----:

~Biology

Reproduction

and Heredity Test

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a dominant genetic trait that causes severe malformation of the skeleton. Homozygotes for this condition are spontaneously aborted (hence, the homozygous condition is lethal) but heterozygotes will develop to be dwarfed. V':;>. /:.' (/.Matthew has a family history of the condition, although he does not express the trait. Jane is an achondroplastic dwarf. Matthew and Jane are planning a family of several children and \',1ant to know the chances of producing a child with achondroplastic dwarfism. I. The genotypes Matthew (A) AA (8 ) Aa (C) aa (D) aa (E) Aa of Matthew and Jane are best represented Jane Aa aa aa Aa Aa as
l ,
I

:.?t. /.
~

-(

.,'_f

,1

-, The probability (A) 0%

(8) 25%

that Matthew and Jane's first child will be an achondroplastic

d\varf is

(C)
(D) (E)

50%
75% 100%

3.

If three children are born to Matthew and Jane, what are the chances that the first two children will not cxpress the trait but that the third child will be an achondroplastic dwarf?
(A) (8) (C) (D) (E) 5/8

4/8
3/8 1/8 1/16

4. Which ofthe following can be diagnosed by examining a karyotype oran individual's (A) Sickle cell anemia (8) Alzheimer disease (C) Down syndrome (D) Cystic fibrosis (E) Ouchenne muscular dystrophy S.

white bl~,<<j)d cells'!

'if'

\Vhich of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism'! (A) A base-pair substitution (8) A deletion of three nucleotides near the middle of a gene (C) A single nucleotide deletion in the middle of an intron (D) A single nucleotide deletion near the end of the coding of the coding sequence (E) A single nucleotide inseI1ion downstream of, and close to, the start of the coding sequence

(). Two genes, A and 8, are linked. An individual ,,'!-to j- Aa8b produces equal numbers of four game. AB, Ab, aR and ab. The best explanation for thi \\'ould be that "(A) ondisjuntion occurred (B) The genes are on homologous chromosomes (C) The genes are onnonhomologus chromosomes (D) The two genes are close together on the same hromosome. (E) The two genes are separated by a large distan e on the same chromosome

7. A couple has 5 children, all sons. If the \\'oman gives birth to a sixth child, what is the probability that the sixth child will be a son? (A) 5/6
(B)

(C) (D) (E)

1/2 1/5 1/6 1/64

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(E)

0 1/16 1/4 1/2

3/4

A culture of white-eyed fi'uit flies (Drosophila IIlelallogaster) was maintained for many generations. Females from the stock white-eyed culture were crossed with red-eyed (wild-type) males. The F 1 females were crossed with the white-eyed males f<ten~tlI igiIialseLlIrCi~ The resulting phenotypes of the progeny are summarized below.

White-eyed females x red-eyed males 10()(1i) of females are red-eyed I ()()(Yu of males are \Vhite-eyed

F I red-eyed females x white-eyed males 50%) of females are red-eyed and 50% arc white-eyed 50%) of males are red-eyed and 50% are white-eyed

Ie best explanation for the red-eyed F I females is (A) mutation (8) culture contamination (C) dominance (D) multiple loci (E) sex-influenced traits 12. There are (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) \vhite-eyed females in the f] generation because white is a dominant allele the white allele is autosomal a mutation has occulTed these F2 females have two white alleles the white allele is located on the Y chromosome

13. Which of the following best describes the mode of inheritance of eye color in the \vhite culture'? (A) Autosomal (8) Dom inant (C) Located on the Y chromosome (D) Sex-linked (E) Lethal 14. [n sheep, eye color is controlled by a single gene with two alleles. When a homozygous brown-eyed sheep is crossed with a homozygous green-eyed sheep. blue-eyed offspring are produced. If the blue-eyed sheep are mated with each other, what percent of their offspring will most likely have brown eyes')
(A) (8) (C) (D) (E)
15,

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

[n peas the trait for tall plants is dominant (7) and the trait for short plants is recessive (I). The trait for yellow seed color is dominant (Y) and the trait for green seed color is recessive (y). A cross between t\\'O plants results in 296 tall yellow plants and 104 tall green plants. Which of the following are most likely to be the genotypes of the parents? (A) TTYYx TTYY (8) TTy)' x Tn~)' (C) Tt Yy x Tty)'
(D )
(E)

Tl r:l' x Try,r

Tt yy x Tny nitrogenous bases are present in RNA EXCEPT:

16. All of the following (A) adenine (8) cytosine (C) guanine (D) thymine (E) uracil

(A) Random fertilization (13) Independent assortment (C) Crossing over (0) Gene linkage (E) Random gem; mutation I R, In the pedigree below, squares represent males and circles represent females. Indi\'idua]s \\'110 express a particular trait are represented by shaded figures. Which of the following patterns ofinheriullce best explains the transmission of the trait'?

(A) (B) (C)

(0)

(E)

Sex-linked dominant Sex-linked recessive Autosomal recessive Autosomal dominant Incompletely dominant

19, The father must have which ofthe

following blood types'?

(A) (B)
(C) (0)

(E)

AB only Either AS or B EitherABorO Either AB or A ABorAorO

20. If the father has blood type AB, which of the following statements is correct about the mother'? (A) She contributes an II! allele, which is recessive to the father's I' allele. (B) She contributes an i allele which is recessive to the father's II allele. (C) She contributes an 1'1 allele which is codominant to the father's I' allele. (0) She contributes an allele that is codominant to the father's l allele. (E) She is homozygous for the 113 allele.

noncncapsulatcd bactcria into encapsulated forms by growing the nonencapsulated cells in a culture containing an extract made from dead encapsulated cells. The transformed cells produced colonies of encapsulated bacteria. Three different procedures and their results arc outlined below. Procedure I: Extract made frol11 dead encapsulated cells added to culture mediul11. Nonencapsulated bacteria added to culture medium.

In the 1940's, Avery, Macleod, and McCarty transformcd

_,'draCl made from dead encapsulated cells treated with protein-degrading (ulturc mcdium. N onencapsulated bacteria added to cui ture medi um.

enzymes before adding extract to

Extract made from dead encapsulated cells treated with DNAse (an enzyme that selectively before adding extract to culture medium. Nonencapsulated bacteria added to culture medium.

destroys DNA)

21. A reasonable

(A) (B)
(C)

(D) (E)

conclusion to draw from the results of the experiment DNA is the genetic material DNA replication is semi conservative DNA is a double helix DNA is translated into protein mutation is a change in the genetic material

is that

22. What was the purpose of treating the extract with protein-degrading enzymes in Procedure ll'? (A) To demonstrate that the transforming factor is an enzyme (B) To demonstrate that the transforming factor is not a protein (C) To destroy nucleic acids in the extract (D) To destroy any capsules in the extract (E) To prevent the extract from being contaminated by nonencapsulated bacteria 23. What was the purpose of treating the extract with DNAse in Procedure III'? (A) To remO\e the encapsulated bacteria from the extract (B) To serve as a positive control by demonstrating that a protein in the extract is the transforming factor (C) To serve as a negative control by demonstrating that transformation does not occur \\ithout DNA (D) To destroy enzymes in the extract (E) To destroy any capsules that might be in the extract 24. Which of the following is an example of a missense mutation? (A) A nucleotide and its partner are replaced with an "incorrect" pair of nuc leotides, which destroys the function of the final protein. (B) A nucleotide pair is added into a gene, destroying the reading frame of thc gcnetic mcssage. (e) A nucleotide pair is lost from the gene, destroying the reading frame of the genetic message. (D) A frameshit1 mutation occurs, ultimately causing the production of nonfunctional proteins, (E) A nucleotide pair substitution occurs, which causes the codon to code for an amino acid that may not be the "correct" one, although translation continues.

25.

At the cnd of DNA replication, eachofthe daughter lllolecules has one ukl slrand, derived nUIII llIe p" strand of DNA, and one strand that is newly synthesized. This explains why DNA replication is descriL
as:

(A) Conservative (B) Largely conservative (C) Nonconservative (D) Semi conservative (E) Unconservative 26. If red hair, blue eyes, and freckles were consistently inherited together, the best explanation would be that (A) these traits are recessive characteristics (B) both parents have red hair, blue eyes, and freckles (C) the genes for these traits are linked on the same chromosome (D) gene duplications have occurred (E) these traits are dominant to others 27. A) B) C) D) E) The strands that make up DNA are antiparallel. This means that: The twisting nature of DNA creates nonparallel strands. The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand. Base pairings create unequal spacing between the two DNA strands. One strand is positively charged and the other is negatively charged. One strand contains only purines and the other contains only pyrimidines.

28. You briefly expose bacteria undergoing DNA replication to radioactively labeled nucleotides. \Vhen you centrifuge the DNA isolated from the bacteria, the DNA separates into two classes. One class of labeled DNA includes very large molecules (thousands or even millions ofnucleotides long), and the other includes short stretches of DNA (several hundred to a few thousand nucleotides in length). These two classes of DNA probably represent: A) leading strands and Okazaki fragments. B) laggi ng strands and Okazaki fragments. C) Okazaki fragments and RNA primers. D) leading strands and RNA primers. E) RNA primers and mitochondrial DNA. 29. A) B) C) D) E) A eukaryotic cell lacking telomcrase would have a high probability of becoming cancerous. produce Okazaki fragments. be unable to repair thymine dimers. undergo a reduction in chromosome length. be highly sensitive to sunlight. to make a protein

30. A transcription unit that is 8,000 nucleotides long lllay use 1,200 nucleotides consisting of 400 amino acids. This is best explained by the fact that: A) many noncoding nucleotides are present in mRNA. B) there is redundancy and ambiguity in the genetic code. C) many nucleotides are needed to code for each amino acid. D) nucleotides break off and are lost during the transcription process. E) there are termination exons near the beginning of mRNA.