unit 1

q1
organizational behavior involves the study of process - how people in social
systems function with each other to get work done. organizational behavior is a
field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and
structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such
knowledge toward improving an organization�s effectiveness and efficiency. there
are three theories of learning. they are operant conditioning, social-learning
theory and shaping behavior.

operant conditioning is a type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior

leads to a reward or prevents a punishment. some key concepts in this theory are
reflexive (unlearned) behavior, conditioned (learned) behavior and reinforcement.

social-learning theory explains that people can learn through observation and
direct experience. some key concepts in this theory are attentional processes,
retention processes, motor reproduction processes and reinforcement processes.

shaping behavior tells that systematically reinforcing each successive step that
moves an individual closer to the desired response.

q2
an ethical dilemma is a situation that will often involve an apparent conflict
between moral imperatives, in which to obey one would result in transgressing
another yes, an employer is responsible for an employee's actions performed in the
pursuit of the job, within the scope of employment. local stautes and cases are
filed under "principal and agent" or "master and servant" or "agency".

both employers and employees have to face dilemmas in an organization. conflicts

are bound to arise when an organization has people who are diverse in nationality,
age, education, race, religion, sex, socioeconomic status and employment
experience. the most common ethical dilemmas at work include power, authority,
confidentiality, honesty and loyalty. while resolving these dilemmas, both the
employer and the employee have a different perspective.
employers are often found to be stubborn. according to them, their actions are in
the best interests of the organization and are according to the legal code of
conduct in the company. employers never tend to disclose the reasons that lie
behind their behaviors. however, they need to develop the skills and experience
required for tackling ethical dilemmas.

they should assess the situation while taking a neutral stand. analysis would be
proper if they are able to locate the root cause of the conflict. decisions should
be taken after consultation with the affected parties. the consequences of the
decision should be analyzed and explained to the management.

q3 a
q4 b
q5 c
q6 c
q7 a
q8 a
q9 a
q10 c
q11 d
q12 a