CHAPTER 7

Applications of the Definite Integral in

Geometry, Science, and Engineering

EXERCISE SET 7.1

2 2
1. A = (x2 + 1 − x)dx = (x3 /3 + x − x2 /2) = 9/2
−1 −1

4
4 √ 3/2 2
2. A = ( x + x/4)dx = (2x /3 + x /8) = 22/3
0 0

2 2
2 2
3. A = (y − 1/y )dy = (y /2 + 1/y) = 1
1 1

2 2
4. A = (2 − y 2 + y)dy = (2y − y 3 /3 + y 2 /2) = 10/3
0 0

4
16
2 √
5. (a) A = (4x − x )dx = 32/3 (b) A = ( y − y/4)dy = 32/3
0 0
y

(4, 16)
y = 4x

y = x2
5
x
1

6. Eliminate x to get y 2 = 4(y + 4)/2, y 2 − 2y − 8 = 0, y

(y − 4)(y + 2) = 0; y = −2, 4 with corresponding
y2 = 4x (4, 4)
values of x = 1, 4.



1 √ √ 4 √ y = 2x – 4
(a) A = [2 x − (−2 x)]dx + [2 x − (2x − 4)]dx x
0 1



1 √ 4 √
= 4 xdx + (2 x − 2x + 4)dx = 8/3 + 19/3 = 9 (1, -2)
0 1

4
(b) A = [(y/2 + 2) − y 2 /4]dy = 9
−2

278
Exercise Set 7.1 279

1 √
7. A = ( x − x2 )dx = 49/192 y
1/4

y = √x (1, 1)

y = x2
x
1
4

2
π/2
3
8. A = [0 − (x − 4x)]dx 9. A = (0 − cos 2x)dx

0 2 π/4

π/2
= (4x − x3 )dx = 4 =− cos 2x dx = 1/2
0 π/4
y y
1 y = cos 2 x
x
2 x
3 6

-1
y = 2x3 – 4x

3π/4 √
10. Equate sec2 x and 2 to get sec2 x = 2, 11. A = sin y dy = 2
π/4
y
y
2
(#, 2) (3, 2)
x = sin y
1 y = sec2 x 9
x

√
sec x = ± 2, x = ±π/4 3

π/4
x
A= (2 − sec2 x)dx = π − 2
−π/4

2
12. A = [(x + 2) − x2 ]dx = 9/2 y
−1

(2, 4)

y = x2
(–1, 1)
x
x=y–2
280 Chapter 7

e
ln 2  e
dy
13. A = e2x − ex dx 14. A = = ln y = 1
y 1
 ln 2
0 1

1 2x y
= e − ex = 1/2
2 e
0
y

y = e2x 1
4
x
1/e 1
2
y = ex
x
ln 2

1   √
2 1 3
15. A= − |x| dx 16. √ = 2, x = ± , so
−1 1 + x2 1−x 2 2

1 
3/2 
√ 
2 1
=2 − x dx A= √ 2− √ dx
0 1 + x2 − 3/2 1 − x2
1 √3/2
√
= 4 tan−1 x − x2 = π − 1 −1
= 2 − sin x √ = 2 3 − 23 π
0 − 3/2
y
y
2 2 y=2

1.5
1
1 y= 1
1 - x2
0.5
x
x
-1 1
3 3
- 2 2

3 − x, x ≤ 1
17. y = 2 + |x − 1| = , y
1 + x, x ≥ 1 (–5, 8)
y = – 15 x + 7

1
  
1
A= − x + 7 − (3 − x) dx (5, 6)
−5 5 y = 3–x

5
   y = 1+x
1
+ − x + 7 − (1 + x) dx x
1 5

1 
5 
4 6
= x + 4 dx + 6 − x dx
−5 5 1 5
= 72/5 + 48/5 = 24
Exercise Set 7.1 281

2/5
1
18. A = (4x − x)dx 19. A = (x3 − 4x2 + 3x)dx
0 0

1
3
+ (−x + 2 − x)dx + [−(x3 − 4x2 + 3x)]dx
2/5 1

2/5
1 = 5/12 + 32/12 = 37/12
= 3x dx + (2 − 2x)dx = 3/5
0 2/5 4
y
( 25 , 85 ) -1 4
y = -x + 2

y = 4x (1, 1)

x -8
y= x

20. Equate y = x3 − 2x2 and y = 2x2 − 3x 9

to get x3 − 4x2 + 3x = 0,
x(x − 1)(x − 3) = 0; x = 0, 1, 3
with corresponding values of y = 0, −1.9.

1
A= [(x3 − 2x2 ) − (2x2 − 3x)]dx -1 3
0

3 -2
+ [(2x3 − 3x) − (x3 − 2x2 )]dx
1

1
3
= (x3 − 4x2 + 3x)dx + (−x3 + 4x2 − 3x)dx
0 1
5 8 37
= + =
12 3 12

21. From the symmetry of the region 22. The region is symmetric about the

5π/4 √ origin so

2
A=2 (sin x − cos x)dx = 4 2
π/4 A=2 |x3 − 4x|dx = 8
0
1
3.1

0 o
-3 3

-1
-3.1
282 Chapter 7

0 1 1  3 
23. A = (y 3 − y)dy + −(y 3 − y)dy 24. A = y − 4y 2 + 3y − (y 2 − y) dy
−1 0 0


= 1/2 4  2 
+ y − y − (y 3 − 4y 2 + 3y) dy
1 1

= 7/12 + 45/4 = 71/6

4.1
-1 1

-1

-2.2 12.1
0

y
√
25. The curves meet when x = ln 2, so 2.5

√ln 2   √ln 2 2
2 1 2 1
A= (2x − xex ) dx = x2 − ex = ln 2 − 1.5
0 2 0 2
1

0.5
x
0.5 1

√ √
26. The curves meet for x = e−2 2/3 , e2 2/3 thus y

e2√2/3  20
3 1
A= √
−  dx 15
e−2 2/3 x x 1 − (ln x)2
10
e2
√
2/3 √ 
  √ 2 2 5
= 3 ln x − sin−1 (ln x) = 4 2 − 2 sin−1
√
e−2 2/3 3 x
1 2 3

k 
27. The area is given by (1/ 1 − x2 − x)dx = sin−1 k − k 2 /2 = 1; solve for k to get
0
k = 0.997301.

28. The

b curves intersect at x = a = 0 and x = b = 0.838422 so the area is
(sin 2x − sin−1 x)dx ≈ 0.174192.
a

29. Solve 3−2x = x6 +2x5 −3x4 +x2 to find the real roots

x = −3, 1; from a plot it is seen that the line
1
is above the polynomial when −3 < x < 1, so A = (3−2x−(x6 +2x5 −3x4 +x2 )) dx = 9152/105
−3
Exercise Set 7.1 283


1 √
30. Solve x5 − 2x3 − 3x = x3 to find the roots x = 0, ± 6 + 2 21. Thus, by symmetry,
2

√(6+2√21)/2
27 7√
A=2 (x3 − (x5 − 2x3 − 3x)) dx = + 21
0 4 4

k
9
k
2
√ √
31. 2 ydy = 2 ydy 32. x2 dx = x2 dx
0 k 0 k

k
9 1 3 1
y 1/2 dy = y 1/2 dy k = (8 − k 3 )
3 3
0 k
2 3/2 2 k3 = 4
k = (27 − k 3/2 )
3 3 √
k= 34
k 3/2 = 27/2 y
2/3
√
k = (27/2) 3
= 9/ 4 x = √y

y=9

y=k x
2
x=k

2
33. (a) A = (2x − x2 )dx = 4/3
0
(b) y = mx intersects y = 2x − x2 where mx = 2x − x2 , x2 + (m − 2)x = 0, x(x + m − 2) = 0 so
x = 0 or x = 2 − m. The area below the curve and above the line is

2−m
2−m
2−m
1 1 1
(2x − x2 − mx)dx = [(2 − m)x − x2 ]dx = (2 − m)x2 − x3 = (2 − m)3
0 0 2 3 0 6
√
so (2 − m) /6 = (1/2)(4/3) = 2/3, (2 − m) = 4, m = 2 − 4.
3 3 3

3 y
34. The line through (0, 0) and (5π/6, 1/2) is y = x;
5π y = sin x

5π/6   √
1
( 56c , 12 )
3 3 5
A= sin x − x dx = − π+1 x
5π 2 24
c
0

35. (a) It gives the area of the region that is between f and g when f (x) > g(x) minus the area of
the region between f and g when f (x) < g(x), for a ≤ x ≤ b.
(b) It gives the area of the region that is between f and g for a ≤ x ≤ b.
284 Chapter 7

1
1  
1/n n x2 n 1
36. (b) lim (x − x) dx = lim x(n+1)/n − = lim − = 1/2
n→+∞ 0 n→+∞ n+1 2 0
n→+∞ n+1 2

37. The curves intersect at x = 0 and, by Newton’s Method, at x ≈ 2.595739080 = b, so

b
b
A≈ (sin x − 0.2x)dx = − cos x + 0.1x2 ≈ 1.180898334
0 0

38. By Newton’s Method, the points of intersection are at x ≈ ±0.824132312, so with

b b
2 3
b = 0.824132312 we have A ≈ 2 (cos x − x )dx = 2(sin x − x /3) ≈ 1.094753609
0 0

39. By Newton’s Method the points
of intersection are x= x1 ≈ 0.4814008713 and
x2 
ln x
x = x2 ≈ 2.363938870, and A ≈ − (x − 2) dx ≈ 1.189708441.
x1 x

40. By Newton’s

x1  Method the points  of intersection are x = ±x1 where x1 ≈ 0.6492556537, thus
2
A≈2 − 3 + 2 cos x dx ≈ 0.826247888
0 1 + x2

41. distance = |v| dt, so

60
(a) distance = (3t − t2 /20) dt = 1800 ft.
0

T
3 2 1
(b) If T ≤ 60 then distance = (3t − t2 /20) dt = T − T 3 ft.
0 2 60

T
42. Since a1 (0) = a2 (0) = 0, A = (a2 (t)−a1 (t)) dt = v2 (T )−v1 (T ) is the difference in the velocities
0
of the two cars at time T .

43. Solve x1/2 + y 1/2 = a1/2 for y to get y

a
y = (a1/2 − x1/2 )2 = a − 2a1/2 x1/2 + x

a
A= (a − 2a1/2 x1/2 + x)dx = a2 /6 x
0
a

√
44. Solve for y to get y = (b/a) a2 − x2 for the upper half of the ellipse; make use of symmetry to

a 

b 4b a  2 4b 1 2
get A = 4 a − x dx =
2 2 a − x2 dx = · πa = πab.
0 a a 0 a 4

45. Let A be the area between the curve and the x-axis and AR the area of the rectangle, then

b b
k kbm+1
A= kxm dx = xm+1 = , AR = b(kbm ) = kbm+1 , so A/AR = 1/(m + 1).
0 m + 1 0 m + 1
Exercise Set 7.2 285

EXERCISE SET 7.2

3
1
1. V = π (3 − x)dx = 8π 2. V = π [(2 − x2 )2 − x2 ]dx
−1 0

1
=π (4 − 5x2 + x4 )dx
0

= 38π/15

2
2
1
3. V = π (3 − y)2 dy = 13π/6 4. V = π (4 − 1/y 2 )dy = 9π/2
0 4 1/2

2
π/3 √
5. V = π x4 dx = 32π/5 6. V = π sec2 x dx = π( 3 − 1)
0 π/4
y y

y = x2 y = sec x
2
1
x x
2
3 4
-1
-2

π/2 √
1
7. V = π cos x dx = (1 − 2/2)π 8. V = π [(x2 )2 − (x3 )2 ]dx
π/4 0
y
1
1 y = √cos x =π (x4 − x6 )dx = 2π/35
0
x
y
3 6

-1 1 (1, 1)
y = x2
y = x3
x
1

4
3
2
9. V = π [(25 − x ) − 9]dx 10. V = π (9 − x2 )2 dx
−4 −3

4
3
= 2π (16 − x2 )dx = 256π/3 =π (81 − 18x2 + x4 )dx = 1296π/5
0 −3
y y
5 y = √25 – x2 9
y=3 y = 9 – x2

x x
-3 3
286 Chapter 7

4
π/4
11. V = π 2
[(4x) − (x ) ]dx 2 2
12. V = π (cos2 x − sin2 x)dx
0 0

4
π/4
=π (16x2 − x4 )dx = 2048π/15 =π cos 2x dx = π/2
0 0
y y
16 (4, 16) y = cos x
1
y = 4x
y = x2 y = sin x x
x 3
4
-1

ln 3
π 2x ln 3 1
π
13. V = π e2x dx = e = 4π 14. V = π e−4x dx = (1 − e−4 )
0 2 0 0 4

y
1

x
1

-1

2 2
1 π −1
15. V = π 2
dx = tan (x/2) = π 2 /4
−2 4 + x 2 −2

1 1
e6x π π
16. V = π 6x
dx = ln(1 + e ) = (ln(1 + e6 ) − ln 2)
6x
0 1+e 6 0 6

1
1
17. V = π y 2/3 dy = 3π/5 18. V = π (1 − y 2 )2 dy
0 −1
y

1
=π (1 − 2y 2 + y 4 )dy = 16π/15
−1
y
1
1
x= y1/3 x = 1 – y2
y = x3
x x
-1 1 -1 1

-1
Exercise Set 7.2 287

3
3
19. V = π (1 + y)dy = 8π 20. V = π [22 − (y + 1)]dy
−1 0
y

3
=π (3 − y)dy = 9π/2
3 0

x = √y + 1
y y = x2 – 1
x = √1 + y
x 3 (2, 3)
2

3π/4
1
21. V = π csc2 y dy = 2π 22. V = π (y − y 4 )dy = 3π/10
π/4 0

y y
9 x = y2
1
(1, 1)
6 x = csc y x = √y
x
-1 1

3
x -1
-2 -1 1 2

2
2 4
1  
23. V = π [(y + 2) − y ]dy = 72π/5 24. V = π (2 + y 2 )2 − (1 − y 2 )2 dy
−1 −1
y
1
=π (3 + 6y 2 )dy = 10π
−1
x = y2 (4, 2) y x = 2 + y2
x= y+2 x = 1 – y2
x 1

(1, –1) x
1 2

-1

1
π 2  2
π
25. V = πe2y dy = e −1 26. V = dy = π tan−1 2
0 2 0 1 + y2

a
b2 2
27. V = π (a − x2 )dx = 4πab2 /3 y
−a a2
b y = ba √a2 – x 2

x
–a a
288 Chapter 7

2
1
28. V = π 2
dx = π(1/b − 1/2);
b x
π(1/b − 1/2) = 3, b = 2π/(π + 6)

0
4
6
29. V = π (x + 1)dx 30. V = π x dx + π (6 − x)2 dx
−1 0 4

1
= 8π + 8π/3 = 32π/3
+π [(x + 1) − 2x]dx
0 y
= π/2 + π/2 = π
y = √x y=6–x
y
(1, √2)
x
1
y = √x + 1 4
y = √2x x
6

-1 1

3 9 √
31. V = π (9 − y 2 )2 dy 32. V = π [32 − (3 − x)2 ]dx
0 0



3 9 √
=π (81 − 18y 2 + y 4 )dy =π (6 x − x)dx
0 0

= 648π/5 = 135π/2
y y
3 x = y2

y=3
x y = √x
9 x
9

1 √ y
33. V = π [( x + 1)2 − (x + 1)2 ]dx x=y
0 1 x = y2

1 √ x
=π (2 x − x − x2 )dx = π/2 1
0
y = -1

1 y
34. V = π [(y + 1)2 − (y 2 + 1)2 ]dy x=y
0

1
1
=π (2y − y 2 − y 4 )dy = 7π/15
0
x
1
x = y2
x = –1
Exercise Set 7.2 289

1
35. A(x) = π(x2 /4)2 = πx4 /16, 36. V = π (x − x4 )dx = 3π/10

20 0

V = (πx4 /16)dx = 40, 000π ft3

0

 2
1
1 1√ 1
37. V = (x − x2 )2 dx 38. A(x) = π x = πx,
0 2 2 8

1
4
2 3 4 1
= (x − 2x + x )dx = 1/30 V = πx dx = π
0 0 8
Square y
y
y = x (1, 1) y = √x
y = x2
1 x 4
x

√
39. On the upper half of the circle, y = 1 − x2 , so:
(a) A(x) is the area of a semicircle of radius y, so


1
π 1 2
A(x) = πy /2 = π(1 − x )/2; V =
2 2
(1 − x ) dx = π (1 − x2 ) dx = 2π/3
2 −1 0

y
-1 y

1 x
y = √1 – x2

(b) A(x) is the area of a square of side 2y, so

1
1
A(x) = 4y 2 = 4(1 − x2 ); V = 4 (1 − x2 ) dx = 8 (1 − x2 ) dx = 16/3
−1 0

-1 y
2y

1 x
y = √1 – x 2

(c) A(x) is the area of an equilateral triangle with sides 2y, so

√
3 √ √
A(x) = (2y)2 = 3y 2 = 3(1 − x2 );
4

1√ √
1 √
V = 3(1 − x2 ) dx = 2 3 (1 − x2 ) dx = 4 3/3
−1 0

2y 2y
-1 y

2y
1 x
y = √1 – x2
290 Chapter 7

40. By similar triangles, R/r = y/h so

r
R = ry/h and A(y) = πr2 y 2 /h2 .

h R
2 2
V = (πr /h ) y 2 dy = πr2 h/3
0 h
y

41. The two curves cross at x = b ≈ 1.403288534, so

b
π/2
16
V =π 2
((2x/π) − sin x) dx + π (sin16 x − (2x/π)2 ) dx ≈ 0.710172176.
0 b

42. Note that π 2 sin x cos3 x = 4x2 for x = π/4. From the graph it is apparent that this is the first
positive solution, thus the curves don’t cross on (0, π/4) and

π/4
1 5 17 6
V =π [(π 2 sin x cos3 x)2 − (4x2 )2 ] dx = π + π
0 48 2560

e
43. V = π (1 − (ln y)2 ) dy = π
1

tan 1
π
44. V = π[x2 − x2 tan−1 x] dx = [tan2 1 − ln(1 + tan2 1)]
0 6

r
1 2
45. (a) V = π (r2 − y 2 ) dy = π(rh2 − h3 /3) = πh (3r − h)
r−h 3
(b) By the Pythagorean Theorem, y

r2 = (r − h)2 + ρ2 , 2hr = h2 + ρ2 ; from Part (a), h

  x2 + y2 = r2
πh 2 πh 3 2 2 2
r x
V = (3hr − h ) = (h + ρ ) − h ) r
3 3 2
1
= πh(h2 + 3ρ2 )
6

46. Find the volume generated by revolving y

the shaded region about the y-axis.
h – 10

−10+h 10 x
π
V =π (100 − y 2 )dy = h2 (30 − h)
−10 3 h
x = √100 – y 2
-10
Find dh/dt when h = 5 given that dV /dt = 1/2.
π dV π dh
V = (30h2 − h3 ), = (60h − 3h2 ) ,
3 dt 3 dt
1 π dh dh
= (300 − 75) , = 1/(150π) ft/min
2 3 dt dt
Exercise Set 7.2 291

5
47. (b) ∆x = = 0.5; {y0 , y1 , · · · , y10 } = {0, 2.00, 2.45, 2.45, 2.00, 1.46, 1.26, 1.25, 1.25, 1.25, 1.25};
10
9 
 y i 2
left = π ∆x ≈ 11.157;
i=0
2
10 
 y i 2
right = π ∆x ≈ 11.771; V ≈ average = 11.464 cm3
i=1
2

√
48. If x = r/2 then from y 2 = r2 − x2 we get y = ± 3r/2 y
√ √ √3r
as limits of integration; for − 3 ≤ y ≤ 3, 2
x = √r 2 – y 2
A(y) = π[(r2 − y 2 ) − r2 /4] = π(3r2 /4 − y 2 ), thus x

√
3r/2 r
2
V =π √ (3r2 /4 − y 2 )dy
− 3r/2 – √3r

√3r/2
2
√
= 2π (3r2 /4 − y 2 )dy = 3πr3 /2
0

y y
49. (a) (b)
h –4
x x

h–4 -2
h
h
-4 -4
0≤h<2 2≤h≤4

If the cherry is partially submerged then 0 ≤ h < 2 as shown in Figure (a); if it is totally sub-
merged then 2 ≤ h ≤ 4 as shown in Figure (b). The radius of the glass is 4 cm and that of the
cherry is 1 cm so points on the sections shown in the figures satisfy the equations x2 + y 2 = 16
and x2 + (y + 3)2 = 1. We will find the volumes of the solids that are generated when the shaded
regions are revolved about the y-axis.
For 0 ≤ h < 2,

h−4
h−4
V =π [(16 − y 2 ) − (1 − (y + 3)2 )]dy = 6π (y + 4)dy = 3πh2 ;
−4 −4

for 2 ≤ h ≤ 4,

−2
h−4
V =π [(16 − y 2 ) − (1 − (y + 3)2 )]dy + π (16 − y 2 )dy
−4 −2

−2
h−4
1
= 6π (y + 4)dy + π (16 − y 2 )dy = 12π + π(12h2 − h3 − 40)
−4 −2 3
1
= π(12h2 − h3 − 4)
3
so 
 3πh
2
if 0 ≤ h < 2
V =
 1 π(12h2 − h3 − 4) if 2 ≤ h ≤ 4
3
292 Chapter 7


50. x = h ± r2 − y2 , y

r     (x – h 2) + y 2 = r 2
V =π (h + r2 − y 2 )2 − (h − r2 − y 2 )2 dy
−r

r 
x
= 4πh r2 − y 2 dy
−r
 
1 2
= 4πh πr = 2π 2 r2 h
2

51. tan θ = h/x so h = x tan θ,

1 1 1
A(y) = hx = x2 tan θ = (r2 − y 2 ) tan θ
2 2 2 h
because x = r − y , 2 2 2
u

r
1 x
V = tan θ (r2 − y 2 )dy
2 −r

r
2
= tan θ (r2 − y 2 )dy = r3 tan θ
0 3


52. A(x) = (x tan θ)(2 r2 − x2 ) 53. Each cross section perpendicular to the
 y-axis is a square so
= 2(tan θ)x r2 − x2 ,

r  A(y) = x2 = r2 − y 2 ,
V = 2 tan θ x r2 − x2 dx
r
1
0 V = (r2 − y 2 )dy
8 0
2
= r3 tan θ V = 8(2r3 /3) = 16r3 /3
3
y
x tan u
y
x x = √r2 – y2
√r 2 – x2

r
x

54. The regular cylinder of radius r and height h has the same circular cross sections as do those of
the oblique clinder, so by Cavalieri’s Principle, they have the same volume: πr2 h.

EXERCISE SET 7.3

2
2
1. V = 2πx(x2 )dx = 2π x3 dx = 15π/2
1 1

√
√
2  2  8π √
2. V = 2πx( 4 − x2 − x)dx = 2π (x 4 − x2 − x2 )dx = (2 − 2)
0 0 3

1
1
3. V = 2πy(2y − 2y 2 )dy = 4π (y 2 − y 3 )dy = π/3
0 0
Exercise Set 7.3 293

2
2
4. V = 2πy[y − (y 2 − 2)]dy = 2π (y 2 − y 3 + 2y)dy = 16π/3
0 0

1
3
9 √
5. V = 2π(x)(x )dx 6. V = 2πx( x)dx
0 4

1
9
= 2π x4 dx = 2π/5 = 2π x3/2 dx = 844π/5
0 4
y y
3 y = √x
y = x3
2
1
1
x
x
-1 1
-9 -4 4 9

-1

3
3
√
π/2 √
7. V = 2πx(1/x)dx = 2π dx = 4π 8. V = 2πx cos(x2 )dx = π/ 2
1 1 0
y y
1 y = cos (x2)
y= x

x
-3 -1 1 3 x
√p
2

2
2
9. V = 2πx[(2x − 1) − (−2x + 3)]dx 10. V = 2πx(2x − x2 )dx
1 0

2
2
2 8
= 8π (x − x)dx = 20π/3 = 2π (2x2 − x3 )dx = π
1 0 3
y y
(2, 3) y = 2x – x 2

(1, 1)
x
x 2

(2, –1)

1
x
11. V = 2π dx y
0 +1 x2 1 y= 1
1 x2 + 1
= π ln(x2 + 1) = π ln 2
0

x
-1 1
294 Chapter 7

√
3 √3
x2 x2
12. V = 2πxe dx = πe = π(e3 − e) y
1 1
20 2
y = ex

10

x
-√3 -1 1 √3

1
3
3
13. V = 2πy 3 dy = π/2 14. V = 2πy(2y)dy = 4π y 2 dy = 76π/3
0 2 2
y y
3
1 x = y2 2 x = 2y
x
x

1
4
√
15. V = 2πy(1 − y)dy 16. V = 2πy(5 − y − 4/y)dy
0 1

1
4
= 2π (y − y 3/2 )dy = π/5 = 2π (5y − y 2 − 4)dy = 9π
0 1
y y (1, 4)
y = √x x = 5–y
x
(4, 1)
1 x = 4/y x

π
π/2
17. V = 2π x sin xdx = 2π 2 18. V = 2π x cos xdx = π 2 − 2π
0 0

1
19. (a) V = 2πx(x3 − 3x2 + 2x)dx = 7π/30
0

(b) much easier; the method of slicing would require that x be expressed in terms of y.
y
y = x3 – 3x2 + 2x

x
-1 1
Exercise Set 7.3 295

2
20. V = 2π(x + 1)(1/x3 )dx y
1 x+1

2
= 2π (x−2 + x−3 )dx = 7π/4
1 y = 1/x 3
x
-1 1x 2

1
21. V = 2π(1 − y)y 1/3 dy y
0

1
= 2π (y 1/3 − y 4/3 )dy = 9π/14
0 1
1–y x = y1/3
x

b
d
22. (a) 2πx[f (x) − g(x)]dx (b) 2πy[f (y) − g(y)]dy
a c

h y
23. x = (r − y) is an equation of the line (0, r)
r
through (0, r) and (h, 0) so

r
 x
h
V = 2πy (r − y) dy (h, 0)
0 r


2πh r
= (ry − y 2 )dy = πr2 h/3
r 0

k/4 √
24. V = 2π(k/2 − x)2 kxdx y
0 k/2 – x

√
k/4 y = √kx
= 2π k (kx1/2 − 2x3/2 )dx = 7πk 3 /60
0 x

y = –√kx
x = k/2
x = k/4

a 
a
25. V = 2πx(2 r2 − x2 )dx = 4π x(r2 − x2 )1/2 dx y
0 0 y = √r 2 – x2
a
4π 4π  3 
= − (r2 − x2 )3/2 = r − (r2 − a2 )3/2
3 0 3 x
a

y = –√r 2 – x2
296 Chapter 7

a 
26. V = 2π(b − x)(2 a2 − x2 )dx y
b-x
−a

a 
a  √a2 – x2
= 4πb a2 − x2 dx − 4π x a2 − x2 dx x
−a −a –a a
= 4πb · (area of a semicircle of radius a) − 4π(0) –√a2 – x2

= 2π 2 a2 b x=b

b
b
1
27. Vx = π dx = π(2 − 1/b), Vy = 2π dx = π(2b − 1);
1/2 x2 1/2

Vx = Vy if 2 − 1/b = 2b − 1, 2b2 − 3b + 1 = 0, solve to get b = 1/2 (reject) or b = 1.

b 
x b
−1 2 −1 2 π
28. (a) V = 2π 4
dx = π tan (x ) = π tan (b ) −
1 1+x 1 4
π π 1
(b) lim V = π − = π2
b→+∞ 2 4 4

EXERCISE SET 7.4

√
dy 2 √
1. (a) = 2, L = 1 + 4dx = 5
dx 1

4  √ √
dx 1
(b) = ,L = 1 + 1/4 dy = 2 5/2 = 5
dy 2 2

1  √
dx dy
2. = 1, = 5, L = 12 + 52 dt = 26
dt dt 0

9 1/2 81
3. f  (x) = x , 1 + [f  (x)]2 = 1 + x,
2 4

1  3/2 1
8 81 √
L= 1 + 81x/4 dx = 1+ x = (85 85 − 8)/243
0 243 4
0

4. g  (y) = y(y 2 + 2)1/2 , 1 + [g  (y)]2 = 1 + y 2 (y 2 + 2) = y 4 + 2y 2 + 1 = (y 2 + 1)2 ,

1 
1
L= (y 2 + 1)2 dy = (y 2 + 1)dy = 4/3
0 0

 2
dy 2 −1/3 dy 4 9x2/3 + 4
5. = x , 1+ = 1 + x−2/3 = ,
dx 3 dx 9 9x2/3

8 √ 2/3
40
9x + 4 1
L= 1/3
dx = u1/2 du, u = 9x2/3 + 4
1 3x 18 13
40
1 3/2 1 √ √ 1 √ √
= u = (40 40 − 13 13) = (80 10 − 13 13)
27 13 27 27
Exercise Set 7.4 297

or (alternate solution)
2 
dx 3 dx 9 4 + 9y
x = y 3/2 , = y 1/2 , 1 +
=1+ y = ,
dy 2 dy 4 4


40
1 4 1 1 √ √
L= 4 + 9y dy = u1/2 du = (80 10 − 13 13)
2 1 18 13 27
   2
 1 3 −3  2 1 6 1 −6 1 6 1 −6 1 3 −3
6. f (x) = x − x , 1 + [f (x)] = 1 + x − +x = x + +x = x +x ,
4 16 2 16 2 4


3  2
3 
1 3 −3
1 3 −3
L= x +x dx = x +x dx = 595/144
2 4 2 4

1 3 1
7. x = g(y) = y + 2y −1 , g  (y) = y 2 − 2y −2 ,
24  8   2
 1 4 1 −4 1 4 1 −4 1 2 −2
2
1 + [g (y)] = 1 + y − + 4y = y + + 4y = y + 2y ,
64 2 64 2 8

4 
1 2
L= y + 2y −2 dy = 17/6
2 8
   2
1 1 1 6 1 1 −6 1 3 1 −3
8. g (y) = y 3 − y −3 , 1 + [g  (y)]2 = 1 +

y − + y = y + y ,
2 2 4 2 4 2 2

4 
1 3 1 −3
L= y + y dy = 2055/64
1 2 2

1 √
9. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = (t2 )2 + (t)2 = t2 (t2 + 1), L = t(t2 + 1)1/2 dt = (2 2 − 1)/3
0

10. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = [2(1 + t)]2 + [3(1 + t)2 ]2 = (1 + t)2 [4 + 9(1 + t)2 ],

1 √ √
L= (1 + t)[4 + 9(1 + t)2 ]1/2 dt = (80 10 − 13 13)/27
0

π/2
2 2 2 2
11. (dx/dt) + (dy/dt) = (−2 sin 2t) + (2 cos 2t) = 4, L = 2 dt = π
0

12. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = (− sin t + sin t + t cos t)2 + (cos t − cos t + t sin t)2 = t2 ,

π
L= t dt = π 2 /2
0

13. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = [et (cos t − sin t)]2 + [et (cos t + sin t)]2 = 2e2t ,

π/2 √ √
L= 2et dt = 2(eπ/2 − 1)
0

4
14. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = (2et cos t)2 + (−2et sin t)2 = 4e2t , L = 2et dt = 2(e4 − e)
1

sec x tan x  √
15. dy/dx = = tan x, 1 + (y  )2 = 1 + tan2 x = sec x when 0 < x < π/4, so
sec x

π/4 √
L= sec x dx = ln(1 + 2)
0
298 Chapter 7

cos x  √
16. dy/dx = = cot x, 1 + (y  )2 = 1 + cot2 x = csc x when π/4 < x < π/2, so
sin x

π/2 √ 
√ 2−1 √ √
L= csc x dx = − ln( 2 − 1) = − ln √ ( 2 + 1) = ln(1 + 2)
π/4 2+1

17. (a) (dx/dθ)2 + (dy/dθ)2 = (a(1 − cos θ))2 + (a sin θ)2 = a2 (2 − 2 cos θ), so

2π 
2π 
L= 2 2
(dx/dθ) + (dy/dθ) dθ = a 2(1 − cos θ) dθ
0 0

18. (a) Use the interval 0 ≤ φ < 2π.

(b) (dx/dφ)2 + (dy/dφ)2 = (−3a cos2 φ sin φ)2 + (3a sin2 φ cos φ)2
= 9a2 cos2 φ sin2 φ(cos2 φ + sin2 φ) = (9a2 /4) sin2 2φ, so

2π
π/2 π/2
L = (3a/2) | sin 2φ| dφ = 6a sin 2φ dφ = −3a cos 2φ = 6a
0 0 0

19. (a) y (b) dy/dx does not exist at x = 0.

(8, 4)
(-1, 1)

3 1/2
(c) x = g(y) = y 3/2 , g  (y) = y ,
2

1 
L= 1 + 9y/4 dy (portion for − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0)
0

4 
+ 1 + 9y/4 dy (portion for 0 ≤ x ≤ 8)
0
 
8 13 √ 8 √ √ √
= 13 − 1 + (10 10 − 1) = (13 13 + 80 10 − 16)/27
27 8 27

20. For (4), express the curve y = f (x) in the parametric form x = t, y = f (t) so dx/dt = 1 and
dy/dt = f  (t) = f  (x) = dy/dx. For (5), express x = g(y) as x = g(t), y = t so
dx/dt = g  (t) = g  (y) = dx/dy and dy/dt = 1.

2 
π 
21. L = 1 + 4x2 dx ≈ 4.645975301 22. L = 1 + cos2 y dy ≈ 3.820197789
0 0

23. Numerical integration yields: in Exercise 21, L ≈ 4.646783762; in Exercise 22, L ≈ 3.820197788.

24. 0 ≤ m ≤ f  (x) ≤ M , so m2 ≤ [f  (x)]2 ≤ M 2 , and 1 + m2 ≤ 1 + [f  (x)]2 ≤ 1 + M 2 ; thus

√  √
1 + m2 ≤ 1 + [f  (x)]2 ≤ 1 + M 2 ,

b
b
b
1 + m dx ≤
2 
1 + [f (x)] dx ≤
2 1 + M 2 dx, and
a a a
 
(b − a) 1 + m2 ≤ L ≤ (b − a) 1 + M 2
√
25. f  (x) = cos x, 2/2 ≤ cos x ≤ 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π/4 so
 √ π π√
(π/4) 1 + 1/2 ≤ L ≤ (π/4) 1 + 1, 3/2 ≤ L ≤ 2.
4 4
Exercise Set 7.5 299

26. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = (−a sin t)2 + (b cos t)2 = a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t

= a2 (1 − cos2 t) + b2 cos2 t = a2 − (a2 − b2 ) cos2 t


2 a2 − b2
=a 1− cos t = a2 [1 − k 2 cos2 t],
2
a2

2π 
π/2 
L= a 1 − k 2 cos2 t dt = 4a 1 − k 2 cos2 t dt
0 0

27. (a) (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = 4 sin2 t + cos2 t = 4 sin2 t + (1 − sin2 t) = 1 + 3 sin2 t,

2π 
π/2 
L= 1 + 3 sin2 t dt = 4 1 + 3 sin2 t dt
0 0

(b) 9.69

4.8 
(c) distance traveled = 1 + 3 sin2 t dt ≈ 5.16 cm
1.5

4.6 
28. The distance is 1 + (2.09 − 0.82x)2 dx ≈ 6.65 m
0

π 
29. L = 1 + (k cos x)2 dx k 1 2 1.84 1.83 1.832
0
L 3.8202 5.2704 5.0135 4.9977 5.0008

Experimentation yields the values in the table, which by the Intermediate-Value Theorem show
that the true solution k to L = 5 lies between k = 1.83 and k = 1.832, so k = 1.83 to two decimal
places.

EXERCISE SET 7.5

√
√
1 √ 1
1. S = 2π(7x) 1 + 49dx = 70π 2 x dx = 35π 2
0 0

1 1
2. f  (x) = √ , 1 + [f  (x)]2 = 1 +
2 x 4x

4 
4
√ 1 √ √
S= 2π x 1 + dx = 2π x + 1/4dx = π(17 17 − 5 5)/6
1 4x 1

√ x2 4
3. f  (x) = −x/ 4 − x2 , 1 + [f  (x)]2 = 1 + = ,
4−x 2 4 − x2

1  
1
S= 2π 4 − x (2/ 4 − x )dx = 4π
2 2 dx = 8π
−1 −1

4. y = f (x) = x3 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, f  (x) = 3x2 ,

2  2
3 π 4 3/2
√ √
S= 4
2πx 1 + 9x dx = (1 + 9x ) = 5π(29 145 − 2 10)/27
1 27 1

2 √ √
2 √
5. S = 2π(9y + 1) 82dy = 2π 82 (9y + 1)dy = 40π 82
0 0
300 Chapter 7

1  √
6. g  (y) = 3y 2 , S = 2πy 3 1 + 9y 4 dy = π(10 10 − 1)/27
0


2 
2
9 3
7. g  (y) = −y/ 9 − y 2 , 1 + [g  (y)]2 = ,S= 2π 9 − y2 ·  dy = 6π dy = 24π
9 − y2 −2 9 − y2 −2

2−y
8. g  (y) = −(1 − y)−1/2 , 1 + [g  (y)]2 =
,
1−y

0 √
0
 2−y √ √
S= 2π(2 1 − y) √ dy = 4π 2 − y dy = 8π(3 3 − 2 2)/3
−1 1−y −1

 2
1 −1/2 1 1/2 1 1 1 1 −1/2 1 1/2
9. f  (x) = x − x , 1 + [f  (x)]2 = 1 + x−1 − + x = x + x ,
2 2 4 2 4 2 2

3   

1 1 −1/2 1 1/2 π 3
S= 2π x1/2 − x3/2 x + x dx = (3 + 2x − x2 )dx = 16π/9
1 3 2 2 3 1
   2
 1 −2
2  2 4 1 1 −4 2 1 −2
10. f (x) = x − x , 1 + [f (x)] = 1 + x − + x = x + x ,
4 2 16 4

2   
2 
1 3 1 −1 2 1 −2 1 5 1 1 −3
S= 2π x + x x + x dx = 2π x + x+ x dx = 515π/64
1 3 4 4 1 3 3 16

1 4 1 −2  1
11. x = g(y) = y + y , g (y) = y 3 − y −3 ,
4 8 4
   2
1 1 1
1 + [g  (y)]2 = 1 + y 6 − + y −6 = y 3 + y −3 ,
2 16 4

2   
2
1 4 1 −2 1 π
S= 2π y + y y 3 + y −3 dy = (8y 7 + 6y + y −5 )dy = 16,911π/1024
1 4 8 4 16 1

√ 1 65 − 4y
12. x = g(y) = 16 − y; g  (y) = − √ , 1 + [g  (y)]2 = ,
2 16 − y 4(16 − y)

15  
15 
65 − 4y √ √ π
S= 2π 16 − y dy = π 65 − 4y dy = (65 65 − 5 5)
0 4(16 − y) 0 6

π  √ √
  2 2
13. f (x) = cos x, 1 + [f (x)] = 1 + cos x, S = 2π sin x 1 + cos2 x dx = 2π( 2 + ln( 2 + 1))
0

14. x = g(y) = tan y, g  (y) = sec2 y, 1 + [g  (y)]2 = 1 + sec4 y;

π/4 
S= 2π tan y 1 + sec4 y dy ≈ 3.84
0

1 
 
15. f (x) = e , x 2
1 + [f (x)] = 1 + e , S = 2x
2πex 1 + e2x dx ≈ 22.94
0

e 
16. x = g(y) = ln y, g  (y) = 1/y, 1 + [g  (y)]2 = 1 + 1/y 2 ; S = 2π 1 + 1/y 2 ln y dy ≈ 7.05
1

17. Revolve the line segment joining the points (0, 0) and (h, r) about the x-axis. An equation of the
line segment is y = (r/h)x for 0 ≤ x ≤ h so

h
h
 2πr  
S= 2π(r/h)x 1 + r2 /h2 dx = 2 r2 + h2 x dx = πr r2 + h2
0 h 0
Exercise Set 7.5 301

√ √
18. f (x) = r2 − x2 , f  (x) = −x/ r2 − x2 , 1 + [f  (x)]2 = r2 /(r2 − x2 ),

r  
r
S= 2π r − x (r/ r − x )dx = 2πr
2 2 2 2 dx = 4πr2
−r −r

 
19. g(y) = r2 − y 2 , g  (y) = −y/ r2 − y 2 , 1 + [g  (y)]2 = r2 /(r2 − y 2 ),

r  
r
(a) S = 2π r − y r /(r − y ) dy = 2πr
2 2 2 2 2 dy = 2πrh
r−h r−h
(b) From Part (a), the surface area common to two polar caps of height h1 > h2 is
2πrh1 − 2πrh2 = 2πr(h1 − h2 ).

20. For (4), express the curve y = f (x) in the parametric form x = t, y = f (t) so dx/dt = 1 and
dy/dt = f  (t) = f  (x) = dy/dx. For (5), express x = g(y) as x = g(t), y = t so
dx/dt = g  (t) = g  (y) = dx/dy and dy/dt = 1.

21. x = 2t, y  = 2, (x )2 + (y  )2 = 4t2 + 4

4 
4  √
8π
S = 2π (2t) 4t2 + 4dt = 8π t t2 + 1dt = (17 17 − 1)
0 0 3

22. x = −2 cos t sin t, y  = 5 cos t, (x )2 + (y  )2 = 4 cos2 t sin2 t + 25 cos2 t,

π/2  √
π
S = 2π 5 sin t 4 cos2 t sin2 t + 25 cos2 t dt = (145 29 − 625)
0 6

1  √
π
23. x = 1, y  = 4t, (x )2 + (y  )2 = 1 + 16t2 , S = 2π t 1 + 16t2 dt = (17 17 − 1)
0 24

24. x = −2 sin t cos t, y  = 2 sin t cos t, (x )2 + (y  )2 = 8 sin2 t cos2 t

π/2  √
π/2 √
S = 2π cos2 t 8 sin2 t cos2 t dt = 4 2π cos3 t sin t dt = 2π
0 0

25. x = −r sin t, y  = r cos t, (x )2 + (y  )2 = r2 ,

π √
π
S = 2π r sin t r2 dt = 2πr2 sin t dt = 4πr2
0 0

 2  2
dx dy dx dy
26. = a(1 − cos φ), = a sin φ, + = 2a2 (1 − cos φ)
dφ dφ dφ dφ

2π  √
2π
2
S = 2π a(1 − cos φ) 2a (1 − cos φ) dφ = 2 2πa
2 (1 − cos φ)3/2 dφ,
0 0
φ √ φ
but 1 − cos φ = 2 sin2 so (1 − cos φ)3/2 = 2 2 sin3 for 0 ≤ φ ≤ π and, taking advantage of the
2
π 2
2 3 φ
symmetry of the cycloid, S = 16πa sin dφ = 64πa2 /3.
0 2

27. (a) length of arc of sector = circumference of base of cone,

1
!θ = 2πr, θ = 2πr/!; S = area of sector = !2 (2πr/!) = πr!
2
302 Chapter 7

(b) S = πr2 !2 − πr1 !1 = πr2 (!1 + !) − πr1 !1 = π[(r2 − r1 )!1 + r2 !];

Using similar triangles !2 /r2 = !1 /r1 , r1 !2 = r2 !1 , r1 (!1 + !) = r2 !1 , (r2 − r1 )!1 = r1 !
so S = π (r1 ! + r2 !) = π (r1 + r2 ) !.

l1
l2
r1

l
r2

b 
28. S = 2π[f (x) + k] 1 + [f  (x)]2 dx
a
  
29. 2πk 1 + [f  (x)]2 ≤ 2πf (x) 1 + [f  (x)]2 ≤ 2πK 1 + [f  (x)]2 , so

b 
b 
b 
2πk 1 + [f  (x)]2 dx ≤ 2πf (x) 1 + [f  (x)]2 dx ≤ 2πK 1 + [f  (x)]2 dx,
a a a

b 
b 
2πk 1 + [f  (x)]2 dx ≤ S ≤ 2πK 1 + [f  (x)]2 dx, 2πkL ≤ S ≤ 2πKL
a a
 
30. (a) 1 ≤ 1 + [f  (x)]2 so 2πf (x) ≤ 2πf (x) 1 + [f  (x)]2 ,

b
b 
b
2πf (x)dx ≤ 2πf (x) 1 + [f  (x)]2 dx, 2π f (x)dx ≤ S, 2πA ≤ S
a a a
(b) 2πA = S if f  (x) = 0 for all x in [a, b] so f (x) is constant on [a, b].

EXERCISE SET 7.6

1. (a) W = F · d = 30(7) = 210 ft·lb

6
6 6
1
(b) W = F (x) dx = x−2 dx = − = 5/6 ft·lb
1 1 x 1

5
2
5
40
2. W = F (x) dx = 40 dx − (x − 5) dx = 80 + 60 = 140 J
0 0 2 3



5 5
4t 2 5
3. distance traveled = v(t) dt = dt = t2 = 10 ft. The force is a constant 10 lb, so the
0 0 5 5 0
work done is 10 · 10 = 100 ft·lb.

4. (a) F (x) = kx, F (0.05) = 0.05k = 45, k = 900 N/m

0.03
0.10
(b) W = 900x dx = 0.405 J (c) W = 900x dx = 3.375 J
0 0.05

0.8
5. F (x) = kx, F (0.2) = 0.2k = 100, k = 500 N/m, W = 500xdx = 160 J
0

2
6. F (x) = kx, F (1/2) = k/2 = 6, k = 12 N/m, W = 12x dx = 24 J
0
Exercise Set 7.6 303

1
7. W = kx dx = k/2 = 10, k = 20 lb/ft
0

6
8. W = (9 − x)62.4(25π)dx
0

6
5 9

= 1560π (9 − x)dx = 56, 160π ft·lb 6 9-x

0
x

6
9. W = (9 − x)ρ(25π)dx = 900πρ ft·lb
0

10. r/10 = x/15, r = 2x/3,

15

10 10

W = (15 − x)62.4(4πx2 /9)dx 10

15 - x
0 x

10 r
83.2
= π (15x2 − x3 )dx
3 0 0
= 208, 000π/3 ft·lb

11. w/4 = x/3, w = 4x/3,

4

2 3
W = (3 − x)(9810)(4x/3)(6)dx 3-x
0 2

2 x
= 78480 (3x − x2 )dx w(x)
0
0
= 261, 600 J

12. w = 2 4 − x2

2  w(x)
3

W = (3 − x)(50)(2 4 − x2 )(10)dx 2 3-x

−2
x

2 
2 
= 3000 4 − x2 dx − 1000 x 4 − x2 dx 2
0
−2 −2

= 3000[π(2)2 /2] − 0 = 6000π ft·lb

-2

9
13. (a) W = (10 − x)62.4(300)dx
0

9 10
= 18,720 (10 − x)dx 9 10 - x
0 x
= 926,640 ft·lb 0
(b) to empty the pool in one hour would require 20 15
926,640/3600 = 257.4 ft·lb of work per second
so hp of motor = 257.4/550 = 0.468
304 Chapter 7

9
9
14. W = x(62.4)(300) dx = 18,720 x dx = (81/2)18,720 = 758,160 ft·lb
0 0

100
15. W = 15(100 − x)dx Pulley
0
100
= 75, 000 ft·lb

100 - x

x
Chain
0

16. The total time of winding the rope is (20 ft)/(2 ft/s) = 10 s. During the time interval from time t
to time t + ∆t the work done is ∆W = F (t) · ∆x.
The distance ∆x = 2∆t, and the force F (t) is given by the weight w(t) of the bucket, rope and
water at time t. The bucket and its remaining water together weigh (3 + 20) − t/2 lb, and the rope
is 20 − 2t ft long and weighs 4(20 − 2t) oz or 5 − t/2 lb. Thus at time t the bucket, water and rope
together weigh w(t) = 23 − t/2 + 5 − t/2 = 28 − t lb.
The amount of work done in the time interval from time t to time t + ∆t is thus
∆W = (28 − t)2∆t, and the total work done is

10 10

W = lim (28 − t)2∆t = (28 − t)2 dt = 2(28t − t2 /2) = 460 ft·lb.
n→+∞ 0 0

17. When the rocket is x ft above the ground

total weight = weight of rocket + weight of fuel 3000

= 3 + [40 − 2(x/1000)]
= 43 − x/500 tons,
x

3000
Rocket
W = (43 − x/500)dx = 120, 000 ft·tons
0
0

18. Let F (x) be the force needed to hold

charge A at position x, then
A B
c c
F (x) = , F (−a) = 2 = k, -a x 0 a
(a − x)2 4a
so c = 4a2 k.

0
W = 4a2 k(a − x)−2 dx = 2ak J
−a

19. (a) 150 = k/(4000)2 , k = 2.4 × 109 , w(x) = k/x2 = 2,400,000,000/x2 lb

 
(b) 6000 = k/(4000)2 , k = 9.6 × 1010 , w(x) = 9.6 × 1010 /(x + 4000)2 lb

5000
(c) W = 9.6(1010 )x−2 dx = 4,800,000 mi·lb = 2.5344 × 1010 ft·lb
4000

20. (a) 20 = k/(1080)2 , k = 2.3328 × 107 , weight = w(x + 1080) = 2.3328 · 107 /(x + 1080)2 lb

10.8
(b) W = [2.3328 · 107 /(x + 1080)2 ] dx = 213.86 mi·lb = 1,129,188 ft·lb
0
Exercise Set 7.7 305

21. W = F · d = (6.40 × 105 )(3.00 × 103 ) = 1.92 × 109 J; from the Work-Energy Relationship (5),

vf2 = 2W/m + vi2 = 2(1.92 · 109 )/(4 · 105 ) + 202 = 10,000, vf = 100 m/s

22. W = F · d = (2.00 × 105 )(2.00 × 105 ) = 4 × 1010 J; from the Work-Energy Relationship (5),
vf2 = 2W/m + vi2 = 8 · 1010 /(2 · 103 ) + 108 ≈ 11.832 m/s.

1 1
23. (a) The kinetic energy would have decreased by mv 2 = 4 · 106 (15000)2 = 4.5 × 1014 J
2 2
1000
(b) (4.5 × 1014 )/(4.2 × 1015 ) ≈ 0.107 (c) (0.107) ≈ 8.24 bombs
13

EXERCISE SET 7.7

1. (a) F = ρhA = 62.4(5)(100) = 31,200 lb (b) F = ρhA = 9810(10)(25) = 2,452,500 N

2
P = ρh = 62.4(5) = 312 lb/ft P = ρh = 9810(10) = 98.1 kPa
2. (a) F = P A = 6 · 105 (160) = 9.6 × 107 N (b) F = P A = 100(60) = 6000 lb

2
3
3. F = 62.4x(4)dx 4. F = 9810x(4)dx
0 1

2
3
= 249.6 x dx = 499.2 lb = 39,240 x dx
0 1
0 4 = 156,960 N
x 0
4
1
2
x

5 
5. F = 9810x(2 25 − x2 )dx 6. By similar triangles
0 √

5 w(x) 2 3−x 2 √
= 19,620 x(25 − x2 )1/2 dx = √ , w(x) = √ (2 3 − x),
4 2 3 3
0

2√3

= 8.175 × 105 N 2 √
F = 62.4x √ (2 3 − x) dx
0 3
0 5y
2√3 √
124.8
= √ (2 3x − x2 )dx = 499.2 lb
x y = √25 – x 2 3 0
2√25 – x 2 0 4
5
w(x)
x
4 4

2 √3
306 Chapter 7

7. By similar triangles 8. w(x) = 16 + 2u(x), but

w(x) 10 − x u(x) 12 − x 1
= = so u(x) = (12 − x),
6 8 4 8 2
3
w(x) = (10 − x), w(x) = 16 + (12 − x) = 28 − x,
4

10

12
3
F = 9810x (10 − x) dx F = 62.4x(28 − x)dx
2 4 4

10
12
= 7357.5 (10x − x2 )dx = 1,098,720 N = 62.4 (28x − x2 )dx = 77,209.6 lb.
2 4
0 0
u(x)
6 4 4
2 4
x
w(x)
x
w(x) 12
16
8

10

b
b
b
9. Yes: if ρ2 = 2ρ1 then F2 = ρ2 h(x)w(x) dx = 2ρ1 h(x)w(x) dx = 2 ρ1 h(x)w(x) dx = 2F1 .
a a a

2 
10. F = 50x(2 4 − x2 )dx 0 2 y
0

2
y = √4 – x2
= 100 x(4 − x2 )1/2 dx
0
2√4 – x2
= 800/3 lb x

11. Find the forces on the upper and lower halves and add them:
w1 (x) x
√ =√ , w1 (x) = 2x
2a 2a/2 0

√2a/2
√
2a/2 √ a a
w1(x)
2 3 x
F1 = ρx(2x)dx = 2ρ x dx = 2ρa /6,
0 0
√2a/2
√ x
a a √2a
w2 (x) 2a − x √ w2(x)
√ = √ , w2 (x) = 2( 2a − x) √2a
2a 2a/2

√2a √
√2a √ √
F2 = √ ρx[2( 2a − x)]dx = 2ρ √ ( 2ax − x2 )dx = 2ρa3 /3,
2a/2 2a/2
√ √ √
F = F1 + F2 = 2ρa3 /6 + 2ρa3 /3 = ρa3 / 2 lb

12. If a constant vertical force is applied to a flat plate which is horizontal and the magnitude of the
force is F , then, if the plate is tilted so as to form an angle θ with the vertical, the magnitude of
the force on the plate decreases to F cos θ.
Exercise Set 7.7 307

Suppose that a flat surface is immersed, at an angle θ with the vertical, in a fluid of weight density
ρ, and that the submerged portion of the surface extends from x = a to x = b along an x-axis
whose positive diretion is not necessarily down, but is slanted.
Following the derivation of equation (8), we divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals
a = x0 < x1 < . . . < xn−1 < xn = b. Then the magnitude Fk of the force on the plate satisfies the
inequalities ρh(xk−1 )Ak cos θ ≤ Fk ≤ ρh(xk )Ak cos θ, or equivalently that
Fk sec θ
h(xk−1 ) ≤ ≤ h(xk ). Following the argument in the text we arrive at the desired equation
ρAk

b
F = ρh(x)w(x) sec θ dx.
a

√ √ √
13. 162 + 42 = 272 = 4 17 is the
other dimension of the bottom. 16
√
(h(x) − 4)/4 = x/(4 17)
√ 4
h(x) = x/ 17 + 4,
√ √ 0
sec θ = 4 17/16 = 17/4

√ h(x) 4
4 17 √ √ x
F = 62.4(x/ 17 + 4)10( 17/4) dx
0 4
10

√
√ 4 17 √ 4√17
= 156 17 (x/ 17 + 4)dx
0

= 63,648 lb

14. If we lower the water level

√ by y ft then the force F1 is computed as in Exercise 13, but with h(x)
replaced by h1 (x) = x/ 17 + 4 − y, and we obtain

4√17 √
F1 = F − y 62.4(10) 17/4 dx = F − 624(17)y = 63,648 − 10,608y.
0
If F1 = F/2 then 63,648/2 = 63,648 − 10,608y, y = 63,648/(2 · 10,608) = 3,
so the water level should be reduced by 3 ft.

√
15. h(x) = x sin 60◦ = 3x/2, 200
√
θ = 30◦ , sec θ = 2/ 3, 0

100 √ √
F = 9810( 3x/2)(200)(2/ 3) dx h(x)
x
0 60°

100 100
= 200 · 9810 x dx
0

= 9810 · 1003 = 9.81 × 109 N

h+2
16. F = ρ0 x(2)dx 0
h

h+2 h
= 2ρ0 x dx
h
h
x 2
= 4ρ0 (h + 1)
h+2
2
308 Chapter 7

17. (a) From Exercise 16, F = 4ρ0 (h + 1) so (assuming that ρ0 is constant) dF/dt = 4ρ0 (dh/dt)
which is a positive constant if dh/dt is a positive constant.
(b) If dh/dt = 20 then dF/dt = 80ρ0 lb/min from Part (a).

18. (a) Let h1 and h2 be the maximum and minimum depths of the disk Dr . The pressure P (r) on
one side of the disk satisfies inequality (5):
ρh1 ≤ P (r) ≤ ρh2 . But
lim h1 = lim h2 = h, and hence
r→0+ r→0+
ρh = lim ρh1 ≤ lim P (r) ≤ lim ρh2 = ρh, so lim P (r) = ρh.
r→0+ r→0+ r→0+ r→0+

(b) The disks Dr in Part (a) have no particular direction (the axes of the disks have arbitrary
direction). Thus P , the limiting value of P (r), is independent of direction.

EXERCISE SET 7.8

1. (a) sinh 3 ≈ 10.0179 2. (a) csch(−1) ≈ −0.8509

(b) cosh(−2) ≈ 3.7622 (b) sech(ln 2) = 0.8
(c) tanh(ln 4) = 15/17 ≈ 0.8824 (c) coth 1 ≈ 1.3130
(d) sinh−1 (−2) ≈ −1.4436 1
(d) sech−1 ≈ 1.3170
(e) cosh−1 3 ≈ 1.7627 2
−1
3 (e) coth 3 ≈ 0.3466
(f ) tanh−1 ≈ 0.9730 √
4 (f ) csch−1 (− 3) ≈ −0.5493
 
1 1 1 4
3. (a) sinh(ln 3) = (eln 3 − e− ln 3 ) = 3− =
2 2 3 3
 
1 1 1 5
(b) cosh(− ln 2) = (e− ln 2 + eln 2 ) = +2 =
2 2 2 4
e2 ln 5 − e−2 ln 5 25 − 1/25 312
(c) tanh(2 ln 5) = 2 ln 5 −2 ln 5
= =
e +e 25 + 1/25 313
 
1 −3 ln 2 3 ln 2 1 1 63
(d) sinh(−3 ln 2) = (e −e )= −8 =−
2 2 8 16
 
1 ln x 1 1 x2 + 1
4. (a) (e + e− ln x ) = x+ = ,x>0
2 2 x 2x
 
1 ln x 1 1 x2 − 1
(b) (e − e− ln x ) = x− = ,x>0
2 2 x 2x
e2 ln x − e−2 ln x x2 − 1/x2 x4 − 1
(c) = = ,x>0
e2 ln x + e−2 ln x x2 + 1/x2 x4 + 1
 
1 − ln x ln x 1 1 1 + x2
(d) (e +e )= +x = ,x>0
2 2 x 2x

5. sinh x0 cosh x0 tanh x0 coth x0 sech x0 csch x0

(a) 2 √5 2 /√5 √5 / 2 1/√5 1/ 2
(b) 3/ 4 5/ 4 3/ 5 5/3 4/5 4/3
(c) 4/3 5/ 3 4/5 5/4 3/ 5 3/ 4
Exercise Set 7.8 309

√
(a) cosh2 x0 = 1 + sinh2 x0 = 1 + (2)2 = 5, cosh x0 = 5
25 9 3
(b) sinh2 x0 = cosh2 x0 − 1 = −1= , sinh x0 = (because x0 > 0)
16 16 4
 2
4 16 9 3
(c) sech2 x0 = 1 − tanh2 x0 = 1 − =1− = , sech x0 = ,
5 25 25 5
  
1 5 sinh x0 5 4 4
cosh x0 = = , from = tanh x0 we get sinh x0 = =
sech x0 3 cosh x0 3 5 3

d d 1 cosh x
6. cschx = =− = − coth x csch x for x = 0
dx dx sinh x sinh2 x
d d 1 sinh x
sech x = =− = − tanh x sech x for all x
dx dx cosh x cosh2 x
d d cosh x sinh2 x − cosh2 x
coth x = = = − csch2 x for x = 0
dx dx sinh x sinh2 x
dy dx dy
7. (a) y = sinh−1 x if and only if x = sinh y; 1 = = cosh y; so
dx dy dx
d dy 1 1 1
[sinh−1 x] = = = =√ for all x.
dx dx cosh y 2
1 + sinh y 1 + x2
dy dx dy
(b) Let x ≥ 1. Then y = cosh−1 x if and only if x = cosh y; 1 = = sinh y, so
dx dy dx
d dy 1 1 1
[cosh−1 x] = = = = 2 for x ≥ 1.
dx dx sinh y 2
cosh y − 1 x −1
(c) Let −1 < x < 1. Then y = tanh−1 x if and only if x = tanh y; thus
dy dx dy dy d dy 1
1= = sech2 y = (1 − tanh2 y) = 1 − x2 , so [tanh−1 x] = = .
dx dy dx dx dx dx 1 − x2
1
9. 4 cosh(4x − 8) 10. 4x3 sinh(x4 ) 11. − csch2 (ln x)
x
sech2 2x 1
12. 2 13. csch(1/x) coth(1/x) 14. −2e2x sech(e2x ) tanh(e2x )
tanh 2x x2

2 + 5 cosh(5x) sinh(5x)
15.  16. 6 sinh2 (2x) cosh(2x)
4x + cosh2 (5x)

√ √ √
17. x5/2 tanh( x) sech2 ( x) + 3x2 tanh2 ( x)
  
1 1
18. −3 cosh(cos 3x) sin 3x 19.  = 1/ 9 + x2
1 + x /9 3
2

1 1  √ 
20.  (−1/x2 ) = − √ 21. 1/ (cosh−1 x) x2 − 1
1+ 1/x2 |x| x2 + 1

 
−1
√
22. 1/ (sinh x) − 1 1 + x
2 2 23. −(tanh−1 x)−2 /(1 − x2 )


−1 sinh x sinh x 1, x > 0
24. 2(coth x)/(1 − x )
2
25.  = =
2
cosh x − 1 | sinh x| −1, x < 0
310 Chapter 7

 ex
26. (sech2 x)/ 1 + tanh2 x 27. − √ + ex sech−1 x
2x 1 − x
 
−1 x −1
28. 10(1 + x csch 9
x) − √ + csch x
|x| 1 + x2

1 1 2
31. sinh7 x + C 32. sinh(2x − 3) + C 33. (tanh x)3/2 + C
7 2 3
1 1
34. − coth(3x) + C 35. ln(cosh x) + C 36. − coth3 x + C
3 3
ln 3 ln 3
1 3
37. − sech x = 37/375 38. ln(cosh x) = ln 5 − ln 3
3 ln 2 0

11 1
39. u = 3x, du = sinh−1 3x + C
√
3
1 + u2 3

√

√ 2 1 √
40. x = 2u, √ du = √ du = cosh−1 (x/ 2) + C
2u2 − 2 u2 − 1


1
41. u = ex , √ du = − sech−1 (ex ) + C
u 1 − u2


1
42. u = cos θ, − √ du = − sinh−1 (cos θ) + C
1 + u2


du
43. u = 2x, √ = −csch−1 |u| + C = −csch−1 |2x| + C
u 1 + u2



5/3 1 1 1
44. x = 5u/3, √ du = √ du = cosh−1 (3x/5) + C
25u − 25
2 3 u −1
2 3
1/2 1 1 + 1/2 1
45. tanh−1 x = tanh−1 (1/2) − tanh−1 (0) = ln = ln 3
0 2 1 − 1/2 2
√3 √ √
−1
46. sinh t = sinh−1 3 − sinh−1 0 = ln( 3 + 2)
0

ln 3 ln 3
1 1
49. A = sinh 2x dx = cosh 2x = [cosh(2 ln 3) − 1],
0 2 0 2
1 ln 9 1 1
but cosh(2 ln 3) = cosh(ln 9) = (e + e− ln 9 ) = (9 + 1/9) = 41/9 so A = [41/9 − 1] = 16/9.
2 2 2

ln 2 ln 2
50. V = π sech2 x dx = π tanh x = π tanh(ln 2) = 3π/5
0 0

5
5
51. V = π (cosh2 2x − sinh2 2x)dx = π dx = 5π
0 0

1 1
1 1
52. cosh ax dx = 2, sinh ax = 2, sinh a = 2, sinh a = 2a;
0 a 0 a
sinh an − 2an
let f (a) = sinh a − 2a, then an+1 = an − , a1 = 2.2, . . . , a4 = a5 = 2.177318985.
cosh an − 2
Exercise Set 7.8 311

53. y  = sinh x, 1 + (y  )2 = 1 + sinh2 x = cosh2 x

ln 2 ln 2  
1 ln 2 − ln 2 1 1 3
L= cosh x dx = sinh x = sinh(ln 2) = (e − e )= 2− =
0 0 2 2 2 4

54. y  = sinh(x/a), 1 + (y  )2 = 1 + sinh2 (x/a) = cosh2 (x/a)

x1 x1
L= cosh(x/a)dx = a sinh(x/a) = a sinh(x1 /a)
0 0

1 −x 1
55. sinh(−x) = (e − ex ) = − (ex − e−x ) = − sinh x
2 2
1 −x 1
cosh(−x) = (e + ex ) = (ex + e−x ) = cosh x
2 2

1 x 1
56. (a) cosh x + sinh x = (e + e−x ) + (ex − e−x ) = ex
2 2
1 x 1
(b) cosh x − sinh x = (e + e−x ) − (ex − e−x ) = e−x
2 2
1 x 1
(c) sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y = (e − e−x )(ey + e−y ) + (ex + e−x )(ey − e−y )
4 4
1 x+y
= [(e − e−x+y + ex−y − e−x−y ) + (ex+y + e−x+y − ex−y − e−x−y )]
4
1 (x+y)
=[e − e−(x+y) ] = sinh(x + y)
2
(d) Let y = x in Part (c).
(e) The proof is similar to Part (c), or: treat x as variable and y as constant, and differentiate
the result in Part (c) with respect to x.
(f ) Let y = x in Part (e).
(g) Use cosh2 x = 1 + sinh2 x together with Part (f).
(h) Use sinh2 x = cosh2 x − 1 together with Part (f).

57. (a) Divide cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1 by cosh2 x.

sinh x sinh y
+
sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y cosh x cosh y tanh x + tanh y
(b) tanh(x + y) = = =
cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y sinh x sinh y 1 + tanh x tanh y
1+
cosh x cosh y
(c) Let y = x in Part (b).

1
58. (a) Let y = cosh−1 x; then x = cosh y = (ey + e−y ), ey − 2x + e−y = 0, e2y − 2xey + 1 = 0,
√ 2
2x ± 4x2 − 4 
y
e = = x ± x − 1. To determine which sign to take, note that y ≥ 0
2
2 √
so e−y ≤ ey , x = (ey + e−y )/2 ≤ (ey + ey )/2 = ey , hence ey ≥ x thus ey = x + x2 − 1,
√
y = cosh−1 x = ln(x + x2 − 1).
ey − e−y e2y − 1
(b) Let y = tanh−1 x; then x = tanh y = = , xe2y + x = e2y − 1,
ey + e−y e2y + 1
1+x 1 1+x
1 + x = e2y (1 − x), e2y = (1 + x)/(1 − x), 2y = ln , y = ln .
1−x 2 1−x
312 Chapter 7

√
d 1 + x/ x2 − 1 
59. (a) (cosh−1 x) = √ = 1/ x2 − 1
dx x + x2 − 1

  
d d 1 1 1 1
(b) (tanh−1 x) = (ln(1 + x) − ln(1 − x)) = + = 1/(1 − x2 )
dx dx 2 2 1+x 1−x

60. Let y = sech−1 x then x = sech y = 1/ cosh y, cosh y = 1/x, y = cosh−1 (1/x); the proofs for the
remaining two are similar.


du
61. If |u| < 1 then, by Theorem 7.8.6, = tanh−1 u + C.
1 − u2


du
For |u| > 1, = coth−1 u + C = tanh−1 (1/u) + C.
1 − u2

d d √ 1 x 1
62. (a) (sech−1 |x|) = (sech−1 x2 ) = − √ √ √ =− √
dx dx x 1−x
2 2 x 2 x 1 − x2
(b) Similar to solution of Part (a)

1 x
63. (a) lim sinh x = lim (e − e−x ) = +∞ − 0 = +∞
x→+∞ 2x→+∞
1 x
(b) lim sinh x = lim (e − e−x ) = 0 − ∞ = −∞
x→−∞ x→−∞ 2

ex − e−x
(c) lim tanh x = lim x =1
x→+∞ x→+∞ e + e−x

ex − e−x
(d) lim tanh x = lim x = −1
x→−∞ x→−∞ e + e−x

(e) lim sinh−1 x = lim ln(x + x2 + 1) = +∞
x→+∞ x→+∞
1
(f ) lim tanh−1 x = lim [ln(1 + x) − ln(1 − x)] = +∞
x→1− x→1− 2

64. (a) lim (cosh−1 x − ln x) = lim [ln(x +
x2 − 1) − ln x]
x→+∞ x→+∞
√
x + x2 − 1 
= lim ln = lim ln(1 + 1 − 1/x2 ) = ln 2
x→+∞ x x→+∞

cosh x ex + e−x 1
(b) lim x
= lim x
= lim (1 + e−2x ) = 1/2
x→+∞ e x→+∞ 2e x→+∞ 2

65. For |x| < 1, y = tanh−1 x is defined and dy/dx = 1/(1 − x2 ) > 0; y  = 2x/(1 − x2 )2 changes sign
at x = 0, so there is a point of inflection there.



1 a
66. Let x = −u/a, √ du = − √ dx = − cosh−1 x + C = − cosh−1 (−u/a) + C.
u −a
2 2 a x −1 
2
√ 
−1
 a u + u 2 − a2
− cosh (−u/a) = − ln(−u/a + u2 /a2 − 1) = ln √ √
−u + u2 − a2 u + u2 − a2
   
 
= ln u + u2 − a2  − ln a = ln |u + u2 − a2 | + C1

  
1  
so √ du = ln u + u2 − a2  + C2 .
u2 − a2

67. Using sinh x + cosh x = ex (Exercise 56a), (sinh x + cosh x)n = (ex )n = enx = sinh nx + cosh nx.
Chapter 7 Supplementary Exercises 313

a a
1 tx 1 at 2 sinh at
68. etx dx = e = (e − e−at ) = for t = 0.
−a t −a
t t

69. (a) y  = sinh(x/a), 1 + (y  )2 = 1 + sinh2 (x/a) = cosh2 (x/a)

b b
L=2 cosh(x/a) dx = 2a sinh(x/a) = 2a sinh(b/a)
0 0
(b) The highest point is at x = b, the lowest at x = 0,
so S = a cosh(b/a) − a cosh(0) = a cosh(b/a) − a.

70. From Part (a) of Exercise 69, L = 2a sinh(b/a) so 120 = 2a sinh(50/a), a sinh(50/a) = 60. Let
u = 50/a, then a = 50/u so (50/u) sinh u = 60, sinh u = 1.2u. If f (u) = sinh u − 1.2u, then
sinh un − 1.2un
un+1 = un − ; u1 = 1, . . . , u5 = u6 = 1.064868548 ≈ 50/a so a ≈ 46.95415231.
cosh un − 1.2
From Part (b), S = a cosh(b/a) − a ≈ 46.95415231[cosh(1.064868548) − 1] ≈ 29.2 ft.

71. From Part (b) of Exercise 69, S = a cosh(b/a) − a so 30 = a cosh(200/a) − a. Let u = 200/a,
then a = 200/u so 30 = (200/u)[cosh u − 1], cosh u − 1 = 0.15u. If f (u) = cosh u − 0.15u − 1,
cosh un − 0.15un − 1
then un+1 = un − ; u1 = 0.3, . . . , u4 = u5 = 0.297792782 ≈ 200/a so
sinh un − 0.15
a ≈ 671.6079505. From Part (a), L = 2a sinh(b/a) ≈ 2(671.6079505) sinh(0.297792782) ≈ 405.9 ft.

72. (a) When the bow of the boat is at the point (x, y) and the person has walked a distance D,
then the person is located at the point (0, D), the line segment connecting (0, D) and (x, y)
√
has length a; thus a2 = x2 + (D − y)2 , D = y + a2 − x2 = a sech−1 (x/a).
 
−1 1 + 5/9
(b) Find D when a = 15, x = 10: D = 15 sech (10/15) = 15 ln ≈ 14.44 m.
2/3

2 
a2 x 1 a 1 2
(c) dy/dx = − √ +√ =√ − +x =− a − x2 ,
x a −x
2 2 a −x
2 2 a −x
2 2 x x

15 15
 2 a2 − x2 a2 225 225
1 + [y ] = 1 + = 2 ; with a = 15 and x = 5, L = dx = − = 30 m.
x2 x 5 x2 x 5

CHAPTER 7 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES

2
2
4
√ √
6. (a) A = (2 + x − x2 ) dx (b) A = y dy + [( y − (y − 2)] dy
0 0 2

2
(c) V = π [(2 + x)2 − x4 ] dx
0

2
4
√ √
(d) V = 2π y y dy + 2π y[ y − (y − 2)] dy
0 2

2
2
4
(e) V = 2π x(2 + x − x2 ) dx (f ) V = π y dy + π(y − (y − 2)2 ) dy
0 0 2

b
c
d
7. (a) A = (f (x) − g(x)) dx + (g(x) − f (x)) dx + (f (x) − g(x)) dx
a b c

0
1
2
1 1 9 11
(b) A = (x3 − x) dx + (x − x3 ) dx + (x3 − x) dx = + + =
−1 0 1 4 4 4 4
314 Chapter 7



8/27 2
y3 
8. (a) S = 2πx 1 + x−4/3 dx (b) S = 2π 1 + y 4 /81 dy
0 0 27

2 
(c) S = 2π(y + 2) 1 + y 4 /81 dy
0
 y 1/3  2  y 2/3
dy dy x2/3 + y 2/3 a2/3
9. By implicit differentiation =− , so 1 + =1+ = = ,
dx x dx x x2/3 x2/3

−a/8
−a/8
a1/3
L= dx = −a1/3
x−1/3 dx = 9a/8.
−a (−x1/3 ) −a

10. The base of the dome is a hexagon of side r. An equation of the circle of radius r that lies in a
vertical x-y plane and passes through two opposite vertices of the base hexagon is x2 + y 2 = r2 .
A horizontal, hexagonal cross section at height y above the base has area
√ √
r √
3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 √
A(y) = x = (r − y ), hence the volume is V = (r − y 2 ) dy = 3r3 .
2 2 0 2

11. Let the sphere have radius R, the hole radius r. By the Pythagorean Theorem, r2 + (L/2)2 = R2 .
Use cylindrical shells to √
calculate the volume
√ of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis
the region r < x < R, − R2 − x2 < y < R2 − x2 :

R  R
4 4
V = (2πx)2 R2 − x2 dx = − π(R2 − x2 )3/2 = π(L/2)3 ,
r 3 r 3
so the volume is independent of R.

L/2
16R2 2 4π
12. V = 2 π 4
(x − L2 /4)2 = LR2
0 L 15

13. (a) y (b) The maximum deflection occurs at

x
x = 96 inches (the midpoint
100 200
of the beam) and is about 1.42 in.
-0.4
(c) The length of the centerline is
-0.8

192 
1 + (dy/dx)2 dx = 192.026 in.
-1.2 0

-1.6

b 
14. y = 0 at x = b = 30.585; distance = 1 + (12.54 − 0.82x)2 dx = 196.306 yd
0

15. x = et (cos t − sin t), y  = et (cos t + sin t), (x )2 + (y  )2 = 2e2t

π/2 √ √
π/2 2t
S = 2π (et sin t) 2e2t dt = 2 2π e sin t dt
0 0

π/2 √
√ 1 2 2
= 2 2π e2t (2 sin t − cos t) = π(2eπ + 1)
5 0 5

1
π/2
16. (a) π (sin−1 x)2 dx = 1.468384. (b) 2π y(1 − sin y)dy = 1.468384.
0 0
Chapter 7 Supplementary Exercises 315

1/4
1 1
17. (a) F = kx, = k , k = 2, W = kx dx = 1/16 J
2 4 0

L
(b) 25 = kx dx = kL2 /2, L = 5 m
0

150
18. F = 30x + 2000, W = (30x + 2000) dx = 15 · 1502 + 2000 · 150 = 637,500 lb·ft
0

1
19. (a) F = ρx3 dx N
0
w(x) x h(x) = 1 + x
(b) By similar triangles = , w(x) = 2x, so 0

4 4 2
2 w(x)
F = ρ(1 + x)2x dx lb/ft . x
1 2
4

0

8 2 125
(c) A formula for the parabola is y = x − 10, so F = 9810|y|2 (y + 10) dy N.
125 −10 8

20. y  = a cosh ax, y  = a2 sinh ax = a2 y

21. (a) cosh 3x = cosh(2x + x) = cosh 2x cosh x + sinh 2x sinh x

= (2 cosh2 x − 1) cosh x + (2 sinh x cosh x) sinh x
= 2 cosh3 x − cosh x + 2 sinh2 x cosh x
= 2 cosh3 x − cosh x + 2(cosh2 x − 1) cosh x = 4 cosh3 x − 3 cosh x
x x
(b) from Theorem 7.8.2 with x replaced by : cosh x = 2 cosh2 − 1,
2 2
2 x 2 x 1
2 cosh = cosh x + 1, cosh = (cosh x + 1),
2 2 2
x 1 x
cosh = (cosh x + 1) (because cosh > 0)
2 2 2
x x
(c) from Theorem 7.8.2 with x replaced by : cosh x = 2 sinh2 + 1,
2 2
x x 1 x 1
2 sinh2 = cosh x − 1, sinh2 = (cosh x − 1), sinh = ± (cosh x − 1)
2 2 2 2 2

22. (a) r (b) r = 1 when t ≈ 0.673080 s.

2 (c) dr/dt = 4.48 m/s.

t
1
316 Chapter 7

23. Set a = 68.7672, b = 0.0100333, c = 693.8597, d = 299.2239.

d 
(a) 650 (b) L = 2 1 + a2 b2 sinh2 bx dx
0

= 1480.2798 ft

-300 300
0

(c) x = 283.6249 ft (d) 82◦

24. The x-coordinates of the points of intersection are a ≈ −0.423028 and b ≈ 1.725171; the area is

b
(2 sin x − x2 + 1)dx ≈ 2.542696.
a

25. Let (a, k), where π/2 < a < π, be the coordinates of the point of intersection of y = k with
y = sin x. Thus k = sin a and if the shaded areas are equal,

a
a
(k − sin x)dx = (sin a − sin x) dx = a sin a + cos a − 1 = 0
0 0
Solve for a to get a ≈ 2.331122, so k = sin a ≈ 0.724611.

k
26. The volume is given by 2π x sin x dx = 2π(sin k − k cos k) = 8; solve for k to get
0
k = 1.736796.