Agricultural and Wood Waste Potentials and Utilization in Indonesia

Unggul Priyanto Rohmadi Ridlo

Center of Energy Resource Development Technology Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology Republic of Indonesia November 21, 2008 Kuala lumpur

Potency of Biomass Waste in Indonesia

Biomass Resources Potential

Sector Sugar industry Bagasse Leaf cane Palm oil mill Shell Fibre Empty fruit bunches Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Rice Mills Wood waste Quantity (t/year) 8,500,000 1,290,000 3,450,000 6,700,000 12,900,000 31,000,000 12,500,000 8,345,933

Palm Oil
The growth in the palm oil sector during the past five years has averaged 3 percent per year. Total area of palm plantation is over 5 million Ha. Total output of 9.8 million tons of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) in 2003, and around 17 million tons in 2007

Production of Palm Oil by Province in Indonesia

Scheme of Palm Waste Utilization Palm FFB

CPO Palm EFB 18% Fibers

9%

Kernel sheel
5% 20%

Boiler Bio compost

Steam Process POME

48%

Power Generation

Bio Gas

Electricity

Sugar Cane Waste

Total sugar cane area in Indonesia was 336,257 ha There are 59 sugar factories operating in Indonesia with crushing capacities ranging from 1,000 to 12,000 metric tons of cane per day (TCD). In 2004 harvested sugarcane was around 27 million MT while sugar production was over 2 millions MT. Total production bagasse is 8.5 million ton/year Total production cane leaf is 1.3 million ton Total Molasse Production 1.2 million ton/year Total potential production alcohol: 321,000 kl/year

Scheme of Sugar Cane Waste Utilization

Sugar Cane

Bagasses
20%

Sugar
8%

Filter cake (mud)

Molasses
5%

Fermentation Power Plant Distillation Bio compost Plant Electricity Spent wash Dehydration

Bio compost

Ethanol 99.5%

GASOHOL

Rice Husk Potential

Various conversion values of paddy production to rice husk are reported in various references having the value ranges from 0.20 to 0.28. Potency of rice husk is about 12,320,175 ton per year or 172,482,454 GJ

The Problem is collection and transportation

Wood waste
Companies holding industrial plant forest concession have reached 108 (until December 2002) and the total area being managed was 5.58 million hectares The total residues or wastes from wood processing industries is around 45% of the input volume Waste potential in 2002 is about 1.3 million ton Typical material balance in a plywood industry with reprocessing of wood waste into blackboard is:
1. Plywood product : 50% 2. Wood waste utilized for panel production : 30% 3. Wood waste utilized for fuel/sold : 10% 4. Unutilized wood waste : 10%

Technology of Biomass Waste Utilization for Energy

Direct Combustion:
fixed bed boiler, kiln boiler, fluidized bed boiler . A bubbling fluidized bed boiler is very suitable to be applied for combusting materials with high moisture content like EFB (Empty Fruit Bunch) or biomass containing watery particle

Gasification Technology:
Biomass gasification is a thermo-chemical process by which solid biomass (wood, rice husk, corn cob and the like), either in fresh or carbonized states (charcoal), is converted into a mixture of gases that contain many or all of the following: CO, H2, methane, CO2, water and simple olefins.

Boiler Technical Details

Stoker or Grate Boiler Bubbling Fluidized Bed (BFB) Boiler Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) Boiler Pulverized Coal Friring Boiler

Gas

General Layout

Fuel

Fuel, over feed

Solid
Corse ash

Fuel

Air Preheater

Air

Fuel

Air

Fuel, under feed

Gas Velosity Combustion Temperature Fuel Feed Scale-up (Electric) Fuel Application Typical Application < 1.5m/s ; fixed bed 800-1400degC Over bed feeding from Front wall Less than 5MW 1-2m/s ; bubbling fluidization 750-950degC Small size Over bed feeding Large size: Under bed feeding 5-10MWth 10-50MWth

Air
5-6m/s ; fasting fluidization 750-950degC Front/rear wall feeding 10 - 400MW Higher DeSOx and combustion efficiencies than BFB, because of long residence time with uniform gas temperature in furnace

Ash
7-10m/s ; spouted 1200-1600degC Front/rear wall feeding Up to 1000MW applicable High combustion temperature, quick buning and high combustion efficiency because of to pulverize fuel to lass than 100microns.

Large solid material, high moisture, not In-furnace DeSOx with limestone feeding uniform shape fuel, high ash fuel; possilbe is possible, not necessary to install flue to discharge metling ash from bottom gas DeSOx for lower than 1.0% sulfur, MSW(Munisipal solid fuel), Sludge, Biomass, High alkali fuel

MSW(Munisipal solid fuel), Biomass

Coal, Anthracite, Petro Coke(high Sulfur), Coal, bituminous, sub-bituminous and Sludge and RDF, High alkali fuel Biomass cofiered with coal

Fluidized-bed Application for Bio-Power System

Fluidized-bed Technology
Atmospheric BFB/CFB Combustor Pressurized BFB/CFB Combustor Atmospheric BFB/CFB Gasifier
Steam Turbine Steam Engine GT-ST Combined Cycle

Gas/Diesel Engine Stirling Engine FC (MCFC/SOFC)

Pressurized BFB/CFB Gisifier

Gas Turbine GT-FC Combined Cycle

Gasification Reaction Fundamentals

Direct Gasification
- O2 or air is used for gasification reaction. - Heat generated from the oxidization reaction of C and H in fuel is used to maintain gasifier temperature. - Process of direct gasification can be simplified. But cold gas effiience (Ec) is relatively low, it is normally said 60%.
Ec = Higher heating velue (HHV) of product gas Higher heating velue (HHV) of gasifier fuel X 100 (%)

Indirect Gasification
- Steam is used for gasification reaction. - Heat in gafifier is absorbed by the reaction of follows. CO + H2 C + H2O CH4 + 2H2O CO + 3H2 - Heating system for gasifier should be considered, indirect kiln or fluidized-bed are applicable. - Cold gas efficiency of indirect gasification withoput oxygen injection is higher than direct gasification.

Biomass Consumption to Generate 1 kWh Electricity for Diesel Generated Electricity

Biomass

LHV (MJ/kg)

Consumption (kg/kWh)

Wood Rice husk Coconut shell Coconut husk Charcoal

16.0 12.5 17.0 12.0 29.3

1.32 1.69 1.25 1.76 0.72