Akram Ayache Material Derivative:

AUB MECH-314: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Final Cheat Sheet

D = + (V ) Conservation of Mass: 0= d + (V / d ) 0 = + V 0 = + V + V

Using = 0 and Ma < 0.3 we get incompressible continuity: V = 0 Conservation of Linear Momentum: F = V d + V (V / F d ) a dm =
/

g P + = D V

V d +

V (V /

d )

F ma g g g + P P + + P +

=m u mu V +V V +V V +V V = V +V V +V V +V V V +V V +V V +V V

+ + +

For Newtonian Fluids = V and = = ( V + V ) thus momentum balance yields the Navier-Stokes Equation: g P + V = D V g g g V + V + V P P + V + V + V P V + V + V V +V V +V V +V V = V +V V +V V +V V V +V V +V V +V V

For Inviscid Flow we set 0 thus momentum balance yields the Euler Equation: g P = D V g g g Bernoullis Equation: This equation applies for frictionless flow along a streamline: 1 V ds + dp + VdV + gdz = 0 Conservation of Angular Momentum: M = rV d + r V (V / d ) Eulers Turbine Formula: T = Q r V r V Sprinkler Formula: = Conservation of Energy: D E=0=D Q +D W = ed + h + 0.5V + gz V / d

V +V V +V V +V V P P = V +V V +V V +V V P V +V V +V V +V V

If we assume the flow steady and incompressible and integrate over a streamline we get: p p V V + + g(z z ) = 0 2

; Q=VnA

DW =

V/

DW =

V/

Under steady state the energy equation for an incompressible flow becomes similar to the Bernoullis Equation: p V2 + +z g 2g =
in 1 up

p V2 + +z g 2g

out 2 down

+ hfriction hpump + hturbine

h=

Power gQ

This motivates defining the Hydraulic Grade line which shows the energy head minus the velocity head. Reynolds Number: It is the ratio of inertial to viscous forces thus gives a measure of the turbulence: Re = mV V A V VL VL = = = = A VA L A
yields

Vr L L L 0.5Vr Inertial Vr r Vr = = = = Re 2 2 V R Viscous zz r R 0.5L RVr 2 1 gh dF = dL ; dE = dA

Manometery and Surface Tension: pA + 1 gh 2 gh = pB pA pB =

How to use the Right Equation: In essence we have Linear Momentum: +Frictionless or Inviscid Eulers Equation +Integration over streamline Bernoullis Equation The Nabla Operator in Cylindrical Coordinates: 1 1 + r (r ) r r r 1 1 = = 2 = r r z z A Fluid becomes rotational if = 2 = V 0 : *It is Viscous *Non-Inertial forces act upon it 1 (r r ) r r 1 2 r2 2 zz

+Incompressibility Head Equation +Irrotationality Uniform Bernoulli Constant

1 Dt = t + (Vr r + V + Vz z ) r

*It feels Entropy gradients *It feels Density gradients

Laminar Flow Equations and the Friction Factor: Without pumps and turbines and applying the energy head equation in a pipe we get: p p2 32LV 128LQ pd4 hf = z1 z2 + 1 = for laminar only = and note that Q = g 128L gd2 gd4 Moreover the momentum equation equates the right hand side to 4L L V2 hf = hf = f where f = fcn Re, d, shape i gd d 2g Equating at first then assuming laminar flow gives: d 2g 2 ghf d5 8 8(8V d) 64 f = hf = = ii flam = = iii 2 L V2 8 LQ2 Re V V2 Moody Chart Formulas: Colebrook Formula: 1 d 2.51 = 2 log10 + 3.7 Ref f Haaland Formula: 1 d 1.11 6.9 = 1.8 log10 + 3.7 Re f Dimensionless Head Loss Parameter: gd3 hf f Re2 = = L2 2 d 1.775 Re = 8 log10 + = 3.7 32 Laminar Turbulent

Pipe Flow and Design Problems: +Head Loss Problem(L,d,V): Get Re, then find f by formulas or charts then get hf. +Flow Rate Problem(L,d,hf): Get the dimensionless head loss parameter, then deduce Re by the second formula, finally get V from Re.OR: Get f by (i) which gives a relation of the type V=(Cf)0.5 . Then guess f, get V and hence Re, then get a better f. +Pipe Diameter Problem(L,V,hf): Using ii to relate f and d (1), get Re in terms of d (2), get roughness in terms of d (3). Then guess f, get d from (1) get Re from (2), and the surface roughness from (3) then compute a better f. +Pipe Length Problem(V,d,hf): Get hp by dividing power by gQ, compute Re and the shape factor then get f by Colebrook or Haaland formula. Finally set hp and hf equal and get L.

Piping Systems: h = hf + hminor = Dimensions: Length Area Volume Velocity Acceleration Volume flow L L2 L3 LT-1 LT-2 L3 T-1 Mass flow Pressure Strain rate Angle Ang. speed Viscosity MT-1 ML-1T-2 T-1 1 T-1 ML-1T-1 Kin Viscosity Surface Ten. Force Moment Power Energy L2 T-1 MT-2 MLT-2 ML2T-2 ML2T-3 ML2T-2 Density Temperature Sp. Heat Sp. Weight Conductivity Expansion ML-3 L2 T-2-1 ML-2T-2 MLT-3 -1 -1 V2 fL + K 2g D

Solving Multiple Pipe Systems: In Series the first equation would be setting the flows equal. Then find the total head loss for the system as a CV by getting z+pg and set it equal to the sum of individual head losses in every portion of the system. Estimate the individual friction factors, get one velocity, get the all Re of the system and figure a better estimate of the friction factors by Haalands relation. In parallel again find the head loss for the system as one CV. Then set this head loss equal to individual head losses in every portion. The problem now is just as the Flow Rate Problem above where we solve for the individual friction factors and velocities one at a time. In a junction we set the HGL height at the meeting point to be hJ (initial guess would be the intermediate value of zi)and so hi=zihJ , for each member this yields a relation between the individual friction factors and velocities. Then we calculate the dimensionless head loss parameter and deduce Re. Afterwards we get the friction factor and hence the velocity and we do that for every element. Fill out the following table and sum the flow rates: if the sum is positive increase the guess of hJ and if the sum is negative use a lower hJ . Repeat the iteration till the sum of flow rates converges to zero. Reservoir Turbulent Modeling: u 1 R = ln + 5 u 0.41 u Where u is the centerline velocity then to get other parameters: w = u Extra Formulae: = ghf Q3 L5 = Q Re2.5 = 2 128 3
0.5 2

hJ (guessed)

zi - hJ

fi

Vi

Qi

V = 0.85u p =

2w L for horizontal pipe (see i) R Re 2.51Re1.5 + 14.8 128 3 0.5

log10