ZT1525

3A,24VAsynchronousStepDownDC/DCConverter
DESCRIPTION
The ZT1525 is a constant frequency peak currentmode stepdown switching regulator. The range of input voltage is from 4V to 24V. Theoutputcurrentisupto3A. The switching frequency of the ZT1525 is programmable up to 2.5MHz, to achieve high input/output conversion ratio, and allowing the use of small inductors and ceramic capacitorsforminiaturization. PeakcurrentmodePWMcontroloftheZT1525 provides fast transient response with simple loop compensation. Cyclebycycle current limiting and hiccup overload protection reduces power dissipation during output overload. Softstart function reduces input startupcurrentandpreventstheoutputfrom overshootingduringpowerup. TheZT1525isavailableintheSOP8Lpackage, and it is RoHS compliant and 100% lead (Pb) free.

FEATURES

4Vto24Vinputvoltage Outputcurrentupto3A 200kHzto2.5MHzprogrammablefrequency Precision1Vfeedbackvoltage Peakcurrentmodecontrol Cyclebycyclecurrentlimiting Hiccupoverloadprotectionwithfrequency foldback Softstartandenable Thermalshutdown RoHSCompliantand100%Lead(Pb)Free

APPLICATIONS

XDSLandcablemodems Settopboxes Pointofloadapplications CPEequipment DSPpowersupplies LCDandplasmaTVs

PinsConfiguration
PART ZT1525S PACKAGE SOP8L(EP) RoHS Yes Ship,Quantity TapeandReel

ORDERINGINFORMATION

TypicalApplicationCircuit

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ZT1525
AbsoluteMaximumRatings
SupplyVoltageVIN....0.3Vto+28V BSTVoltage..VSW0.3VtoVSW+6V SSVoltage0.3Vto+3V FBVoltage..0.3Vto+6V SWVoltage0.6VtoVIN JunctionTemperature.+150C LeadTemperature..+260C Operating Temperature Range ... 40C to +85C StorageTemperatureRange.......65Cto+150C CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation of thedeviceattheseoranyotherconditionsabovethose indicatedintheoperationalsectionsofthisspecification isnotimplied.

PackageThermalCharacteristics
ThermalResistance,JA.50C/W ThermalResistance,JC.10C/W

PinsDescription
Pin Symbol 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 SW IN ROSC GND SS/EN FB Description Powerswitchingoutput. Powerinput. Oscillatorfrequencysetting. Ground. Softstartandenableinput. Feedbackinput.

COMP Internalerroramplifieroutput.

BST Gatedriveboostinput. Exposed Tobesolderedtogroundtopromote pad thermalperformance.

ElectroStaticDischargeSensitivity
ThisintegratedcircuitcanbedamagedbyESD. It is recommended that all integrated circuitsbehandledwithproperprecautions. Failure to observe proper handling and installation procedures can cause damage. ESD damage can range from subtle performance degradation to complete devicefailure.

FunctionalBlockDiagram

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ZT1525
ElectricalSpecifications
(VIN=+12V,VSS=+2.2V,40C<TA<+85C,ROSC=12.1k,unlessotherwisenoted.) PARAMETER InputSupply InputVoltageRange VINStartVoltage VINStartHysteresis VINQuiescentCurrent VINQuiescentCurrentinShutdown ErrorAmplifier FeedbackVoltage FeedbackVoltageLineregulation FBPinInputBiasCurrent ErrorAmplifierTransconductance ErrorAmplifierOpenLoopgain COMPPintoSwitchCurrentGain COMPMaximumVoltage COMPSourceCurrent COMPSinkCurrent InternalPowerSwitch SwitchCurrentLimit SwitchOnResistanceRDS(ON) MinimumSwitchOnTime MinimumSwitchOffTime SwitchLeakageCurrent Oscillator SwitchingFrequency FoldbackFrequency SoftstartandOverloadProtection SS/ENShutdownThreshold SS/ENSwitchingThreshold SoftstartChargingCurrent SoftstartDischargingCurrent HiccupArmingSS/ENVoltage HiccupSS/ENOverloadThreshold HiccupRetrySS/ENVoltage OverTemperatureProtection ThermalShutdownTemperature ThermalShutdownHysteresis Note:Guaranteedbydesign,nottested. TESTCONDITIONS VINrising VCOMP=0V(Notswitching) VSS/EN=0V,VIN=12V VIN=4Vto24V VFB=1V,VCOMP=0.8V VFB=0.9V VFB=0.8V,VCOMP=0.8V VFB=1.2V,VCOMP=0.8V (Note) ROSC=12.1k ROSC=93.1k ROSC=12.1k,VFB=0V ROSC=93.1k,VFB=0V VFB=0V VSS/EN=0V VSS/EN=1.5V VSS/ENrising VSS/ENfalling VSS/ENfalling MIN 4 2.70 0.980 3.9 1.04 240 110 50 0.2 1.0 1.2 0.6 TYP 2.82 225 2 40 1.000 0.005 170 280 60 12 2.35 17 25 5.1 85 150 100 1.3 300 230 110 0.3 1.13 1.7 2.0 1.5 2.15 1.9 1.0 150 10 MAX 24 2.95 2.6 50 1.020 340 6.6 150 10 1.56 360 350 170 0.4 1.3 2.8 1.2 UNIT V V mV mA A V %/V nA 1 dB A/V V A

A m ns ns A MHz kHz kHz

V V A A V V V C C

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ZT1525
APPLICATIONSINFORMATION
and the IN pins. Pulling the SS/EN pin below 0.2V completelyshutsofftheregulatortolowcurrentstate. COMP: The output of the internal error amplifier. The voltageatthispincontrolsthepeakswitchcurrent.ARC compensation network at this pin stabilizes the regulator. FB:Theinvertinginputoftheerroramplifier.IfVFBfalls below 0.8V, then the switching frequency will be reducedtoimproveshortcircuitrobustness. BST:Supplypintothepowertransistordriver.Tietoan external diodecapacitor bootstrap circuit to generate drive voltage higher than VIN in order to fully enhance theinternalpowerNMOStransistor. Exposed Pad: The exposed pad serves as a thermal contact to the circuit board. It is to be soldered to the groundplaneofthePCboard.

Overview
TheZT1525isaconstantfrequency,peakcurrentmode, stepdownswitchingregulatorwithanintegratedpower NMOS transistor. Programmable switching frequency makestheregulatordesignmoreflexible.Withthepeak currentmode control, the double reactive poles of the outputLCfilterarereducedtoasinglerealpolebythe inner current loop. This simplifies loop compensation and achieves fast transient response with a simple Type2compensationnetwork. AsshowninFunctionalBlockDiagram,theswitchdrain current is sensed with an integrated 4.1m sense resistor. The sensed current is summed with a slopecompensatingrampbeforeitiscomparedwiththe transconductanceerroramplifier(EA)output.ThePWM comparator trip point determines the switch turnon pulsewidth.ThecurrentlimitcomparatorILIMturnsoff the power switch when the sensed signal exceeds the 20mVcurrentlimitthreshold. Drivingthebaseofthepowertransistorabovetheinput power supply rail minimizes the power transistor saturationvoltageandmaximizesefficiency.Anexternal bootstrap circuit (formed by the capacitor C1 and the diodeD1inTypicalApplicationCircuit)generatessucha voltageattheBSTpinfordrivingthepowertransistor.

ShutdownandSoftStart
The SS/EN pin is a multiplefunction pin. An external capacitor(4.7nFto22nF)connectedfromtheSSpinto groundsetsthesoftstartandoverloadshutofftimesof the regulator (Figure 1). The effect of VSS/EN on the ZT1525issummarizedinTable1. PullingtheSS/ENpinbelow0.2Vshutsofftheregulator andreducestheinputsupplycurrentto18A(VIN=5V). WhentheSS/ENpinisreleased,thesoftstartcapacitor is charged with an internal 1.6A current source (not showninFigure1).AstheSS/ENvoltageexceeds0.4V, theinternalbiascircuitoftheZT1525turnsonandthe ZT1525draws2mAfromVIN.The1.6Achargingcurrent turnsoffandthe2AcurrentsourceICinFigure1slowly chargesthesoftstartcapacitor. The error amplifier EA in Functional Block Diagram has two noninverting inputs. The noninverting input with the lower voltage predominates. One of the noninverting inputs is biased to a precision 1V reference and the other noninverting input is tied to theoutputoftheamplifierA1.AmplifierA1producesan outputV1=2(VSS/EN1.23V).V1iszeroandCOMPis forced low when VSS/EN is below 1.23V. During start up, theeffectivenoninvertinginputofEAstaysatzerountil the softstart capacitor is charged above 1.23V. Once VSS/EN exceeds 1.23V, COMP is released. The regulator starts to switch when VCOMP rises above 0.4V. If the
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PinsDescription
SW: Connect this pin totheinductor, the freewheeling diodeandtheboostrapcapacitor. IN:Powersupplytotheregulator.Itisalsothedrainof the internal power NMOS transistor. It must be closely bypassedtothegroundplane. ROSC:Anexternalresistorfromthispintogroundsets theoscillatorfrequency. GND:Ground. SS/EN: Softstart and regulator enable pin. A capacitor fromthispintogroundprovidessoftstartandoverload hiccupfunctions.Hiccupcanbedisabledbyovercoming the internal softstart discharging current with an external pull up resistor connected between the SS/EN

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ZT1525
softstart interval is made sufficiently long, then the FB voltage (hence the output voltage) will track V1 during startup.VSS/ENmustbeatleast1.83Vfortheoutputto achieve regulation. Proper softstart prevents output overshoot. Current drawn from the input supply is also wellcontrolled.

Figure1:Softstartandoverloadhiccupcontrolcircuit. SS/EN Mode SupplyCurrent <0.2V Shutdown 18A@ VIN =5V 0.4Vto1.23V Notswitching 2mA 1.23Vto2.1V Switching&hiccupdisabled Loaddependent >2.1V Switching&hiccuparmed Table1:SS/ENoperationmodes. Condition IL>ILimit,VFB>0.8V IL>ILimit,VFB<0.8V VSS/ENfalling&<1.9V Tj>160C Fault Overcurrent Overcurrent Persistentovercurrentorshortcircuit Overtemperature ProtectiveAction Cyclebycyclelimitatprogrammedfrequency Cyclebycyclelimitwithfrequencyfoldback Shutdown,thenretry(Hiccup) Shutdown,thenretry(Hiccup)

Table2:Faultconditionsandprotections.

Overload/ShortCircuitProtection
Table 2 lists various fault conditions and their correspondingprotectionschemesintheZT1525. As summarized in Table 1, overload shutdown is disabledduringsoftstart(VSS/EN<2.1V).InFigure1,the reset input of the overload latch B2 will remain high if the SS/EN voltage is below 2.1V. Once the softstart capacitor is charged above 2.1V, the output of the SchmitttriggerB1goeshigh,theresetinputofB2goes lowandhiccupbecomesarmed. Astheloaddrawsmorecurrentfromtheregulator,the currentlimitcomparatorILIM(FunctionalBlockDiagram) will eventually limit the switch current on a cyclebycycle basis. The overcurrent signal OC goes

high, setting the latch B3. The softstart capacitor is discharged with (ID IC) (Figure 1). If the inductor current falls below the current limit and the PWM comparator instead turns off the switch, then latch B3 willberesetandICwillrechargethesoftstartcapacitor. If overcurrent condition persists or OC becomes asserted more often than PWM over a period of time, then the softstart capacitor will be discharged below 1.9V.Atthisjuncture,comparatorB4setstheoverload latch B2. The softstart capacitor will be continuously discharged with (ID IC). The COMP pin is immediately pulled to ground. The switching regulator is shut off until the softstart capacitor is discharged below 1.0V. At this moment, the overload latch is reset. The softstartcapacitorisrechargedandtheconverteragain undergoes softstart. The regulator will go through
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ZT1525
softstart, overload shutdown and restart until it is no longeroverloaded. If the FB voltage falls below 0.8V because of output overload,thentheswitchingfrequencywillbereduced. Frequency foldback helps to limit the inductor current whentheoutputishardshortedtoground. During normal operation, the softstart capacitor is chargedto2.4V. saturation voltage, and VD is voltage drop across the rectifyingdiode. In peak currentmode control, the PWM modulating ramp is the sensed current ramp of the power switch. This current ramp isabsentunless the switch is turned on.Theintersectionofthisrampwiththeoutputofthe voltage feedback erroramplifier determines the switch pulse width. The propagation delay time required to immediately turn off the switch after it is turned on is theminimumcontrollableswitchontimeTON(MIN). If the required switch on time is shorter than the minimumontime,theregulatorwilleitherskipcyclesor itwilljitter. To allow for transient headroom, the minimum operatingswitchontimeshouldbeatleast20%to30% higherthantheworstcaseminimumontime.

SettingtheOutputVoltage
Theregulatoroutputvoltage,VO,issetwithanexternal resistive divider (Typical Application Circuit) with its center tap tied to the FB pin. For a given R6 value, R4 canbefoundby: R4=R6(VO/1.0V1) Eq.(1)

SettingtheSwitchingFrequency
The switching frequency of the ZT1525 is set with an externalresistorfromtheROSCpintoground. 160 120 ROSC(k) 80 40 0

MinimumOFFTimeLimitation
The PWM latch in Functional Block Diagram is reset every cycle by the clock. The clock also turns off the powertransistortorefreshthebootstrapcapacitor.This minimumofftimelimitstheattainabledutycycleofthe regulatoratagivenswitchingfrequency.Themeasured minimumofftimeis100nstypically.Iftherequiredduty cycle is higher than the attainable maximum, then the outputvoltagewillnotbeabletoreachitssetvaluein continuousconductionmode.

InductorSelection
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Frequency(MHz) 2.5 3 The inductor ripple current for a nonsynchronous stepdownconverterincontinuousconductionmodeis: IL=(VO+VD)(1D)/(FSWL1) Eq.(3) where FSW is the switching frequency and L1 is the inductance. An inductor ripple current between 20% to 50% of the maximum load current, IO, gives a good compromise among efficiency, cost and size. Rearranging Equation (3) and assuming 35% inductor ripple current, the inductorisgivenby: L1=(VO+VD)(1D)/(35%IOFSW) Eq.(4) If the input voltage varies over a wide range, then choose L1 based on the nominal input voltage. Always verify converter operation at the input voltage extremes. The peak current limit of ZT1525 power transistor is at

Figure2:Frequencyvs.ROSCplot. Frequency(Hz) ROSC() 600k 33k 1M 18k 2.4M 6.8k

Table3:Frequencyvs.ROSCvalues.

MinimumOnTimeConsideration
The operating duty cycle of a nonsynchronous stepdownswitchingregulatorincontinuousconduction mode(CCM)isgivenby: D=(VO+VD)/(VIN+VDVCESAT) Eq.(2) Where VIN is the input voltage, VCESAT is the switch

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ZT1525
least 3.6A. The maximum deliverable load current for theZT1525is3.6Aminusonehalfoftheinductorripple current. reduces diode reverse recovery input current spikes, easing highside current sensing in the ZT1525. These diodesshouldhaveanaverageforwardcurrentratingat least3Aandareverseblockingvoltageofatleastafew volts higher than the input voltage. For switching regulators operating at low duty cycles (i.e. low output voltage to input voltage conversion ratios), it is beneficial to use freewheeling diodes with somewhat higher average current ratings (thus lower forward voltages).Thisisbecausethediodeconductioninterval is much longer than that of the transistor. Converter efficiencywillbeimprovedifthevoltagedropacrossthe diodeislower. The freewheeling diode should be placed close to the SW pin of the ZT1525 to minimize ringing due to trace inductance. 20BQ030 (International Rectifier), B320A, B330A (Diodes Inc.), SS33 (Vishay), CMSH320MA and CMSH340MA(CentralSemi.)areallsuitable. The freewheeling diode should be placed close to the SW pin of the ZT1525 on the PCB to minimize ringing duetotraceinductance.

InputDecouplingCapacitor
TheinputcapacitorshouldbechosentohandletheRMS ripplecurrentofabuckconverter.Thisvalueisgivenby: IRMS_CIN=IO[D(1D)]1/2 Eq.(5) Theinputcapacitancemustalsobehighenoughtokeep input ripple voltage within specification. This is important in reducing the conductive EMI from the regulator.Theinputcapacitancecanbeestimatedfrom: CIN>IO/(4VINFSW) Eq.(6) WhereVINistheallowableinputripplevoltage. Multilayerceramiccapacitors,whichhaveverylowESR (a few m) and can easily handle high RMS ripple current,aretheidealchoiceforinputfiltering.Asingle 4.7F X5R ceramic capacitor is adequate for 500kHz or higher switching frequency applications, and 10F is adequatefor200kHzto500kHzswitchingfrequency.For highvoltageapplications,asmallceramic(1For2.2F) can be placed in parallel with a low ESR electrolytic capacitor to satisfy both the ESR and bulk capacitance requirements.

BootstrappingthePowerTransistor
The BSTSW voltage is supplied by a bootstrap circuit poweredfromtheinputoftheconverter(Figure3).To maximize efficiency, tie the bootstrap diode to the converteroutputifVO>2.5V. Forthebootstrapcircuit,afastswitchingPNdiode(such as 1N4148 or 1N914) and a small (0.1F 0.47F) ceramic capacitor is sufficient for most applications. When bootstrapping from high input voltages (>20V), reducethemaximumBSTvoltagebyconnectingaZener diode(D3)inserieswithD1.

OutputCapacitor
The output ripple voltage VO of a buck converter can beexpressedas: VO=IL[ESR+1/(8FSWCO)] Eq.(7) WhereCOistheoutputcapacitance. Since the inductor ripple current IL increases as D decreases (Equation (3)), the output ripple voltage is thereforethehighestwhenVINisatitsmaximum. A22Fto47FX5Rceramiccapacitorisfoundadequate for output filtering in most applications. Ripple current in the output capacitor is not a concern because the inductor current of a buck converter directly feeds CO, resultinginverylowripplecurrent.AvoidusingZ5Uand Y5V ceramic capacitors for output filtering because these types of capacitors have high temperature and highvoltagecoefficients.

Figure3:BootstrappingtheZT1525.

FreewheelingDiode
UseofSchottkybarrierdiodesasfreewheelingrectifiers

LoopCompensation
The goal of compensation is to shape the frequency

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ZT1525
response of the converter so as to achieve high DC accuracy and fast transient response while maintaining loopstability.
ControllerandSchottkyDiode ZT1525 REF FB CA RS IO

the integrator pole (90deg) and the dominant pole (90deg). The high frequency pole nulls the ESR zero andattenuateshighfrequencynoise.

EA

VC PWM Vramp Modulator COMP C5 R7 C8

SW

VO L1 CO RESR R4

R6

Figure4:Blockdiagramofcontrolloops. TheblockdiagraminFigure4showsthecontrolloopsof a buck converter with the ZT1525. The inner loop (currentloop)consistsofacurrentsensingresistor(RS= 4.1m)andacurrentamplifier(CA)withgain(GCA=28). The outer loop (voltage loop) consists of an error amplifier(EA),aPWMmodulator,andaLCfilter. Sincethecurrentloopisinternallyclosed,theremaining taskfortheloopcompensationistodesignthevoltage compensator(C5,R7,andC8). For a converter with switching frequency FSW, output inductanceL1,outputcapacitanceCOandloadingR,the control(VC)tooutput(VO)transferfunctioninFigure4is givenby: VO/VC=[GPWM(1+sRESRCO)]/ {(1+s/p)[1+s/(nQ)+s2/n2]} Eq.(8) ThistransferfunctionhasafiniteDCgain: GPWMR/(GCARS) AnESRzeroFZisat: Z=1/(RESRCO) AdominantlowfrequencypoleFPisat: P1/(RCO) Anddoublepolesareathalftheswitchingfrequency. Includingthevoltagedivider(R4andR6),thecontrolto feedbacktransferfunctionisfoundandplottedinFigure 5astheconvertergain. Sincetheconvertergainhasonlyonedominantpoleat low frequency, a simple Type2 compensation network issufficientforvoltageloopcompensation.Asshownin Figure5,thevoltagecompensatorhasalowfrequency integratorpole,azeroatFZ1,andahighfrequencypole at FP1. The integrator is used to boost the gain at low frequency. The zero is introduced to compensate the excessive phase lag at the loop gain crossover due to

Figure5:Bodeplotsforvoltageloopdesign. Therefore,theprocedureofthevoltageloopdesignfor theZT1525canbesummarizedas: (1) Plot the converter gain, i.e. control to feedback transferfunction. (2) Select the open loop crossover frequency, FC, between10%and20%oftheswitchingfrequency.AtFC, find the required compensator gain, AC. In typical applications with ceramic output capacitors, the ESR zeroisneglectedandtherequiredcompensatorgainat FCcanbeestimatedby: AC=20log{[1/(GCARS)][1/(2FCCO)](VFB/VO)} Eq.(9) (3) Place the compensator zero, FZ1, between 10% and 20%ofthecrossoverfrequency,FC. (4) Use the compensator pole, FP1, to cancel the ESR zero,FZ. (5)Then,theparametersofthecompensationnetwork canbecalculatedby: R7=10Ac/20/gm C5=1/(2FZ1R7) C8=1/(2FP1R7) Wheregm=0.28mA/VistheEAgainoftheZT1525. Example: Determine the voltage compensator for an 800kHz, 12V to 3.3V/3A converter with 47uF ceramic outputcapacitor. As Below: Choose a loop gain crossover frequency of 80kHz,andplacevoltagecompensatorzeroandpoleat FZ1=16kHz(20%ofFC),andFP1=600kHz.FromEquation (9),therequiredcompensatorgainatFCis:

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ZT1525
AC=20log{[1/(284.1103)] [1/(28010347106)](1.0/3.3)} =19dB Thenthecompensatorparametersare: R7=1019/20/(0.28103)=31.8k C5=1/(21610331.4103)=0.31nF C8=1/(260010331.4103)=8.5pF Select R7 = 31.4k, C5 = 0.33nF, and C8 = 10pF for the design. bypass capacitor should be placed close to the IN pin. ShorteningthetracesoftheSWandBSTnodesreduces the parasitic trace inductance at these nodes. This not only reduces EMI but also decreases switching voltage spikesatthesenodes. The exposed pad should be soldered to a large ground plane as the ground copper acts as a heat sink for the device.Toensureproperadhesiontothegroundplane, avoidusingviasdirectlyunderthedevice.

PCBLayoutConsiderations
In a stepdown switching regulator, the input bypass capacitor,themain power switch andthefreewheeling diode carry pulse current (Figure 6). For jitterfree operation, the size of the loop formed by these components should be minimized. Since the power switch is already integrated within the ZT1525, connectingtheanodeofthefreewheelingdiodecloseto the negative terminal of the input bypass capacitor minimizes size of the switched current loop. The input

Figure 6: Heavy lines indicate the critical pulse current loop.Theinductanceofthisloopshouldbeminimized.

ATypicalApplicationof300kHz24Vto1.5V/3AStepDownConverter

Figure7:300kHz24Vto1.5V/3Astepdownconverter.

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ZT1525
PACKAGEDIMENSION SOP8L(EP) E C TopView e b D A2 A A1
SYMBOLS A A1 A2 b C D D1 E E1 e H L DIMENSION(MM) MIN MAX 1.30 1.70 0.00 1.25 0.33 5.80 4.80 3.15 3.80 2.26 0.19 0.41 0 0.15 1.52 0.51 6.20 5.00 3.45 4.00 2.56 0.25 1.27 8

Exposed Pad

E1

D1

Bottom View

L H

DIMENSION(INCH) MIN MAX 0.051 0.067 0.000 0.049 0.013 0.228 0.189 0.124 0.150 0.089 0.0075 0.016 0 0.006 0.060 0.020 0.244 0.197 0.136 0.157 0.101 0.0098 0.050 8

1.27BSC

0.050BSC

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