The Plasma Membrane also known as Plasmalemma contains?

How are receptors synthesized?

Which chemical makers organellar membranes appear as a trilaminar structures?

What are functions of the Plasma Membrane?

What are two types of membrane Proteins?

What is endocytosis? List three types

What type of a protein extends across the lipid bilayer and protrudes from both surfaces?

What is the name of a vacuole that encloses bacteria prior to phagocytosis?

What molecules serve as receptors on cell membrane?

What are the steps in Receptor mediated Endocytosis?

(1) Phospholipids (2) Cholesterol (3) Proteins (4) Oligosachirides

(1) Proteins are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (2) move in transport vesicles to a Golgi apparatus, (3)s, the oligosaccharide chains are added (glycosylation) (4) Vesicles with modified Proteins move to the cell membrane.

Osmium Tetroxide

(1) A selective barrier. (2) Keep constant the ion content of cytoplasm. (3) Specific recognition and regulatory functions

Integral Proteins Proteins that are incorporated within the lipid bilayer. Peripheral Protiens Proteins with loose association with one of the two membrane surfaces.

Bulk uptake of material that occurs across the plasma membrane in a general process that involves folding and fusion of the plasma membrane to form vesicles which enclose the material transported. 1. Phagocytosis 2. Fluid-phase Endocytosis(Pinocytosis) 3.Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Phagosome

Transmembrane proteins are large enough to protrude from both surfaces.

Glycoproteins Glycolipids

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Ligands bind to receptors forming a pitt Clathrins bind to the cytoplasmic surface of the vesicle Vesicle fuses with endosome Clathrin separates and returns to cell membrane

What are four types of signaling?

What is a nuclear envelope?

How does Hydrophilic signaling molecules work?

Diseases caused by defective receptors

How does Hydrophobic signaling molecules work?

What is the structure and function of the Nucleous?

Endocrine signaling: the signal molecules (called hormones) are carried in the blood to target cells throughout the body. Paracrine signaling : the chemical mediators are rapidly metabolized so that they act only on local cells very close to the source. Synaptic signaling : a special kind of paracrine interaction, neurotransmitters act only on adjacent cells through special contact areas called synapses. Autocrine signaling : signals bind receptors on the same cell type that produced the messenger molecule.

A nuclear envelops is a double membrane containing pores, nuclear lamina, DNA and RNA. Surrounds the nucleous.

(1) G proteins, binds guanine nucleotides and acts on other membrane-bound intermediaries called effectors. (2) Effector proteins are usually ion channels or enzymes that generate large quantities of small second messenger molecules. (3) Second messengers diffuse through the cytoplasm, amplifying the first signal and triggering a cascade of molecular reactions that lead to changes in gene expression or cell behavior.

Pseudohypoparathyroidism and a type of Dwarfism are caused by nonfunctioning parathyroid and growth hormone receptors. In these two conditions the glands produce the respective hormones, but the target cells do not respond because they lack normal receptors.

(1) Hormones diffuse directly through the plasma membrane lipid bilayer of the target cell and bind to specific intracellular receptor proteins. (2) With many steroid hormones, receptor binding activates that protein, enabling the complex to move into the nucleus and bind with high affinity to specific DNA sequences. (3) This generally increases the level of transcription from specific genes.

Structure Contains a blueprint for all cell structures and activities encoded in the DNA . DNA replication and transcription into mRNA Contains all of the enzymes required for replication and repair of newly synthesized DNA. Function (1)Nuclear envelope and (2) nuclear lamina, (3)nucleolus, and (4)chromatin