ANALYSIS

1. Atomic radius decreases across a period as we move from left to right and it increases as we move down a group. 2. Ionization energies increase moving from left to right across a period (decreasing atomic radius). Ionization energy decreases moving down a group (increasing atomic radius).

CONCLUSION
1. (a) CHANGE IN ATOMIC RADIUS ACROSS A PERIOD: Electrons are added one at a time moving from left to right across a period. As this happens, the electrons of the outermost shell (valence electrons) experience increasingly strong nuclear attraction, so the electrons become closer to the nucleus and more tightly bound to it. Electrons within a shell cannot shield each other from the attraction to protons. Since the number of protons is also increasing, the effective nuclear charge increases across a period. This causes the atomic radius to decrease across a period.

1. (b) CHANGE IN ATOMIC RADIUS DOWN A FAMILY: Moving down a group in the periodic table, the number of electrons and filled electron shells increases, but the number of valence electrons remains the same. The outermost electrons in a group are exposed to the same effective nuclear charge, but electrons are found farther from the nucleus as the number of filled energy shells increases. Therefore, the atomic radii increase.

2. (a) CHANGE IN IONIZATION ENERGY ACROSS A PERIOD: Ionization energy predictably increases moving across the periodic table from left to right. Moving from left to right, the number of protons increases. The electrons also increase in number, but without adding new shells or shielding. From left to right, the electrons therefore become more tightly held, meaning it takes more energy to pry them loose. This fact gives a physical basis to the octet rule, which states that elements with few valence electrons (those on the left of the periodic table) readily give those electrons up in order to attain a full octet within their inner shells, while those with many valence electrons tend to gain electrons. The elements on the left tend to lose electrons since their ionization energy is so low (it takes such little energy to remove an electron) while those on the right tend to gain electrons since their nucleus has a powerful positive force and their ionization energy is high.

2. (b) CHANGE IN IONIZATION ENERGY DOWN A GROUP: Ionization energy decreases moving down a group for the same reason atomic size increases: electrons add new shells creating extra shielding that supersedes the addition of protons. The atomic radius increases, as does the energy of the valence electrons. This means it takes less energy to remove an electron, which is what ionization energy measures.