Basic rules/pre-conditions for Murabahah Following are the rules/pre-conditions governing a Murabahah transaction: 1.

The subject of sale must exist at the time of the sale. Thus anything that may not exist at the time of sale cannot be sold and its non-existence makes the contract void. Example: A sells the unborn calf of his cow to B. The sale is void. The subject matter should be in the ownership of the seller at the time of sale. If he sells something that he has not acquired by himself then the sale becomes void. 2. Thus, what is not owned by the seller cannot be sold. If he sells something before acquiring its ownership, the sale is void. Example : A sells to B a machine which is presently owned by C, but A is hopeful that he will buy it from C and shall deliver it to B subsequently. The sale is void, because the machine was not owned by A at the time of sale. 3. The subject of sale must be in physical or constructive possession of the seller when he sells it to another person. Constructive possession means a situation where the possessor has not taken physical delivery of the commodity yet it has come into his control and all rights and liabilities of the commodity are passed on to him including the risk of its destruction (like B/Lading). Example: (i) A has purchased a machine from B. B has not yet delivered it to A or to his agent. A cannot sell the machine to C. If he sells it before taking its delivery from B, the sale is void. (ii) A has purchased a machine from B. B, after identifying the machine has placed it in a garage to which A has free access and B has allowed him to take the delivery from that place whenever he wishes. Thus the risk of the Machine has passed on to A. The machine is in the constructive possession of A. If A sells the machine to C without acquiring physical possession, the sale is valid. Explanation 1: The gist of the rules/pre-conditions mentioned in point No. 1 TO 3 Is that a person cannot sell a commodity unless: (a) It has come into existence. (b) It is owned by the seller. (c) It is in the physical or constructive possession of the seller. The rules/pre-conditions mentioned in point No. 1 TO 3 are relaxed with respect to two types of sale, namely: (a) Salam (Defferred delivery Sale facility) (b) Istisna ( Manufacture sale facility)

4. The sale must be instant and absolute. Thus a sale attributed to a future date or a sale contingent on a future event is void. If the parties wish to effect a valid sale, they will have to effect it afresh when the future date comes or the contingency actually occurs. Example : (i) A says to B on the 1st January : I sell this machine to you on the 1st February. The sale is void, because it is attributed to a future date.

Murabahah to the Purchase Orderer: 1. The client and the institution sign an overall agreement (Master Agency Agreement) whereby the institution promises to sell and the client promises to buy the commodity from time to time on an agreed ratio of profit added to the cost. This agreement may specify the limit up-to which the facility may be availed. 2. An agency agreement is signed by both parties in which the institution appoints the client as his agent (Wakil) for purchasing the commodity on its behalf. 3. The client purchases the commodity on behalf of the institution and takes possession as the agent (Trustee) of the institution. 4. The client informs the institution that it has purchased the commodity and simultaneously makes an offer (Investment Offer) to purchase it from the institution. 5. The institution accepts the offer and the sale is concluded whereby ownership as well as risk is transferred to the client (Murabahah Sale Contract is signed and concluded).