Intelligible Beauty

Recent Research on Byzantine Jewellery

Edited by Chris Entwistle and Nol Adams

British Museum Research Publication Number 178

Publishers The British Museum Great Russell Street London WC1B 3DG Series Editor Josephine Turquet Assistant Production Editor: Distributors The British Museum Press 46 Bloomsbury Street London WC1B 3QQ

Intelligible Beauty: Recent Research on Byzantine Jewellery Edited by Chris Entwistle and Nol Adams Front Cover: Bracelet in the British Museum, with a bust of the Virgin on the disc of the clasp, dated to around ad 600 (PE AF 351). See Yeroulanou, p. 48. ISBN 978-086159-178-7 ISSN 1747-3640 The Trustees of the British Museum 2010 Note: the British Museum Occasional Papers series is now entitled British Museum Research Publications. The OP series runs from 1 to 150, and the RP series, keeping the same ISSN and ISBN preliminary numbers, begins at number 151. For a complete catalogue of the full range of OPs and RPs see the series website: www.britishmuseum.org/research/research_publications.aspx Order from www.britishmuseum.org/shop For trade orders write to: Oxbow Books, 10 Hythe Bridge Street, Oxford, OX1 2EW, UK Tel: (+44) (0) 1865 241249 e-mail oxbow@oxbowbooks.com website www.oxbowbooks.com or The David Brown Book Co PO Box 511, Oakville CT 06779, USA Tel: (+1) 860 945 9329; Toll free 1 800 791 9354 e mail david.brown.bk.co@snet.net Printed and bound in the UK by Latimer Trend

Contents

Foreword List of Contributors Illustration Acknowledgements The Six Techniques of Pierced Jewellery in Late Antiquity and their Evolution Blint Lszl Toth Some Unconventional Early Byzantine Rings Jeffrey Spier Notes on Selected Recent Acquisitions of Byzantine Jewellery at the British Museum Chris Entwistle The Evidence for Jewellery Production in Constantinople in the Early Byzantine Period Yvonne Stolz Important Bracelets in Early Christian and Byzantine Art Aimilia Yeroulanou Byzantine Jewellery? Amethyst Beads in East and West during the Early Byzantine Period Jrg Drauschke Byzantine Belt Ornaments of the 7th and 8th Centuries in Avar Contexts Falko Daim Byzantine Influences on Visigothic Jewellery Barry Ager Rethinking the Sutton Hoo Shoulder Clasps and Armour Nol Adams Byzantines, Goths and Lombards in Italy: Jewellery, Dress and Cultural Interactions Neil Christie Sicily and Southern Italy: Use and Production in the Byzantine Koin Isabella Baldini Lippolis Byzantine Dress Accessories in North Africa: Koin and Regionality Christoph Eger Avar Goldsmiths Work from the Perspective of Cultural History Csand Blint Byzantium and the Slavs in the Light of Goldsmiths Production Bartomiej Szymon Szmoniewski Byzantine Jewellery of the Hungarian Conquest Period: A View from the Balkans dm Bollk

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13

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83

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Byzantine Jewellery: The Evidence from Byzantine Legal Documents Maria G.Parani Elegance over the Borders: The Evidence of Middle Byzantine Earrings Jenny Albani Temple Pendants in Medieval Rus: How were they Worn? Natalija Ristovska Jewellery from Princely Kiev and Byzantine Influence Ljudmila Pekarska A 13th-Century Jewellery Hoard from Thessalonica: A Genuine Hoard or an Art Dealers Compilation? Antje Bosselmann-Ruickbie Some Aspects of the Finger-Rings in the Chalcis Treasure at the British Museum Bet Mcleod

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This volume was made possible by a generous donation from the Thaw Charitable Trust, Santa Fe, USA

Foreword
The papers in this volume derive from a conference held at the British Museum and Kings College, London, from 2729 May 2008. The conference, organised under the auspices of the British Museum Byzantine Seminar, was the fifth in an annual series going back to 2003. The purpose of these conferences is to examine recent research in the field of Late Antique and Byzantine art and archaeology with a special focus on material culture. The objective of this particular conference was to concentrate on the burgeoning field of Byzantine jewellery with specific reference to the work being done by colleagues on the Continent. Papers delivered at the seminar covered a diverse range of topics ranging from technical deliberations to topics such as the relationship between the metalwork of Byzantium and its neighbours, including inter alia the Visigoths, Lombards, Avars, Slavs, Islam and Kievan Rus. Further papers explored the topic of how we attempt (or not) to identify the jewellery emanating from the capital Constantinople as opposed to regional centres, and what are

the stylistic and technical criteria employed. All but four of the papers given at the conference are published in this volume. For their assistance with photographic enquiries and other logistical matters the editors would like to thank respectively Marta Zlotnik and Stephen Zwirn of the Dumbarton Oaks Collection, Washington DC, and Christina Vona and Panorea Benatou of the Benaki Museum, Athens. Both Sofia Valente and Kit Candler, voluntary interns with British Museum Press, provided generously of their time towards the design of the volume. Further thanks are due to Cindy Archer, Grants Manager at the Thaw Charitable Trust. Our greatest debt, however, is to Josephine Turquet, Series Editor of British Museum Occasional Papers, without whose enthusiasm and patience this volume would be much the worse.

Editorial Note: Bibliographic abbreviations where used follow the style in Byzantische Zeitschrift.

Intelligible Beauty | v

List of Contributors
Dr Nol Adams c/o Department of Prehistory and Europe British Museum London WC1B 3DG UK Barry Ager Department of Prehistory and Europe British Museum London WC1B 3DG UK bager@thebritishmuseum.ac.uk Dr Jenny Albani Ministry of Culture and Tourism Hellenic Republic 42 Bouboulinas Street 10682 Athens Greece Dr Isabella Baldini Department of Archaeology University of Bologna Via Zamboni, 33 40126 Bologna Italy isabella.baldini@unibo.it Professor Csand Blint Institute of Archaeology P.O. Box 14 H-1250 Budapest Hungary balint@archeo.mta.hu Dr dm Bollk Institute of Archaeology P.O. Box 14 H-1250 Budapest Hungary bollok@archeo.mta.hu Dr Antje Bosselmann-Ruickbie Johannes Gutenberg-Universitt Institut fr Kunstgeschichte Arbeitsbereich Christliche Archologie und Byzantinische Kunstgeschichte Binger Str. 26 55122 Mainz Germany Bosselmann-Ruickbie@uni-mainz.de Dr Neil Christie School of Archaeology and Ancient History University of Leicester Leicester UK njc10@leicester.ac.uk Dr Falko Daim Rmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut fr Vor- und Frhgeschichte Ernst-Ludwig-Platz 2 55116 Mainz Germany daim@rgzm.de Dr Jrg Drauschke Rmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Forschungsinstitut fr Vor- und Frhgeschichte Ernst-Ludwig-Platz 2 55116 Mainz Germany drauschke@rgzm.de

Dr Christoph Eger Institut fr Vor- und Frhgeschichtliche Archologie und Provinzialrmische Archologie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt Mnchen Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 D-80539 Mnchen Germany chr_eger@yahoo.de Chris Entwistle Department of Prehistory and Europe British Museum London WC1B 3DG centwistle@thebritishmuseum.ac.uk Bet Mcleod fsa 93C Central Hill London SE19 1BY UK bet@betmcleod.com Dr Maria G. Parani Department of History and Archaeology University of Cyprus P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia CY 1678 Cyprus mparani@ucy.ac.cy Dr Ljudmila Pekarska Curator The Shevchenko Library & Archive 49 Linden Gardens Notting Hill London W2 4HG UK ludmila.pekarska@augb.co.uk Natalija Ristovska Exeter College Oxford OX1 UK natalija.ristovska@exeter.ox.ac.uk Dr Jeffrey Spier University of Arizona 1955 East 6th Street Tucson, AZ 85719-5224 USA Dr Yvonne Stolz Rmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Kurfrstliches Schlo Ernst-Ludwig Platz 2 55116 Mainz Germany stolz@rgzm.de Dr Bartek Szmoniewski Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk Oddzia w Krakowie ul. Sawkowska 17 31-016 Krakw Poland bartheque@yahoo.fr Dr Blint Lszl Toth 10 en Bonne Ruelle 57000 Metz France balinttoth@hotmail.com Aimila Yeroulanou c/o Benaki Museum Koumbari 1 Athens Greece

vi | Intelligible Beauty

Illustration acknowledgements
N. Adams: Rethinking the Sutton Hoo Shoulder Clasps and Armour Pls 1,2.1,2.2,3,5.1,5.4,9 London, British Museum; Pl. 4.1 after M.-C. Bianchini (ed.), LOr des princes barbares du Caucase la Gaule Ve sicle aprs J.-C., Poitiers, 2000, no. 37.6; Pls 4.2,17 after N. Adams, The Development of Early Garnet Inlaid Ornaments, in Cs. Blint (ed.), Kontakte zwischen Iran, Byzanz und der Steppe in 6.7. Jahrhundert, Varia Archaeologica Hungarica IX, BudapestNaplesRome, 2000, pl. VIII.3; Pls 4.3,11,12.3,14,16.3,25,26 author; Pls 4.4,16.1 courtesy of the Thaw Foundation; Pl. 5.2 after W. Janssen, Das frankische Reihengrberfeld von Rdingen, Kr. Dren, Germanische Denkmler der Vlkerwandergungszeit, Ser. B, Stuttgart, 1993, pls 4, 5, 185; Pl. 5.3 after U. Koch, Das Reihengrberfeld bei Schretzheim, Germanische Denkmler der Vlkerwandergungszeit, Ser. A, Bd. 13, 1977, pl. 20.6, 8-9; Pl. 6 after I.P. Zaseckaja, To the Dating of the Dagger from BorovoyeLake find in Kazakhstan, in F. Vallet and M. Kazanski (eds), Larme romaine et les barbares du IIIe au VIIe sicle, A.F.A.M., Saint GermainenLaye, 1993, fig. 6; Pl. 7 after A. Kiss, Das awarenzeitliche Grberfeld in KlkedFeketekapu B, Monumenta Avarorum Archaeologica 6, Budapest, 2001, 3312, pl. 149; Pl. 8.1 after G. Behrens, Sptrmische Kerbschnittschnallen, Schumacher Festschrift, Mainz, 1930, 202, pl. 8; Pl. 8.2 after I. Undset, Archologische Aufstze ber sdeuropische Fundstcke, Zeitschrift fr Ethnologie 23 (1891), fig. 37; Pl. 10.1 after . Garam, Die mnzdatierten Grber der Awarenzeit, in F. Daim (ed.), Awarenforschungen I, Vienna, 1992, pls 1 and 2; Pl. 10.2 after I. Popovi, Zlatni avarski pojacs iz okolin Sirmijuma (Golden Avarian Belt from the Vicinity of Sirmium), Belgrade, 1997, figs 16; Pl. 10.3 after R. Mengarelli, La necropoli barbarica di Castel Trosino, Monumenti antichi della Accademia dei Lincei 12 (1902), 266, fig. 139; Pl. 12.1 after V. Sarianidi, The Golden Hoard of Bactria from the Tillyatepe. Excavations in Northern Afghanistan, New York, 1985, 226, no. 1.2; Pl. 12.2 after A.M. Apakidze et al., Mcheta. Itogi arheologieskix issledovanii. Arheologieskie pamyatniki Armazishevi po raskopkam 193746 g.g., Tbilisi, 1958, fig. 52; Pls 13, 21 after H.W. Bohme et al. (eds), A laube de la France: la Gaule de Constantin Childric, Paris, 1981, figs 177, 7; Pl. 15 after An Yingxin, Xinjiang yili zhaosuxian chutu jinyinqi deng zhengui wenwu, Wenwu 9 (1999), 9, no. 13; Pl. 16.2 after T.M. Minaeva, Rasjkopki svjatilia iz mogilnika vozle gorodia Gilja v 1965 g., in A.K. Ambroz and I. Erdeli (eds), Drevnosti epohi velikogo pereselenija narodov VVIII vv, Moscow, 1982, 2303, figs 6.7 and 7; Pls 18,20 after R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, Vol. 2, Arms, Armour and Regalia, The Trustees of the British Museum, London, 1978, fig. 395 and fig. 177; Pl. 19 after Roth n. 29; Pl. 22 after H. Stolpe and T.J. Arne, La ncropole de Vendel, Stockholm, 1927, pl. xlii, fig. 1, and G. Ardwisson, Die Grberfunde von Valsgrde III, Valsgrde 7, Uppsala, 1977, abb. 115, 120; Pl. 23 after A.D.H. Bivar, Cavalry Equipment and Tactics on the Euphrates Frontier, DOP 26 (1972), fig. 7; Pl. 24 after M.V. epkina, Miniatiury Khludoskoy psaltyri, Moscow, 1977. B. Ager: Byzantine Influences on Visigothic Jewellery Pl. 1 after W. Menghin et al., Germanen, Hunnen und Awaren, Nuremberg, 1987, pl. 55 right; Pls 2,3,6,15, 28,29 author; Pls 4,20 after G. Ripoll Lpez, Toreutica de la Btica, Barcelona, 1998, fig. 7, 245; Pls 5,12,21,22, 25 after The Art of Medieval Spain, New York, 1993, pls 27,26,9b,63a, 13; Pls 7,8,13,16,17,8,19,31,35,37 London, British Museum; Pls 9,10,26 after L. Balmaseda et al., Hispania Gothorum. San Ildefonso y el reino visigodo de Toledo, Toledo, 2006, 394, 384; Pl. 11 after H. Zeiss, Die Grabfunde aus dem spanischen Westgotenreich, Berlin, 1934, pl. 31, 1a-b; Pl. 14 courtesy of Aleksander Aibabin; Pls 23,24 after N. berg, The Occident and the Orient in the Art of the Seventh Century, Stockholm, 1945, figs 78 and 79; Pl. 27 after T. Demirjan, Treasures of the Dark Ages in Europe, New York, 1991, fig. 213; Pls 30,32,33,36 after A. Perea (ed.), El Tesoro Visigodo de Guarrazar, Madrid, 2001, pls 125, 89, 164, 7; Pl. 34 after C. Bertelli and G.P. Brogiolo (eds), Il futuro dei Longobardi, Milan, 2000, 36, fig. 2. J. Albani: Elegance Over the Borders: The Evidence of Middle Byzantine Earrings Pls 1,2 after H.-C. Evans and W.D. Wixom (eds), The Glory of Byzantium. Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, ad 8431251, New York, 1997, 320; Pl. 3 Athens, Kanellopoulos Museum; Pls 4,24 Athens, Benaki Museum; Pl. 5 London, British Museum; Pl. 6

Preslav, Natsionalen Istoriko Arkheologischeski Reservat s Muzei Veliki Preslav; Pl. 7 Athens, National Archaeological Museum, Stathatos Collection; Pl. 8 Athens, Byzantine and Christian Museum; Pls 9,13 after D. Mini and M. Tomi, Ostava srednjovekovnog nakita iz Velikog Gradita, Starinar XXIII (1972), pl. I/4; Pl. 10 after G.R. Davidson, Corinth. Volume XII: The Minor Objects, Princeton NJ, 1952, 253, no. 2035, pl. 108; Pl. 11 after S. Ercegovi-Pavlovi, Ostava nauinca sa rimsko-vizantijskog kastela iz Boljetina na Dunavu, Starinar XX (1969), 8493, figs 111a; Pls 12,14,17 Chania, Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Collection; Pl. 15 after D.M. Petrovi, Srednjevekovna nekropola na Donikon Brdu (Gradac cod Kragujevca), Starinar XIIIXIV (196263), figs 28/2, 3,4; Pl. 16 Greece, 7th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities; Pl. 18 after G. Marianovi-Vujovi, Srednjovekovne nekropole u Srbiji evidentirane kroz arheoloka iskopavanja, Starinar XXXVII (1986), 208, figs 12; Pl. 19 Jerusalem, L.A. Meyer Memorial Institute for Islamic Art; Pl. 20 Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture; Pl. 21 after G. Marjanovi-Vujovi,Rasprostranjenost nauina naroskanog tipa u Srbiji, Starinar XXVII (1976), 1089, pls I, II, III/I; Pl. 22 photo A. Bosselmann-Ruickbie; Pl. 23 after V. Jovanovi, Razmatranja o srednjovekovnoj nekropoli Lukovit-Muat kod Lovea u Bugarskoj, Starinar XXXVIII (1987), pls. I-V; Pl. 25 after K. Preka-Alexandri, , 478 (199293), . , 169, pl. 40.2. I. Baldini Lippolis: Southern Italy and Sicily: Use and Production in the Byzantine Koin Pl. 1 after O. Von Hessen, Sei linguette in ferro ageminate per cintura, in C. DAngela (ed.), Gli scavi del 1953 nel piano di Carpino (Foggia). Le Terme e la necropoli altomedievale della villa romana di Avicenna, Taranto, 1988, 14750; Pls 2,3,4,5,9,14,17 after I. Baldini Lippolis, Loreficeria nellimpero di Costantinopoli tra IV e VII secolo, Bari, 1999, 139, 110, 203,205,108,182; Pls 6,11 after E. Riemer, Romanische Grabfunde des 5.-8. Jahrhunderts in Italien, Leidorf, 2000, 57 and pl. 86; Pl. 7 author; Pl. 8 Soprintendenza Archeologica della Puglia; Pl. 10 after Kathemerine zoe sto Byzantio, Athens, 2002, no. 512; Pl. 12 London, British Museum; Pls 13,20 after A. Garside (ed.), Jewelry. Ancient to Modern, Baltimore, 1979, nos 392 and 427; Pl. 15 after M. Corrado, Note sul problema delle lamine bratteate altomedievali dal Sud Italia, in R. Fiorillo (ed.), Il Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia Medievale, Firenze, 2003, 11014; Pl. 16 after P. Orsi, Sicilia Bizantina, I, Rome, 1942, 13753; Pls 18,19,21,22,23 after Pulcherrima res..., Palermo, 2007, 734; Pl. 20 after G. Vikan, Byzantine pilgrimage art, Washington DC, 1982, 42. C. Blint: Avar Goldsmiths Work from the Perspective of Cultural History Pl. 1 after Gy. Lszl, La trouvaille de Tpe, Archaeologiai rtest 33 (1940), 7790; Pls 2,7 after . Garam, Funde byzantinischer Herkunft in der Awarenzeit vom Ende des 6. bis zum Ende des 7. Jahrhunderts (Monumenta Avarorum Archaeologica 5), Budapest, 2001, Taf. XIV:2; Taf. XIX:3; Pls 3,22,28,29 after G. Bott and W. Meier-Arendt (eds), Awaren in Europa. Schtze eines asiatischen Reitervolkes 6.-8. Jh., Frankfurt am Main, 1985, 31, Abb. 15; 30, Abb. 13; 53, Abb. 45; 27, Abb. 10; Pl. 4 after D. Csallny, Goldschmiedegrab aus der Avarenzeit von Kunszentmrton (Ungarn), Szentes, 1933; Pl. 5 Hungarian National Museum, by kind permission of I. Kovrig; Pls 6,8,9,10,11,14, 20,21,23,24,25, 30,32 after E.A. Arslan and M. Buora (eds), Loro degli vari. Popolo delle steppe in Europa, Milan, 2000, no. 94, 72; no. 70c, 68; no. 74, 81; no. 158, 122; no. 257, 1389; no. 252, 93; no. 15, 14; no. 98, 54; no. 69, 27; no. 37, 60; no. 40, 45; no. 92, 72; no. 77; 82; Pls 12,26 after B. Bhler, Der Scharnierbeschlag von Weiden am See und die Drahtherstellung im Frhmittelalter, in F. Daim (ed.), Die Awaren am Rand der byzantinischen Welt (Monographien zur Frhgeschichte und Mittelalterarchologie 7), Innsbruck, 2000, 241, Abb. 22; 235, Abb. 15; Pl. 13 after N. Fettich, Das awarenzeitliche Kunstgewerbe in Ungarn (Archaeologia Hungarica 1), Budapest, 1927, Taf. IV, V; Pls 15,16,33,37 after G. C. Menis (ed.), Gli Avari. Un popolo dEuropa (Pubblicazioni della Deputazione di Storia Patria per il Friuli 22), Udine, 1995, 174; 126 (middle); 132 (above); 12; Pl. 17 after Cs. Blint, The Treasure of Nagyszentmikls (Varia Archaeologica Hungarica 16a), Budapest, 2004, 433, Pl. 187; Pl. 18 after Cs. Blint, Die sptawarenzeitliche Siedlung von Eperjes, Kom. Csongrd (Varia Archaeologica Hungarica 4), Budapest, 1991, Taf. XXX: 12; Pl. 19 Arheologicky stav Slovensk Akadmie Vied, by kind permission of Zl. ilinsk; Pl. 27 after I. Popovi, Golden Avarian belt from the vicinity of Sirmium (Archaeological Institute, Belgrade Monographies 32), Belgrade, 1997,

Intelligible Beauty | vii

Illustration acknowledgements
56, fig. 32; Pl. 29 (right) Courtesy of the Museum of the City of Ufa (Bashkiria), through the kind mediation of V.A. Ivanov; Pl. 31 after F. Daim, Byzantinische Grtel-garnituren des 8. Jahrhunderts, in F. Daim (ed.), Die Awaren am Rand der byzantinischen Welt (Monographien zur Frhgeschichte und Mittelalter-archologie 7), Innsbruck, 2000, 173, Abb. 99; Pls 34,35 after O. HeinrichTamska, Studien zu den awarenzeitlichen Tauschierarbeiten (Monographien zur Frhgeschichte und Mittelalterarchologie 11), Innsbruck, 2005, 55, Abb. 28; 113, Abb. 65; Pl. 36 after A. Kiss, Das awarenzeitliche Grberfeld von Klked-Feketekapu B (Monumenta Avarorum Archaeologica 6), Budapest, 2001, II, Taf. II: 3,4; Pl. 38 after Zl. ilinsk, Kov v ranoslovanskom umen, Bratislava, 1981, 42; Pl. 39 after T. Kovacs and E. Garam, The Gold of the Avars: the Nagyszentmikls Treasure, Budapest, 2002, 6,8,10; Pl. 40 (above) after K.V. Kasparova et al., Treasure of Khan Kubrat: Culture of Bulgars, Khazars, Slavs, Sofia, 1989, 89 (middle); Pl. 40 (below): after R. Wrth (ed.), Die Schraube zwischen Macht und Pracht. Das Gewinde in der Antike, BadenWrttemberg, 1995, no. 72, 100. . Bollk: Byzantine Jewellery of the Hungarian Conquest Period: A View from the Balkans Pl. 1 - after M. orovi-Ljubinkovi, Metalni nakiti belobrdskog tipa. Grozdolike minue. La parure en metal chez les slaves du sud aux IXXIme sicles. Boucles doreilles appendice en forme de grappe, Starinar 2 (1951), fig. 18; Pls 2,3 after K. Mesterhzy, Biznci s balkni eredet trgyak a 1011. szzadi magyar srleletekben II (Gegenstnde byzantinischen und balkanischen Ursprunges in den ungarischen Grberfeldern des 10.11. Jhs. II), Folia Archaeologica 42 (1991), 1667; Pl. 4 after E. Istvnovits, Artkz honfoglals- s rpdkori emlkanyaga, Nyregyhza, 2003, fig. 112; Pls 5,7 after Cs. Blint, Sdungarn im 10. Jahrhundert (Studia Archaeologica 11), Budapest, 1991, Abb. 30; Pl. 6 after I. Fodor, L. Rvsz and M. Wolf (eds), The Ancient Hungarians. Exhibition Catalogue, Budapest, Magyar Nemzeti Mzeum, 1996, fig. 9; Pl. 8 after D.I. Blifeld, Davnorusky pamjatniki estovicy, Kiev, 1977, Tab. XXXII.1; Pl. 9 Athens, Benaki Museum; Pl. 10 after K. Mesterhzy, Hacksilber-funde im Karpatenbecken, in G. Fusek (ed.), Zbornk na poes Bariny Bialekovej, Nitra, 2004, Abb. 4. A. Bosselmann-Ruickbie: A 13th-Century Jewellery Hoard from Thessalonica Pls 133, 39 author; Pl. 34 after T. Mathews, The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul: A Photographic Survey, University Park, PA, 1976, pl. 1040; Pls 35 and 40 London, British Museum; Pl. 36 after H.-C. Evans and W.D. Wixom (eds), The Glory of Byzantium. Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, ad 8431251, New York, 1997, no. 183; Pl. 37 Athens, Benaki Museum; Pls 38 and 41 photos: Marion Mennicken. N. Christie: Byzantines and Lombards in Italy: Jewellery, Dress and Cultural Interactions Pls 1,3,4 Ravenna, Museo Archeologico Nazionale; Pl. 2 Wikipedia; Pls 5,6,8 London, British Museum; Pl. 7 Cividale, Museo Archeologico Nazionale. F. Daim: Byzantine Belt Ornaments of the 7th and 8th Centuries in Avar Contexts Pls 1:1,1:2,1:4,1:5,2,3 (reconstruction of the mounted belt ornaments [single drawings]) after E. Garam, Funde byzantinischer Herkunft, Budapest, 2001, Taf. 95; Taf. 94; Taf. 81; Taf. 53 and 54; Pl.1:3 after F. Daim, Das awarische Grberfeld von Leobersdorf, Nieder-sterreich, Vienna, 1987, Taf. 153; Pl. 4 (reconstruction) after T. Vida, Budaklasz Dunapart, Tivadar, 1996, 3445; Pl. 5 after B. Tobias, Frhmittelalterliche Grber mit Schmiedewerkzeugen (RGZM Monograph) in preparation; Pls 6,14 after E. Garam, Katalog der awarenzeitlichen Goldgegenstnde und der Fundstcke aus den Frstengrbern im Ungarischen National-Museum, Budapest, 1993, Taf. 72-4, Taf. 26; Pls 7,8,10,11 after F. Daim, Byzantinische Grtel-garnituren des 8. Jahrhunderts, in idem, Die Awaren am Rand der byzantinischen Welt. Studien zu Diplomatie, Handel und Technologietransfer im Frhmittelalter, Innsbruck, 2000, Abb. 6173; Abb. 75; Abb. 30b and 36b; Pl. 9 after A. Rettner, Zu einem vielteiligen Grtel des 8. Jahrhunderts in Santa Maria Antiqua (Rom), in F. Daim (ed.), Kontakte zwischen Iran, Byzanz und der Steppe im 6.-7. Jahrhundert, Budapest, 2000, Abb. 6 and 7; Pl. 12 photo: R. Mller (RGZM); Pl. 13 drawing: V. Kasslke (RGZM). J. Drauschke: Byzantine Jewellery? Amethyst Beads in East and West During the Early Byzantine Period Pl. 1 Washington DC, Dumbarton Oaks Collection; Pl. 2 Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (after A. Yeroulanou, Diatrita, Athens, Benaki Museum, 1999, fig. 60); Pl. 3 after E. Possenti, Gli orecchini a cestello Alto-medievali in Italia (Ricerche Archeologia Altomedievale e Medievale, 21), Firenze, 1994, 72, no. 40, pl. 13, 1-2; Pl. 4 Oxford, Ashmolean Museum; Pl. 5 Regierungsprsidium Freiburg, Referat 25 Denkmalpflege (Y. Mhleis); Pl. 6 Bayerisches Landesamt fr Denkmalpflege (Johann Rauch); Pls 7,8,10,11 author; Pl. 9 after A. Burzler et al., Das frhmittelalterliche Schleitheim Siedlung, Grberfelder und Kirche, Schaffhausen, 2002, 331, pl. 110,30.5. C. Eger: Byzantine Dress Accessories in North Africa: Koin and Regionality Pl.1 after D. Quast, Vlkerwanderungszeitliche Frauengrber aus Hippo Regius (Annaba/Bne) in Algerien, JbRGZM 52 [2005] (2007), 242, Abb. 4,3; Pls 2,3,4,8,9,14,15,16 author; Pl. 5 after M. Mackensen, Metallkleinfunde, in F. Rakob (ed.), Karthago III. Die deutschen Ausgrabungen in Karthago, Mainz, 1999, 539, Abb. 2,10; Pls 6,7 after L. Pani Ermini and M. Marinone, Catalogo dei materiali paleocristiani e altomedievali (Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari), Rome, 1981, 11415, nos 18990; Pl. 10 after E. Riemer, Byzantinische Grtelschnallen aus der Sammlung Diergardt im RmischGermanischen Museum Kln, Klner Jahrbuch fr Vor- und Frhgeschichte 28 (1995), 777809; Pl. 11 after G. Ripoll Lpez, Torutica de la Btica (siglos VI y VII d. C.), Barcelona, 1998, 187; Pl. 12 after H. Roth, Almandinhandel und verarbeitung im Bereich des Mittelmeeres, Allgemeine und vergleichende Archologie Beitrge 2, 1980, 3301; Pl. 13 after F. Rakob (ed.), Karthago I. Die deutschen Ausgrabungen in Karthago, Mainz, 1992, 210. C. Entwistle: Notes on Selected Recent Acquisitions of Byzantine Jewellery at the British Museum Pls 150 London, British Museum. B. McLeod: Some Aspects of the Finger-Rings in the Chalcis Treasure at the British Museum Pls 18 London, British Museum. L. Pekarska: Jewellery from Princely Kiev and Byzantine Influence Pl. 1a London, British Museum; Pls 1b,2,3,6,7,8 Kiev, Museum of Historical Treasures of Ukraine, photos by Volodymyr Kashtanov, except Pl. 7 by Dmytro Klochko; Pls 4,5,9 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917.(17.190.702 and 704); 1990.235 a,b. Images The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Pl. 10 Lviv, Historical Museum (drawing after the original). N. Ristovska: Temple Pendants in Medieval Rus: How Were They Worn? Pls 1,4,6 after W. Seipel (ed.), Gold aus Kiew: 170 Meisterwerke aus der Schatzkammer der Ukraine, Vienna, 1993, cat. nos 114 and 118, and fig. 13 on 52; Pls 2,10 after V.M. Vasilenko, Russkoe prikladnoe iskusstvo: istoki i stanovlenie, Moscow, 1977, figs 104 and 125; Pl. 3 after B. Kolin et al., : , Moscow, 1985, fig. 56a; Pl. 5 after T.I. Makarova et al., Ukraenija iz dragotsennyh metallov, splavov, stekla, in B.A. Kolin and T.I. Makarova (eds), Drevnjaja Rus: byt i kultura, Moscow, 1997, pl. 51 (1-27), and E.A. Rjabinin, Kostromskoe Povol v epohu srednevekovja, Leningrad, 1986, pl. I (1, 2-3, 18); Pl. 7 after V.K. Gonarov, Rajkovetskoe gorodie, Kiev, 1950, pl. XX/15; Pl. 8a after V.P. Darkevi and A.L. Mongajt, Klad iz Staroj Rjazani, Moscow, 1978, pl. II/2; Pls 8b,9 after V.P. Darkevi and V.P. Frolov, Starorjazanskij klad 1974 g., in T.V. Nikolaeva (ed.), Drevnjaja Rus i Slavjane, Moscow, 1978, fig. 3, fig. 8 on 351; Pl. 11 after I.S. Vinokur et al., Re ovij skarb iz litopisnogo Gubina, Arheologija 2003/1, figs 4, 9, 11 and 16; Pls 12a-s,14d after M.A. Saburova, enskij golovnoj ubor u Slavjan (po mater Vologodskoj ekspeditsii), Sovetskaja arheologija (1974/2), figs 13; Pl. 12t author; Pls 13a-b,14a-c after M.A. Saburova, Drevnerusskij kostjum, in Kolin and Makarova (ibid.), pls 77/1-2 and 76/1-3; Pl. 13c after I.P. Rusanova, Kurgany polian X-XII vv, Moscow, 1966, pl. 22/2; Pl. 14e after M.A. Saburova, enskih golovnyh uborah s estkoj osnovoj v pamjatnikah domongolskoj Rusi, Kratkie soobenija Instituta arheologii 144 (1975), fig. 2; Pl. 14f-h after M.A. Saburova and M.V. Sedova, Nekropol Suzdalja, in I.P. Rusanova (ed.), Kultura i iskusstvo srednevekovogo goroda, Moscow, 1984, fig. 14/4a-b.

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Illustration acknowledgements
J. Spier: Some Unconventional Early Byzantine Rings Pls 1,3,6,7,10,13,16,18 Private collection; Pls 2,9 London, British Museum; Pl. 4 Vidin (Bulgaria), Historical Museum; Pl. 5 after Christies, New York, Antiquities, 18 December 1998, lot 160; Pl. 8 Munich, C.S. Collection; Pl. 11 Madrid, Museo Lzaro Galdiano; Pls 12,14 Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum; Pl. 15 Rome, Museo dellAlto Medioevo; Pl. 17 Tokyo, Hashimoto Collection. Y. Stolz: The Evidence for Jewellery Production in Constantinople in the Early Byzantine Period Pl. 1 Photo: C. Gerigk; Franck Goddio/Hilti Foundation (after F. Goddio and M. Clauss (eds), gyptens versunkene Schtze, Munich/ New York, 2007, 243, fig. 59); Pl. 2 after G. Bovini, Ravenna und seine Mosaiken, 1962, fig. 41; Pl. 3 after I. Baldini Lippolis, Loreficeria nellimpero di Costantinopoli tra IV e VII secolo, Bari, 1999, fig. 7a; Pl. 4 Photo: Y. Stolz; Franck Goddio/Hilti Foundation. B. Szmoniewski: Byzantium and the Slavs in the Light of Goldsmiths Production Pl. 1:1, 3 after A. Mgureanu and B. Ciuperc, The 6th8th centuries metallurgical activity from Budureasca valley. The moulds, Acta Musei Napocensis 4142/1 (200405) [2007], figs 3, 9:1; Pl. 1:2 after R. OanMarghutu, Argamum ntre imperiul Roman trzu i barbari obiectele mrunte ca ipostaze ale comunicrii, Orgame/Argamum, Supplementa 1 (2006), fig. 1:4; Pl. 2 after D. Gh. Teodor, Elemente i influente Bizantine n Moldova n secolele VI-XI, Studii i Cercetari de Istorie Veche 21/1 (1970),figs 2, 4 and 5; Pl. 3 after O.M. Prikhodnuk, Pastyrske gorodishche, Kiiv-Chernivtsi, 2005; Pl. 4:1 London, British Museum; Pl. 4:2 Budapest, Hungarian National Museum, photo: Andrs Dabasi; Pl. 4:3 Cracow, Archaeological Museum, photo: author; Pl. 5 Cracow, Archaeological Museum, photo: author; Pl. 6 after H. Chorvtov, Horizonty byzantsko-orientlneho perku na tzv. Velkomoravskch pohrebiskch, Zbornk Slovenskho nrodnho mzea Archeolgia Supplementum 2 (2007), 83101; Pl. 7 after A. Minzhulin, Restavratsiia predmetov iz metalla, Kiev, 1998, with the authors modifications, and T. Nowakiewicz, De gustibus non disputandum est, czyli pochwaa miaoci, in Studia z dziejw cywilizacji. Studia ofiarowane profesorowi Jerzemu Gssowskiemu w pidziesit rocznic pracy naukowej, Warsaw, 1998, 1958; Pl. 8 after Minzhulin (ibid.), with the authors modifications and W. Duczko, En slavisk prla frn Uppland. Ngra problem kring den vikingatida granulationskonsten, Tor XIX (1980/2), 189233; Pl. 9 after G.F. Korzukhina, Ruskiie klady IX-XIII vv, Moscow-Leningrad, 1954; Pls 10 and 12 after N. P. Kondakov, Russkie Klady. Issledovanie drevnostei velikokniaznogo perioda, St Petersburg, 1896; Pl. 11 London, British Museum; Pl. 13 after G.F. Korzukhina, O tekhnikie tisneniia i peregoradchatoi emali v drevnei Rusi X-XII vv., Kratkie Soobschcheniia Istorii Materialnoi Kultury 13 (1946), 4554; Pl. 14 after the author; Pl. 15 after S. Goub, Nadzr i badania ratownicze na stanowisku 99 w Chemie, ul. Szkolna 810, Krzywa 41, w. Mikoaja 79, Informator o Badaniach Archeologicznych w Wojewdztwie Chemskim w 1994 roku, Muzeum Okrgowe w Chemie, Chelm, 1997, pl. IV:1 and S. Goub and T. Dziekowski, Osada Przygrodowi z czasw Daniela Romanowicza w Chemie, in E. Banasiewicz-Szykua (ed.), Badania archeologiczne o pocztkach i historii Chema, Lublin, 2002, fig. 6:4; Pl. 16:1,2 after K.A. Lavysh, Khudozhestvennye traditsii vostochnoi i vizantiiskoi kultury v isskusstve srednovekovykh gorodov Belarusi (X-XIV vv.), Minsk, 2008, figs 1601; Pl. 16:35 after N.V. Eniosova and T.G. Saracheva, Drevnerusskie iuvelirnye instrumeny iz tsvetnykh metallov (rezultaty khimiko-tekhnologicheskogo issledovaniia), Kratkie Soobshcheniia Instituta Arkheologii RAN 202 (2006), fig. 3:2-6 ; Pl. 17 after the author; Pl. 18 after Minzhulin (ibid.), with the authors modifications. B.Toth: The Six Techniques of Pierced Jewellery in Late Antiquity and Their Evolution Pls 122 Author. The author would like to thank the British Museum (Figs 1,8,12b-d,1417,19,20,22), the Muse du Louvre (Figs 9,11,13,21), the Bibliothque Nationale de France (Figs 10a,12a,18), and the Rmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz, (Fig. 10b) for permission to publish. Pl. 23 is after A. Yeroulanou, Diatrita, Athens, 1999, no. 23, fig. 44. A. Yeroulanou: Important Bracelets in Early Christian and Byzantine Art Pls 1,5,12,21,27 Washington DC, Dumbarton Oaks Collection; Pl. 2 Athens, Cycladic Museum; Pls 3,18,22,24 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan (17.190.2053; 17.190.148; 17.190.149; 17.190.166869; 17.190.1670), Images The Metropolitan Museum of Art; Pl. 4 Athens, National Archaeological Museum, Stathatos Collection; Pls 6,16 Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond. The Adolph D. and Wilkins C. Williams Fund. Photos: Ron Jennings Virginia Museum of Fine Arts; Pl. 7 Athens, Byzantine Museum; Pls 8,9,10,19 London, British Museum; Pls 11, 17 Los Angeles, The J. Paul Getty Museum; Pl. 13 Algiers, Muse National des Antiquits; Pl. 14 Berlin, Staatliche Museen, Antikensammlung; Pl. 15 Cologne, Rmisch-Germanisches Museum; Pls 20,28,29 Athens, Benaki Museum; Pl. 23 Varna, Archaeological Museum; Pl. 25 Thessalonika, Museum of Byzantine Culture; Pl. 26 Athens, P. and A. Kanellopoulos Collection.

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