EEE 194RF_L19 1

Band-Pass Filter Design Example

Attenuation response
of a third-order 3-dB
ripple bandpass
Chebyshev filter
centered at 2.4 GHz.
The lower cut-off
frequency is f
L
= 2.16
GHz and the upper cut-
off frequency is f
U
=
2.64 GHz.
EEE 194RF_L19 2
RF/W Stripline Filters
Filter components become impractical at
frequencies higher than 500 MHz
Can apply the normalized low pass filter
tables for lumped parameter filters to
stripline filter design
Richards Transformation and Kurodas
Identities are used to convert lumped
parameter filter designs to distributed filters
EEE 194RF_L19 3
Richards Transformation:
Lumped to Distributed Circuit Design
Open- and short-circuit transmission line
segments emulate inductive and capacitive
behavior of discrete components
Based on:
Set Electrical Length l = /8 so
( ) ( )
in o o
Z jZ tan l jZ tan
4 4
o
f
l
f


EEE 194RF_L19 4
Richards Transformation:
Lumped to Distributed Circuit Design
Richards Transform is:
and
For l = /8, S = j1 for f = f
o
= f
c
4
L o o
jX j L jZ tan SZ

_


,
4
C o o
jB j C jY tan SY

_


,
EEE 194RF_L19 5
Richards Transformation:
Lumped to Distributed Circuit Design
jX
L
jB
C
L
C
/ 8 at
c
/ 8 at
c
Z
o
= 1/(j C)
Z
o
= j L
EEE 194RF_L19 6
Unit Elements : UE
Separation of transmission line elements
achieved by using Unit Elements (UEs)
UE electrical length: = /4
UE Characteristic Impedance Z
UE
2
1
1
1
1
UE UE
UE
UE UE
cos jZ sin j Z
A B
j j
sin cos
C D
Z Z

1 1
1
1 1


1
1 1
] +
1 1
] ]
EEE 194RF_L19 7
The Four Kurodas Identities
EEE 194RF_L19 8
Kurodas Equivalent Circuit
=
l
l l
l
Z
2
Z
1
Z
1
/N
Z
2
/N
Short Circuit
Series Stub
Open Circuit
Shunt Stub
Unit Element
Unit Element
}
}
EEE 194RF_L19 9
Realizations of Distributed Filters
Kurodas Identities use redundant
transmission line sections to achieve
practical microwave filter implementations
Physically separates line stubs
Transforms series stubs to shunt stubs or
vice versa
Change practical characteristic impedances
into realizable ones
EEE 194RF_L19 10
Filter Realization Procedure
Select normalized filter parameters to meet
specifications
Replace Ls and Cs by
o
/8 transmission
lines
Convert series stubs to shunt stubs using
Kurodas Identities
Denormalize and select equivalent
microstriplines
EEE 194RF_L19 11
Filter Realization Example
5
th
order 0.5 dB ripple Chebyshev LPF
g
1
= g
5
= 1.7058, g
2
= g
4
= 1.2296, g
3
=
2.5408, g
6
=1.0
EEE 194RF_L19 12
Filter Realization Example
Y
1
= Y
5
= 1.7058, Z
2
= Z
4
= 1.2296,
Y
3
= 2.5408; and Z
1
= Z
5
= 1/1.7058, Z
3
=
1/2.5408
EEE 194RF_L19 13
Filter Realization Example
Utilizing Unit Elements to convert series
stubs to shunt stubs
EEE 194RF_L19 14
Filter Realization Example
Apply Kurodas Identities to eliminate first
shunt stub to series stub
EEE 194RF_L19 15
Filter Realization Example
Deploy second set of UEs in preparation
for converting all series stubs to shunt stubs
EEE 194RF_L19 16
Filter Realization Example
Apply Kurodas Identities to eliminate all
series stubs to shunt stubs
Z
1
= 1/Y
1
=NZ
2
= (1+Z
2
/Z
1
)Z
2
=1+(1/0.6304); Z
2
= 1 and Z
1
= 0.6304
EEE 194RF_L19 17
Filter Realization Example
Final Implementation
EEE 194RF_L19 18
Filter Realization Example
Frequency Response of the Low Pass Filter