 0.1 ai at a rate of 400 dm3/ha Spraying at flowering with a solution of benomyl at 0.1 ai at a rate of 500 dm3/ha
26.6 a 10.7 a 2.6 a 17 a
4.2 a 29.7 a 11.5 a
c Days after transplanting.
Mean of 4 replications. b Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
Table 2. Number of D. angustus observed/stem before and after spraying benomyl at two concentrations 40 d after sowing. Dong Phu, Chau Thanh district, Can Tho Province, Vietnam. D. angustus /stem a (no.) 1 d before treatment Control (no benomyl spray) Benomyl 0.1% ai Benomyl 0.2% ai
by DMRT.
Treatment
10 d after treatment 83 a 45 b 42 b
20 d after treatment 64 a 44 b 43 b
33 a 30 a 32 a
a Mean of 4 replications. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level
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We studied how water management practices affect grain yield and water use efficiency of transplanted rabi (winter) rice. We studied the response of rice crops subjected to various irrigation schedules and determined the most productive schedule when water is a limiting factor. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design during 1989-9 1. No rain fell during the experiment. Thirty-day-old seedlings of Tellahamsa (1 20 d) were transplanted into 30-m2 plots at Agricultural College Farm, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Soil was a clay loam. We applied 100:17.6:24.9 kg NPK/ha in three splits: 1/3 at transplanting, 1/3 at maximum tillering, and 1/3 at panicle initiation. Granulated butachlor (at 1.5 kg ai/ha) mixed with fine sand was applied at 4 d after transplanting (DT) and followed by handweeding at 30-35 DT. Maintaining 5 cm of water yielded the most rice (5.5 t/ha) in the experiment but required 1,530 mm of the water. Applying 5 cm of water at 2 d after disappearance of ponded water (DADPW) did not reduce yield significantly, but it saved considerable water. 2 DADPW had the highest water use efficiency (5.41 kg grain/ha-mm) among treatments. Other treatments consumed less water than continuous submergence but yielded significantly less (see table). Severe cracks developed in these treatments and water stress occurred during and after panicle initiation.
Effect of water regime on grain yield of winter rice a . Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India, 1989-91.
Water regime Continuous submergence (5 cm water) 5 cm water 2 DADPW b 5 cm water 3 DADPW 5 cm water 4 DADPW 5 cm water 5 DADPW LSD (0.05)
a
Grain yield (t/ha) 5.5 5.2 4.6 4.1 3.4 0.7
Water requirement (mm) 1530 935 850 765 680
Water use efficiency (kg grain/ha-mm) 3.60 5.41 5.37 5.36 4.95
Varietal diffusion in a rice farming system

M. Wijeratne and P. A. N. Chandrasiri, Agricultural Economics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka
Mean of 2 yr. bDADPW = d after disappearance of ponded water.
Farming systems
Establishing rainfed no-till winter crops under NPK fertilization after transplanted wet rice
N. R. Das and N. Bhanja, Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India
We studied the feasibility of establishing crops after transplanted wet rice during winter without tilling and using only residual moisture. The field experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design, replicated four times, and conducted during winter seasons (1990-91 and 199192) at the University Farm, Kalyani, West Bengal, India. Experimental soil was a low-lying alluvial with 0.62% organic C, 0.06% total N, 7.9 kg available P/ha, 151.1 kg available K/ha, and pH 6.8.
Seeds of mustard (cultivar Bg ) at 8 kg/ha, grasspea (cultivar Nirmal) at 50 kg/ha, lentil (cultivar B77) at 30 kg/ha, and linseed (cultivar Neelam) at 10 kg/ha were broadcast 1 d before the harvest of the standing crop of transplanted wet rice (IR36). Three levels of NPK fertilizers (none, recommended dose, and 1.5 times the recommended dose) were broadcast immediately after removal of rice on 28 Oct. Sources of NPK were urea, single superphosphaste, and muriate of potash. Mustard was harvested 7 Feb; linseed, 20 Feb; and grasspea and lentil, 15 Mar. Lentil gave the maximum seed yield, followed by grasspea. Linseed had the poorest seed yield. All four crops can be established as winter crops after rainfed transplanted rice. The seed and stover yields of the oil seed crops, (mustard and linseed) increased with increased doses of NPK fertilizers. The pulses (grasspea and lentil) did not respond to NPK fertilizers when planted as winter crops (see table).
Effect of different NPK fertilizer levels on seed and stover yields (t/ha) of rainfed winter crops of mustard, grasspea, lentil, and linseed after transplanted wet rice (IR36). West Bengal, India, 1990-92.
Rainfed winter crop Seed Mustard Grasspea Lentil Linseed Mean 0.5 1.0 1.2 0.4 0.8
NPK fertilizer None Stover 2.0 4.0 4.7 1.3 3.0 Recommended dose Seed 0.7 1.1 1.3 0.7 1.0 Stover 3.0 4.9 4.0 1.6 3.4 1.5 recommended dose Seed 1.5 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.1 Stover 4.2 4.4 3.7 1.8 3.5 Mean Seed 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.6 0.9 FC Seed 0.5 Stover 1.2 Stover 3.2 4.4 4.1 1.5 3.3
Fertilizer (F) Seed LSD (0.05)

a ns = not significant.
Crops (C) Seed 0.4 Stover 0.7
Stover ns a
0.3
We studied the diffusion pattern of rice varieties developed through a farming systems research and extension (FSR/E) program. Farmers in the southern Sri Lankan district of Matara are confronted with strong soil acidification (pH 3.5-4.0) during the dry season (DS) and excess water during the wet season (WS). During the technology generation stage of the FSR/E program, rice varieties were screened for tolerance for soil acidification and submergence. Varieties BW272-3 and At85-1 were selected. Both have growth duration of 3 1/2 mo. Based on experimental and on-farm trial results, BW272-3 was introduced in the district in 1988 DS and At85-1 in 1990 DS. See figure for diffusion trends. BW272-3 had medium tolerance for acidic soils and submerged condition. It exhibited medium resistance to thrips (Thrips oryzae) and sheath blight (ShB) (Corticium sasakii) and is 95-100 cm tall. The field's microenvironment did not favor the spread of common insect pests and diseases. Unfavorable characteristics included low resistance to brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens Stl), high grain shattering, lower grain weight (21-22 g/l,000 seeds), and white pericarp. BW272-3 was considered to be a moderately appropriate variety for the target area. Farmers adopted this variety at first, but later responded to the low grain weight and higher farmgate price of redpericarped varieties. The diffusion curve of BW272-3 shows a declining adoption trend two seasons after it was introduced (see figure). Red-pericarped At85-1 had medium tolerance for acidic soils, low shattering, and higher grain weight (25-26 g/1000 seeds). It had little tolerance for submerged condition and was susceptible to BPH, thrips, and ShB. Its short height (81-87 cm) made the microenvironment suitable for pests and diseases. After eight seasons, farmers are again adopting BW272-3, which is moderately
Diffusion trends of rice varieties in Matara district, southern Sri Lanka. 1988-92 DS and WS.
a
Many farmers abandoned ricefields due to unusually excessive amounts of water at plant establishment.
appropriate to the local production conditions, although its farmgate price is low. Similarly, At85-1 is gaining popularity, especially in the upper areas of the district where soil acidification is high.
Rice - fish - azolla farming system for low-lying ricefields

V. S. Shanmugasundaram and M. Balusamy, Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Bhavanisagar, Tamil Nadu 638451, India
Fish culture in ricefields is a good way for farmers to gain additional protein and income. We studied the economics of the rice - fish - azolla system during 1992 in a low-lying ricefield at ARS. The soil was sandy loam with pH 7.2, EC 0.1 dS/m, 229 kg available N/ha, 14 kg available P/ha, and 151 kg available K/ha. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with
three replications. Calotropis (12.5 t/ha) was incorporated as green leaf manure 10 d before transplanting rice variety ADT 36, which was fertilized with 120-38-38 kg NPK/ha. Azolla microphylla was applied at 2.0 t/ha as fish feed/N fixer. 5 d after transplanting (DT). Different systems were studied (see table). Field trenches (1 m deep 1 m wide) were dug for fish shelter. These trenches occupied 10% of the riceland. Catla. rohu, and mrigal were stocked 10 DT at an equal ratio of 3,000 fingerlings/ha. A mixture of banana pseudostem and cow dung (1:1) and rice bran were fed as supplementary feed at the rate of 5% of
average fish body weight. Rice - azolla produced the most grain, which was at par with rice - fish - azolla calotropis system (see table). Rice - fish azolla - calotropis system was more profitable than rice alone, recording an additional income of US$40.70/ha and the highest benefit-cost ratio (1.30) of the systems studied. Rice yield was slightly less under rice -fish system because of the trenches; the fish harvest, however more than compensated for the reduced rice yield. This study indicates that rice - fish azolla farming is possible in low-lying ricefields of Tamil Nadu.
Yield, yield attributes, and economics of different rice, azolla, and fish systems. ARS, Bhavanisagar, Tamil Nadu, India, 1992. System Rice Rice - fish Rice - azolla Rice - azolla - fish Rice - azolla - calotropis - fish Rice - azolla (no N) Rice - azolla - calotropis (no N) LSD (0.05) Productive tillers (no./m2) 417 431 475 482 502 284 364 69.4 Panicle length (cm) 20.9 21.1 21.1 21.7 21.7 18.1 19.7 ns Grains/ panicle (no.) 101 102 108 114 114 95 95 8.6 Filled 1,000grains/ grain wt panicle (no.) (g) 88 92 94 98 99 81 85 8.9 19.7 19.4 19.7 19.4 20.1 18.8 19.0 ns Grain yield (t/ha) 5.0 4.8 5.3 5.0 5.2 3.9 4.2 .3 Fish yield (kg/ha) 71 75 78 Net income (US$/ha) 81.95 84.95 103.90 104.70 122.65 36.35 50.65 Benefitcost ratio 1.21 1.21 1.27 1.26 1.30 1.17 1.15
Research methodology
Combined effects of pests in farmers' fields: methodological outlines of a yield-loss data base in rice
N. P. Castilla, M. O. Mabbayad, A. T. Barrion, F. A. Elazegui, and S. Savary, lRRI
Farmers management practices can influence the occurrence of insect pests, the diseases, and weeds-and resulting yield losses. Analyzing the combined effects of pests on rice yield is difficult because several pests have to be manipulated and highly variable production situations must be considered. IRRI established a crop-loss data base in 1991 that covers key pests and input factors in irrigated and rainfed lowland rice. Rice variety PSBRc-4 was planted in 1991 dry season (DS) and C4-137 in
1992 DS in a farmers field in Laguna Province, Philippines. The farmers management practices were used. The field in both experiments was divided into three blocks that were superimposed with the following weed treatments 1 wk after transplanting (WAT) rice: infestation with Echinochloa glabrescens (5 plants/m2 ), infestation with Monochoria vaginalis (10 plants/m2), and handweeding until rice panicle initiation stage. Each block had eight microplots consisting of 12 12 hills, representing eight randomly assigned pest combinations: bacterial blight (BB), sheath blight (ShB), and yellow stem borer (as deadhearts [DH]); BB and DH; BB and ShB; ShB and DH; ShB only; DH only; BB only; and no pests. High or low pest levels were attained by
Table 1. Lists of pests and explanatory variables. Pest Scirpophaga incertulas (yellow stem borer) Injury Deadhearts Acronym DH Injury component Maximum percentage of tillers with DH throughout the cropping seasonArea under BB severity progress curve Maximum ShB severity throughout the cropping season Area under weeds above the crop canopy rating progress curve Area under weeds below the crop canopy rating progress curve Variable
Xanthomonas campestris Bacterial blight pv. oryzae Rhizoctonia solani Sheath blight
BB ShB
Bb Sb
Echinochloa glabrescens Weed infestation (above the crop canopy) Monochoria vaginalis Weed infestation (below the crop canopy)
WA
Wa
WB
Wb
artificially infesting or inoculating plots. To establish DH, rice plants were infested with 4-5 egg masses/m 2 at 3 WAT. Plots were sprayed with 600 ml of BB inoculum (109 colony-forming units/ ml) at 1, 2, and 3 WAT. Rice plants at maximum tillering stage were inoculated with ShB by inserting 5 g of a rice hullgrain mixture seeded with the pathogen into the center of each hill. Plots were sprayed daily with water for 1 wk to enhance ShB development. Pest injuries were assessed at maximum tillering, booting, flowering, and hard dough stages. Prior to statistical analyses, raw data were converted into injury components that best represented the harmful effects of pests (Table 1). Areas under the pest progress curve (AUPPC) for BB, weed infestation above the crop canopy (WA), and weed infestation below the crop canopy (WB) were computed for the period 4-13 WAT. Multiple regression analyses were performed to describe yield variation using square root transformed pest variables and attainable yield (Ya) as regressors. Ya, which refers to the yield of the control or protected plot in a block, was used as an explanatory variable to account for the varying production situations within and across experiments: varieties, weeds, fertilizer application, and other factors associated with farming practices. In Table 2, equation 1 indicates that all the injuries manipulated in these experiments, except DH, directly reduced yield, and the equation accounted for 65% of the yield variation. Eighty percent of the yield variation was accounted for when Ya was introduced into the analysis, with 73% attributable
Table 2. Multiple regression equations for the experimental data set. Equation no. 1 2 3
a
Variables Y = f (Dh, Bb, Sb, Wa, Wb) Y = f (Yac, Dh, Bb, Sb, Wa, Wb) Y = f (Ya, Ya Dh, Ya Bb, Ya Sb, Ya Wa, Ya Wb)
b *,
Equations a,b Y = 7.16 0.036 Bb 0.277 Sb 0.096 Wa 0.177 Wb (0.040*) (0.080**) (0.160***) (0.372***) Y = 1.00 0.911 Ya 0.200 Dh 0.219 Sb (0.728***) (0.026*) (0.041**) Y = 0.31 + 1.166 Ya 0.038 Ya Dh 0.044 Ya Sb (0.728***) (0.027*) (0.034*)
c
R 2b 0.65*** 0.80*** 0.79***
Values in parentheses refer to the partial R 2 of each variable.
**, *** = significant at the 5, 1, and .01% levels, respectively.
Ya = atttainable yield.
to Ya alone (Equation 2). Equation 3 further shows that increasing pest injuries, specifically ShB and DH, are associated with more than a proportional reduction in yield. Equation 3 demonstrates more generally that the
attainable yield, which represents the production levels, interacts with pest injuries in the descriptive damage function generated by the two experiments. Our data to date show that production levelsyield outcome of different N input levels to vary their N content; and different varieties can also be compared. Data are analyzed using repeatedmeasures ANOVA. The table shows the format of an ANOVA where the logtransformed number of ShB infection points is analyzed in an experiment with three replications, eight treatments, and three batches. The treatments represent different combinations of inoculum amount and positioning (see figure). The results indicate that the positioning of inoculum has a significant effect on the number of infection points. Estimates of treatment means are T1: 122 a; T2: 64 b; T3: 82 a; T4: 111 a; T5: 37 b; T6: 147 a; T7: 150 a; and T8: 20 c, where values followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to DMRT
farmers' management practices, inputs, and environmental factorsinteract with pest injuries in damage functions and must be considered in pest management.
A simple methodology for analyzing rice sheath blight (ShB) epidemiologic processes under semicontrolled conditions
R. M. Leafio and N. P. Castilla, IRRI; D. B. Lapis, Plant Pathology Department, University of the Philippines at Los Baos; and S. Savary, IRRI
We developed a simple and reproducible methodology to study ShB epidemics under semicontrolled environmental conditions. It involves two basic components: 1) an analogue of a standing crop that can be manipulated according to the environmental variables being investigated, and 2) a probe that allows monitoring and quantification of ShB conduciveness in this manipulated environment. The crop analogue is a quadrat of 3 3 hills (see figure). At maximum tillering stage, all hills in the quadrats except the center hillare inoculated with a rice hull/grain mixture colonized by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn to serve as source plants. The center hill is removed after inoculation and replaced with a healthy trap plant that was grown in an adjacent, disease-free area. The trap plant serves as a probe. After 3 d of exposure, the trap plant is transferred into a pot. ShB severity is measured, and emerging infection points are counted. The procedure can be used in a series of replications and for several treatments. It can be repeated over time with successive batches of trap plants. Leaf wetness duration can be manipulated by covering the quadrat with plastic cages for different amounts of time. Crop density can be varied by planting hills at different spacings. The number and position of ShB lesions in the canopy can be manipulated by varying the amount and positioning of the inoculum. Trap plants can be grown in plots with
(p<0.05). Further comparison of means shows significantly less infection points when inoculum was placed at the stem level only. A two- to fourfold increase in infection points occurred when the inoculum was placed at the leaf level. Increasing the amount of inoculum from 2.5 to 5.0 g did not significantly increase the number of infection points. The number is significantly lower in the third batch than in the first two batches, suggesting a decline in infection efficiency over time. Spontaneous infections are measured on the control trap plants (T8), which provide a measure of the 'background noise' specific to each experiment. This methodology can be used to address several driving variables in the rice-ShB pathosystem.
Format of a repeated-measures ANOVA for the log-transformed number of infection points per trap plant. The experiment involves 5 replications, 8 treatments, and 3 batches. Source of variation df Example df 4 7 1 6 1 5 2 1 2 28 2 14 2 12 2 10 4 2 4 64 Fobs F 0.05 Conservative F 0.05 a 6.23 12.4 54.5 5.43 7.79 4.96 11.6 0.00 12.4 4.31 1.68 4.90 1.14 0.01 1.36 2.88 0.74 3.1 2.71 2.36 4.20 2.44 4.20 2.56 3.34 4.20 3.34 3.14 1.85 3.14 1.90 3.14 1.98 2.51 3.14 2.51 2.71 2.36 4.20 2.44 4.20 2.56 3.34 4.20 3.34 3.99 2.15 3.99 2.24 3.99 2.36 3.14 3.99 3.14
Replication Treatments (T)b Control vs other treatments (U) Among other treatments (V) T7 vs T1 to T6 (W) Among T1 to T6 (X) Inoculum positioning (P) Inoculum amount (A) PxA Error (a) Batch (B) TxB (Control vs other treatments) B (Among other treatments) B (T7 vs T1 to T6) B (Among T1 to T6) B PB AxB PxAxB Error (b)
r-1 t-1 u-1 v-1 w-1 x-1 P-1 a-1 (p-1) (a-1) (r-1) (t-1) b-1 (t-1) (b-1) (u-1) (b-1) (v-1) (b-1) (w-1) (b-1) (x-1) (b-1) (p-1) (b-1) (a-1) (b-1) (p-1) (a-1) (b-1) t(r-1) (b-1)
a Based on batch df = 1. The conservative F values are usually considered. b The treatments represent different combinations of amount and positioning of inoculum: T1: 2.5 g at leaf level, T2: 2.5 g at stem level, T3: 2.5 gat stem level and 2.5 gat leaf level, T4: 5.0 g at leaf level. T5: 5.0 gat stem level, T6: 5.0 gat stem level and 5.0 g at leaf level, T7: 5.0 g at stem level and 2.5 g at leaf level, and T8: control.
Design for analyzing rice ShB epidemiologic processes under secontrolled environmental conditions.
Maximum diseased leaf area (DLA): a new parameter for leaf blast (Bl) severity
E. Krschner, Tropeninstitut, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany; and J. M. Bonman and B. A. Estrada, IRRI
B1 disease, caused by Pyricularia grisea Sacc., is evaluated in many experiments. Leaf B1 is often assessed three or more times on the same plot within a season. Epidemiological studies require exact disease assessment, which is laborintensive. The percentage DLA, a parameter commonly used, can be assessed visually with sufficient precision by a well-trained person using standard diagrams. We analyzed data sets of two experiments in upland rice with the aim to reduce the labor required for disease assessment. Leaf B1 was assessed visually on five fully developed leaves of 20 tillers/plot for 72 plots. Leaf Bl progress followed a typical pattern (Fig. 1). Depending on meteorological conditions, initial disease symptoms appeared 15-25 d after seeding (DAS) (on Zadoks scale of growth, stage 15, 20/18, 22), followed by a progressive increase in disease severity. The peak in the progress curve occurred at 40-50 DAS. A steep decrease in severity was
1. Typical pattern of leaf BI progress.
2. Relation of AUDPC and values of maximum DLA for leaf BI.
observed thereafter and an initial low was reached about 70-80 DAS. This pattern was confirmed during several years of field experiments in the Philippines. Fertilizer application and various upland cultivars (UPLRi-5, C22, Kinandang Patong, and IR47686-6-2-2-1) showed a synchronous disease progress (Fig. 1). A close linear relationship (r2 = 0.99, n = 72. based on data range of 0-60% DLA) between the maximum DLA and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was observed (Fig. 2). Comparing treatment means for AUDPC and for maximum DLA yielded the same result. Using the maximum DLA as a parameter for leaf B1 severity proved to be a reliable and practical method in
several field experiments. The sensitive response of the disease progress to meteorological conditionsespecially at the early vegetative stage when rice plants are extremely susceptible to B1 requires continuous monitoring of actual disease intensity in control plots. This procedure enables the researcher to predict the time of maximum disease severity. Weather conditions and cultivar resistance can alter leaf B1 progress. Comparing data from various sites and rice cultures using maximum DLA needs further investigation. Researchers are encouraged to test the parameter under their specific site conditions.
News about research collaboration

IRRI-CIMMYT on Rice-Wheat Collaboration
Researchers in Asia's four-country RiceWheat Collaboration are ready to share new technologies with farmers. Advanced lines of rice and wheat are available for farmers in India and Bangladesh. New cultivars have also been identified in Bangladesh for planting in the productive jute transplanted rice - minimum tillage wheat sequence. Researchers in Pakistan and Nepal are passing on technology for direct seeding of wheat, while scientists in India are recommending gypsum amendment to brackish irrigation water. A new wheatseed treatment and surface seeding technique have been adapted to conditions in Nepal and Bangladesh. IRRI and CIMMYT are working in the Rice-Wheat Collaboration with the four national agricultural research systems. IRRI's coordinating scientist for rice-wheat, T. Woodhead, says that in future research, the group will develop technologies for rainfed as well as irrigated rice-wheat farming systems.
Vietnamese rice farmers quickly adopt "water seeding"

Farmers in the flood-prone Mekong Delta of Vietnam are turning to water seeding of rice. The practice reduces problems of weeds and uneven field levels. Just 4 yr after the practice was introduced, farmers are using water seeding on about 300,000 ha of rice. With water seeding, farmers place pregerminated rice seeds into 50 cm of standing water, wait 5 d, then lower the water level to 10 cm. The technique
should not be confused with wet seeding, which involves broadcasting pregerminated seed on puddled, waterdrained soil. The disadvantage with water seeding is the need to control fish and crustaceans that like to feed on the germinating seeds and young seedlings. Scientists of the Cuu Long Rice Research Institute and the University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam, and IRRI are studying water seeding to learn the best ways to monitor water levels, temperatures, and other conditions.
German Government and Asian Development Bank help IRRI launch Asian Rice Biotechnology Network
The Asian Rice Biotechnology Network is a major new initiative of IRRI to transfer advances in cellular and molecular genetics of rice to national agricultural research systems (NARS). The German Government and the Asian Development Bank are jointly funding the first three years of network operation, according to K. Lampe, IRRI director general. The German funding is provided by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation (BMZ) through the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ). This will provide for joint NARSIRRI biotechnology programs, a biotechnology training laboratory at IRRI, and equipment and supplies for NARS laboratories, leading to biotechnology products to be shared with NARS in Asia.
Initial members of the network are China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand. J. Bennett, senior molecular biologist at IRRI, is network coordinator, and R. Nelson, associate plant pathologist, is deputy coordinator. Bennett expects three major results from the network in its first years: 1) a core of scientists from different disciplines will be trained in molecular marker-aided selection of DNA finger printing for eventual production of plant lines with more durable resistance to rice blast, tungro virus, and bacterial blight; 2) refined rice transformation procedures will be developed for direct introduction of novel genes for resistance to biotic stresses, such as insects, fungi, and viruses; and 3) data bases will be compiled on molecular markers and tagged genes, and combined with computer software, will be used to locate the numerous genes that condition quantitative traits such as blast resistance and drought tolerance.
Announcements
Rice Dateline
1-3 Sep IRRI-EPA Methane Project Annual Work Plan Meeting, IRRI .................................................................. Interregional Research Program on Methane Emission from Ricefields Training Course, IRRI .................................................................. Outposted Staff Meeting, IRRI ...................................................................... International Workshop on Crop-Animal Interactions, Khon Kaen, Thailand ...................................... Effective Irrigation Management, Southampton, United Kingdom .....................
Postdoctoral research fellowship positions at IRRI

H. U . Nu, ee IRRI The International Rice Research institute invites applicants for postdoctoral research fellow position in the following fields: Molecular biology. Improvement of rice breeding efficiency through the characterization of genes resistant to rice bacterial leaf blight and blast. The work involves tagging genes with molecular markers, physical mapping through construction of contigs and the eventual cloning and characterizing of the genes, and elucidating the defense mechanism of the rice plant to bacterial and fungal infections. A candidate should have a Ph D degree in molecular genetics or relevant fields with expertise in recombinant DNA technology, molecular analysis of complex genomes, and experience in handling cosmid, P1, or YAC clones. Knowledge of plant system is preferred but not required. The three-year position is available immediately and will remain open until a qualified candidate is selected. Send curriculum vitae, university transcripts, and three letters of recommendation to N. Huang, Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biochemistry Division, IRRI. Plant pathology. Investigation of gene deployment strategies to attain durable resistance to rice diseases. The goal of the work will be to determine the population-level mechanisms that influence the response of plant pathogen populations to deployment of host plant resistance. Research will entail field and greenhouse studies, as well as conceptual and mathematical modeling. A candidate should have a strong background in plant pathology with training in population genetics, ecological genetics, quantitative epidemiology, or a related subdiscipline. English fluency is highly desirable. The position is funded by the World Bank/
6-22 Sep
H.U. Neue, IRRI
8-10 Sep
F.A. Bernardo/ G.L. Denning, IRRI
27 Sep-1 Oct
V.R. Carangal, IRRI
27 Sep-15 Oct
Course Administrator Effective Irrigation Management Short Courses Institute of Irrigation Studies The University, Southampton S09 5NH, UK
28 Sep-15 Oct
Lowland Development Short Course, Delft, The Netherlands .............................................. The Registrar International Institute for Infrastructure, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Delft, The Netherlands Sheath Blight Disease Management Workshop, Beijing, China .................................... International Conference on the Current Status and Future Directions of RiceRelated Training Programs in Asia, Bangkok, Thailand ........................................... International Workshop on Rice Tungro Disease Management, Malaysia ............................................................ IRRI-ICRISAT Planning Meeting Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand .............................................. T. W. Mew, IRRI
11-15 Oct 1-4 NOV
E.L. Matheny, IRRI
8-11 NOV
K.L. Heong, IRRI
7-10 Dec
R. Zeigler, IRRI
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Send curriculum vitae, university transcripts, and three letters of recommendation to T. W. Mew, Plant Pathology Division, IRRI. Entomology. Carrying out field ecological studies to determine the role of habitats associated with rice in natural
biological control of rice insect pests. A candidate must have a Ph D in entomology or ecology and three years experience in ecological research. preferably community ecology. The project is funded by UNDP. Send curriculum vitae, university transcripts, and three letters of recommendation to K. L. Heong. Entomology Division, IRRI. Papers on production and emission of trace gases by rice soils and the effects of UV-B, CO2, and temperature on rice will be presented by 27 invited speakers. Other participants are encouraged to present posters on these topics. For details, contact K. T. Ingram, Climate Change and Rice Symposium, IRRI. E-mail: lN%k.ingram@ CGNET.COM.
Who are the outstanding young women in rice science?

Women often do most of the work in growing and harvesting rice, but they are insufficiently represented as scientists in rice research. IRRI is leading the way in improving this situation by offering the Outstanding Young Women in Rice Science awards. Established in 1990, these recognitions encourage greater participation by women in rice research and promote their professional improvement. The awards are made every two years during the International Rice Research Conference (IRRC). Each winner receives a recognition plaque and a travel grant to attend IRRC, where she presents a paper on her research. DANIDA, the Danish International Development Agency, is funding the 1994 program. The awards are for women who are 40 years of age or younger (born on 1 Jan 1954 or later) and actively conducting research in any endeavor of rice science in a public or private institution located in the five regions of the developing world's rice-producing areas. Recipients are selected by regions: Africa, South Asia, West Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Awards are made without regard to race, color, religion, national origin, or political persuasion of the nominees. Each nomination must be submitted by the head of the employing research institution or agency. It must be in English and include a description of the individual's research work and previous accomplishments (not to exceed 1,000 words). Each nomination must be accompanied by two of the individual's published papers or technical reports issued between 1989 and 1992, a curriculum vitae or biodata statement and a certification of birthdate (with English translation if needed), five copies of a current photograph, black-and-white or color, suitable for publication (minimum size: 2 2 inches or 5 5 cm), and
Climate Change and Rice Symposium

An international symposium on climate change and rice will be held at IRRI on 14-18 Mar 1994. The meeting will review the broad issues of global climate change and its effect on agriculture. The symposium will also provide a forum to summarize research on the specific impact of climate change on rice and rice ecosystems.
IRRI 1993 group training courses

The IRRI Training Center offers a variety of courses on rice-related subjects. Courses are held at IRRI headquarters unless otherwise noted. For information about a course, contact the Head. Training Center, IRRI.
Date
Course
Trainees (no.) 8 25 25 25 15
4 Oct-5 Nov 4 Oct-26 Nov 11 Oct-3 Dec 15-26 Nov 15-26 Nov
a
Rice Seed Health Integrated Pest Management Rice Production Research, Thailand a Gender Analysis a Research Management a
Speclal project-fundcd courses.
Rice literature update reprint service

Photocopies of items listed in the Rice literuture updute are available from the lRRI Library and Documentation Service. Reprints of original documents (not to exceed 40 pages) are supplied free to rice scientists of developing countries. Rice scientists elsewhere are charged
US$O.20 for each page or part of a page copied, plus postage. Checks or money orders should be payable to Library and Documentation Service, IRRI. Address requests to Library and Documentation Service, IRRI. E-mail: IN%postmaster@ 1RRI.CGNET.COM
recommendations from three references to support the nomination. The selection committee appointed by the IRRI director general will evaluate the nominations and choose the 1994 awardees. Their selections will be based on the originality and relevance of the nominees rice research and the scientifically rigorous manner in which it has been conducted. The decisions of the committee are final, and no award will be made for any region in which the nominees fail to demonstrate excellence in rice research. All nominations and supporting materials must be received by IRRI by
5:00 p.m., 1 Feb 1994. Incomplete submissions are not acceptable. Nominations should be sent to Chairperson Outstanding Young Women in Rice Science Award c/o Information Center IRRI All nominations will be acknowledged when received, will become the property of IRRI, and will not be returned. For further information about the program and procedures, send a letter to the address above or fax (63-2) 818-2087
Temperate rice conference

A rice technical conference, Temperate and Potential, will Rice-Achievements be held 21-24 Feb 1994, at Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco, New South Wales, Australia. The McCaughey Memorial Institute is sponsoring the conference. Themes are breeding and genetics, quality, storage and processing, rice agronomy and management, crop protection, economics and marketing, environment and sustainability, and extension and education. For more information, contact Conference Convenor Temperate RiceAchievements and Potential NSW Agriculture, P.O. Box 1490 Griffith NSW 2680, Australia
UNE 1994 short courses

The University of New England in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, is accepting applications for its 1994 International Short Course Program for agricultural and resource economics. Courses offered include Management of Agricultural Research, Economics of Resource and Environmental Management, Computers in Development Planning, and Planning for Sustainable Rural Development. For further information, contact J. Brian Hardaker Department of Agricultural Economics and Business Management University of New England Armidale NSW 2351, Australia Tel: (6167) 73 2232/73 2205 Fax: (6167) 71 1531 Telex: AA 166050 E-mail: Brian.Hardaker@ UNE.Edu.au
Wet seeded rice workshop

IRRI will host a workshop on Constraints, Opportunities, and Innovations for Wet Seeded Rice on 24-27 May 1994 in Bangkok, Thailand. Discussion topics will include environmental characterization, germplasm evaluation, input use efficiency (water, nutrients, labor), pest management (weeds, diseases, insects, snails), and social and environmental implications. Workshop goals are to exchange information, assess technology for different environments, determine research priorities, and develop a work plan. Scientists actively involved in wet seeded rice research are encouraged to attend the workshop and to present papers. Paper topics should deal with ongoing research and must contain primary data and results that are relevant to a diverse audience of rice scientists. Review papers on country-level assessment of the extent of wet seeding, problems, and policies will also be considered. Abstracts must be received by 15 Nov 1993. Scientists whose abstracts are accepted must submit their full length papers by 3 Jan 1994. Send abstracts and requests for workshop details to K. Moody, APPA Division, IRRI.
Revised Journal of production agriculture introduced by ASA, CSSA, and SSSA

The Journal of production agriculture now offers the most current information concerning agricultural research for practicing efficient agriculture. The journals new format makes it easier for the professional to read and apply todays research. Each summary poses a research question and gives literature summary, study description, any recommendations, and most importantly, answers one to three applied questions. The Journal of production agriculture is published quarterly by the American Society of Agronomy (ASA), the Crop Science Society of America (CSSA), and the Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) in cooperation with other professional societies. For more information, contact D.G. Westfall, editor, ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Headquarters Office, 677 South Segoe Road, Madison, WI 53711-1086, USA.
Call for news

Individuals, institutions, and organizations are invited to tell readers about upcoming events in rice research or related fields in the Rice Dateline. Send announcements to The Editor International Rice Research Notes IRRI
Rice conference for Latin America and the Caribbean

The 9th International Rice Conference for Latin America and the Caribbean and the 5th National Rice Research Meeting of Brazil will be held in Goiania, Goias, on 21-25 Mar 1994. They are jointly sponsored by the International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER) for Latin America and the National Research Center for Rice and Beans (EMBRAPA/CNPAF) of Brazil. The meetings are to analyze alternatives for increasing productivity of rice in the region. Topics to be discussed will include the genetic improvement and commercial achievement of the biological yield potential, cropping systems for the efficient use of available resources, diversification of uses and markets to increase consumption, and organization of research to integrate public and private resources. For more details, contact Beatriz de Silveira Pinheiro EMBRAPA/CNPAF Caixa Postal 179 7400 Goiania, GO, Brazil Tel: (5562) 261-3022 Fax: (5562) 261-3880. Federico Cuevas-Prez c/o CIAT Apartado Areo 67 13 Cali, Colombia Tel: (5723) 6750.50 x396 Fax: (5723) 647243
New publication
Biotechnology: enhancing research on tropical crops in Africa. ed. by G. Thottappilly, L. M. Monti, D. R. Mohan Raj, and A. W. Moore. To order, contact the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation, Postbus 380,61700 AJ Wageningen. The Netherlands. Tel: (31) 8380 60400 Telex: (44) 30169 CTA NL Fax: (3 1) 8380 24262.
IRRI address
International Rice Research Institute P.O. Box 933 Manila 1099 Philippines Tel: (63-2) 818-1926 Fax: (63-2) 818-2087 Telex: (ITT) 40890 RICE PM E-mail: IN%"postmaster@ 1RRI.CGNET.COM"
Erratum
Sensitivity to gibberellic acid (GA,) of seedlings and endosperms of rice lines with different genes for height, by He Zuhua et al, 18(2) (Jun 1993), 7. In the figure, the label Mutant D for the lower photo should be Mutant T.
Instructions for contributors

NOTES General criteria. Scientific notes submitted to the IRRN for possible publication must be original work, have international or pannational relevance, be conducted during the immediate past three years or be work in progress, have rice environment relevance, advance rice knowledge, use appropriate research design and data collection methodology, report pertinent, adequate data, apply appropriate statistical analysis, and reach supportable conclusions. Routine research. Reports of screening trials of varieties, fertilizer, cropping methods, and other routine observations using standard methodologies to establish local recommendations are not accepted. Examples are single-season, single-trial field experiments. All field trials should be repeated across more than one season, in multiple seasons, or in more than one location as appropriate. All experiments should include replications and an internationally known check or control treatment. Multiple submissions. Normally, only one report for a single experiment will be accepted. Two or more items about the same work submitted at the same time wiII be returned for merging. Submitting at different times multiple notes from the same experiment is highly inappropriate. Detection will result in the rejection of all submissions on that research. IRRN categories. Specify the category in which the note being submitted should appear. Write the category in the upper right-hand corner of the first page of the note. GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT genetic resources genetics breeding methods yield potential grain quality pest resistance diseases insects other pests stress tolerance drought excess water adverse temperature adverse soils other stresses integrated germplasm improvement irrigated rainfed lowland upland deepwater tidal wetlands seed technology Manuscript preparation. Arrange the note as a brief statement of research objectives, a short description of project design, and a succinct discussion of results. Relate results to the objectives. Do not include abstracts. Do not cite references or include a bibliography. Restrain acknowledgments. Manuscripts must be in English. Limit each note to no more than two pages of doublespaced typewritten text. Submit the original manuscript and a duplicate, each with a clear copy of all tables and figures. Authors should retain a copy of the note and of all tables and figures. Apply these rules, as appropriate, in the note: Specify the rice production ecosystems as irrigated, rainfed lowland, upland, deepwater, and tidal wetlands. lndicate the type of rice culture (transplanted, wet seeded. dry seeded). If local terms for seasons are used, define them by characteristic weather (wet season, dry season, monsoon) and by months. Use standard, internationally recognized terms to describe rice plant parts, growth stages, and management practices. Do not use local names. Provide genetic background for new varieties or breeding Iines. For soil nutrient studies, include a standard soil profile description, classification, and relevant soil properties. Provide scientific names for diseases, insects, weeds, and crop plants. Do not use common names or local names alone. Quantify survey data, such as infection percentage, degree of severity, and sampling base. When evaluating susceptibility, resistance, and tolerance, report the actual quantification of damage due to stress, which was used to assess level or incidence. Specify the measurements used. Use generic names, not trade names, for all chemicals. Use international measurements. Do not use local units of measure. Express yield data in metric tons per hectare (t/ha) for field studies and in grams per pot (g/pot) for small-scale studies. Express all economic data in terms of the US$. Do not use local monetary units. Economic information should be presented at the exchange rate US$:local currency at the time data were collected. When using acronyms or abbreviations, write the name in full on first mention, followed by the acronym or abbreviation in parentheses. Use the abbreviation thereafter. Define any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in tables or figures in a footnote, caption, or legend. Tables and figures. Each note can have no more than two tables and/or figures (graphs, illustrations, or photos). All tables and figures must be referred to in the text; they should be grouped at the end of the note, each on a separate page. Tables and figures must have clear titles that adequately explain the contents. Review of notes. The IRRN editor will send an acknowledgment card when a note is received. An IRRI scientist, selected by the editor, reviews each note. Reviewer names are not disclosed. Depending on the reviewers report, a note will be accepted for publication, rejected, or returned to the author(s) for revision. (continued on back cover)
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
soils soil microbiology physiology and plant nutrition fertilizer management inorganic sources organic sources crop management integrated pest management diseases insects weeds other pests water management farming systems farm machinery postharvest technology economic analysis ENVIRONMENT SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

International Rice Research Notes Vol.18 No.3

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Crop and resource management

News about research collaboration

Instructions for contributors

IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)

Two-line hybrid rice in China

IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)

*, ** = significant at the 5 and 1% levels, respectively.

Sh over SPR60 28.4 47.2 29.9 44.4 16.4

abcde a abcd ab cdefg defghi

44.5 43.9 43.8 42.5 41.6

23.7 41.8 21.0 34.6 28.6

32.4 51.7 33.9 48.9 20.0

defghi fghijk hijkl I jkl jkl fghijk ghijkl ghijk fghijk

IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)

a R = restorer, PR = partial restorer, M = maintainer.

1988-89 lR54752 A PM PR PR R PR PR R R R R PR R PM PM PM PR PR PM PR PM ES18 A PM PR PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM Madhu A PM PR PM PR PM PM PM PR PM PM PM PR PM PM PM PM PR PR PR PM

1989-90 Pragathi A PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM Pushpa A PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM Mangla A PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM

R = restorer, PR = partial restorer, PM = partial maintainer.

IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)

IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)

Green plant regeneration b (%)

The response for each variety is the mean of 11 PRM.

continued on next page

IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)

Cultivar Pusa 2-21

Pest resistance diseases

IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)

B5580AL-1-15 Chianan 8 Colusa Fortuna Makalioka Sigadis Taichung 65

Colombia 1 (resistant) Bluebonnet 50 (susceptible)

IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)

Evaluation of resistance to bakanae and foot rot disease

IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)

Pathological constraints on hybrid rice production technology

IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)

Yield (t/ha) 6.0 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.0 6.0

Panicles (no./m 2) 343 364 390 405 350 384 360

Seed dormancy (wk) 4 2 4 4 3 5 3

Year of release 1986 1986 1988 1989 1991

Swarna (susceptible check)

Pest resistanceother pests

a Av of six replications. Averages followed by the same

letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.

IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)

Stress toleranceadvance soils

IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)

Integrated germplasm improvementirrigated

Scored using the Standard evaluation system for rice.

Mahsuri derivatives developed: Kushal, Maniram, Bahadur, and Ranjit

IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)

97 a 4.8 ab 88 c 4.2 bc 93 b 5.2 a 84 d 4.2 bc 97 a 4.1 bc 98 a 3.9 c 2.9 15.7

farmers. Two used Laxmi, while the others used CH45.

IR36-derived lines are stable high yielders in Kerala, India

Wei You 647: a new highyielding hybrid rice

7.6 7.4 7.1 7.1 6.7

IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)

Reaction to BPH a Biotype 3 R S R Mekong Delta population MR S S

R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, and S = susceptible.

5.0 5.0 7.6 5.0 3.0 9.0 4.3

5.6 8.3 8.3 7.0 4.3 9.0 4.3

5.6 8.3 9.0 7.6 5.0 9.0 4.3

a Scored using Standard evaluation system for rice scale of 0-9.

IRRN 18:3 (September 1993)

Integrated germplasm improvementrainfed lowland

30 DAS 0.96 0.99

50 DAS 0.85 0.87 0.86**

70 DAS 0.84 0.86 0.85 0.89

90 DAS 0.87 0.84 0.85 0.81 0.81**