Sample Report - Esia Chapter 4

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Chapter 4 BASELINEENVIRONMENT PARTONE:GENERAL 4.1INTRODUCTION

Ethiopia is endowed with substantial resources particularly limestone, which is abundant throughout the Blue Nile Valley (The Abay), located to the North West and west of Addis Ababa. The major cement manufacturing plants access limestone from this valley. Recently, there has been a remarkable growth in the economy in general andconstructionindustryinparticular.Majorbuildingconstructionsareboominginall themajorregionaltownsandseveralmajorroadsareunderconstruction.Asasequel ofsuchinfrastructuraldevelopments,thedemandforcementhasincreasedmanyfolds. Theestimatedcurrentdemandforcementisabove10.5milliontonesperannum.The annualtotalproductioncapacityoftheexistingplantsisonly1.236milliontonnesof clinker or about 1.687 million tonnes of Portland Pozzolana cement, and this level of productionrestrainingconstructionworkthroughoutthecountryontopofpushingthe price of cement to unprecedented level beyond any bodies reach. This incremental demandisabout9.0MillionTPAwhichis90%ofthecurrentsupply.
ETCEMispromotedbyWestAfricanCementS.A(WACEM)andEthiopianentrepreneur
Endale Yirga proposes to establish a green field cement plant, 40 km north of Addis AbabainOromiyanationalregionalstatenearChanchotown. Theplantwillbedesignedtoproduce0.60MillionTPAofclinkerand0.852MillionTPA ofPortlandPozzolanaCement EthioCementProjectisbasedonlocalrawmaterialsavailableatMugherValley,Mulo andBerichaarea. ETCEM has retained BS Envitech (P) Limited as its consultant to prepare Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Environmental and Social Management Plan (EMP) and the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the proposed integratedcementproject. JEMA International Consulting PLC is the local counter part retained to conduct the baseline survey which is important to finalize the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and Environmental and Social Management Plan (EMP) and the ResettlementActionPlan(RAP).
2 LOCATIONOFTHEPROJECTAREA The project area includes the raw material quarry site (limestone quarry site), the intermediatesite,clayminingsiteandtheplantsite.Thelocationsofeachsiteareshown infig.1andfig.2withrespecttodifferentadjacentWoredas.Generally,theprojectarea fallswithinfourWoredas:Sululta,Mulo,YayaGulaleandAdeaBerga(seefig.1).Theten kilometersradiuswithrespecttolimestonequarrysiteandtheplantsiteatChanchoare alsoshownwithpinkishcolourinfig.1.
Figure1Thelocationmapoftheprojectarea.
Figure2amapshowingthelocationofplantsite,claysite,intermediate siteandquarrysite.
Table1LocationofRawMaterialSources
Sn Material SourceLocality Distance plant(km) 30 23 30 30 from Requirement Tonperyear 780,000 135,000 57,000 42,000
1 2 3 4
Limestone Clay Sandstone Gypsum
Mugher Mulo Mugher Mugher
4.1.2OBJECTIVES
Theoverallobjectivesofthestudyistocollectsocioeconomicindicatorswhichwouldserveasa benchmarkagainstwhichimpactofthefactorysactivitieswillbemeasuredovertime. 1. Tocollectandanalyzeinformationonsocioeconomicstatusofthepopulationthatwouldbe affectedbytheconstructionandoperationofthefactory 2. Collect information on perceived positive/negative impacts of the factory on the population and recommendations that would help efforts aimed at alleviating/minimizing negative impacts 3. Disseminateinformationtothecommunityabouttheproject
4.1.3 SCOPEANDMETHODOLOGY
4.1.3.1 SCOPEOFTHESTUDY
The scope of the study includes preparation of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study with detailed characterization of various environmental components such as air, noise, water,landandsocioeconomicwithinanareaof10kmradiusaroundthecementplantandraw materialquarrysites. Themainobjectivesofcharacterizationare: To assess the existing baseline status of air, water, noise, land and socioeconomic environmentsaround10kmradiusoftheplantandminesites. To identify and quantify significant impacts due to various operations of cement manufacturing and raw material production on various environmental components throughpredictionofimpacts. To evaluate the beneficial and adverse impacts of the proposed cement manufacturing andminingoperations. To prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan (EMP) detailing control technologiesandmeasurestobeadoptedfor mitigationofadverseimpactsifany,asa consequenceoftheproposedactivity. To prepare a Post Project Monitoring Program for checking and regulating the environmental quality due to operation of the cement plant and help in sustainable developmentofthearea. 4.1.3.2METHODOLOGY Anydevelopmentalactivityisexpectedtocauseimpactsonsurrounding environmentduring theconstructionandoperationphases.Theimpactsmaybeadverseorbeneficial.Inorderto assess the impacts, a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment study has been conducted withinanareaof10kmradiusaroundtheplantandminesites.
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Standard procedures involved in Environmental Impact Assessment are followed. They are outlinedbelow. Identificationofsignificantenvironmentalparameterstostudytheexistingstatuswithinthe impact zone with respect to air, water, noise, soil and socioeconomic components of environment. Study of various activities of the proposed integrated project of plant and raw material minestoidentifytheareasleadingtoimpact/changeinenvironmentalquality. Identification/Predictionofimpactsfortheidentifiedactivitiesandtostudylevelofimpact onvariousenvironmentalelements Evaluation of impacts after superimposing the predicted/quantified scenario over the baselinescenario. Preparation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) detailing control technologies and measures to be adopted for mitigation of adverse impacts if any, as a consequenceofthecementmanufacturingandminingoftherequiredrawmaterials. To design Post Project Monitoring Programme for regulating the environmental quality duringcementmanufacturingandminingandhelpinsustainabledevelopmentofthearea.
4.1.3.3COLLECTIONOFBASELINESTATUS
4.1.3.3.1SocioEconomicEnvironment
The study used cluster sampling method to determine and select its sample. A total of 1200 households were targeted for data collection purpose. A structured household survey questionnaire was administered to 1182 households out of the total 1200 targeted households. The data is entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). In addition to household level questionnaire community level (Woreda and PA/Kebele) semi structured questionnaire was also administered to capture community level socioeconomic variables. Woredas are districts which are responsible primarily coordinating and leading development activities at grassroots level. Kebeles/Peasant Association (Pas) are smallest administrative units in Ethiopia. The 4 Woreda officials were interview to obtain information on the socioeconomic profiles of the Woreda. One urban center and 19 rural sub PAs that would be affected by impacts of the project were covered by the study. More households were selected from the factory and quarry site (core site) as compared to the buffer zone primarily taking into consideration that its the core project site that would be more affected than the buffer zone. Besides, Chancho town where the factory will lie at its out skirt has more population as compared to the rural peasant associations. Data collectors were
6 recruited from Kebeles/PA that lie within core and buffer zone of project impact area. A two days training was given to data collectors on the data collection. Data collectors were trained in concepts, definitions and techniques of data collection. The training was supported by mock interviews. To attain maximum impact and improve quality of data the training was given in a participatory way. In addition, a questionnaire translated into Amharic was given to each data collector as a reference.
Collection of secondary information about population, land use, climate, topography, institutionalservices,andothersocioeconomicinformationfromvariousWoredaoffices focusing on Agriculture, Education, Finance, Water development, Cultural/Religious affairs, Kebele Administration and Rural with selected elders and individuals who have rich experience in religious affairs, education, gender issues, and agricultural aspects. Communityelders,Kebeleleaders,WomenAffairs,YouthandTeachersrepresentingthe community were selected for interview to retrieve as much information as possible in variousaspectsofthecommunity. Geographical coordinates for each water points, conservation areas, and public service institutions(regularandalternativeschools,DAoffices,Kebeleoffices,FramersTraining Centers,clinicsandveterinaryhealthposts). The socio economic survey professional team comprises of a Demographer, a
sociologist and a mining engineer as a lead investigators in collaboration with other related professionals. The data collection thus included household survey, focus group discussions, key informants, as well as data gathering from schools and churches. Physico-Chemical and Biological Environment
4.1.3.3.2
Climate
Rainfall,temperature,Windspeed,winddirectiondatawereobtainedfromsecondarysources. NoiseEnvironment Noise monitoring was carried out at the various locations to identify the impact due to the existingsourcesonthesurroundingsinthestudyarea.
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Water Watersamplesfromvariouslocationswithin10kmradiuswerecollectedforassessmentofthe existingphysicochemicalandbacteriologicalquality.Thewatersampleswereanalyzedatthe LaboratoryofGeologicalsurveyofEthiopia. Soil Fieldsurveyswereconductedtoidentifythelanduseinandaround10kmradiusofthesites. Representative soil samples were collected from three locations within 10 km radius of the plantandminesitesforanalysisofthecharacteristics.Thesoilsampleswereanalyzedatthe LaboratoryofGeologicalsurveyofEthiopia.
AmbientAirQuality ThescenariooftheexistingAmbientairqualityinthestudyregionhasbeenassessed throughanetworkoffourambientairqualitystationsduringthestudyperiodwithin an area of 10 km radius and around the proposed integrated project. The existing AmbientAirQuality(AAQ)statushasbeenmonitoredforSPM,RPM,SO2,NOXandCO. SPM&RPMateachstationhasbeenmonitoredon24hourlybasis.COwasmonitored on8hourlybasis.
LandEnvironment Fieldsurveyswereconductedtoidentifythelanduseinandaround10kmradiusofthesites. Information on flora and fauna in the study area has been collected and identified at the HerbariumofAddisAbabaUniversity,DepartmentofBiology.Regardingtheflora,reconnaissance surveyanddetailedinventoryofthevascularplantspecieswasmadebytraversingtheareafrom easttowestandfromsouthtonorth.Samplesfromrepresentativeflorawerecollectedforfurther identificationattheNationalHerbarium(AddisAbabaUniversity,DepartmentofBiology).With respect to wildlife, including birds, identification and classification were made through field observationsanduseoffieldguidesforbothbirdsandmammals.Aseriesofphotographswere takentoconcretizeinformationgeneratedduringsitevisitsandtoelucidateverbalinformation obtainedduringinterview.
4.1.3.4
STUDYOFVARIOUSACTIVITIES
Deskreviewsofvariousoperationsinvolvedinintegratedprojecthavebeenmadeindetailto identifyareashavingimpactonvariousenvironmentalcomponents.
4.1.3.5THEBASELINESURVEYINGFIRMANDITSPROFESSIONAL TEAMCOMPOSTION
TheJemainternationalConsultingPLCisacompanyisledbyEngineerAssefaBekele andworkinginthesectorforthelast14yearsinconsultingvariouscompaniesin differentsector,thedetailsofthecompanyprofileisattachedasannex1. JemaInternationalconsultingfirmforthisparticularprojectmobilizesthefollowing professionalstoexecutethejobdescribedinthetermsofreference.Andtheirparticular CVisattachedasannex1. Table2MOBILIZEDPROFEESIONALSINTHEPROJECT No Nameoftheprofessional Assignment giveninthis project 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 EngineerAssefaBekele Dr.EnsermuKelebessa Dr.TadesseW/mariamGole AtoGultnehKebede W/roLeliseDembi AtoLemeesaMekonta AtoNatnaelTesfaye AtoDemeAbera G/Manager Flora Fauna
Socioeconomy Socioeconomy
WaterEnvironment
Qualification
M.scinMiningengineering Ph.DinSystematicBotany Ph.DinEcology/ornithology M.scinDemogarphy M.scinSociology M.Scinhydrogeology M.ScinEnvironalengineering M.scinAnthropolgy
NoiseImpact Cultural,hist& Archeological
ThereportisdividedintoFiveMajorsectionsdescribedinparttwoasadetailbaseline environment. 4.2.1 SocioEconomicEnvironment 4.2.2 PhysicochemicalandBiologicalEnvtoftheProjectArea.(Hydrometeorology, Hydrogeolgy,Waterquality,SoilEnvironment,NoiselevelMonitoringand BiologicalResourceBase(FloraandFauna). 4.2.3 Trafficflowsurvey 4.2.4 Cultural,HistoricalandArcheologicalfeatures 4.2.5 PublicConsultation
PARTTWO 4.2.1
:DETAILBASELINEENVIRONMENT
SocioEconomicEnvironment
4.2.1.1.Introduction
Likeanydevelopmentalprojectthisprojectisexpectedtocausebothpositiveandadverseeffects to the surrounding population and environment. Collecting baseline information against which change over time due to the establishment and operation of the factory will be measured is paramountimportance.Tothiseffectthisbaselinesocioeconomicstudywillcollectbenchmark informationonsocioeconomicindicatorsandinformationonenvironmentsurroundingtheplant andminesitesandsurroundingareaswithintheradiusoftenkilometer.Thisbaselinesurvey covers20subPA/Kebeleswhichareassumedtobeaffectedbythefactoryanditsactivities.The studycoversbothruralandurbanareaswithinthevicinityofthefactory.Informationpresented in this report stems from the household survey and Kebele and Woreda records. In addition Kebele and Woreda officials were interviewed to obtain certain information about their respectiveKebelesandWoredas
4.2.1.2Objectives
Theoverallobjectivesofthestudyistocollectsocioeconomicindicatorswhichwouldserveasa benchmarkagainstwhichimpactofthefactorysactivitieswillbemeasuredovertime. 1. Tocollectandanalyzeinformationonsocioeconomicstatusofthepopulationthatwould beaffectedbytheconstructionandoperationofthefactory 2. Collect information on perceived positive/negative impacts of the factory on the populationandrecommendationsthatwouldhelpeffortsaimedatalleviating/minimizing negativeimpacts 3. Disseminateinformationtothecommunityabouttheproject
4.2.1.3Methodology 4.2.1.3.1Householdsurvey
The study used cluster sampling method to determine and select its sample. A total of 1200 households were targeted for data collection purpose. A structured household survey questionnaire was administered to 1182 households out of the total 1200 targeted households. ThedataisenteredandanalyzedusingStatisticalPackageforSocialSciences(SPSS).Inaddition to household level questionnaire community level (Woreda and PA/Kebele) semi structured questionnaire was also administered to capture community level socioeconomic variables. Woredas are districts which are responsible primarily coordinating and leading development activitiesatgrassrootslevel.Kebeles/PeasantAssociation(Pas)aresmallestadministrativeunits in Ethiopia. The 4 Woreda officials were interview to obtain information on the socioeconomic profilesoftheWoreda.Oneurbancenterand19ruralsubPAsthatwouldbeaffectedbyimpacts of the project were covered by the study. More households were selected from the factory and quarrysite(coresite)ascomparedtothebufferzoneprimarilytakingintoconsiderationthatits the core project site that would be more affected than the buffer zone. Besides, Chancho town wherethefactorywilllieatitsoutskirthasmorepopulation ascomparedtotheruralpeasant associations.DatacollectorswererecruitedfromKebeles/PAthatliewithincoreandbufferzone ofprojectimpactarea.Atwodaystrainingwasgiventodatacollectorsonthedatacollection. Data collectors were trained in concepts, definitions and techniques of data collection. The
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trainingwassupportedbymockinterviews.Toattainmaximumimpactandimprovequalityof data the training was given in a participatory way. In addition, a questionnaire translated into Amharicwasgiventoeachdatacollectorasareference.
4.2.1.3.2PA/KebeleLevel
Focus group discussion of key informants and community leaders were also carried out in all Kebelescoveredbythestudy.Inaddition,secondarydatasourcewerecollectedfromWoredaand Kebele administrative records. Different reports of Central Statistical Authority were reviewed. Semistructurequestionnairewasadministeredtoselectedkebele/PAofficialstogetbackground informationonthepopulationandsocioeconomicactivitieswithinthekebeles/Pas.
4.2.1.3.3WoredaLevel
Involving Woreda officials as government wing responsible for overseeing all development activities in their respective administrative boundaries is crucial for the establishment and ensuring ongoingsuccessoftheproject.Inthelightofthis Woredaofficial(s)wereinterviewed withthehelpofsemistructurequestionnaire.
4.2.1.3.4ReviewofLiterature
Extensive review of literatures was done to compare survey findings with other zonal and regional documents. Central Statistical Agency reports, North Shoa Zone Bureau of Finance and EconomicDevelopmentreports,FederalMinistryofpublicationsandothermaterialwasdonein order to get full information on the socioeconomic profile of the zone and the four project Woredasinparticular.
4.2.1.4SocioeconomicProfileofNorthShoaZoneandProjectWoredas
NorthShoazonewhereEthiocementprojectisplannedtobeimplementedislocatedinOromia region.OrmiaregionisthelargestregioninEthiopiawithatotalpopulationof26,553,000.Ithas 13 zones and Woredas (districts). North shoa zone on the other hand has a population of 1,626,487asofJuly2006(CSA2005).ItcomprisestwentytwoWoredas(20ruraland2urban) and321PeasantAssociations.Thezonecoversanareaof12003sqkm. The age distribution of the population is characterized by high proportion of young age population,whichcomprisesabouthalfofthetotalpopulationinthearea. The zone is classified in traditional ecology of kola/low land, woina dega/sub tropical and dega/highland. The climate of the North shoa zone is characterized by two rainy seasons summerandspring.ThesummerrainyseasonlastsfromJunetoOctoberwhilespringseasonlast fromMarchtoMay.Theannualaveragerainfallofthezonerangesfrom800to1600mm. ThetopographyoftheZonerangesfromthelowest1000meterto3500meteraltitudeabovesea level.ThelowestiswithinthegorgeofBlueNile(Abay)andthehighestpickisfoundinDegem area. About 51% of the zone lies between 2500 to 3000 meter above sea level. There are high forests, woodland, bush and shrub lands in the zone along with plantation trees that are protected by the government and the community. However, there are no national parks, game reserves,sanctuariesandareaforwildlifeconservationinthezone.
4.2.1.4.1Background
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In 2006 there were 92 farmers service cooperatives in the zone with 47,156 members and with capital of 26.9 million birr. It is through these cooperative that farmers get fertilizer and otheragriculturalinputs.AccordingtoBOFEDreportin2006a totalof512.108hectareofland wascultivatedundercereals,112,533hectareunderpulsesand23,387hectareoflandunderoil seed.Teff,wheat,Barely,MaizeandSorghumandBeansarethemostwidelycultivatedcropsin thezone. 4.2.1.4.2.PopulationoftheWoredas
The total population in the four Woredas where the project will be established and operates is about360,073.Outofthis41873(15.8%)arelivinginurbancentersandtheremaininginrural areas. The average household size in the four project impact Woredas is 6.3 with the highest householdsizeinMulo9.9andthelowestinYayaGuleleWoreda5.2averagehouseholdsize.The populationdensityrangesfromabout107to213persquarekilometer.Thisinagreementwith zonalaverageof143personspersquarekilometerbutveryhighascomparedtoregionalaverage whichisabout75personspersquarekilometer.
Table3:PopulationandhouseholdnumbersbyWoreda
Woredas Sululta Mulo Yaya Gulele AdeaBerg a* Total Urban 10,590 3,635 13,370 14,278 41873 Rural 112,833 35,782 53,974 115,611 318,200 Total 123,423 39,417 67,344 129,889 360,073 Pop. Density 120.3 107 213 136 576.3 HouseholdNumbers Male 14057 3178 11224 19999 48458 Female 2365 783 1,797 3511 8,456 Total 16,422 3,961 13,021 23,510 56914 Average HHDsize 7.5 9.9 5.2 5.5 6.3
Source:BOFED2006andCSA2005 4.2.1.4.3Healthservicecoverage NorthShoazonehasonehospital,12healthcenters,34clinicsand77healthpostsin2006.The most common diseases in the area are respiratory tract infections, parasitic diseases, gastritis, diarrhea and infection of the skin. Basic health service coverage of North Shoa zone was estimatedtobe64%in2006. ThehealthservicecoverageoftheprojectWoredasvariousfromWoredatoWoreda.Thehighest basichealthservicecoverageisinYayaGulelewhichisabout78%.InSulultaitis56%and52% inMulloWoreda.
Table4:Basichealthservicecoverage
Woredas % of health coverage2006 Sululta 56 YayaGulele 77.6 Mullo 52 AdeaBerga Source:BOFED2006
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4.2.1.4.4HIV/AIDSprevalence
Likeanyotherzoneswithinthecountry,HIV/AIDSisoneofserioushealthproblemsinthezone. According to Federal Ministry of Health National HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office OromiasregionHIV/AIDSprevalencerateisabout2.4%(FHAPCO2006).AccordingtoBureauof FinanceandEconomicDevelopmentassessmentthenumberofHIVpositivepersonsinthezone isincreasingbasedonhealthfacilitiesreport(BOFED2007).
4.2.1.4.4Drinkingwater
ThecoverageofpotablewatersupplytohouseholdsinEthiopiaingeneralisverylow.The2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey shows that 90 percent of urban and 13 percent of ruralhouseholdshaveaccesstopipedwatersupply(EDHS2005).Potablewatersupplycoverage for the zone is 42 percent (BOFED 2006). Table 3 below shows percentage of households that haveaccesstoimprovedsourceofdrinkingwatersuchaspipedwater,protectedwellorspring. Thirtythreepercent,19percentand31percentofhouseholdsinSululta,MuloandYayaGulele woredahaveaccesstoimprovedwatersupply,respectively.
Table5:Potablewatercoverage
Sululta Mulo YayaGulele AdeaBerga Source:BOFED2006 %ofpopulationwith access to potable water 33 19.2 30.5
4.2.1.4.5Educationandliteracyrate
Oromiaregionalgovernmentanddifferentstakeholdersaremakingconcertedeffortinexpanding education services to rural parts of the region. As a result decline in illiteracy rate has been witnessed in recent years (EDHS 2005). In 2006 there were 382 primary schools and 15 secondary schools in North Shoa zone alone. 221,236 students were enrolled in primary and 20922 students were enrolled in secondary schools. Out of the total number of students at secondaryschoolsonly7,019weregirls.Thereareatotalof64primaryand2secondaryschools inSululta,MulloandYayaGuleleWoredaswithatotalof16,233maleand12759femalestudents.
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Table6:NumberofschoolsandstudentsintheWoredas
# of schools Sululta Primary 37 Secondary 1 Mullo Primary 9 Secondary YayaGulele Primary 18 Secondary 1 AdeaBerga Primary na Secondary na Source:BOFED2006 #ofstudents Male Female 7223 1101 3670 502 3281 456 na na 5867 537 3264 282 2645 164 na na Total 13090 1638 6934 639 5926 620 Na Na
4.2.1.4.6Economy,Industry,Miningandtourism
Economyofthezoneismainlydependentonagriculture;themajorcropsproducedarecereals, pulsesandoilseedsthatareusedforconsumptionandforsale.Thereisnosignificantcashcrop productioninthearea.Anothereconomicactivitypracticedinthezoneincludebeekeepingand rearing of livestock such as cattle, sheep and poultry for household consumption and for sale. Animals and their products are marketed within the zone and in near by big markets such as AddisAbaba. There are 996 small scale industries within the zone. Derba water fall, monastery of Debre Libanos, Blue Nile gorge, Portuguese bridge built in 16th century are some of the tourist attractionsinthearea LargepotentialofrawmaterialsforcementproductionexistsindifferentWoredasofNorthShoa zone.Therawmaterialisestimatedtobeabout427.26squarekilometer.In2006therewere7 investors at different stage undertaking construction work for cement production in the zone (NorthShoazoneinvestmentcitedinBOFED2006)
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4.2.1.4.7TransportandCommunication
Theroadnetworkintheprojectareaisverylimited.Thereis onehighwaythatpasses through theareathatlinksAddisAbabatoAmhararegion.Thereareallweatheranddryweatherroads thatlinkmajortownsinthearea.AllWoredacapitalsinthezoneareaccessiblebyroad.Thetotal length of all weather roads in zone is about 629 kms (300 asphalted and 329 km gravel). All capital towns of the Woredas are have digital telephone services with theexception of Jida and MuloWoredas.Theroadnetworkinruralpartsofthezoneisntwelldeveloped.Peopleinrural parts of the zone like most rural parts of Ethiopia still use animals like donkeys and mules to transportgoodsandpeoplefromplacetoplaces.
Table7:Distributionofroadsbytypes
Sululta Mulo YayaGulele AdeaBerga Total Gravel 41 24 65 Asphalt 55 15 107 Rural 0 0 Total 96 39 135
4.2.1.4.8TypeofAgricultureandLandUse
Rural households in the Woredas have 7 to 11 hectare of land holdings. The main type of agricultureintheareaiscerealspulsesanoilseeds.Amongcerealsbarelyisthemostcommonly cultivated crop followed by wheat and Teff in terms of total farmed land it covers. Bean and linseedaretheothercommoncroptypesgrowninthefourWoredas. According to Central Statistical Agency 2007/2008 agricultural survey report there are 1.4 million cattle, 1.1 million sheeps, 250,000 goats, and 193,000 donkeys in North Shao zone. Livestock production is also very common in the four Woredas. The most common livestock productionincludescattle,sheep/goatsanddonkeys.
Table8:NumberoflivestockintheprojectWoreda
Cattle Sheep Goats Equines Poultry Sululta 180,566 82,130 15,070 37,030 77,230 Mulo 66,852 66,517 2,739 8,114 45,901 YayaGulelel 75,262 48,014 15,065 9,102 28,458 Adeaberga 116,331 39,702 19,145 27,020 63,175
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4.2.1.5SocioeconomicCharacteristicsoftheProjectArea
Ethio cement factory will be established in Sululta Woreda, Chancho Buba Kebele/ Peasant Association which is adjacent to Chancho town the capital of the Woreda. The factory will have fiveblockofminingsitesforlimestone,gypsumandsandwhichwillbeusedasrawmaterialsfor thefactory.TheseminingsiteslieinfourWoredas,threeinNorthShoazoneandoneNorthWest ShoaZonesofOromiaregion. Theplantsite,quarrysiteandtheroadwhichlinksthequarrysitetotheplantsitealongwithits surrounding ten kilo meter radius lies with in a total of about 17 Peasant associations (PA)/kebelesand20subPA/kebelesoftheWoredas. TheplantsiteislocatedinSulultaWoredaattheoutskirtofChanchotownwhichisabout42kilo meterformAddisAbabab.Chanchotownhasapopulationof8,321persons.Itislocatednearto themainasphaltroadthatlinksAddisAbabawithAmhararegion. There are different blockes of mining sites. Limestone mining sites are located in Sululta, Adea BergaandYayaGuleleWoredas.GypsumandSandminingsitesarefoundinSulultaWoredaand clayMiningsiteisfoundinMuloWoreda.Thedistancebetweentheplantandclayminingsiteis about23kilometer.Thereisanallweathergravelroadthatlinkstheclayminesitewiththeplant site.A30kmallweathergravelroadthatlinklimestoneandgypsumminingsitewiththeplant siteisalreadybuiltbytheproject.Thereisanallweatherroadthatlinkstheplantwithminesite.
4.2.1.5.1PlantandminingArea
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Table9:Populationandhouseholdnumberresidingwithinprojectcoreandbufferareasbysex
HHDhead Sn PA Sululta BechoKidane 1 Mehret 2 3 4 5 6 7 HandaWeizero AdaGinbichu LiloChebeka DerbaGuleleBeresa EkoEfoBabo Chanch01 Male Female Total Male Female Total Aver
Density
2614 1194 2675 1,772 1,872 2944 6,475 2697 4013 2388 2,933 31577
2652 1,209 2714 1,804 1,911 2992 12,025 2732 4072 2426 3,008 37545
5266 2,403 5389 3,576 3,783 5936 18,500 5429 8085 4814 5,941 69122
269 658 1351 370 `370 287 3305
18 28 37 97 180 253 613
287 686 1388 467 550 540 8000 11918
5.8 4.4 3.9 6.0 10.7 1.8 2.3 3.2
31.59 33.62 54.87 92.88 147.46 258.78 103.2
8 DireSoleLegaHeta 9 ChanchoBuba 10 WerersaMalima 11 GuleleGabriel TOTAL Mulo AmumaBebisa 12 Dunburi 13 TiroBoroDeroba Total YayaGulele 14 15 16 GodaJaba GuyamanaKuwat SoleGibe
1,449 1903 3,352 680 750 658 2,088 345
1,473 1928 3,401 820 750 892 2,462 385 385 43,793
2,922 3,831 6,753 1,500 1,500 1,550 4,550 730 730 81,155
286 500 786 688 809 510 2,007 246 246 6,344
48 82 130 12 11 10 33 5 5 781
334 582 916 700 820 520 2,040 251 251 15,125
8.7 6.6 7.4 2.1 1.8 3.0 2.2 2.9 2.9 3.3
185.44 196.96 191 63.43 223.6 86.01 124 210.7 210.7 153.7
TOTAL AdeaBerga 17 DireMedale TOTAL
345 TOTALOFALLPAs 37,362
Source:KebeleandWoredarecords
Operational definition for the project impact area comprises the plant site, mining site, and all roads that link the two and ten kilo meter radius of the core sites. The Table 7 aboveshowspopulationofthe17Kebelesthatfallundertheproject.Thetotalpopulation residinginthePA/Kebelesthatfallwiththecoreandbufferzoneoftheprojectisabout 81,155outofwhich43,793(54%)arefemales.
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4.2.1.5.2BaselineEnvironment
An assessment of baseline environment was conducted with the purpose of identifying existing environmentandkeyplayersthatwouldaffecttheenvironmentoftheprojectarea.Inadditionto wind land dust and biomass fuel that the community uses as source of energy, there are two cementfactorieswithinthevicinityoftheprojectareathatcouldcontributetoairpollution.One is small cement factory by the name Abysinia cement factory which is currently operating. The other is Derba cement factory currently under construction. Mugeher Cement factory also contributestoenvironmentalpollutionofsomeofthepeasantAssociations.Theothersourceof airpollutionisemissionfromvehiclespassinginthemainroadwhichcrosstheprojectarea.
4.2.1.5.3Road,electricityandtelephoneservices
There is one major asphalted road from Addis Ababa to Debre Markos that passes through the projectareas.Therearealsoadditionalallweatheranddryweathergravelroadsinthearea.In generaltheroadnetworkoftheareasisunderdeveloped.Thereismobilenetworkandlandline telephoneserviceinallcapitaltownsofSululta,YayaGuleleandAdeaBergaWoredas,.Therural sidedoesnthavetelephoneservice.Similarlythereisntelectricityserviceintheruralsideofthe projectarea.
4.2.1.5.4.DevelopmentActivities
There are different development activities that are either currently going on or planned within theprojectimpactareas.Someoftheseare Healthcenterconstruction(plannedfor2009) Schoolconstruction(plannedfor2009) Developmentofstreamfordrinkingwater(plannedfor2009) Ruralroadconstruction(plannedfor2010) Telephonelineconstruction(plannedfor2009) Irrigationsconstruction(plannedfor2009) Tapwaterconstruction(plannedfor2009) DerbaCementfactory(underconstruction) Inadditiontotheaboveplanneddevelopmentalactivitieskeyinformantsidentifiedothersocial infrastructure owned by different stakeholders that benefit the community. Derba Medroc has supplied the community around its project, i.e. Derba PA with electricity and drinking water facilities.
4.2.1.5.5.Population
Theaveragehouseholdsizeofthepopulationintheareais5.1.Outofwhich2.53aremaleand theremainingarefemale.Thisissimilartothenationalaveragehouseholdsizeof5personsper household(4.2forurbanand5.2forruralhouseholds)(EDHS2005).Closeto15%householdsin theprojectareahaveoneortwohouseholdmembers,slightlyhigherthan40%ofthemhave35 householdmembersand30%ofthemhave6or7householdmembersand20%ofthemhave8 or more household members. One hundred forty four deaths and 423 births were reported duringthepastoneyearpriortothedateofthe As rural Ethiopia is mainly patriarchal society, the population of the study area is mainly male headed.Outofthetotalof1177householdheadsinterviewedinthisstudy82%ofthemaremale
18
headedhouseholds.Only16%ofthehouseholdsarefemaleheadedhouseholds.Thisprobably reflects on the traditional gender role of the society where male are the dominant decision makers within the household and are considered as head. Table 8 shows that 16 percent of households are headed by persons age less than 30 years old. Slightly 4 out of ten household headsbetweenthegroupof3045yearsandcloseto1in4householdheadsarebetween45and 60years.And1intenofthemareaboveageof60years.
Table10:Numberofhouseholdsizeandsexofheadofhousehold
Backgroundcharacteristics NumberofHouseholdmembers =<2 35 67 >=8 Missing Total Sexofheadofthehousehold Male Female System Total Frequency Percent 170 497 282 225 7 1182 972 177 33 1182 14.4 42.1 23.8 19.0 0.7 100.0 82.1 15.5 2.4 100.0
4.2.1.5.6Language,Ethniccompositionandreligiousaffiliation
ThepopulationintheareaispredominantlyOromo(93%).TheremainingareAmharaandother ethnicgroups.Therearenoethnicminoritiesintheareathatneedspecialprotection.AfanOromo isthemajorlanguage,ifnottheonly,spokeninthearea.Ninetypercentofthepopulationspeaks Afan Oromo. Population of the project area are predominantly Orthodox Christians (96.3%), followedbytinyfraction2.3%ofprotestantand1.4%ofotherreligiousgroups.
Table11:Ethnicgroupandreligion
Backgroundcharacteristics EthnicGroup Oromo Amhara Other Missing Total Religion Orthodox Protestant Other Missing Total Frequency 1063 60 20 39 1182 1123 30 16 12 1182 Percent 89.9 5.1 1.7 3.3 100.0 95.1 2.6 1.3 1.0 100.0
19
4.2.1.5.7Maritalstatusofheadofhouseholds
Threeoutoffourofhouseholdheadsintheprojectareasaremarried.Ninepercentofthemare single and close to one out of 10 of them are widowed and about 5 percent are divorced. The studyhasclearlyshownthatdivorcerateintheareaisverysmall
Table12:Maritalstatus
Single Married Divorced Widowed Missing Total
Frequency Percent 105 8.9 888 75.1 65 5.5 96.0 8.1 28 2.4 1182 100.0
Education is crucial for development of a country or a community. With a goal of universal education for all, the government of Ethiopia is making concerted effort to expand access to education. It has been noted that there has been declining trend of illiteracy rate. While the illiteracyratehasbeendecreasingamongtheyouththeeffortarerelativelyrecentphenomenato cutdowntheilliteracyratesignificantlyamongadultpopulation.Sixoutof10interviewedhead ofhouseholdsareilliterate.Closetooneinfiveofthemhaveelementaryeducation.Only14%of themhaveahighschoolleveleducation,about4%ofthemabovehighschoolleveleducation.
4.2.1.5.8Education
Table13:LevelofEducation
Illiterate Elementary Highschool College Missing Total Frequency Percent 709 60.0 258 21.8 166 14.0 42 3.6 7 0.6 1182 100.0
The gap between girls and boys school enrollment is decreasing in recent years as a result of continueseffortfromgovernmentandotherstakeholders.Nonetheless,therestillexistsaminor differencebetweenboysandgirlsenrollmentratio.Thegapwidensastheyreachathighschool andabove.
20 Figure3:Levelofeducationinpiechart
Level of education
Illiterate Primary Highschool College
4.2.1.5.9Livelihood
LikemostruralpartsofEthiopiathepopulationintheprojectareaaremostlyagrarian.Slightly6 out of ten respondents identified themselves as farmers. About 80% of households interviewed havelandholdingswhichtheyusefordifferentpurposes.23%ofhouseholdshaveotherofffarm incomesource.Carpenter,pettytradeandemploymentinthepublicsectorbyhouseholdmember aresomeofimportantofffarmincomesourcesofhouseholdsinthearea. 20percentofhouseholdsintheareadonthavelandatall.Theydependonpettytrade,weaving, dailylaborandothermeansaslivelihood. TraditionalhousingunitsinruralEthiopiaarecharacterizedbyroundshape,mudwallandgrass thatchedroof.Intheprojectareacloseto29percentofhousingunitsaremadwallandthatched grassroof.About2outofthreeofthemaremudwallandcorrugatedironsheetroof,whichisan indicationofashiftfromamoretraditionalhousingstyletomodernhousingtype.
4.2.1.5.10Typeofhousingunits
Table14:Typeofhousingunit
Frequency Percent 341 28.8 763 64.6 31 29 5 13 1182 2.6 2.5 0.4 1.1 100.0
Mudwallandgrassroof Mudwallandcorrugatedironsheetroof Brick/blockadewallandcorrugatediron sheetroof Grassroofandgrass/woodwall Other Missing Total
21
4.2.1.5.11Waterandfuelsource
Safe water coverage in Ethiopia is at its rudimentary stage. The study shows that only 34 % of householdshavetapwatersupplyasasourceofdrinkingwater.Additional20%haveprotected well or spring as source of drinking water. The remaining population uses unprotected well, springorriverassourceofdrinkingwater.ThisfindingisinlinewithBOFEDreportwhichsays thatsafewatersupplycoverageinthezoneisabout42percent.
Table15:Sourceofdrinkingwater
Tapwater Protectedwell/spring Unprotected well/river/spring Other Missing Total Frequency Percent 403 34.1 240 20.3 516 9 14 1182 43.7 0.8 1.2 100.0
The table below presents major problems associated with drinking water supply. According to respondents poor quality and distance from source of water are the two major problems identifiedbythecommunity.Thecommunityalsoindicatedthatthereisalsoshortageofdrinking waterintheareathroughouttheyear.
Table16:Majorproblemsassociatedwithsourceofdrinkingwater
Problemsrelatedtodrinkingwater Notgoodfordrinking/causesofwaterbornediseases Toofarfromhome/distance Shortageofwaterthroughouttheyear Seasonalshortageofwater Notgoodfordrinkingandtoofarfromhome Frequency 138 221 137 52 Percent 12.3 19.6 12.2 4.6 27.1 1.9 0.4 3.2 18.7 100.0
305 Not good for drinking and there is also shortage of water throughouttheyear 21 Not good for drinking and there is seasonal shortage of water 5 Farfromhomeandthereisalsoseasonalshortage Other Total 36 211 1126
22
Mainsourceoffuelforhousehold In general, about 97 % of the population in the area use fire wood and animal manure as the majorsourceofenergy.Only1.5%ofthehouseholdsuseKeroseneassourceofenergy.Fourout of10householdsfirewoodassourceoffuel,1outof10useanimalmanureandcloseto1outof themusescombinationoffirewoodandanimalmanureassourceoffuel.
Figure4:Sourceoffuelinpiechart
System 1% Other 1% Fire wood only 39%
Fire wood and animal manure 49%
Animal Manure only 9% Kerosene 1% Electricity 0%
Ingeneral,thehealthconditionofthepopulationispoor.Theprevalentdiseasesintheareaare infectiousdiseases,diarrhea,TB,waterbornediseases,STI/HIV/AIDSandmalaria(forlowland areas).
4.2.1.5.12Health
23
4.2.1.5.13Gender
Maledominanceindecisionmakingwithinhouseholdsisconsideredasanormamongpopulation of the area. Male predominantly are household heads who are supposed to make crucial decisions. Womens role is traditionally limited to child raising, food preparation for household membersandassistinginagriculturalwork. Female circumcision and abduction (marriage by force) are other harmful traditional practices that are affecting girls in the area. Marriage by abduction is forcing girls to abandon their educationearlyinfearofbeingabducted.Parentsofgirlsalsoarereluctanttosendtheirgirlsto far awayschoolsdue tothesamereason.Normally,highschoolsarelocatedattowns/Woreda capitals which is on average about 7 kilo meter far away from most rural households. In the region one out of ten married women got married by abduction as compared to 8 percent of women nationally. Female circumcision is one of the traditional practices that is harmful to the healthofgirlsinthearea.Accordingtothe2005EthiopianDHSreport87%ofwomeninOromia regionarecircumcisedThisisevenhigherthanthenationalaveragewhichisaround74%(EDHS 2005). Even though no data is available at zonal and Woreda level on the prevalence of female circumcisionitcanbeassumedthatitissimilartotheregionsprevalencerate. Eightypercentofhouseholdshavelandholdings.Averagelandholdingintheprojectareais2.28 hectare. The study area population heavily depends on agriculture as a livelihood. The average agriculturallandholdingsofhouseholdsintheareaare1.23hectares.Theresidentsofthearea follow mixed farming where they practice both farming and livestock rearing as means of livelihood.Thetypeofagriculturebeingpracticedissmallscalerainfedfarming.Mainlygrown crops are cereals, pulses and oil seeds. Its rain dependence which is often erratic has created problem.
4.2.1.5.14Agriculture
Table17:Totallandcultivated(inhectare)bytypeofcrop
Cereals Pulses OilSeeds Spices Vegetables Sululta 35,183 5,406 991 94 369 YayaGulele 24,644 5,589 413 61 474 Mullo 12675 3212 1082 602 Adeaberga 38,608 2,610 1,660 469 Total 111,110 16,817 4,146 155 1,914
TotalFarmLands 42,043 31,181 17,571 43,347 134,142 ThestaplefoodcropoftheprojectareaisTeff.ThestaplefoodintheareaisEnjerawhichisa thinbreadmadefromflourofTeffgrains. Shortageofland,erratic andinadequaterain,shortage of agriculturalland,shortage ofselected seed and inadequate supply of fertilizer are the major problems associated with less crop production.
24 Table18:Averagelandcultivatedperhousehold,productionandaverageannual revenuebytypeofcrop
Cultivated land Average production Average annual inhectare inquintal revenue 0.49 0.08 0.21 0.36 0.22 0.01 0.04 0.18 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0 0.11 1.9 0.00 1.00 3.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1074 85 683 744 633 18 81 414 128 26 14 2 9 1 147
Typeofcrop Teff Maize Sorghum Wheat Barely Mille Chickpea Bean Peas Seasam Nug Pepper Onion Potato Others
4.2.1.5.15Agroforestry
Agro forestry practice is very limited. Widely planted agro forestry product is eucalyptus. Chat andcoffeeplantingarealsobeingpracticedtoalimitedextent.
4.2.1.5.16LivestockProduction
Livestock production is widely being practiced. The most common type of livestock in the area arecattleandsheep/goats.Equinesandpoultryproductionarealsowidelypracticed.
Table19:Averagelivestockproduction
Mean Count Sum Number ofcattle 5 1142 6017 Number Equines 2 1142 2513 Number of Number of of sheep/goats poultry 5 3 1142 1142 5162 3810 Number beehives 0 1142 285 of Number of otheranimals 0 1142 275
Communal grazing is the most common type of animal feeding being practiced in the area. Shortage of grazing land, market for animal products, animal feeds and animal diseases are the mostcommonproblemsrelatedwithlivestockproduction.
4.2.1.5.17Averageincomeandexpenditure
Mosthouseholdsinthestudyarealivesbelowpovertylineastheaveragedailypercapitaincome is below the recommended poverty line of one USD. The fact that about 40% of households respondedthattheyhavefacedfoodshortageduringthelastoneyearperiodpriortothesurvey
25
date reveals how the population is vulnerable to poverty. The median income of the study population is 9060 birr (about 1000 USD) per annum per household, which is fat below the povertylineof2USDperdayperperson. The survey revealed that one fourth households income come from sell of crop, grain or vegetables, about one thirteenth of their income is generated from sale of animal products. Similarly sale of animal products, petty trade, labor of family member and income from family memberemployedbygovernmentcontributeseachclosetoonetenthofhouseholdincome.
Table20:AveragehouseholdIncome
Incomefromcrop,grainandvegetable Incomefromperennialcrops Incomefromanimalproducts Incomefromsaleofanimal Agroforestryproducts Landrent/leaseout Pettytrading Otheragriculturalincome Income from government employeefamilymember Mean 3235.516 1029.089 1579.721 1248.316 438.4929 176.4567 1251.724 35.46495 permanent 1322.015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9680 1.4 3.3 0.1 0.1 8.8 4.1 Median 500 0 120 0 0 0 0 0 Percent 25.5 8.1 12.5 9.9 3.5 1.4 9.9 0.3 10.4
Incomefromlaborfamilymembers 1116.118 Income from handicrafts/trade of family member 521.3046 Incomefromothersources Financialsupportbyfamilymember/relative Incomefrompension Incomefromotherofffarmsources TotaIincome 182.2693 413.1196 17.08932 7.49331 12671.41
100.0 Thetablebelowpresentshouseholdsconsumptionexpenditure.Mostofhouseholdsincomegoes toconsumables(about35%).Thedistantsecondconsumptionexpenditureofhouseholdsinthe project area is saving. The survey reveals that households in area save about 10 percent their incomeontheaverage.Clothingandsocialeventscomprisesabout10%and7%ofhouseholds expenditurerespectively.
26 Table21:Averagehouseholdexpenditure
Annualexpenditureforconsumables Annualexpenditureforhumanmedicalcares Annualexpenditureforeducation Annualexpenditureforclothing Annual expenditure for house maintenance/building Annualexpenditureforenergy Annualexpenditureforwater Annualexpenditurefortransport Annual expenditure for other personal requirements Annualexpenditurefortaxes Annualexpenditurefordebtpayment Annualexpenditureforsavings Annual expenditure for other financial matters Annualexpenditureforfarmtools Annualexpenditureforfarminputs Annualexpenditureforhiringlabor Annualexpenditureforlandrent Annualexpenditureforfoodlivestock Annualexpenditureforanimalhealth Annualexpenditureforbuyinganimals Annual expenditure for Other agricultural andlivestockexpenses Annual expenditure for social/religious ceremonies Annualexpenditureforotherculturalevents TotalExpenditure Mean 2868 383 281 800 497 259 85 253 53 140 290 862 77 114 265 210 224 495 96 336 22 604 72 9181 Sum 3258564 435294 318711 909322 560380 293990 96360 287388 60161 159230 328086 973973 86433 128076 298496 235961 252365 556725 107640 373781 24507 ValidN 1136 1137 1134 1136 1127 1136 1134 1134 1128 1134 1130 1130 1119 1119 1126 1126 1127 1124 1119 1114 1121 Median 1900 100 100 600 0 130 0 100 0 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 350 0 6730 Percent 34.9 4.7 3.4 9.7 6.0 3.1 1.0 3.1 0.6 1.7 3.5 10.4 0.9 1.4 3.2 2.5 2.7 6.0 1.2 4.0 0.3 7.3 0.9 100.0
682062 1130 81357 1126 9336734 1017
27
4.2.2 PhysicochemicalandBiologicalEnvtoftheProjectArea.
4.2.2.1HYDROMETEOROLOGY,HYDROGEOLOGYANDWATERQUALITY
4.2.2.1.1HydroMeteorology 4.2.2.1.1.1Meteorology ThenearestmeteorologicalstationtotheprojectareaisthatofChanchotownthathas rainfallandtemperaturedatarecord.Therecordonrainfalldatashowsthatareahas unimodalrainfallcharacteristicswithhighestannualrainfallduringthemonthsofmid June to mid August (see fig. 3). Moderate rainfall prevails also during the months of MarchandApril.Themeantotalannualrainfallbasedontenyearsrecord19972006) asperthismeteorologicalstationis1460mm.Anotherdataisobtainedfromthestation at Addis Ababa. The monthly mean minimum and mean maximum temperature at Chancho station is also shown in fig. 5 AND FIG 6. The Temprature, relative humidity, annula rainfall, the annual rainfall from the year 1984 upto 2000, the windspeed,suhshinehours,evaporationratesarecollectedfromtheFicheobservatory andshowninfigure7uptoFigure13. FIG.5MEANMONTHLYRAINFALLATCHANCHOSTATION
Monthly rainfall in mm at Chancho
500.0 rainfall (m m 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0
M onthly rainfall in mm at Chancho
FIG.6MONTHLYMEANMINIMUMANDMAXIMUMTEMPERATUREATCHANCHO
M onthly mean M inimum and M aximum temperature in degree celcius at Chancho station
25.0
Jan
Feb
M arch
April
M ay
months
June
July
Aug
Sep
O ct
N ov
D ec
average valu
20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Jan Feb M arch April M ay June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
M onthly mean maximum temperature in deg. C. at Chancho station M onthly mean min. temperature in deg. C. at Chancho station
months
28
Fig.7TEMPERATURE(OC)FICHEOBSERVATORYSTATION
TheareaexperienceshigherhumiditylevelsduringthemonthsofJuly,Augustand September.Theaveragerelativehumidityduringtheyearis62%. Fig.8RELATIVEHUMIDITY(%)FICHEOBSERVATORYSTATION
TheaveragetotalannualrainfallrecordedatFichestationduringtheyearforthe period19541999is970.3mm
29 Fig.9RAINFALL(MM)FICHEOBSERVATORYSTATION
Fig.10RAINFALL(MM)FICHEOBSERVATORYSTATION
Theaveragewindspeedduringtheyearfortheperiod19812005asrecordedat FicheObservatoryis2.3m/s.
30 Figure11WINDSPEED(M/S)FICHEOBSERVATORYSTATION
SunshinehoursasrecordedatFicheObservatoryvaryfrom79hoursduringmost partoftheyearexceptingtherainyseason. Figure12SUNSHINEHOURSFICHEOBSERVATORYSTATION
Evaporationsratesinthearearangefrom40mmto180mm
31 Figure13EVAPORATIONRATES(MM)FICHEOBSERVATORY STATION
Theregionhasatropicaltypeofclimate.TheareaaroundtheBlueNilegorgehas alsoatropicalclimate(10oc25ocand8001200mmrainfall)thatsupportsthe grassandwoodsavannah. TheareaischaracterizedbyrainymonthsfromMarchtoOctober,andsmallrains inFebruaryandOctober.TheheavyrainsarefromMaytoSeptember.Thereisa highconcentrationofrainfallinJune,July,AugustandSeptember.Theannualand seasonal distribution of rainfall makes the zone suitable for agriculture, vegetation, crops, etc. The average annual rainfall fluctuates between 813..22 1,699.1mm. Generally, the area is devoid of vegetation cover except for some remnants of coniferous forests near the town of Derba and its surrounding. Thick patches of EucalyptusPlantationisgrownhereandthere.. The maximum and minimum average temperatures recorded during the period 19742007 are 19.9oC and 7.4 oC respectively. The average maximum and minimum temperature during the year 2007 has been recorded as 20.7oC and 8.1oCrespectively.
32 4.2.2.1.1.1.AMETEROLOGYATTHEPROJECTSITE The meteorological parameters have been monitored at the plant site by purchasing and installing the cement plant meterological station from the National Metrological sation of Ethiopia. The following parameters tabulated below are based on the data collected from at the proposed project site.
ETHIO CEMENT PLC METEOROLOGICAL STATION DALIY OBSERVATION Station Name:- Ethio Cemint Chancho REGION:- Oromiy Woreda:- Sululta Class:- 4 Month August Year 2008 Date Time (LST) Raim fall(mm) Wind Force Remarks Direction (m/sec) 0600 X X 0700 X X 0800 SE 00 0900 0.0 SW 02 1000 NW 00 17-08-2008 1100 NE 02 1200 NE 06 1300 NE 06 1400 N 04 1500 NE 06 1600 NE 06 1700 NE 04 1800 SE 02 0600 SE 00 0700 SE 00 0800 SE 00 0900 2.0 SW 00 1000 S 02 1100 NW 04 18-08-2008 1200 N 06 1300 SW 00 1400 SW 04 1500 SW 04 1600 S 02 1700 SW 04 1800 SW 02 0600 NW 02 0700 SW 00 0800 SE 00 0900 0.0 SW 00 1000 NE 04
33
Date 19-08-2008
Time (LST) 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000
Raim fall(mm)
0.0
20-08-2008
0.0
Wind Direction NE NE N SE N NE E E SE SE SE NE NE NE SE SE NE NE NE NE NE SE SE SE E S
Force (m/sec) 04 02 08 04 04 04 04 02 00 00 00 02 02 02 06 02 04 04 02 04 04 00 00 00 00 04
Remarks
34
Date 21-08-2008
Time (LST) 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
Raim fall(mm)
0.9
22-08-2008
Wind Direction SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE E SW SE NW NW NW S S NW SE SE
Force (m/sec) 02 04 04 04 02 02 02 02 00 00 00 02 02 04 04 06 04 04 02 00 02
Remarks
Observer name Abdissa Jobir
Photo
Ethio Cement meterological Station in the plant site.
35
WINDROSE DIAGRAM
NNE N 3.86 NNW 2.05 NW 0.91 1.13 WNW 0.90 W 30.92 1.81 WSW 0.68 SW 1.36 SSW S 1.361.82 SSE 8.41
NE 8.19
ENE 11.82
E 9.09 ESE 6.82 SE 8.87
NNE 2.95 NNW N 0.45 0.69 NW 0.23 WNW 1.36 W 14.58 0.91 WSW 1.59 SW 3.18 SSW 3.86 S 7.04
NE 7.72 ENE 11.81
E 9.77 ESE 9.32 SE 8.41
SSE 16.13
DURATION : 00 - 08 HRS.
N NW NNW 1.36 2.05 0.45 WNW 0.91 W 9.99 1.36 WSW 1.82 SW 2.04 SSW S 2.96 2.95
NNE 4.09
NE 6.36
ENE 10.23 E 8.87
ESE 11.14
SSE 13.42
SE 20.00
0.0-1.7 C
LEGEND >15 KMPH 10-15
NOTE : All readings are in percentage occurance of wind
1.7-5 5-10
SCALE 5% 10 %
C = Calm Conditions in Percentage
36
WINDROSE DIAGRAM
N NNW 1.36 NW 0.61 1.13 WNW 1.06 W 1.37 WSW 1.36 SW 2.19 SSW 2.73 18.50
NNE 3.64
NE 7.42 ENE 11.29
E 9.24
ESE 9.09 S 3.94 SE 12.42 SSE 12.65
0.0-1.7 C
LEGEND >15 KMPH 10-15
NOTE : All readings are in percentage occurance of wind
1.7-5 5-10
SCALE 5% 10 %
C = Calm Conditions in Percentage
37 EARTHQUAKEFREQUENCYANDINTENSITY The area of Derba and Chancho is situated in an earthquake zone, whose maximumtremorsreachedthemagnitudeof6.26.5Richterunits. Thelastlargerepicenterwasabout150kmN.E.ofDerbaintheareaofKarakore (Cambotcha).Thetremorswereupto6.75Richterunits,andtheepicenterwasat adepthof3035kilometers. 4.2.2.1.1.2Hydrology The area is reach in surface water (perennial and intermittent streams and rivers). Dendritic stream pattern having fourth order are the main features of the area. Regionally, the area is situated with in Abay/Nile basin; where as locally it is situated withinMugercatchment/orsubbasin. The major rivers/or streams draining the area are Muger, Aleltu, Labu and Bole. In addition to these, there are other streams that are draining to the aforementioned rivers/orstreams.Thetrend/orflowdirectionsoftheriversandstreamsintheareais mainlytowardthenorth/orNorthWestdirection. Thedrainagepatternanddistributionofstreamaswellasthethreedimensionalviewof theareaisshowninfig1,2,6and7.Theshadedreliefmapoftheareaisshowninfig.5.
Fig.7.Shadedreliefmapoftheprojectarea
38 4.2.2.1.2HYDROGEOLOGY The hydrogeology of an area is governed by the existing geology, geomorphology, hydrometeorologyandlithologyofthearea.Theprojectareaisnotanexceptionaltothis generalprinciple.BeingpartoftheEthiopiancentralplateau,particularlyAbayplateau, Tertiary volcanism along with later coming superficial earth process have brought the area to its present landscape. In line with this, the Tertiary basaltic lava flows have significantplacesinthemajorityofthehydrogeologyofthearea,particularlyathighland part.Thevolcaniclavaflowscoverthemajorityofthegroundwaterrechargeareaatthe southern part of the project area. Where as, the northern extreme of the project area, particularlytheintendedlimestonequarrysiteissituatedwithinthevalleyoftheMuger RiveranditstributariesthatisinturnthetributaryoftheAbayRiver.Thevalleyispartof Abay River, which is characterized by typical Abay valley Mesozoic sedimentary sequences that includes Tertiary volcanics, upper sandstone, gypsum and shale and limestonefromtoptobottom. The Tertiary volcanics in the area is characterized by multilayer aquifer systems, the main aquifers being fractured and/or weathered basaltic lava flows and scoraceous basalts.Themainaquicludesorbarriersforthegroundwaterflowintheareaaremassive volcanicrocksandpaleosols.Boreholesdrilledandconstructedfordifferentpurposesin thearearevealsthesamesituation.Therearemanyspringshavingdifferentdischarges inthearea.Thespringsaremainlycontrolledbygeomorphology rather than structure. Theyareemergingfromvolcanicrocksthebarrierbeingpaleosol.Anexceptionalspring isthatofTaltalelocatedwithinMugervalleyalongLebustreamandemergingfromlime stone. The main sources of groundwater recharge in the area is precipitation; particularly rainfall. A different source of study for groundwater recharge estimation in the area indicates the annual groundwater recharge varies from 100mm to 250mm. Such value disparity arises from the methodology applied in the recharge estimation and the reliability of source data. Hence, it is reasonable to use the average value of both that becomesabout175mm.Thisvalueismoreorlesssimilarwiththevalueofgroundwater rechargeestimationmadeforEthiopiancentralplateauusingdifferentmethods. Themajorgroundwaterflowdirectionparticularlyfortheshallowgroundwaterisfrom southtonorththoughdetailinvestigationisrequiredtoidentifythedetailgroundwater dynamicsofthearea.Therecouldalsobelocalvariationforgroundwaterflowinthearea. 4.2.2.1.2.1WATERRESOURCES 4.2.2.1.2.1.1Groundwaterresources The area has ample groundwater potential that is attributed to the prevailing hydro meteorological conditions, geomorphological and geological formation. Groundwater is themainsourcesofdomesticwatersupplybothintheurbanandruralpartsofthearea. Themainaquiferfortheshallowgroundwaterintheareaisweatheredand/orfractured basaltic lava flow as well as alluvial sediments along streams/rivers. Although it is not
39 exhaustive,ithasbeentriedtomeasuredepthtowaterlevelandElectricconductivity in some springs. Accordingly, the depth to groundwater level is very shallow and it is about 4 meters below ground surface as measured in planned clay site. Actually, the depthtowaterleveldependsontopographyandseasonmeasurement/orobservation.It wasduringrainyseasonthatthemeasurementwastaken.Hence,duringdryseason,the depthtowaterlevelobviouslydecreases.Itistheusualpracticebythecommunityofthe areatousetraditionalhanddugwellsiftheydonothaveaccesstomodernwatersupply systemssuchasspringorwellsinstalledwithpumps(motorizedoronhandpump)as sourcesofdomesticwatersupply.Someofthespringsinareaandwaterwellsareshown intable1.Thedistributionofspringsandwaterwellsintheareaisshowninfig.7.
Table22:Springs&Waterwellsintheprojectarea Altitude 2427 1504 2420 2362 2416 2616 2654 2610 2543 2577 2480 2566 2585 2561 2603 2673 2466 2617 Source BH Spring BH spring BH HDW BH BH BH HDW BH BH BH BH Spring Spring Spring Spring 117 65 Q (l/s)
S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Name Easting Northing Derba 463204 1038645 Taltale 455826 1048067 Derba 463287 1038986 Tuto 461918 1047730 Derba 463204 1038645 DagneTeji HDW 462339 1031783 Gimbichu 473090 1062210 Segno Gebeya 455620 1026514 Chancho 473911 1031930 Teshome EjersaHDW 463196 1032084 Midrock well 463700 1035400 Abisiniya cement 469740 1028859 RobGebeya 466233 1031004 Chancho WS 471304 1027754 Segno Gebeya 455664 1027096 Segno Gebeya 451615 1027364 Mulo 463227 1037406 Bowo 485000 1048933
Depth 62 78 62 273 324
SWL 2 4.2 2
Remark Domestic Domestic Domestic
69.75 1 55
0.5 Domestic 10 Domestic 1 Domestic 2 Domestic
Detailinformationsuchasdepthtowaterlevel,depthanddischargeofsomewellswere notobtainedduringthesurveywork. 4.2.2.1.2.1.2Surfacewaterresources TheWoredaissituatedwithinAbayRiverbasin.Surfacewaterresourcesoftheareahave alsobeentouchedunderhydrologypart.
40 4.2.2.1.3WATERQUALITY Thegeneralgeologicalandhydrometeorologicalconditionsoftheareaindicatethatthere is no a natural threats that hampers the water resources quality to use it for different purposes. The only natural limitation for groundwater is those that are in contact with thegypsum/shaleandlimestoneintheAbayvalley,sincetherecouldbecalciumand/or magnesiumhardnessproblem.Groundwaterthatisfromvolcaniclavaflowsisfreefrom suchthreats. In order to ascertain the indirect approach of water quality assessment, water samples havebeencollectedfromdifferentsourcesfortheanalysisofphysicochemicalandtrace element. Naturalwaterissampledinviewofcarryingoutvariousanalysesonit.Atotalofeight samples have been collected from different sources: three samples from springs, two samples from streams, and three from well (two hand dug wells and one drilled well). Each sample is taken with a oneliter polyethylene plastic bottle. Other than this, no chemicaltreatmenthasbeenmadetopreservethesamples.Intakingthewatersamples, geographical and geological setting, hydrogeological conditions, and intended quarry sites and plant site locations have been taken in to consideration to make the sample representativeofthearea.Thegeographicaldistributionofthesampleisshowninfig.6. Whereas,thedetailofthesampleisshownintables24. One duplicate sample is collected from spring in order to see the reproducibility of the laboratoryresults.Accordingly,acomparableresultisobtained(samplescodedasS01and S02,seetable3&4).
41
Figure4.14Amapshowingwatersamplingpoints
42
Figure4.15Amapshowingdistributionofwatersupplyschemesintheprojectarea
43 4.2.2.1.3.1.Waterqualityanalysisandinterpretation The water samples collected from field have been submitted to the Central Geological Laboratory of Ethiopian Geological Survey. During the sample collectionsomeofthephysicalparameterssuchasTDS,EC,pH,TandEhhavebeen measured at field to check the result with that of laboratory. The detail of the samplesisshownintables34..Theresultofthewaterqualityanalysishasbeen compared with that of the preset standards of different institutions such as WHO drinking water standard, and Ethiopian drinking water quality standard. Accordingly,thewaterissafeforagricultureanddomesticsupply. The following table shows the result of the water quality analysis in comparison withthedifferentstandardsforsomeparameters.Inadditiontothecomparisonof the analysis result with the preset water quality standard for different water use, somebasicphysicalparameterssuchaspHandEC(ElectricConductivity)havebeen made. In order to interpret the results of water quality analysis, pictorial representation/or diagram has been used. In this particular interpretation Stiff diagramhasbeenusedasshowninfig.16.
44 TheStiffdiagrammethodusesascaleforconcentrationofionsinmeq/Lalongthex axis.Theionsarearrangedalongyaxisinsuchawaythatthecations(Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+ andK+)totheleftofthecenteroftheplotting scaleandtheanions(HCO3 ,Cl, NO3, andSO42)aretotherightofit.Itisshownforsomeoftheanalyzedsamplesinfig Accordingtotheresultsofpresentation,themajorityofthewatersamplesareCa MgHCO3type;whereastwowatersamplesindicateCaHCO3 (S06)typeand,Ca NaHCO3type(S08).Samplenumber6(S06)hasrelativelyhighconcentrationof nitrate.Thissampleisfromhousehold/familybasedhanddugwell.Therelatively high concentration ofNitrateis attributed to wastes (excretes)fromlivestockthat wasclearlyobservedduringthefieldwork.Thesanitaryaspectofthehanddugwell was not attractive being it is situated with in the residence compound adjacent to thelivestocksovernightstay. The high concentration of sodium for the samples from the drilled borehole for Chanchotownwatersupply(S08)suggeststherelativelydeepaquiferwaterinthe areaisslightlydifferentfromtheshallowgroundwater.Samplesfromriver/stream, springandshallowgroundwaterareallrepresentedbyCaMgHCO3type.
45
Table23:Comparisonofsomemeasuredlaboratoryresultswithwaterusequalitystandards
S.N.
Samplecode
EC( S/Cm)
HCO3
Cl
SO42
NO3
Na
Ca
Mg
SiO2
HBO2
CO2
PH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 S08

Ethiopia3
327 325 123 742 220 198 67 262
174 168 62 390 78 63 42 156
4 4 2 26 11 11 3 4
533
24 26 <1 24 14 9 <1 7
483
0.29 0.29 0.15 0.41 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.3

3
4 4 <0.2 31 24 30 <0.2 6
50
10 10 4 15 4 5 2 21
358
1.7 1.4 1.8 0.7 5.1 8.7 1.4 0.8
42 42 14 104 23 20 10 26
9 9 4 23 7 4 3 5
20 21 26 35 24 18 26 32
0.94 0.72 1.58 0.86 0.94 <0.15 1.44 0.72
15 14 4 28 62 49 5 5
7.41 7.4 7.48 7.37 6.3 7.27 7.05 7.76

6.58.5
3EthiopianDrinkingwaterqualitystandards(Ethiopianguidelinesspecificationfordrinkingwaterquality,2002)
46
Table24Watersamplescollectedfromtheprojectarea
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Item Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Code S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 S08 Easting Northing 455826 1048067 455826 1048067 455826 1048067 461918 1047730 462339 1031783 463196 1032084 470678 1028189 471304 1027764 Altitude 1504 1504 1504 2362 2616 2577 2543 2555 pH 7.64 7.64 8 7.78 7.5 6.34 7.66 7.62 Eh (mV) 42 42 25 21 75 106 51 32 T (0C) 22.7 22.7 22.5 19.5 18.3 17.7 15.4 18.4 TDS (mg/L) 167.7 167.7 84 391 112 106.1 36.1 138.9 EC (mic.S) 275 275 140 647 189 175 60.2 232 Source spring spring stream spring HDW HDW Stream BH Sampling date 21/08/2008 21/08/2008 21/08/2008 Remark Duplicate Duplicate Lebu Sibilu Chancho town
8 Sample
Thistableshowsthephysicalparametersvaluemeasuredatfieldduringsampling. Table25Waterqualityanalysisresult(mg/L)
S.N. Sample code EC( S/Cm) HCO3 Cl SO42 F NO3 Na K Ca Mg SiO2 HBO2 CO2 PH Remark Duplicate Duplicate
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 S08
327 325 123 742 220 198 67 262
174 168 62 390 78 63 42 156
4 4 2 26 11 11 3 4
24 26 <1 24 14 9 <1 7
0.29 0.29 0.15 0.41 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.3
4 4 <0.2 31 24 30 <0.2 6
10 10 4 15 4 5 2 21
1.7 1.4 1.8 0.7 5.1 8.7 1.4 0.8
42 42 14 104 23 20 10 26
9 9 4 23 7 4 3 5
20 21 26 35 24 18 26 32
0.94 0.72 1.58 0.86 0.94 <0.15 1.44 0.72
15 14 4 28 62 49 5 5
7.41 7.4 7.48 7.37 6.3 7.27 7.05 7.76
47 All trace elements (Chromium, Cobalt, Tin, Cadmium, Zinc, Lead, Manganese, Copper,SilverandNickel)analyzedarefoundtobelessthano.1mg/Lasreported bytheLaboratoryofEthiopianGeologicalSurvey.
pH
This represents the negative common logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration /or activity;pH=log[H+].BasedonpHvalue,asolutioncanbeacidic(pH<7),basic(pH >7)orneutral(pH=7);theextremevalueisbeingatpH=0(extremelyacidic)andpH =14(extremelyalkaline).ThepHvalueofnaturalwaterhasaprofoundeffectonthe mobility of many elements. Only few ions such as Na+, K+, NO3 and Cl remain in solution through out the entire range of pH values found in normal groundwater. In natural water, pH is mostly controlled by carbon dioxide bicarbonatecarbonate equilibriumofthesystem. The pH values for water samples collected from the project area ranges from 6.3 to 7.76indicatingthatitrangesfromslightlyacidictoslightlybasicwater.
ElectricalConductivity(EC)
These are two interrelated parameters that indicate the state of water salinity: ElectricalConductivity(EC)andTotalDissolvedSolids(TDS).BasedontheTDS value, water can be grouped into fresh (01000ppm), brackish (1000 10,000ppm), salty (104 105ppm), and brine (>105ppm), Davis (1966). The crude estimation of Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS) in water based on EC measurement is given by the relation EC ((s/cm)=TDS(mg/l). Forthecollectedandanalyzedwatersamples,aplottedgraph
isshowninfig.9.
48
Fig. 9 EC and pH for w ater samples in the Project area
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
S-01 S-02 S-03 S-04 S-05 S-06 S-07 S-08
800 700 600 400 300 200 100 0 500
pH value
EC
PH EC ( S/Cm)
Sample code
Figure16ECandpHforwatersamplesintheprojectarea.
Amongthesampledwater,slightlylowpHvalueismeasuredforsamplenumber5 (S05). This sample has been taken from hand dug well used for domestic water supplyinplannedclayminingarea.ThereisnoasuchpHvaluevariationforother samplesasshowninfig.9. Electric conductivity values for the collected water samples are also shown in the same figure. Sample number 4 (S04) shows very high EC values unlike other samples.Thissampleisfromspringsourcecappedfordomesticwatersupplynear the intermediate site. The relatively high EC value for this sample cannot be explained by the geology/or lithology of the area; instead human interference/anthropogenic factor can better explain the situation. The spring is emergingfrombasalticlavaflow.ThemostlikelyreasonforrelativelyhighECvalue isthatthespringmighthaveincontactwithdomesticwastesincludingleakagefrom latrine. This can be verified by relatively high concentration of nitrate (31mg/L), chloride(26mg/L)andsodium(15mg/L).ThelowECvaluesareforsurfacewater (streamsandriver),whichisthecaseforsampleS03andS07.Thiscomplieswith the fact that streams/rivers have low duration of rockwater interaction and high rateofdilutioncomparedtogroundwatersources.

49 Photosshowingthewatersourcesusedbythecommunity
PHOTO1POND
PHOTO2HANDDUGWELL
50
4.2.2.2SOILENVIRONMENT
ThreeSoilsamplesfromdifferenttypesofsoil,i.e.RedSoil,BlackSoilandBrown Soil from various locations within 10km radius were collected forassessment of the existing physicochemical characteristics and analyzed at the Laboratory of Ethiopian Geological Survey. The results are shown in Table below. The three samplescollectedaretwofromtheplantsiteandonefromthequarrysite
Dire Medalie ILU DIRE llu Keteba WEGIDI
MU G
ER
LIMESTONE MINE
RI D
MUGER
BECHO GURANDA BECHO BECHO ABALE
ILU MEDALE
G E
S2
Botoro Abo Mesobi
Ikuyu
AD
Fertoma
ER O
GUMBICHU Gunbichu Ada Ginbichu
Becho Kidane Mihiret Ero Geja
ROADS STREAMS / TANKS SETTLEMENTS
Handa Weyzero
Handa Weyzero
Le bu l
Weyzero
DERBA KOTICHA MULO CATLE FARM
GULELE Lemi Echo Efo Babo BERESA
LIMESTONE MINE
PLANT SITE SOIL QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS
TACHINYAW KEDIDA BUBISA
Mulo seyo
SA
DIB DEGA
DIB DEGA
BO LE
KER
LILO
INDEX TO ADJOINING SHEETS

0938 A4 0938 A4 0938 A4
FITAL DEBRE TSIGE
LAYNYAW KEDIDA
CHEBEKA GULBEKA Gulbi Maryam EFOBABO
TE KE
AMUMA BUBISA
0938 C2
0938 D1
DERBA
0938 D2
CHANCHO
M MA
CHANCHO EKO BABO EKO DEGA Buba

0938 C4 0938 D3
ADDIS ABEBA NW
0938 D4
ADDIS ABEBA NE
WELEBISI AND DEBELE
AMUMA DUMBRI BORO
S1
PLANT
ASERE
MULO
SENYO GEBEYA DILO DERBA TIRO KUTULE

GERDAW A
O AR
CHANCHO DIRE OCHI Buba Goro Yaya EKA YAYA DENEBA
FIG - 3.9
PROJECT:
ETHIO CEMENT PLC.
MEREWA
LO
CHANCHO, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA.

TITLE:
D ME SILO GEBETA
DILO DERBA
SOIL QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS
Thesoilqualityofthesamplescollectedfromtheabovelocationsisgiven below
GA
51 Table26soillaboratoryanalysisresult
FIELD NO LAB NO Chromium(Cr) Cobalt (Co) Tin (Sn) Cadmium (Cd) Zinc(Zn) Lead (Pb) Managanese(Mn) Copper (Cu) Silver (Ag) phosphorus (p) Nickel (Ni) BBH-1 11049 <20 ND <20 ND ND <20 ND <20 ND 251 <20 BBH-2 11050 <20 ND <20 ND ND <20 ND <20 ND 275 <20 BBH-3 11051 <20 ND <20 ND ND <20 ND <20 ND 259 <20
FIELD NO LAB NO Electrical conductivity in us/cm at 250 C Carbonate (CO3) Bicarbonate (HCO3) Chloride (Cl-) Sulphate (SO2 ) Floride (F) Nitrate (NO 3-) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Silica (Sio2) Boron (HBO2) Carbondaoxide (CO2) pH BBH-1 11049 38 ND ND ND ND ND <8 100 60 100 20 ND ND ND 5.74 BBH-2 11050 80 ND ND ND ND ND <8 80 60 100 20 ND ND ND 5.79 BBH-3 11051 73 ND ND ND ND ND <8 80 40 140 40 ND ND ND 7.16
52
4.2.2.3NOISELEVELMONITORING
4.2.2.3.1.INTRODUCTION Thenoisemeasurementhavebeenconductedusinganinstrument ofSOUNDLEVELMETERLutronSL4001digitalinstrumentforthe projectareaofEthiocementFactorywhichincludedChanchotown, Derba town, Mulo town, Plant site and near to quarry site. The noiselevelsatprojectareaandinthevicinityhavebeenmeasured continuouslyineachsite. Fig11LUTRONSL4001DIGITALSOUNDLEVELMETER Features of the equipment

Large LCD display, easy to read Frequency weighting networks are designed to meet the IEC 651 type 2 A & C weighting networks are conformity to standards time weighting (FAST & SLOW) dynamic characteristic modes AC/DC output for system expansion Built-in adj. VR is available for easy calibration Condenser microphone for high accuracy & long-term stability Max. Hold function for stored the maximum value on display Warning indicator for over and under load LCD display for low power consumption & clear read-out even in bright ambient light condition Used the durable, long-lasting components, including a strong, light weight ABS-plastic housing case Small and ligh weight design allow one hand operation Low battery indicator Standard accessories: instruction manual, calibration screw driver
53
Photo3Theexpertwhilemonitoringthenoiselevel. 4.2.2.3.2.NOISECRITERIA WorldwideHistoryofDevelopmentofNationalStandard In December 1988, the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC), concerned about noiseinduced hearing loss as a major occupational disease, endorsed the National Strategy for the Prevention of Occupational Noise induced Hearing Loss [NOHSC:4004(1989). To further this strategy NOHSC endorseddevelopmentofanationalstandardandcodeofpractice. Thedraftnationalstandardandcodeofpracticewerereleasedforpubliccomment in November 1989. Having considered public comment on the draft document, NOHSC declared the National Standard for Occupational Noise [NOHSC: 1007(1993)] and the National Code of Practice for Noise Management and ProtectionofHearingatWork[NOHSC:2009(1993)]inMarch1992. In2000NOHSCamendedthenationalstandardandcodeofpracticetoupdatethe measurementofpeaknoisefromanunweighted(linear)peaksoundpressurelevel, Lpeak, to a Cweighted peak sound pressure level, LC,peak. Cweighting measurement.Cweightingisamorereliableformofmeasurementwhencompared to the linear response to impulse noise, which may vary according to different soundmeasuringinstruments. In2003NOHSCidentifiedinconsistenciesintheNationalCodeofPracticeforNoise Management and Protection of Hearing at Work [NOHSC:2009 (2000)]. NOHSC agreedtorevisethenationalcodeto:

addresstheissuesofconsistencybetweenthenationalcodeandnationaland internationalnoisemanagementmodels;andto encouragenationalconsistencybyprovidinganuptodateandpracticalOHS noisemanagementtool;andinsodoing
54
reduce the burden on jurisdictional Governments to develop local codes of practiceorguidancematerial.
Thelevelsspecifiedinthenationalstandardarethemaximumacceptableexposure levels for noise in the workplace. However, over long periods, repeated noise exposureatbetween75and85decibelsmaybeasmallrisktosomepeople.With progressively increasing levels, the risk becomes greater. Workplace noise levels lowerthan85decibelsare,therefore,desirable,ifpracticable. Ethiopia The GUIDLINE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT STANDARDS FOR ETHIOPIA of the Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) prepared by EPA and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization Prepared Under the Ecologically Sustainable Industrial Development (ESID) Project US/ETH/99/068/ETHIOPIA August 2003 and Occupational, Health and Safety Package,1997oftheMinistryofLaborandSocialAffairsareusedtoassessnoise levelmeasurement. The EPA guidelines state that: The sensitivity to noise is usually greater at night timethanitisduringtheday,byabout10dB(A).Ideally,ifthetotalnoiselevelfrom allsourcesistakenintoaccount,thenoiselevelatsensitivelocationsshouldbekept withinthefollowingvalues: Table27ThenoiselevellimitsaspertheIFCandEPAGidelines LimitsindB(A) AreaCode A B C Categoryofarea Industrialarea Commercialarea Residentialarea Daytime 75 65 55 Nighttime 70 55 45
The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs manual indicate the Noise is one of the most widely and most frequently experienced problems of the industrial working environment and social living area. Noise affects human being physically, psychologically and socially. Noise can damage hearing, interfere with communication, annoying, cause tiredness, reduce efficiency and influence blood
55 circulation and cause stress. Volume of different sounds encountered commonly, expressedindB(A)isgivenbelow Table28Volumeofdifferentsoundsencounteredcommonly,expressedindB(A) Effect on SoundLevel SoundSource Human indB(A) Beings HighlyInjurious 140 Injurious Risk Speech masking Irritating 130 120
Jetengine RivetHammer Propellerplane Rockdrill ChainSaw SheetmetalWorkshop HeavyTruck HeavilyTraffickedStreet SaloonCar NormalConversation LowConversation QuiteRadioMusic Whispering QuiteUrbanapartment RustlingLeaves HEARINGTHRESHOLD
110
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
4.2.2.3.3.SITEDESCRIPTION The Ethio Cement factory plant site is located south west of Chancho town 40 km away from Addis Ababa and the quarry site is located near to Derba town (23km from Chancho) around this area there also Addis Ababa Cement factory ropeway siteandonenewlyconstructed(MIDROCK)quarrysite.Theplantsiteiscurrently under construction. The general area of the plat site comprises open farming properties.Theaspectofthelandscapeisopen,withsignificanthillsandoccasional
56 trees.Theareaisclassifiedasruralorpredominantlyruralwithsomeagricultural activity. The land use in the area mainly comprises intermediatesized farming properties. 4.2.2.3.4.NOISEMEASURINGSURVEY MeasurementEquipment LUTRON SL4001 DIGITAL SOUND LEVEL METER was used in all area Chancho town,Derbatown,Mulotown,andPlantsiteandtoquarrysiteovertheperiodfrom 30July2008to03August2008andthedataiscollectedin30minuteintervals.The detailnoiseleveldatacollectedisattachedinannex3. MeasuringSites Asummaryofthesitesandtheircharacteristicsisprovidedbelow: Table29:Characteristicofprojectareaandvicinity.
It. SiteName SiteCharacteristics No 1 Chancho RuraltownPopulation_____ Town School:1High,1elementary Health:1Healthcentre Activity:Farmbased(milkproduction),pitytrade,Hotels Factory : 1 Absenya Cement factory( 4km from town) and 1 underconstruction(1kmfromtown) 2 Derba RuraltownPopulation_____ Town School:1elementary Health:clinic Activity:Farmbasedandpitytrade,Oneflowerfarm Factory : 1Addis Ababa Cement factory processing plant (ropeway) 2newlyconstructed(ropeway) 3 Mulo RuraltownPopulation_____ School:1elementary Activity:Farmbasedandpitytrade Health:clinic 4 Plantsite 1.5kmawayfromtheChanchoTown Construction on going: Workshop, Guesthouse and workers house,Office Numberofworks92 5 Near RuraltownPopulation_____ Quarry School:1elementary site Activity:Farmbasedandpitytrade Health:clinic Remark
Duringconstructiontimethere is Hammer, Vibrator compressorandothersoundis createanoiseinthecompound
57 NOISELEVELSINTHESTUDYAREA
MU
GE R
LIMESTONE MINE
RI D
MUGER
ILU MEDALE
G E
N2
Botoro Abo Mesobi
Ikuyu
AD
Fertoma
ER O
Handa Weyzero
Handa Weyzero
Le bu l
Weyzero
N3 DERBA
KOTICHA MULO CATLE FARM
LIMESTONE MINE
PLANT SITE NOISE LEVEL MONITORING STATIONS

SA
N4 Mulo seyo
LILO
DIB DEGA
DIB DEGA
BO LE
LAYNYAW KEDIDA
KER

0938 A4 0938 A4 0938 A4
FITAL DEBRE TSIGE
E TE K KE
AMUMA BUBISA
0938 C2
0938 D1
DERBA
0938 D2
CHANCHO
MA
CHANCHO EKO BABO EKO DEGA Buba CHANCHO DIRE DILO DERBA TIRO KUTULE
GERDA WA
RO DA
0938 C4 0938 D3
ADDIS ABEBA NW
0938 D4
ADDIS ABEBA NE
WELEBISI AND DEBELE
AMUMA DUMBRI BORO
N1
PLANT
ASERE
MULO
SENYO GEBEYA
OCHI Buba Goro Yaya
FIG - 3.4
PROJECT:
MEREWA
GA LO

TITLE:
ETHIO CEMENT PLC.
ME SILO GEBETA
DILO DERBA
EKA YAYA
DENEBA
NOISE LEVEL MONITORING STATIONS
58 Table30:Summaryofthenoiseleveldataonthearea 1 2 3 4 Name ChanchoTown DerbaTown Mulo Plantsite AverageNoiselevel Remark dataindB(A) 59 49 46 53
5 Quarrysite 45 Thenoiseleveldataanlysisshowsthatthenoiselevelsinalltheareaareallwithin thedraftEthiopianstandardsaswellasIFCEHSguidelines.
REFERENCES
1. IFCEHSGHIDELINES 2.
GUIDLINE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT STANDARDS FOR ETHIOPIA of the EthiopianEnvironmentalProtectionAuthority(EPA)preparedbyEPAandthe United Nations Industrial Development Organization Prepared under the Ecologically Sustainable Industrial Development (ESID) Project US/ETH/99/068/ETHIOPIAAugust2003. OCCUPATIONAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY PACKAGE, 1997 of the Ministry of LaborandSocialAffairsareusedtoassessnoiselevelmeasurement. RenewablePowerVenturesBackgroundNoiseMonitoringReportCapital WindFarmDocumentNo.505608TRP0175280027April2005 National Code of Practice for Noise Management and Protection of Hearing at Work [NOHSC: 2009(2004)] 3rd Edition, Australian Government NationalOccupationalHealthandSafetycommission. NATIONAL STANDARD FOR OCCUPATIONAL NOISE [NOHSC: 1007(2000)] 2nd Edition Australian Government National Occupational Health and Safety commission.
3.
4.
5.
6.
59
4.2.2.4AMBIENTAIRQUALITY
Ambient air quality of the study area has been assessed at four locations. Thesummaryoftheambientairqualityisgivenbelow AmbientAirQuality(g/m3) LocationName VALUES SPM RPM SO2 NOx A1Plantsite 78 27 <5 6.4 A2Minesite 82 31 5.2 6.1 A3Derba 69 23 <5 7.2 A4Mulo 73 32 <5 5.9 Note:COvaluesareobservedlessthan1ppmduringstudyperiod.
MU
GE R
LIMESTONE MINE
RI D
MUGER
ILU MEDALE
G E
A2
Botoro Abo Mesobi
Fertoma Ikuyu
AD ER O
Handa Weyzero
Handa Weyzero
Le b
ul
Weyzero
A3 DERBA
KOTICHA MULO CATLE FARM
LIMESTONE MINE
PLANT SITE AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS

A
A4 Mulo seyo
LILO
DIB DEGA
DIB DEGA
KER S
BO LE

0938 A4 0938 A4 0938 A4
FITAL DEBRE TSIGE
LAYNYAW KEDIDA
TE K KE
AMUMA BUBISA
0938 C2
0938 D1
DERBA
0938 D2
CHANCHO
MA
CHANCHO EKO BABO EKO DEGA Buba CHANCHO DIRE DILO DERBA TIRO KUTULE
GERDA WA
O AR
0938 C4 0938 D3
ADDIS ABEBA NW
0938 D4
ADDIS ABEBA NE
WELEBISI AND DEBELE
AMUMA DUMBRI BORO
A1
PLANT
ASERE
MULO
SENYO GEBEYA
OCHI Buba Goro Yaya
FIG - 3.3
PROJECT:
ETHIO CEMENT PLC.
MEREWA
GA LO

TITLE:
D ME SILO GEBETA
DILO DERBA
EKA YAYA
DENEBA
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS
60
4.2.2.5BIOLOGICALRESOURCEBASE
ECOLOGICALBASELINESURVEY(FLORA,FAUNA,ENDEMICANDTHREATENED SPECIES,PROTECTEDAREAS)INTHEPROJECTCOREAREAS(QUARRYAND PLANTSITES)OFETHIOCEMENT. 4.2.2.5.1.INTRODUCTION
4.2.2.5.1.1Background
Priortoanydevelopmentintervention,itisvitaltoassessexistingconditionsofthe natural environment and possible impacts of the planned interventions. Cement productionisaheavyindustryandisexpectedtochangenaturalhabitats,sincethe raw materials are entirely land resources. The EthioCement PLC Project area is locatedintheCentralHighlandPlateauofEthiopia,whichisknownforitsendemic plantsandanimals,andforitsuniquehabitats. Thestudyattemptstoaddressquestionslike:Whatarethehabitattypesinthe projectarea?Whatisthecurrentlandusetype?Whichspeciesofplantsandanimals occurthere?Howmanyofthemareendemicandthreatened?Whichoneshave specifichabitat(specificityofspecies)?OrBiomerestrictedspecies?Howmanyare threatened?Whataretheirthreatcategories?Howmuchisthehabitatrepresented inthecountry?Regionally?Howimportantisthehabitatforconservationof regionalfloraandfauna?
4.2.2.5.1.2Objectives
Theobjectivesofthisstudyare: To describe the vegetation and habitat types, their uniqueness and representationnationallyandregionally; Tolistthespeciesofplantsandanimals,includingbirds; Tolistthreatenedspeciesandassesstheirconservationstatus; Toevaluatetheconservationvalueofthehabitat,speciallyasimportantbird area;and Toassessiftheareafallswithinanyprotectedareasysteminthecountry.
4.2.2.5.2 METHODSOFDATACOLLECTION,ANALYSISANDSYNTHESIS
61
4.2.2.5.2.1Studyarea
TheareasthathavebeensurveyedareEthioCementRawMaterialsproduction (Quarry)andPlant(CementPlant)sites,whicharelocatedinNorthShewaZoneof OromiaRegionalState,nearDarbaandChanchovillagesrespectively.TheQuarry Siteislocatedatabout75kmnorthofAddisAbaba,betweenDarbaTownand MogorRiver.Theareasurveyedinthisstudylieswithin10kmradiusoftheplanned QuarrySiteandtherawmaterialtransportingconveyorbeltcorridor.ThePlantSite islocatedat40kmnorthofAddisAbaba,westofChanchoTown.Itisborderingwith ChanchoTownontheeast,SibiluRiveronthewest,ChanchoDarbaRoadonthe north,andtheSulultaPlainonthesouth.BoththeQuarryandPlantsitesarepartsof theCentralHighlandsofEthiopia.
4.2.2.5.2.2MethodsofDataCollectionandCompilation
In order to accomplish the set objectives of the study pertaining to the ecological investigationoftheCoreProjectAreas,fieldsurveyandsamplingofthevegetation wereconducted.Thefaunaandflorawerelisted,andthoseplantspeciesdifficultto identify in the field were collected, pressed and taken to the National Herbarium (ETH) for drying and determination. For both plants and animals, the survey was conducted along transect lines crossing the landscape of the sites, covering all possiblelanduseandvegetationtypes. For the evaluation of the conservation status of endemic, near endemic and rare species of flora and fauna, we used the IUCN Categories and Criteria 3.1 (IUCN, 2001).Accordingly,thereare9IUCNthreatcategories,namely:Extinct(EX)Extinct inWild(EW),CriticallyEndangered(CR),Endangered(EN),Vulnerable(VU),Near threatened(NT),LeastConcern(LC),DataDeficient(DD)andNotEvaluated(N).For those species occurring in a natural habitat and recognized as CR, EN and VU, conservation measures should be in place to rescue them from extinction.
62 Additionally,birdsareoftenusedasindicatorsofhabitathealthandsitesofpriority areaforbiodiversityconservation,includingthoseofothertax(Bibbyetal.,1992). BirdLife International has developed globally recognized criteria to evaluate the importance of site for conservation of birds and other associated fauna and flora, known as important bird areas (IBA) (EWNHS, 1996; Fishpool and Evans, 2001). ForEthiopia,around78IBAsiteshavebeenidentifiedbasedontheavailabledata and a directory was already published (EWNHS, 1996). Important Bird Areas are identified based the presence of birds in ether of the global categories like: (1) globallythreatenedspecies,(2)restrictedrangespecies(restrictedtoendemicbird areasEBA),(3)biomerestrictedassemblage;(4)presenceofcongregations,mainly for wetland birds. With regard to biome assemblage, there are three in Ethiopia: Afrotropical Highland Biome, SomaliMasai Biome and SudanGuinea Savannah Biome. The conservation value of the sites for conservation, taking birds as indicators,wasassessedusingthecategoriesandcriteria. The nomenclature of plant taxa follows the published volumes of the Flora of EthiopiaandEritrea(Hedberg&Edwards,1989,1995;Edwardsetal.1995,1997, 2000;Hedbergetal.2003,2004,2006).Thedescriptionofthevegetationtypeswas basedontheinformationcompiledfortheConservationStrategyofEthiopiaandthe NationalBiodiversityStrategyandActionPlan(IBC,2005).
4.2.2.5.3MAJORFINDINGS 4.2.2.5.3.1VegetationandFlora 4.2.2.5.3.1.1Vegetationofthestudyarea

ThequarrySiteandconveyorbeltareaencompassdegradedAcaciawoodland,dry evergreenmontaneforestandgrasslandcomplexecosystems,whilethePlantSiteis alsoadegradeddryevergreenmontaneforestandgrasslandcomplex,andwetland (SibiluRiverandwetlandsadjacenttoit),whichfallwithinthefollowingaltitudinal ranges.
63 Shortdescriptionofthevegetationofthearea:QuarrySite(15502400m a.s.l.):Thevegetationoftheareahasbeencategorizedintothreeparts,based ontopographicfeaturesanddominantplantspecies,whicharecharacterized below: a. LowervalleyalongMogorRiverandtributaries(15501800m): gentleslopes,dominatedbyagriculturallandandsomehighly degradedwoodlanddottedwithsomeremnanttreesandshrubs (includingthosegrowingalongthebanksoftherivers).Major remnantwoodyplantspeciesandherbaceousplants(alsograssesand sedges)include:Ficussur,Ficusthonningii,Acaciaseyal,Acacia sieberiana,Tremaorientalis,Grewiaferruginea,Crotalariarosenii, Combretummolle,Agrostislachnantha,Andropogondistachyos, Andropogonschirensis,Anthephorapubescens,Aristidaadscensionis, Arthraxonlancifolius,Brachiariacomata,Chlorisgayana,Digitaria tenata,Digitariavelutina,Cyperusalternifolius,Cyperusfischeranus, etc. b. Hill slopes (18002350): this part was formerly covered with dry evergreenmontaneforest,asevidencedwithafewremnanttreeslike Oleaeuropaeasubsp.cuspidata,Acaciapilispina,Buddlejapolystachya, Dombeya torrida, Maytenus addat, Rhus retinorrhoea and Rhamnus staddo. Other commonly encountered plants include: Otostegia integrifolia, Dodonaea angustifolia, Becium grandiflorum, Calpurnia aurea,Saturjeapunctata,Osyrisquadripartita,Euclearacemosasubsp. schimperi, Acacia persicifolia, Hypoestes forsskaolii, Oxalis obliquifolia andPolygalapersicariifolia.
c. Upper part (Hill top) (23502400): this part is gentle slope, and mainly under intensive cultivation with some patches of (open wooded)grasslandusedasgrazingland.Majorplantspeciesinclude Acacia abyssinica, Echinops macrochaetus, Maytenus arbutifolia, Oxygonum sinuatum, Scorpiurus muricatus, Trifolium semipilosum,
64 Cyanotis barbata, Guizotia scabra, Galium spurium, Spermacoce sphaerostigma, Solanum nigrum, Cirsium vulgare, Eleusine floccifolia, PennisetumsphaecelatumandCommelinaafricana. ShortdescriptionofthevegetationoftheareaPlantSite(25502700): a. Wetland(SibiluRiverandwetlandadjacenttotheriver),grasslandat thefootoflowhillsandcultivatedland(ca.25502600).Majorplant species include: Potamogeton pusillus, Potamogeton schweifurthii, Potamogeton thunbergii, Myriophyllum spicatum, Lagarosiphon steudneri, Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum, Hebenstreitia angolensis, Solanecio tuberosus, Salvia merjamie, Salvia nilotica, Ranunculus multifidus, Cyanotis barbata, Craterostigma pumilum, Swertia abyssinica, Spergula arvensis, Artemisia abyssinica, Crinum abyssinicum,Kniphofiainsignis,Cyperusdigitatus,Pennisetumvillosum, Pennisetumclandestinum,Rumexnepalensis,Carduusschimperi,Cotula abyssinica, marginatum, Cynodon dactylon, Veronica abyssinica, Solanum Euphorbia platyphyllos, Trifolium semipilosum,
Oldenlandia monanthos, Oxalis obliquifolia, Sida schipmeriana and Rumexnepalensis. b)Hillyareasandsettlement(26002700):thispartusedtobeunderdry evergreenmontaneforest,isnowwithonlyremnantsofcharacteristic specieslikeOleaeuropaeasubsp.cuspidata,Juniperusprocera,Maytenus obscura,Maytenusarbutifolia,Cheilanthusfarinosa,Buddlejapolystachya, Nuxiacongesta,Acaciapilispina,Aloedebrana,Rumexnervosus,Rhamnus staddo,Urerahypselodendron,Rosaabyssinica,Pennisetumsphaecelatum, Kalanchoepetitiana,LaggeratomentosaandKniphofiafoliosa.Currently,itis mainlyoccupiedbyvillagesandhomesteadplantationofEucalyptusglobulus.
4.2.2.4.3.1.1.1 Vegetation of Quarry Site: The study on the vegetation of the

Quarry Site resulted in three types: Acacia dominated woodland which is now predominantly under cultivation, occupying the lowlying river valleys and gentle
65 slopes, followed by scrubland on steep slopes at middle altitude, and montane grassland with some scattered trees at the upper most part of the area. Totally, about 275 species of vascular plants have been recorded from the study area surroundingtheQuarrySite.Ofthese,16speciesareendemicandnearendemicto Ethiopia(thenearendemictaxaextendingintothehighlandofEritrea).Thelistsof plant species recorded from the area and the conservation status of endemic and nearendemictaxaaregiveninAnnex4andTable31respectively. Table31.ListofendemicandnearendemicplantsintheEthioCementPLCQuarry Siteandtheirconservationstatus No. SpeciesandAuthority(ies)names Family Conservation Status 1 AloedebranaChristian Aloaceae LC 2 AloeelegansTod. Aloaceae LC(Eritrea) 3 Beciumgrandiflorum(Lam.)Pic.Serm. Lamiaceae NT(Eritrea) 4 Crotalariarosenii(Pax)MilneRedh.ex Fabaceae NT Polhill 5 CussoniaostiniiChiov. Araliaceae NT 6 Cyphostemmaniveum(Schweinf.) Vitaceae LC(Eritrea) Descoings 7 ImpatiensrothiiHook.f. Balsaminaceae LC 8 KalanchoepetitianaA.Rich. Crassulaceae LC(Eritrea) 9 Laggeratomentosa(A.Rich.)Sch.Bip. Asteraceae NT 10 Leucasstachydiformis(Hochst.exBenth.) Lamiaceae NT 11 LippiaadoensisHochst.exWalp. Verbenaceae LC(Eritrea) 12 Maytenusaddat(Loes.)Sebsebe Celastraceae NT 13 Rhussp.nov. Anacardiaceae CR 14 SolanummarginatumL.f. Solanaceae LC(Eritrea) 15 TrifoliumschimperiA.Rich. Fabaceae NT 16 UrticasimensisHochst.eSteud. Urticaceae LC CR=CriticallyEndangered;NT=NearThreatened;LC=LeastConcern 4.2.2.5.3.1.1.2 Vegetation of the Plant Site: the vegetation of the Plant Site is mainly wetland, grassland and cultivated land, and highly degraded dryevergreen montane forest (now mainly settlement surrounded by Eucalyptus globulus plantationandsomeremnanttrees).Thereareabout234speciesofvascularplants, of which 17 are endemic or near endemic to Ethiopia (the near endemic species extendingintothehighlandofEritrea).Thelistsofplantspeciesrecordedfromthe areaandtheconservationstatusofendemictaxaaregiveninAnnex5andTable32
66 respectively. Of the 16 endemic and near endemic species recorded, only one, the unnamed Rhus species, which is known only from two collections, have been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR), based on the IUCN Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2001), while the rest have already been assessed as Near Threatened (7 species) or Least Concern (8 species) by Vivero et al. (2005, 2006). One of the species,Maytenusaddat,wasassessedasEndangered(E),byEnsermuKelbessaet al.(1992),basedontheoldIUCNCategoriesandCriteria(Davisetal.1986).Among thosethathavebeenassessedasNearThreatened(NT)andLeastConcern(LC),six speciesalsooccurinEritreaandareconsiderednearendemic,astheymainlyoccur inEthiopiawithextensionintothehighlandofEritrea,asthespeciesbelongtothe Eastern Afromontane Hotspot (CI, 2004). The Quarry Site does not belong to any protected area. However, although most areas have been severely degraded and maynotdeserveprotection,thehillslopesdeserverehabilitationthroughphysical and biological means. Otherwise, further degradation may incur serious landslide whichwouldaffectpeoplelivinginthelowland. Table32.ListofendemicandnearendemicplantsfromtheEthioCementPLC PlantSiteandtheirconservationstatus No. SpeciesandAuthority(ies)Names Family Conservation Status 1 AeollanthusabyssinicusHochst.exBenth. Lamiaceae LC 2 AloedebranaChristian Aloaceae LC 3 ArisaemaaddisababenseChiov. Arecaceae CR 4 BidenscarinataCuf.exMesfin Asteraceae VU(Eritrea) 5 Bidensmacroptera(Sch.Bip.exChiov.) Asteraceae LC(Eritrea) Mesfin 6 EchinopslongisetusA.Rich. Asteraceae LC 7 ImpatiensrothiiHoo.f. Balsaminaceae LC 8 KalanchoepetitianaA.Rich. Crassulaceae LC(Eritrea) 9 KniphofiafoliosaHochst. Asphodeliaceae LC 10 KniphofiainsignisRendle Asphodeliaceae CR 11 Laggeratomentosa(A.Rich.)Sch.Bip. Asteraceae NT 12 Leucasstachydiformis(Hochst.exBenth.) Lamiaceae NT 13 LippiaadoensisHochst.exWalp. Verbenaceae NT(Eritrea) 14 Plectocephalusvarians(A.Rich.)C.Jeffrey Asteraceae LC(Eritrea) exCuf. 15 Solaneciogigas(Vatke)C.Jeffrey Asteraceae LC 16 SolanummarginatumL.f. Solanaceae LC(Eritrea) 17 UrticasimensisHochst.exSteud. Urticaceae LC
67 CR=CriticallyEndangered;VU=Vulnerable;NT=NearThreatened;LC=Least Concern Ofthe234plantspeciesrecordedintheEthioCementPlantSite,17havebeen foundtobeendemicornearendemictoEthiopia.Twoofthestrictendemictaxa havebeenassessedasCriticallyEndangered(CR)byViveroetal.(2006),whileone taxonwasassessedasVulnerable(VU).Thesethreetaxashouldbegivenspecial attentioninanydevelopmentintervention,astheyhavealreadybeenthreatened. Therest,14specieshavebeenassessedasNearThreatened(NT)orLeastConcern (LC),whichmeansthatwiththecurrentlyavailableinformation,theyarenot threatened,althoughprecautionarystepsmaybeneedednottodrivethemtowards themorethreatenedcategories.Sixofthetaxaarenearendemicswiththeir distributionextendedintothehighlandofEritrea.AlthoughthePlantSitedoesnot fallwithinanyoftheprotectedareasinEthiopia,comparedtotheQuarrySite,itis inhabitsmorethreatenedplantspeciesandthewetlandisverycrucialforthe survivalofnotonlythethreatenedplantsbutalsoforbirdsandotheranimals.Itis alsoamajorsourceofwaterandhayforthelocalpeople
4.2.2.5.3.2.Fauna
4.2.2.5.3.2.1.Quarrysite
As described above, the original natural habitat at the Quarry Site is highly degraded. Most characteristic species of birds with specific natural habitat are thoughttohavebeenlostwithhabitatloss.Duringthestudy,atransectwalkofat least 7 km along the conveyor belt route and Quarry Site was assessed to record birds.Totally,102speciesofbirdswererecorded,outofwhichthreewereendemic. From the conservation point of view, most are of Least Concern (LC) according to IUNCN red list (IUCN, 2007), while one species, i.e. Ruppells Vulture, is Near Threatened (NT). Among the biome assemblage species, 10 Afrotropical Highland Biome (HB) species were recorded from the area. There are 48 HB species in Ethiopia, and the siteholds 20% of those. The list of endemicspecies of birds, HB speciesandallmammalsreportedtooccurintheareaispresentedinTable33.The checklistofallbirdsandtheconservationstatusisfoundinAnnex6.Giventhelow numberofHBandspeciesandabsenceofsignificantnumberofthreatenedspecies,
68 theQuarrySitedoesnotqualifytobedesignatedasaprotectedarea,nordoesitfall inanysucharea. Table33.ListofbirdswithconservationsignificanceandmammalsofQuarrySite (Rresident,Eendemic,HBAfrotropicalHighlandBiomeAssemblagespecies) Birds No. LatinName VernacularName Remarks IUCN Categ. 1 Gypsruppellii RuppellsVulture R NT 2 Francolinuserckelii ErkelsFrancolin R LC 3 Streptopelialugens DuskyTurtleDove R LC 4 Agapornistaranta BlackwingedLoveBird E*,R LC 5 Dendropicos Abyssinian R LC abyssinicus Woodpecker 6 Psophocichla GroundscraperThrush R LC litsipsirupa 7 Myrmecocichla WhitewingedCliffChat E*,R LC semirufa 8 Nectariniatacazze TacazzeSunbird R LC 9 Corvuscrassirostris ThickbilledRaven E*,R LC 10 Serinuscitrinelloides: AfricanCitril R LC 11 Serinustristriatus Brownrumped Seed R LC eater 12 Serinusstriolatus StreakySeedeater R LC Mammals 1 Orycteropusafer Aardvark LC 2 GenettaGenetta CommonGenet NT Cercopithecus aethiops 3 VervetMonkey NT 4 Papioanubis OliveBaboon NT Theropithecus 5 gelada Gelada NT Tragelaphusscriptus Bushbuck NT 6 7 Hystrixcristata CrestedPorcupine LC Phacochoerus 8 aethiopicus Warthog LC Potamochoerus 9 larvatus Bushpig LC Yellowspotted Rock 10 Heterohyraxbrucei Hyrax LC 11 Canismesomelas BlackbackedJackal LC AbyssinianHare NT 12 Lepushabessinicus SpottedHyena NT 13 Crocutacrocuta
IBA Categ. HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB
69 4.2.2.2.5.2.2.PlantSite ThehabitataroundthePlantSiteismorediverseinspeciesofbirds,includingthose endemic to Ethiopia. The majority of the area around the Plant Site is under its naturalcovertype,whichisdominatedbyhighlandgrassland.Thegrasslandisstill managedforhayproductionwithoutmuchmodificationthanannualharvestingand regular grazing by animals. Birds were recorded along transect line of ca. 10 km passingthroughthelandscapecoveringallhabitattypes.Around132specieswere recorded, of which 11 species are endemic. Based on IUCN red list (IUCN, 2001), there are one Endangered (EN) species, one Vulnerable (VU) and seven Near Threatened (NT) species of birds from the area. From IBA site evaluation point of view,theareaisrichinAfrotropicalHighlandBiomeAssemblage,having22species ofthetotal48speciesofthiscategoryknowntooccurinthewholeofEthiopia.The globally threatened species, EN, species found in the area is the Whitewinged Fluftails. The area is one of the few known breeding sites for the species, perhaps the most important in the world. The site falls within the Sululta Important Bird Area,whichisoneofthe78sitesidentifiedaspriorityareasfortheconservationof birdsandassociatedhabitat(EWNHS,1996).Thelistsofbirdsrecorded,andthose ofconservationimportancearepresentedinAnnnex7andTable34. Table34.ListofbirdswithconservationsignificanceandmammalsofQuarrySite (PMPalearcticmigrant) Birds No. LatinName 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bostrychia carunculata Cyanochencyanoptera Anasundulate Gypsafricanus Gypsruppellii Circusmacrourus Francolinussephaena Sarothruraayresi VernacularName WattledIbis BluewingedGoose YellowbilledDuck Whitebacked Vulture RuppellsVulture PallidHarrier CrestedFrancolin Whitewinged Flufftail Remarks IUCN Categ. E,R LC E,R R R R R R R NT LC NT NT NT LC EN IBA Categ. HB HB HB HB
70 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ruogetiusrougetii Gruscarunculatus Vanellus melanocephalus Gallinagomedia Columbaalbitorques Poicephalusflavifrons Caprimulgus poliocephalus Macronyxflavicollis Psophocichla litsipsirupa Cercomelasordida Parophasmagalinieri Parusleuconotus RougetsRail E,R WattledCrane R SpotbreastedPlover E,R GreatSnipe WhitecollardPigeon Yellowfronted Parrot MountainNightjar PM E,R E,R R E,R R R E,R E*,R R E*,R R R E,R R R R NT VU LC NT LC LC LC NT LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT NT NT NT NT HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB
AbyssinianLongclaw Groundscraper Thrush AlpineChat AbyssinianCatbird Whitebacked Black Tit Nectariniatacazze TacazzeSunbird Corvuscrassirostris ThickbilledRaven Passer griseus Greyheaded swainsonii Sparrow Ploceusbaglafecht BaglafechtWeaver Serinusnigriceps BlackheadedSiskin Serinuscitrinelloides: AfricanCitril Serinustristriatus BrownrumpedSeed eater Serinusstriolatus StreakySeedeater Mammals Orycteropusafer Aardvark Arvicanthis AbyssinianGrassRat abyssinicus Arvicanthisniloticus AfricanGrassRat Lepusstarcki Ethiopian Highland Hare Lepushabessinicus AbyssinianHare Crocutacrocuta SpottedHyena Sylvicapragrimmia CommonDuiker Tragelaphusscriptus Bushbuck
71
4.2.2.5.4.CONCLUSIONANDRECOMMENDATIONS
Thestudyhasrevealedthatthetwositesarerichinthediversityoffloraandfauna. Thetotalnumberofplantspeciesrecordedfromthetwositesis380ofwhich230 speciesarerecordedfromthePlantSitewhile273arefromtheQuarrySite.Atotal of 25 endemic and nearendemic species have been recorded. Sixteen of these endemictaxaarerecordedattheQuarrySite,while17arefromthePlantSite. TheyettobedescribedRhusspecieshasbeenassessedasCriticallyEndangered (CR)amongthe16endemicspeciesfromtheQuarrySite,whilealltherest(15) havebeenassessedasLeastConcern(LC)andNearThreatened(NT).Amongthe17 endemicplantspeciesfromthePlantSite,twospecies(Arisaemaaddisababense& Kniphofiainsignis)havebeenassessedasCriticallyEndangered(CR),whileone species(Bidenscarinata)hasbeenassessedasVulnerable(VU).Theremaining endemicspecies(14)havebeenassessedasLeastConcern(LC)orNearThreatened (NT). Regarding the fauna of the study sites, it was focused on birds, since birds are globally used as indicators for identification of priority sites for biodiversity conservation. A total of 102 species were recorded from the Quarry Site and the hillsides, three of which are endemic to Ethiopia. The endemic species and most otherbirdspeciesfromtheareahavebeenassessedaseitherLeastConcern(LC)or NearThreatened(NT).Thesameistrueformammalsrecordedinthearea. From the Plant Site, 132 species of birds have been recorded, of which 11 are endemic.Additionally,thesitewasfoundtoberichinAfrotropicalHighlandBiome Assemblage(HB)species.Thesiteisalsooneoftheveryfewknownhabitatsofan endangeredspecies(EN),WhitewingedFlufftail,andaVUspecies,WattledCrane. Most other species from the area have been assessed as either Near Threatened (NT)orLeastConcern(LC).
72 ThestudyhasalsoresultedintherecognitionofthevegetationoftheQuarrySiteas veryhighlydegraded,andmostpartshavebeenconvertedtoagriculturalfieldsand grazingland.ThehillsidefacingtheQuarryencompassesremnantsofthedry evergreenmontaneforest,withsomeendemicandnearendemicplantspecies. Becauseofitstopography,thehillsidedeservesrehabilitation.Itcanserveashabitat forseveralbirdspeciesofHBtypeandforthewatershedprotection.Theareadrains intoMogorRiver,whichisoneofthetributariesoftheBlueNile. Theproposedplantsitehasbeenfoundtobeanimportantwetlandandgrassland habitat,whichisrelativelyinitsnaturalstate,inhabitingseveralplantsandbirdsof conservationvalue.GiventhehighnumberofHBbirds,thepresenceofendangered specieswithrestrictedhabitatlikeWhitewingedFlufftail,thesitehasalreadybeen identifiedanImportantBirdArea(IBA),whichisaconservationpriorityareafor birdsandotherplantandanimalspecies. Therefore,thefollowingrecommendationsareforwarded: ThelowlandpartoftheQuarrySiteisnomoreimportantforconservation. ThehillslopesoftheQuarrySitemustberehabilitatedbyplantingtreesand increasing vegetation cover for watershed protection and original habitat restoration. ThewetlandsandgrasslandsaroundtheproposedCementPlantSiteshould be maintained and revegetated by ETCEM in its green belt development programincollaborationwiththelocalconcernedgovernmentbodies.
Photo 4 Vegetaion cover Photo 5 Vegetation cover around aroundquarryhillsidequarryonthetophillside
73
Photo 6vegetation cover Photo 7 the flora around the plant aroundthequarryhillsideontheplateauside
Photo8KniphofiainsignisoneofPhoto9theabysinnialongclawendemicflora /projectarea.Endemicfauna/projectarea
Photo10GeladababoononeofPhoto11Velevetmonkeyoneofthecommon fauna/projectarea.thecommonfauna/projectarea.
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4.2.2.5.5.REFERENCES CI(ConservationInternational).2004.HotspotsRevisited:EarthsBiologically RichestandMostEndangeredTerrestrialEcoregions.CEMEX.Pp.391. Bibby,C.J.,Crosby,M.J.,Johnson,T.H.,Long,A.J.,Statterfield,A.J.,andThirgood,S.J. 1992.PuttingBiodiversityonthemap:globalprioritesforconservation. ICBP,Cambridge,UK Davis,S.D.,droop,S.J.M.,Gregerson,P.,Henson,L.,Leon,C.J.,VillaLobos,J.L., Syringe, H. and Zantovska, J. 1986. Plants in danger: What do we know?IUCN.Gland,Switzerland&Cambridge,UK. Edwards,S.,MesfinTadesse&Hedberg,I.(eds).1995.FloraofEthiopiaandEritrea, Volume2, Part2:CanellaceaetoEuphorbiaceae.TheNationalHerbarium(ETH),Addis AbabaUniversity&DepartmentofSystematicBotany,UppsalaUniversity. AddisAbaba,EthiopiaandUppsala,Sweden. Edwards,S.,SebsebeDemissew&Hedberg,I.(eds).1997a.FloraofEthiopiaand Eritrea, Volume6:HydrocharitaceaetoArecaceae.AddisAbaba,Ethiopiaand Uppsala,Sweden. Edwards,S.,SebsebeDemissew&Hedberg,I.(eds).1997b.FloraofEthiopiaand Eritrea, Volume6:HydrocharitaceaetoArecaceae.TheNationalHerbarium(ETH), AddisAbabaUniversity&DepartmentofSystematicBotany,Uppsala University.AddisAbaba,EthiopiaandUppsala,Sweden. Edwards,S.,MesfinTadesse,SebsebeDenmissew&Hedberg,I.(eds).2000.Floraof Ethiopia andEritrea,Volume2,Part1:MagnoliaceaetoFlacourtiaceae.TheNational Herbarium(ETH),AddisAbabaUniversity&DepartmentofSystematic Botany,UppsalaUniversity.AddisAbaba,EthiopiaandUppsala,Sweden. Ensermu Kelbessa, Sebsebe Demissew, Zerihun Woldu & Edwards, S. 1992. Some
75 threatened endemic plantsof Ethiopia. In: SueEdwards&Zemede Asfaw (eds.), the status of some plant resources in parts of Tropical Africa, pp. 3555. Botany 2000: East and Central Africa. NAPRECA MonographSeriesNo.2. EWNHS1996.ImportantBirdAreasofEthiopia:Afirstinventory.EthiopianWildlife andNaturalHistorySociety,AddisAbaba. Fishpool, L. and Evans, M. (Eds.) 2001. Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands: Priority Sites for Conservation. BirdLife Conservation Series11.PiscesPublications. Hedberg,I.&Edwards,S.(eds).1989.FloraofEthiopiaandEritrea,Volume3: PittosporaceaetoAraliaceae.AddisAbabaandAsmara,EthiopiaandUppsala, Sweden. Hedberg,I.&Edwards,S.(eds).1995.FloraofEthiopiaandEritrea,Volume 7:Poaceae(Gramineae).TheNationalHerbarium(ETH),AddisAbaba University&DepartmentofSystematicBotany,UppsalaUniversity.Addis Ababa,EthiopiaandUppsala,Sweden. Hedberg,I.,Edwards,S.&SileshiNemomissa(eds).2003.FloraofEthiopiaand Eritrea, Volume4,Part1:ApiaceaetoDipsacaceae.AddisAbaba,Ethiopiaand Uppsala,Sweden. Hedberg,I.,Friis,I.&Edwards,S.(eds).2004.FloraofEthiopiaandEritrea,Volume 4, Part2:Asteraceae(Compositae).TheNationalHerbarium(ETH),Addis AbabaUniversity&DepartmentofSystematicBotany,UppsalaUniversity. AddisAbaba,EthiopiaandUppsala,Sweden. Hedberg,I.,EnsermuKelbessa,Edwards,S.,SebsebeDemissew&Persson,E.(eds). 2005. FloraofEthiopiaandEritrea,Volume5:GentiaceaetoCyclocheilaceae.The NationalHerbarium(ETH),AddisAbabaUniversity&Departmentof SystematicBotany,UppsalaUniversity.AddisAbaba,EthiopiaandUppsala, Sweden.
76 IBC.2005.NationalBiodiversitystrategyandactionplan.FDRE,Instituteof BiodiversityConservation,AddisAbaba. IUCN.2001.IUCNRedListCategoriesandCriteria:Version3.1.PreparedbytheIUCN SpeciesSurvivalCommission.IUCN,Gland,SwitzerlandandCambridge,UK. IUCN.2007.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Gland.Switzerland. Vivero,J.L.,EnsermuKelbessaandSebsebeDemissew.2005.TheRedListof EndemicTreesandShrubsofEthiopiaandEritrea.Fauna&Flora International,Cambridge,UK. Vivero,J.L.,EnsermuKelbessa&Sebsebe,Demissew(2006).ProgressontheRed Listof PlantsofEthiopiaandEritrea:Conservationandbiogeographyofendemic floweringtaxa.In:Ghazanfar,S.A&Beentje,H.J.(eds.),TaxonomyandEcology ofAfricanPlants,theirConservationandSustainableUse,pp.761778. Proceedingsofthe17thAETFATCongress.AddisAbaba,Ethiopia.Kew Publishing,RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew.
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4.2.3
TRAFFICFLOWSURVEY
Thetrafficflowonthemajorroadsaroundtheprojectsitehasbeenmonitored.The flowoftrafficessentiallyshowsaconsistentpatternwhichwillonlybeincreasedin the market day once in a week. Walks and riding on horse backs account for the dominantfloweveninthisday. ThetrafficflowsurveyconductedattheDerbaJunction.Thistrafficsurveyhasbeen carried out from 11/07/2008 up to 17/07/2008. the counts were made in three shifts for eight hours each that is the first shift is from the (6:00 am to 2:00 pm) secondshift(2:00pmto10:00pm)andthethirdshiftisfrom(4:00pmto6:00am) forfivedaysandnightcountwasmadefortheremainingtwodays(6:00pmto6:00 am),ofwhichoneisamarketday. Sincethevolumeand compositionoftrafficishomogeneousthroughout this road, theDerbajunctionroadisfoundat2kilometerfromtheEthiocementplantsiteand thislocationisselectedasthemonitoringstationforbothDerbaroadandAddisto Bahirdar road. Derba road branches off from the main road Addis to Bahirdar at Chancho with a total of 23 km to Derba. . The traffic flow from Addis Ababa to Bahirdar is also monitored at the Derba junction. Since the station has one leg or direction,twowaytrafficwascountedinsingleform. The vehicle classification used in the analysis is consistent with Ethiopian Roads Authoritys(ERAs)vehicleclasses.Themotorizedtrafficisfurtheranalyzedgroup wise in terms of passenger and freight vehicles categorized based on the kind of service rendered. Passenger vehicles include Car, Land Rover, Small Bus, Medium BusandLargeBus.FreightvehiclesgroupontheotherhandcomprisesSmallTruck, Medium Truck, Heavy Truck and Truck Trailer base on their respective load capacity.ThetypeofvehiclesrepresentedbyeachcategoryisasshowninTable0
78 Table35Vehicleclassification Vehiclegroup Passenger Vehicles Vehiclecategory Cars LandRover,4WD Minibus Typeofvehicles SmallCars,Taxis LandCruisers,StationWagons, DoubleCabin Buswith1224seatsand includessuchvehiclesasmini bus FreightVehicles MediBus LargeBus Smalltrucks(pickups andIsuzus) MediumTrucks HeavyTrucks TruckTrailers 4.2.3.1.RESULTSOFTHETRAFFICSURVEY Therawtrafficcountdataoftheroadprojectwereprocessedinordertoestimate therequiredAverageDailyTraffic(ADT)whichshowsthe24hourstrafficflows. ThetrafficcountresultshavebeenconvertedtoAverageDailyTraffic(ADT)forthe roadsectionandaregivenbelow. Buswith2445seats Buswith45to60seats Truckwithupto3.5tonload includingpickups,Isuzu Truckswith3.6to7.6tonload Truckswith12to24tonload Truckswithabove24tonload
79
AddistoBahirdar Table36Averagedailytrafficfromdate11/12/00upto17/12/00from6AM2PM
Date 11/12/2000 12/12/2000 13/12/2000 14/12/2000 15/12/2000 16/12/2000 17/12/2000 Total Average Car 90 46 36 33 51 38 67 361 52 Land Rover 83 88 74 53 61 58 54 471 67 Mini Medi Large Bus 43 43 30 35 43 44 24 262 37 Pick up& Isuzu 150 126 143 142 173 158 108 1000 143 Medi D/ Truck 24 16 24 29 18 25 14 150 21 Large Trailer 45 23 20 47 34 28 27 224 32 Others Horsecart Cart,Bicycle,motorcycle Cart,motorcycle, Cart Cart,motorcycle
Bus Bus 224 40 238 24 264 16 224 17 280 21 231 27 270 22 1731 167 247 24
D/Truck 17 16 33 23 38 13 13 153 22
AddistoBahirdar Table37Averagedailytrafficfromdate11/12/00upto17/12/00from2pm10pm
Date 11/12/2000 12/12/2000 13/12/2000 14/12/2000 15/12/2000 16/12/2000 17/12/2000 Total Average Car 63 42 17 29 26 32 30 239 34 Land Rover 90 57 37 24 31 46 34 319 46 Mini Medi Large Bus 17 22 11 19 12 12 21 114 16 Pickup& Medi D/ Isuzu Truck 144 25 272 69 156 40 224 109 204 56 280 64 112 39 1392 402 199 57 Large Trailer 29 37 27 24 30 24 34 205 29 Others Cart Cart,motorcycle Cart Cart Cart,lobed Motorcycle Cart,
Bus Bus 168 8 183 19 130 5 146 7 146 8 168 17 112 9 1053 73 150 10
D/Truck 21 9 26 18 27 13 25 139 20
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AddistoBahirdar Table38Averagedailytrafficfromdate11/12/00upto17/12/00from10Pm6Am
Date 11/12/2000 12/12/2000 13/12/2000 14/12/2000 15/12/2000 16/12/2000 17/12/2000 Total Average Car 2 2 1 3 4 6 4 22 3 Land Rover 3 11 18 16 14 23 13 98 14 Mini Bus 38 35 51 41 41 45 33 284 41 Medi Bus 2 2 2 6 5 2 1 20 3 Large Bus 1 7 3 10 4 10 4 39 6 Pickup& MediD/ Large Trailer Isuzu Truck D/Truck 56 28 6 8 67 39 15 12 62 21 4 10 91 37 12 32 56 22 5 9 93 23 13 20 56 12 6 14 481 182 61 105 69 26 9 15 Others Lobed, Lobed
AddistoBahirdar Table39Averagedailytrafficfromdate11/12/00upto17/12/00within24hour
Car Land Rover 176 156 129 93 106 127 101 888 127 Mini Medi Large Pick up& Bus Isuzu 61 350 72 465 44 361 64 457 59 433 66 531 49 276 415 2873 59 410 Medi D/ Truck 77 124 85 175 96 112 65 734 105 Large Trailer 82 72 57 103 73 72 75 534 76
Date
Others Cart Cart,motorcycle Cart,motorcycle,lobed Cart,lobed Cart,lobed,motorcycle Cart,lobed,motrcycle Cart,lobed,motorcycle
11/12/2000 155 12/12/2000 90 13/12/2000 54 14/112/2000 65 15/12/2000 81 16/12/2000 76 17/12/2000 101 Total 622 Average 89
Bus Bus 430 50 456 45 445 23 411 30 467 34 444 46 415 32 3068 260 438 37
D/Truck 44 40 63 53 70 39 44 353 50
81
Derba Table40Averagedailytrafficfromdate11/12/00upto17/12/00from6Am2Pm
Date 11/12/2000 12/12/2000 13/12/2000 14/12/2000 15/12/2000 16/12/2000 17/12/2000 Total Average Car 1 2 5 14 5 6 3 36 5 Land Rover 3 0 6 0 4 6 1 20 3 Mini Bus 21 15 32 19 72 22 8 189 27 Medi Bus 0 1 2 1 3 6 2 15 2 Large Bus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pickup& MediD/ Large Trailer Isuzu Truck D/Truck 30 12 19 1 36 10 20 2 52 14 22 3 26 18 29 0 53 11 23 0 47 22 15 0 44 11 1 0 288 98 129 6 41 14 18 1 Others
Derba Table41Averagedailytrafficfromdate11/12/00upto17/12/00from2Pm10Pm
Date 11/12/2000 12/12/2000 13/12/2000 14/112/2000 15/12/2000 16/12/2000 17/12/2000 Total Average Car 0 2 1 4 7 3 2 19 3 Land Rover 6 1 21 0 0 4 4 36 5 Mini Bus 15 32 0 14 11 38 16 126 18 Medi Bus 0 0 0 2 4 0 5 11 2 Large Bus 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 19 3 Pickup& MediD/ Large Trailer Isuzu Truck D/Truck 12 3 22 0 29 27 3 0 5 24 0 0 21 25 3 0 21 1 19 0 56 15 2 2 14 4 20 0 158 99 69 2 23 14 10 0
Others
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Derba Table42Averagedailytrafficfromdate11/12/00upto17/12/00from10Pm6Am
Date 11/12/2000 12/12/2000 13/12/2000 14/12/2000 15/12/2000 16/12/2000 17/12/2000 Total Average Car 0 0 20 0 5 0 0 25 4 Land Rover 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mini Bus 1 4 25 6 23 13 19 91 13 Medi Bus 0 0 0 2 0 7 0 9 1 Large Bus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pickup& MediD/ Large Trailer Isuzu Truck D/Truck 2 2 1 0 7 2 5 1 25 9 1 0 12 3 11 0 23 11 0 0 21 7 13 0 20 8 0 0 110 42 31 1 16 6 4 0 Others
Derba Table43Averagedailytrafficfromdate11/12/00upto17/12/00within24hour
Car Land Rover 9 1 27 0 4 10 5 56 8 Mini Bus 37 51 57 39 106 73 43 406 58 Medi Bus 0 1 2 5 7 13 7 35 5 Large Bus 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 19 3 Pick up& Isuzu 44 72 82 59 97 124 78 556 79 Medi D/ Truck 17 39 47 46 23 44 23 239 34 Large Trailer 1 3 3 0 0 2 0 9 1
Date
Others
11/12/2000 1 12/12/2000 4 13/12/2000 26 14/112/2000 18 15/12/2000 17 16/12/2000 9 17/12/2000 5 Total 80 Average 11
D/Truck 42 28 23 43 42 30 21 229 33
83 Table 1 up to table 3 shows each shifts traffic flow of Addis Ababa to Bahirdar main roadfollowedbytable4whichshowsthedailyaverageof24hourstrafficflow.Asitis observed from Table 4 average daily traffic flow on the Derba road is very high comparedtothetrafficflowontheDerbaroadasitisobservedinTable8 Table5Table7showseachshiftstrafficflowoftheDerbaroad.Thetrafficflowofthe DerbaroadasitistabulatedinTable8forthe24hours;thetrafficflowiscurrentlyled bythepickupsandIsuzustheyaremainlycarryingseedsandproductsofthefarmers to the market the pickups are used by companies like old Mugher, Derba Midrock, governmentalofficesandEthioCement.ThenfollowedbytheMinibusesandtheyare basically used for the community transportation. The Medium and large dump trucks arecurrentlyusedmainlyforcementandrawmaterialtransportationoftheAbyssinia cement,fortheconstructionactivitiesofDerbaMidrockandEthioCement. 4.2.3.2.CONCLUSIONS EthioCementwillproduce2800tonsofcementperdaytobedispatchedtothemarket when the factory reaches to its full capacity. As it is observed the cement industrys cementdeliverytrendinthecountrymostlytrailersareusedhavingaloadingcapacity from300400quintals.Thereforeifthistrendisfollowedforthecalculationandifthe minimumloadingcapacityistaken93truckswillberequiredtodeliverthecementto the market. If we consider the proposed Derba Midrock with a daily capacity of 5600tons per day and if we take the same assumptions, it may requires around 187 truckstodeliverthecementtothemarket. Ethio Cement to dispatch the cement and to reach to the main road there is only 2 kilometer distance from the factory. However the raw material transported from the Derbaareawillusethedumptrucksand30tonsdumptrucksareplannedtobeused forthispurpose.Totransportthe3000tonsofrawmaterialfromthisareaaround35 truckswillbeused.Thereforetotallythetrafficflowintheareawillreachtobemore than315trucks.
84 Therefore with the joint effort of Ethio Cement and Derba Midrock a standard road whichwillaccommodatetheaboveindicatedtrafficflowwillbeconstructed.Thejoint collaboration of these two companies is already started in the 8 kilometer road constructionfromDerbatoBecho(EthioCementintermediatesiteandDerbaMidrock plantsite).Thistrendwillcontinueandhighlystrengtheninconstructingtheremaining 23kilometerroadfromDerbatoChancho.Inthebeginningthis8kilometernewroad wasopenedbyEthioCementandthenafteritisdonejointly.Andtheopeningofthis road create access to the community to transport all their product to directly to the marketusingIsuzus,previouslytheywereenforcedtotransporttheirproductthrough thebackofDonkeysorbyshouldercarryingtothemarketandbackfromthemarket. Therefore the construction of the road is changing and will change tremendously the livelihoodofthefarmersinthearea.
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4.2.4CULTURAL,HISTORICALANDARCHEOLOGICALFEATURES
Thestudygenerallyreliedonqualitativemethodstounderstanddifferentperception andinterestandhowtheseinfluencetheimpactedcommunity.Particularly,the followingapproacheswereemployedtogather,analyze,andinterpretdata: Informalinterview Keyinformantinterview Observation Secondarydatareview.
4.2.4.1Backgroundtotheprojectarea
According to the current administrative structure, the project area is situated in Oromia Regional National State in Mulo (mining & transit area) and Sululuta (plant area) districts of north Shoa Zone. The present settlement is dated back to 1974 popular revolution of Ethiopia the abolished ownership of the land to private land owners ThecomingofMeneiikadministrationpavedwayforthefootingofAlagaa(aliens)into OromolandthatintensifiedduringHaileSellassie(Alemayehu,2004andHirpha,2006). Moreover these researchers noted that the Oromo suffers from daunting poverty becauseofgovernmentplanneddevelopmentandlandtenuresystem.Thecomingof successiverulersofEthiopiatopowerwasnotonlytoservegovernmentstructures,but also in the form of landlord before the popular revolution of 1974. Despite all these people claim that they belong to this land on which their and their ancestors handhurraa(umbilicalcord)wasburied. Anumberofriversandmountainarefoundnorthwestintheenvironsofthestudysite, Siblu,Garbi,andmugararethemajortributaryofBlueNile.Theseriversandmountain serve as ritual (Irrechaa) places. The dominant population of the area is Oromos that they earn living from mixed agriculture the sole occupation that absorbs the rapidly growingindigenousinhabitants.
4.2.4.2HistoryoftheRegion
The Oromo are one of the ancient groups of people living in the horn of Africa. The OromobeingoneofthemostnumerousnationsinAfricaenjoyahomogenousculture and shared common language, history and descent. Baxter (1983:131) states, each of the several Oromo groups cherishes descent from an eponymous ancestors or family stock named Oromo. The Oromo from one of those Cushitics groups, which spread southwardsandtheneastandwestoccupyinglargepartofthehornofAfrica. DespitedifferentinlocatingthespecificareaoftheoriginoftheOromo,theseandmany other authors have not questioned the fact that Oromo are indigenous to eastern and
86 northeasternAfrica.Forinstance,AleqaTaye(citedinAlemeyehu,P.23)alligedthatthe Oromo migrated from Asia and Madagascar, entered Africa Via Mombasa and spread north and east wards. Even today there are elite still sees these myths and fables of ancientworldtoberelevanttothepresentdaylife(Megerssa).
4.2.4.3Religion
Indescribingthenatureofreligion,thestudycommunitypredominantlybelievesin OrthodoxChristianitydominatedwithjuxtaposedOromotraditionalbelieveand practice.ThesetraditionalbeliefsandritualsincludeAyana,Atete,Adbar,Irreechaa andHamachisa.TheOromotraditionalreligion,Waaqeffannaawhichisbelievedto haveexistedsincemythicaltimesandatthesametimeindigenoustothestudypeople prevaileddespitethefactthatalmostallthestudypeoplehadtakenChristianity. Bartels(1995)alsoreaffirmedthattakingChristianityorMuslimcouldntrefrain OromofromworshipingtheirWaqaaallthewaythroughconductingritualceremonies similartotheirancestors.ForthemWaqaaisthecreatorofeverything,sourceofall life,omnipotent,infinite,andincompressible(Bartels1995).Hecandoanything.Heis pure,intolerantofinjustice,crime,sinandallfalsehood. Theirclanbasedsocialinstitutionplayspivotalroleinkeepingthecommunityto remainintactwiththeirindigenousreligiouspracticesaseverymemberofthe communitymerelyadvisesbegottenchildrenandotherstoperformthereligiousrituals inordertobesuccessfulintheirdailylife. Thelocalpopulationhasscaredassociations,placeoffuneralatdifferentchurchssuch asSaintMedihenAlemquarryarea,SaintMaryintermediatesite,MatimikuYohanesat claymaterialareaandEgizerabplantarea.Howeverthereisnodirectimpactrelated withtheprojectexcepthefearforblockingaccessroadbecauseofminingonly. Furthermore,beforetheytookChristianityasinformantsexplainedtherearefuneral placesinandaroundtherefamingandgrazinglandthattheyconsideredassacred places.OntheotherhandplacesoftraditionalworshipandresidenceofAbbaAyana arelocatedinandaroundtheprojectinterventionarea.
IrreechaRitual
Every year on the same day with Meskele the finding of the true cross at the end of September, faithful community members come together to celebrate Irreechaa ritual. Irreecha (thanks giving and praying festival) is celebrated annually before the beginning of the harvest season. According to informants, Irreechaa is attached most importantly to the trees, the mountains, and the lake and permanent water source. IrreechatakesplaceamongfaithfulOromoswhiletheycrosstheriver,climbmountain orhillorcrossknownritualplaces. Irreechaiscelebratedattimeswheneveryplantbecomesgreenandtheenvironment adjoiningMalkaDireiseyecatching.AttheendofSeptemberrainbringtoanend,mud dryanddustnotaggravated.Inthewordsoftheinformants,beforetimeofsuccessive government lead intervention, at this time of the year cows give better milk and the
87 bullsfatteningasthereisadequategrassgrownintheareaforwhich,thelivestockhave accessedtoreservedfodderaftertherainstopped. Every member of the community greets each other by saying, Baga Booruu Gannaa ceetani boaqa birraa geessaan meaning you are welcome from the rainy summer season to sunny spring season. On the occasion women usually wear buree (colored dressmadeupofcotton),Chalee(ornament)andholdsinqee(ritualstick)andokolee (milk container). According to the informants, they encounter societal illness unless everythingthattheirancestorsexperiencedperformed. TothankandpraytotheirWaqaaforhisdeedandtothebettermentofthefutureisa beliefsystemthathaslongtraditionamongthefaithfulstudycommunity.Inthewords oftheinformantobediencetosafu(peaceandorderofWaqaa)enablesthemtolead healthy,wealthyandprosperouslife,whileviolatingsafuresultsinprevalenceofchaos and disaster and societal illness. Thanks giving and praying commenced by three elders.Thelastprayerstartedhisprayingbysayingyaawaqiisadiiebifaanasanyi sadeen nu qjeelichi meaning God please favor us for perpetuation of the three genes (humanbeing,cattleandcrops). ElderswithfreshmemoriesrecallthatcasesatwhichIrreecharitualconductedwhen theparticularcommunityfacesdisaster,drought,famineandwar.Insuchcasemostly women go to Melka (river bank) to pray to seek solution from Waqaa for their inquires.Intheviewoffaithfulcommunitymembers,theperformanceoftheritualis theintegralpartoftheirspirituallife. Theyprayforimprovementofcropyield,forcureofsocietalandindividualillness,for fertility of animals and plants for grass to grow well and for the cows to give milk. Duringtheritualmen,womenandchildrendescendeddowntotheriverbankholding chaqorsa (grass) and bloomed daises that grows wild and wet during spring by chantingmareeo. TheritualinvolvestheuseofwordsandactiontogivethanksandtopraytoWaqaa.In sum,whentheychantformareeotheyrequestWaqaatoberesponsivetotheirprayer aseveryprayerisconvincedWaqaaisforgivingandgenerous.Theprayersplacedtheir grassacrosstheshoreofMelkatouchedandeverybodykneeleddownandkissed groundandcontinuedpraying. Accordingtotheinformants,theritualreinforcesthebasictenetsofOromoreligionas performingtheIrreechaiscommunicatingtoWaqaainresponsetotheirspiritualand material inquires. By reinforcing group norms of worshipers, it helps to bring social harmony. In the belief system of the community the most logical explanation of social illness, accidentsandotherunexpectedoccurrencesisthewillofWaqaaformisbehaviorsby member of the family or community. Thus, Irreecha pilgrimage is the peace making ritualamongtheparticulargroupandconveyssolidarityamongcommunity.Itisoneof
88 theplaceswherethestudycommunitypraysandacknowledgestheirWaqaaforallhis did all the way through pray and song. The Irreecha persists even if all community members accept Christianity. This is different from what anthropologist called syncretism. They openly practice the ritual and there are times at which their father fatherconfessorsparticipatewiththem. AccesstoreligiousandRitualplaces As we mentioned in the previous paragraph, the study people areorthodox.However theyperformotherritualactivitiesthattheybelieveareassociatedwiththewellbeing oftheirfamilyandsuccessintheirdailylife.Onepfthekeyinformantssaidtheyhave strong association with the land were they earn living and buried their dead as they have obedience with Dekera (sprit of the dead). However there is no church that is goingtobedemolishedbecauseoftheinterventionbytheproject.Theritualplacessuch as Adbar, Malka, Burka, Tullu, and burial of the ancestors before they take Christianityarepossibleydispossessedbytheproject.
4.2.4.4MutualHelpOrganization
Daboo/Jigie Dabooistaskorientedtraditionalstructuresorganizedtopulllaborforvarious activitiesthatmightnotbemanagedprivately.Itisoneofthemostwellknown indigenousformsofvoluntaryassociationthroughwhichruralcommunitiescooperate witheachothertomeetsocialandeconomicends(Taddesse,2000:2).Memberofthe studycommunitypracticedDabooforagriculturalactivitiessuchasploughing,weeding andharvesting.Furthermoreconstructionofhousesandfencingaresomeofnon agriculturalactivitiesthatcanbecarriedoutunderDaboo.Thisoftenpracticedand involvespreparationoffoodanddrinkforthelaborthatthehostingpersonhas obtained. Dabooisnotnecessarilybasedonthebasesofreciprocity.AccordingtoTaddesse (2000)thereareoccasionswhenotherconsiderationsotherthanreciprocityaretaken intoaccount.Thephysicallyhandcaped,widowandsickandagedpersonsarehelped bydabooinagriculturalactivitiesandinbuildinghouses. Thesocialbondcreatedbythisarrangementisstrongandtheyserveasaforumforthe exchange of experiences on timely operations, market information and weather conditions. It also serves for sharing information on the prevailing situation and problemssuchasHIV/AIDS.Thus,itscontributiontowardsinformationdissemination isimmenseasitservesasaplatformwhereonecaneffortlesslyequippedhimselfwith contemporaryundertakings.
Iddir Iddiristhemostfrequenttypeofcommunitybasedmutualhelporganizationsinand aroundDirearea.Itisanotherformofindigenousvoluntaryassociationthroughwhich interculturalcollaborationhasbeenpossibleinEthiopiaprimarilyinurbanareas
89 (Taddesse,2000:4).Itisprimarilyaimedtogivesupportbothfinanciallyandlabour followingtheincidentsofdeath.Aggrievedfamilythatloseamemberwillbegiventhe abovementionedtypesofsupport. Iddirshavecapitalthatisobtainedfrommembersmonthlycontribution.Theamount ofcontributionthatmembersgivevariesfrom iddirto iddirbasedonthetypeofthe servicethattheiddirisgoingtooffertoitsmembers.Ingeneralmembersareexpected tocontributesameamountofmoneypermonth.Iddirthatdemandfeweramountsof money from its members only give support following the incident of death; on the other hand iddirs that collect large amount of money relatively give other types of support such as giving support during times of sicknesses and robbery. This type of support is not common in many iddirs. Every one can be a member as far as he/she fulfilsthefollowingcriteria: Oneshouldbeabletopaytheentrancefeethatsetbythemembers. Oneshouldbeabletocontributesomeamountofmoneyeverymonth thatwillserveasacapital. Oneshouldagreetobegovernedbythebylawsoftheiddir Onehastoagreetoattendthemonthlymeetingoftheiddir usuallyisheldonSundaymorning. AccordingtoTaddesse(2000),communityiddirisopentoeverybodyregardlessof ethnic,religious,andgenderandwealthbackgrounds.Hefurthernotedthateventhe verypoorarenotnecessarilyexcluded,asprovisionisfrequentlymadeforcertain memberstorenderservices,suchasgravedigging,insteadofmoney.Inthestudy communityhowever,eligibilitytomembershipdependsonthebyelaws.Committees electedbythemajorityvotefrommemberscommonlymanagetheseiddirs.Dabo (labourcontributionforagriculture)isgoingtobeweakenasdispossession automaticallyreducedlandholdingthatdecreasesorbanindividualfarmlandholding thatprohibitmemberofthecommunitytomobilizeadditionallabour.Besides,itis learnedthattheprojectwillnotaffecttheirmutualaidorganizationIddirasitis functionalwhereeverthereissettlement. 4.2.4.5PreviousArchaeologicalResearchintheArea
Key informants consulted during the field survey couldnt remember nor claim location and storiesofarchaeologicalplacesexcepttheburial,IrrechaaandAdbarplaces. In1996studywascommissionedwithagreementofAddisAbabaWaterSupplyandSewerage AuthoritystageIIIwatersupplyprojectandArchaeologyandAnthropologyofCRCCH.Thestudy identifiedtwodistinctculturalremains.Thesearemegalithicandmedievalcultures.Theteam recognizedtraceofarchaeologicalelementsatDeneba,Fita,Didibe,BirbirituandGaliyemana AbichuBurika,Bodo,andBoru.Howevertheseallsitesareoutoftheminingandplantarea.
90 Similarly the team also spent some days in Ochi Luncha to carry out archaeological ground survey. Six archaeological areas were found concentrated on far mining and grazingareaswithplainandslopelandmorphologyandtheirfindingpinpointthatin thelongpastpeoplewerelivingonthosebasalticrocks,managedpartofthespacesand left some trace of archaeological elements on the surface. They were observed the stonethatwasusedbytheancientpeopleandtumuliwithstandingstone.
4.2.4.6ArchlogicalSurveyResult 4.2.4.6.1PlantandMiningSite Thesurveyresultrevealedthattherearenoobservableartefacts,features,andfossils in the plant site. As learned from the discussion with the key informant they have no knowledgeofobservableruinedstructure,standingstonetoolsorceramicfragmentsin projectarea.Thereforetheexcavationsinthequarrysitehavenodirectimpactonthe archaeological materials. Besides the sites has no significant importance for archaeologicalstudy.
4.2.4.7Conclusion
Recognitionofculturalandreligiousvalues,customarylawsandtraditionallandright will enhance socio psychological wellbeing of the impacted community. In the precedingchapterattemptshavebeenmadetoassesculturalimpactsoftheprojecton the lives of the impacted community. The consultant assessed the likely cultural risk and impoverishment induced by the project. In order the likely cultural impacts inducedbytheprojectpaperbaseditsanalysisonobservation,interview,focusgroup discussionandkeyinformantsinterviewandwrittendocument. Lossofculturalidentityandcommunitysocialinteractiondue totheprojectandnew likescreatedwithoutsidecommunitywillbefullycompensated.Fortheassumednew barriers access created to the cultural sites can be compensated by created new and better access created by permanent road and foot bridges can be an added value. Cultural identity and community social interactions can be accessed and closer integration with rest community and provision of communal infrastructure through compensation can decreases the probable impacts. Except the burial of four fathers there is no archaeological site that is going to be impacted by the project. Therefore removing graves where exist to the new burial places can enable to suppress psychologicalstressassociatedwithspritofthedead.
91
Photo12TheAnthropologistaskingthekeyinformantaboutthearea.
Photo13Thearcheologistsfindingpinpointingthatinthelongpastpeoplewereliving onthosebasalticrocksinareaaroundtheOchiluncha.
4.2.4.8References
Alemeyahu Diro. (2004) Oromo Development Conception and Practice: An Ethnographic study of the Tulama Oromo, Addis Ababa University:School of Graduate Study. Bartels,Lambert.(1990)OromoReligion:MythsandRitesoftheWesternOromoof Ethiopia_AnAttempttoUnderstand.DietrichReimerVerlag,Berlin.
92 Baxter,Paul.(1983).TheproblemofOromoorTheProblemforTheOromo?.Paper ContributedtoNationalandSelfDeterminationintheHornofAfrica.(ed.)byLewisI.M. PP.129149. Legesse,Asmarom.(1987).Gada:ThreeApproachestothestudyofAfricanSociety. TheFreePress,NewYork. Megersa, Gemetchu. (2001) The Oromo and the Ethiopian State Ideology in a Historical Perspective. Paper contributed to Ethiopia Studies: Ethiopia in Broader PerspectiveVol.II,pp.479485,AddisAbabaUniversity
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4.2.5:
PUBLIC CONSULTATION
4.2.5.1Introduction
EthioCementgivesattentiontothepublicconsultationprocessofthestakeholder groupswhoareexternaltothecoreoperationofthebusiness,suchasaffected communities,localgovernmentauthorities,nongovernmentalandotherlocal institutionsandotherinterestedoraffectedparties. InthecontextofEthiopiathepublicconsultationisalsoaddressedintheConstitution ofFDREindescribingtheimportanceofitinconnectionwithdevelopmentprojectsas perarticle92ofChapter10,whichspecifies:Peoplehavetherighttofullconsultation and to the expression of their views in the planning and implementation of environmentalpoliciesandprojectsthataffectthemdirectly. TheEnvironmentalPolicyofEthiopia(EPE)recognizestheneedforanEIAtoaddress social, socioeconomic, political and cultural impacts, in addition to physical and biologicalimpacts,andforpublicconsultationtobeintegratedwithinEIAprocedures. The Environmental Assessment Proclamation and related procedures also place emphasis on the need for public consultation. Therefore, in response to the requirementsoftheEPAguidelines,adetailedPublicConsultationhasbeencarriedout asanintegralpartoftheEIAfortheproposedCementprojectofEthioCement.
AsJemaInternationalConsultingfirmasitisaconsultingfirmengagedlocallytostudy theBaselineenvironmentwiththePublicconsultation,wetriedtohelpourclients achievebetterprojectoutcomesandweunderlinedthevalueofhighquality engagementthroughthepublicconsultation.JemaInternationalConsultcapitalizeon thisissueisalsobyunderstandingthatasthispointistheconcernofthelocal stakeholdersandthealsotheInternationalFinancecorporation(IFC). Forthisreason,wehighlyencouragedourclientEthioCementtobeproactivein managingthisissue.Thisprocesswasverydifficulttoimplementintheprojectarea butwemanageitbytakingtimetobuildtherelationship.Wehaveseentheuseof buildingtherelationshipstartingformthisearlystage.Wehavelaidgoodfoundation throughthepublicconsultationprocessanditwillultimatelybearewardingprocessin thelifeoftheproject. Theprocessisstartedbyidentifyingtheprojectstakeholdersthisidentificationwas madeasperthelocalregulationoftheFDREwhichthenistheflowsstakeholder analysis,amoreindepthlookatstakeholdergroupinterests,howtheywillbeaffected andtowhatdegree,andwhatinfluencetheycouldhaveonourproject.Theanswersto thesequestionswillprovidethebasisfromwhichtobuildourstakeholderengagement strategy.
94 4.2.5.2TheObjectiveofthePublicconsultation 1. Toidentifypotentialnegativeandpositiveimpactsoftheprojectaswellasthe associated appropriate remedial measures that could be identified through the participationofthepeople. 2. Toincludetheopinionofthecommunityandtheofficialsthatwillbeaffectedby theprojectsothattheirviewsandproposalsareaddressedintheformulationof mitigationandbenefitenhancementmeasures 3. Toincreasepublicawarenessandunderstandingoftheprojectandits acceptance. ThePublicconsultationmeetingswereundertakenbytheteamofexpertscomprising ofsocioeconomist,environmentalists,EngineersandGeologistshavingrelevantwork experienceandqualificationsinthefield.Theprojectareaandthe10kilometerstudy areaisfoundintheoromiyaregionalstateandfallwithinNorthandWestShoaZones in three woredas namely Sululta, Yaya Gulele and Mulo Woreda. The Identified stakeholdersarethefollowing:
1. GovernmentofficialsatRegional,WoredaandKebelelevels.
2. Communitiesandpeoplelocatedinandaroundtheprojectarea.
4.2.5.3TheConsultativeProcessandParticipatoryDiscussions
Theconsultativeprocesswasconductedusingtheparticipatoryorinvolvementofboth affectedandinterestedcommunitygroupsoftheprojectarea. ThefirstunstructuredconsultationprocesswasheldonJuly24/11/08wascarriedout withtheFitcheZonalLandUseandInvestmentPromoitionHeadAtoFasilAlemayhuon matters concerning about the socio economic and their working relations with the respective woredas in general and targeted project sites of the Ethio Cement Plant potential in particular. As the result valuable information was obtained on policy and legislation,the their working relations and their vision of project implementation process.
Some relevant information/data on the general profile of the targeted woredas , with special focusonsocioeconomicoftheprojectareawasobtainedfromtheFeticeZonalOffice.
Discussionswerealsoheldwith,Sululta,YayaGulele,MuloWoredaadministrationsand other responsible offices particularly the respective to Land Use Department and Environmental Protection Teams. Each respected Kebeles officials were consulted abouttheproject.Similarly,duringourfieldworkmission,structureddiscussionwas held at Mulo, Chancho Buba, Yaya Gulele, etc rural community with more than 60 membersofdifferentsocialgroupsincludingelders,women,peasants,youths,industry workers,andreligiousrepresentativesoftheprojectarea.
95 Thepurposeofthesediscussionsweretofindouttheperceptionsoftheaffectedand interestedgroupsoftheimmediateadjacentruralsettlementandthecommunityasa wholetowardstheEthioCementprojectpotentialdevelopmentactivitytogetherwith thepotentialprojectenvironmentalimpacts(positive&negative)andprevailingsocio economicsituationontherespectivecommunity.Fromthediscussionsitwasevident thattheadjacentruralsettlementarefairlyawareabouttheimportanceofthisongoing activitiesandtheadvantagesthatcouldemanatebyimplementingtheproject. Informaldiscussionswerealsoheldwiththoseknowledgeableandmultidisciplinary professionalsintheirrespectiveresponsibilitiesandtheiropinionswereusedasinputs tothestudy.Thesurveysummarizestheproblemsofthecommunityandmostofthe problemsexaminedherecompriseacomplexandinteractingconstraintsincluding: All agree that, water is a scarce commodity in the area. According to the community opinions, all agreed that, the natural resource on which the population of the project areadependsisthreatenedbydegradationofvegetation.Hence,thedegreeofseverity oftheecologyproblemseemshigh. The potential project area upon which the cement plant potential is proposed to intalledislocatedveryclose(<1km)totheexistingsmallscaleAbyssniaCmentPlant which is being found is under continuous and extensively contaminating the adjacent areas with dust emission from the processing plant creating some strong negative impressionamoungtheadjacentcommunities.Populationincreaseresultinginshortage ofagriculturalandgrazingland.
4.2.5.4:PublicConsultationatRegionalLevelOfficials
MinutesofDiscussion Region:OromiaNationalRegionalState Office:EnvironmentalProtectionOffice MeetingPlace:AtEnvironmentalProtectionOffice Date:29/07/08 Time:Morning,10:45AM12:30PM Present: 1.AtoSirajBekelli,Head,OromiaRegionalStateEnvironmentalProtectionOffice 2.AtoAhemedHussienHead,EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentandEco SystemDepartment 3.Eng.AssefaBekele,GeneralManager,JEMAInternationalConsultingPlc 4.Mr.A.R.K.PRASAD,ProjectCocoordinator,EthioCementPLC 5.AtoTesfayeGezahegn,TechnicalDirector,EthioCementPLC
96 Agenda ESIABaselineDataSurveyontheEthioCementProject Thesummaryofthediscussionwereasfollows: AttheRegionallevel,theconsultativeprocesswasconductedwiththepresenceofone ofthemainstakeholderrepresentativesAtoSirajBekelliandAhemedHussienHeadsof OromiaEnvironmentalProtectionOfficeandEnvironmentalImpactAssessment&Eco System Department respectively.According to the participants, the initiated ESIA Baselinedatasurveyprogrammetobeundertakenwashighlyvalued. Some relevant information on the general profile of the earlier submitted EIA report anditsstatuswasreviewed;itwaslearntthat,duringtheEIAdocumentappraisal,the baselinedataandprojectimpactsonthesocioeconomiclivelihoodsofthecommunity hasbeentotallyoverlookedandthus,theinitiationtakenbytheEthioCementPlcto furtherundertakeparticularlythebaselinestudyincludingthesocioeconomicpartof the EIA study needs were appreciated. Further more, the valuable information was obtainedontheexistingpolicyandlegislation,andthepotentialstudywasencouraged tobepreparedinlinewiththeavailableEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentGuidelines (Proclamation,regulationsandEnvironmentalPollutionControl).TheOfficeofOromia Environmental Protection volunteered and provided us the copy of Guideline Series DocumentsForReviewingEnvironmentalImpactStudyReportS,May,2006". Finally the participants agreed that, the EIA baseline data survey should include a publicparticipationprogramwhichprovidesthemwithanopportunitytoparticipatein the environmental impact (negative/positive) assessment process and therefore, the socio economic impact study must be carried out at an equal depth with that of physicalimpactassessmentsstudyandtoimplementthis,theconsultantisexpectedto deployaseniorsociologist/anthropologist.
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4.2.5.5PublicConsultationatWoredaLevelOfficials
ThefollowingaretheMinutestranslatedinEnglishandtheoriginalisannexedwiththis report. A.SulultaWoredaAdministrationMinuteofDiscussion/EnglishVersion/ MinuteofDiscussion/EnglishVersion/ Woreda:SulultaWoredaAdministration MeetingPlace:AtSulultaAdministrationOffice Date:6/11/2000(E.C) Time:Morning,11:45AM2:10PM Present: 1.AtoAddisuDamitewu,PublicRelationsOfficer,SulultaWoreda 2.AtoTadesseBalcha,Head,WHO 3.AtoSeuyfuGogaTeshome,Head,YouthandSportAffairs 4.AtoGirmaNurgi,FinanceandEconomicDevelopment 5.AtoGirmaSyoum,Head,WoredaEducationOffice 6.AtoGadissaAdane,FinanceandEconomicDevelopment 7.AtoAsiyeMohammed,PublicandInformationOfficer 8.AtoTerefeBenti,Head,Agricultural,deputy 9.AtoAdugnaAdane,Dep.Head,PublicOrganizer 10.AtoTesfayeOlana,ViceAdministratorandCapacityBuilding 11.AtoTheodrosMersha,EthioCementPlc 12.W/ro.LelissieDembi,Sociologist,JEMAInternationalConsultingPlc 13.AtoTesfayeGezahegn,ProjectCoordinator,EthioCementPLC Agenda 1.ExpectedPositiveImpactsoftheEthioCementProject 2.PossibleNegativeImpactsoftheEthioCementProjectFactory 3.PossibleSolutions/RemedialMeasurestothePotentialNegativeImpacts SulultaistheWoredawherethefactoryplantisplannedtobeestablishedandmostof the raw material is found. Similarly the intention of the project and how it plans to operate was explained to the cabinet members and they were asked to express their impression regarding the positive aspects that the project will bring to the area, the undesiredimpactsthatmightbeimposedbytheprojectandpossiblemitigationactions thatshouldbetakentoavoidtheanticipatednegativeimpacts. Thediscussionwasstartedwithpointingoutthebenefitsoftheprojectforthenationas a whole and specifically to the target area generally the minute of the meeting is summarizedasfollows:
98 1.ExpectedPositiveImpactsoftheEthioCementProject
Increasesproductivityandhelptodiversifythecommercialactivitiesofthearea; Reducethecostofcementandaccelerateslocalconstructionactivities; Bringsnewtechnologyandexperiencefromabroad; Stabilizingthepresentshortageofcementmarket; Supporting the development of infrastructure (access road, water & electric supply,school,,etc); Communitieswayoflivingandthinkingwillbeimproved; Incomegenerationforthegovernmentinformofroyalty,incometax,rent,etc; 2.PossibleNegativeImpactsoftheEthioCementProjectFactory Many school aged boys and girls would drop their school in seeking of temporaryjobatthefactory; ExpansionofHIV/AIDSandsexuallytransmitteddiseases; Noiseanddustpollutionsfromhightrucksandfactorycausinghealthproblem ofworkersandsettlements; Usually the such investors immediately secure the land but don't start the implementationoftheprojectforlongtimekeepingthefarminglandidle; Degradationofnaturalresourceaffectstheecosystemincludingfloraandfauna; Lackofsupportfromthecommunity; 3.PossibleSolutions/RemedialMeasurestothePotentialNegativeImpacts As much ass possible the dust emission released to air must completely be eliminatedusingenvironmentalfriendlytechnology; The Company should be committed to support with potable water, electric power, and access road outlets to the health, schooling, marketing points, etc particularly the affected community group being found in both mine and plant potentialareas. Implement the physical soil conservation practices by constructing cut off drainstodiverttherunoffwater; Brief all employees to ensure awareness and sensitivity to the local culture, traditionsandlifestylesofthecommunity; As much as possible, the Company should give an employment priority for the projectaffectedmembersoflocalcommunity; Planning of training for unskilled community members will highly assist to acquireskills. Theproblemofboundary/fence,actualareameasurements,andtaxcollection for the compensated land must shortly resolved in consultation with the Woreda,Kebele,andjointlywiththeaffectedgroup.
Createjobopportunityforskilledandunskilledpersonnel;
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B.MulloWoredaAdministrationMinuteofDiscussion/EnglishVersion/
Woreda:MulloWoredaAdministration MeetingPlace:MulloWoredaAdministrationOffice Date:6/12/2000(E.C) Time:Morning,11:30AM Present: 1.AtoTesfayeGezahegn,ProjectCoordinator,EthioCementPLC 2.AtoTheodrosMersha,EthioCementPlc 3.W/ro.LelissieDembi,Sociologist,JEMAInternationalConsultingPlc 4.AtoGirmaLegesse,ViceWoredaAdministratorCapacityBuilding 5.AtoFeyissaDebele,Head,PublicOrganizationOffice 6.AtoGetahunKebede,Head,YouthandSportAffairs 7.AtoBedhadhaGela,WoredaAgricultureOffice 8.AtoChairenetTeka,Head,SecurityandAdministration 9.AtoFekaduGirma,Head,PublicOrganizer 10.AtoDejeneBerhane,EducationOffice 11.AtoAdaneHoma,Head,OPDOOffice Agenda 1.ExpectedPositiveImpactsoftheEthioCementProject 2.PossibleNegativeImpactsoftheEthioCementProjectFactory 3.PossibleSolutions/RemedialMeasurestothePotentialNegativeImpact
First,inordertogiveaninsightforthemeetingparticipantsabriefintroductionofthe cementfactorythatisgoingtobeestablishedatChancho,SulultaWoredawasmadeby AtoTesfaye,TechnicalDirectoroftheproject.MulloWoredaisoneoftheareasthatthe companyidentifiedassourceofrawmaterialforthecementfactory.Itisaquarrysite
100 for the extraction of clay soil which makes the Woredaas importantastheplantsite. After the introduction the major agendas for discussion regarding the impacts of the project were forwarded to the meeting attendants as: what impressions they have about the positive impacts that are anticipated from the project, possible negative impacts it might pose if any and possible mitigation efforts to deter the negative impacts.
1.ExpectedPositiveImpactsoftheEthioCementProject
The discussion was facilitated by the Woreda Administrator and points regarding the positiveandnegativeimpactsandpossiblemeasurestoovercomethechallengesofthe project were identified. Accordingly, the positive aspects of the project mentioned includethatitwillsolvethevastproblemofcementinthecountry;itwillencouragethe use of local resources and will create job opportunity for young and unemployed membersofthecommunity.Inaddition,therewillbeinfrastructuredevelopmentsuch asroad,electricityandothersandattractsotherinvestmentswhichwillcontributeto the development of the Woreda. The company asa stakeholder will participate in the developmentendeavorsoftheareathroughthesupplyofconstructionmaterials.
2.PossibleNegativeImpactsoftheEthioCementProjectFactory
Comingtothepossiblenegativeimpacts,thecabinetmemberssaidthatinordertoget spacefortherawmaterialextractionfarmerswillberemovedfromtheirplotsthatis demarcated for quarry area and these farmers who have been well established and have family to support will be highly affected unless they are well compensated and given an opportunity to work in the factory in their capacity. The use ofthe place for clayproductionmayalsorequireclearingofforestsandthiswillcreateseriousproblem onthewildlifethatarefoundintheforest.Thedeforestationwillalsoaffecttheclimate ofthearea.
3.PossibleSolutions/RemedialMeasurestothePotentialNegativeImpacts
In order to prevent the above mentioned problems the participants suggested that though the establishment of the factory is a good insight to strengthen and enhance governments strategy in expanding investment it has to be in harmony with the existinglocalconditions.Thefarmersthatwillberemovedfromtherawmaterialsite shouldbegivenfaircompensationandtheyshouldalsobeverywellorientedonhowto pursuetheirfuturelifewiththemoneytheyget.Thelocalpeopleshouldalsobegiven the chance to work for the factory. The degradation which might result from the extractionoftherawmaterialshouldalsobetakenintoconsiderationwhileworkingin thearea.Theparticipantsfinallyacknowledgedtheimportanceoftheinvestmentwith thementionedprecautionsproperlyaddressedandthemeetingwasconcluded.
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C.YayaGulleleWoredaAdministrationMinuteofDiscussion/EnglishVersion/
Woreda:YayaGulleleWoredaAdministration MeetingPlace:YayaGulleleWoredaAdministrationOffice
Date:9/11/2000(E.C) Time:Morning,10:00AM11:30PM Present: 1. AtoHabetamuLegesse,ViceAdministratorandCapacityBuilding,Chairman 2. AtoGasahwSeyoum,Publicorganizationandsocialaffairshead 3. AtoAbiyotGizachew,Head,YouthandSportAffairs 4. AtoNiwayWendimu,CapacityBuildingvicehead. 5. AtoTayeBogale,PublicInformationvicehead. 6. AtoHebtamuAssefa,FinanceandEconomicDevelopmenthead. 7. AtoFikaduAbay,WoredaHealthofficehead. 8. W/roMesertAbera,Womanaffairshead. Agenda 1.ExpectedPositiveImpactsoftheEthioCementProject 2.PossibleNegativeImpactsoftheEthioCementProjectFactory 3.PossibleSolutions/RemedialMeasurestothePotentialNegativeImpacts Yayagulele Woreda vice administrator was contacted on 06/11/2000 and explained abouttheprojectandtheneedofconsultingthecabinetmembersabouttheproject.As
102 itisshowninthephotobelow.Thevicechairmanpromisedtocallmeeting.Thecabinet membersheldmeetingon9/11/2000E.Candexpressedtheirimpressionregardingthe positiveaspects,thattheprojectwillbringtothearea,theundesiredimpactsthatmight beimposedbytheprojectandpossiblemitigationactionsthatshouldbetakentoavoid theanticipatednegativeimpacts.Theminuteofthemeetingisattachedasannexandit issummarizedasfollows: 1.ExpectedPositiveImpactsoftheEthioCementProject
Createjobopportunityforskilledandunskilledpersonnel;
Constructionofroadconnectingtheareawiththemainasphaltroad. Acompensationwillbepaidforfarmerswhichcanchangetheirlife; Stabilizingthepresentshortageofcementmarket; Supporting the development of infrastructure ( health center ,water & electric supplyetc);
2.PossibleNegativeImpactsoftheEthioCementProjectFactory Thewatermaybepolluted. Theairmaybepolluted Thedisplacementoffarmersmayoccur. Theimpactontheecosystemincludingfloraandfauna; Theairpollutionmaybringsomeimpactonthehealthofthecommunity. 3.PossibleSolutions/RemedialMeasurestothePotentialNegativeImpacts Ethio cement should involve in the environmental protection activities in the areawhichwillsolvetheimpact.AgoodexampleistoparticipateintheGreen belt development, to eliminate the dust emission released to the air using environmentalfriendlytechnology; Topaytotheaffectedcommunityacompensationaspertheregulation. Tocreatejobopportunitiesfortheaffectedcommunity. To show commitment for infrastructural development like potable water, electric power, and access road construction.

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4.2.5.6PublicConsultationatKebeleLevelOfficials
MinuteofDiscussion/EnglishVersion/ Woreda:Sululta Kebele:Chancho01AdminstrationOffice MeetingPlace:At01KebeleOffice Date:13August2008(7/12/2000E.C) Time:Afternoon3:45PM Present: 1.AtoDesalegnNegera,ChairmanofKebele01 2.AtoBizunehBekele,EducationCabinet 3.AtoTamiratAbebe,ChairpersonofOPDO 4.AtoMengistuTesfaye,KebeleManager 5.Eng.AssefaBekele,G.M,JEMAInternationalConsultingPlc 6.W/ro.LelissieDembi,Sociologist,JEMAInternationalConsultingPlc 7.AtoTesfayeGezahegn,TechnicalDirector,EthioCementPLC. Agenda 1.ExpectedPositiveImpactsoftheEthioCementProject 2.PossibleNegativeImpactsoftheEthioCementProjectFactory 3.PossibleSolutions/RemedialMeasurestothePotentialNegativeImpacts
A)Chancho01AdministrationOffice
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1.ExpectedPositiveImpactsoftheEthioCementProject The identified positive/ beneficial impacts of the potential project on the environment are as follows: Employmentopportunityforjoblesscitizens; Petty traders and other business men will benefit from the marketing of different commodities; Reducetheexistinghighcostofcementandastheresultthepoorsocialclasscanown theirshelteratcheapcosts; Revenue/ income generation for the government in form of royalty, income tax, VAt, rent,etc; Savingofforeignexchange; Supportsthecommunitydevelopmentthroughimprovingbasicinfrastructurefacilities (accessroad,water&electricpowersupply,communication,etc.) Improvessocialinfrastructure(health,education,potablewater,etc); Facilitatestechnologytransferfromabroad; Communitieswayoflivingandthinkingwillbeimproved. 2.PossibleNegativeImpacts(PhysicalandSocioEconomic) Stripping of vegetation cover causes to create of pits and trenches and loss of soil fertilityanddestructionofwildlifehabitats; Air pollution generating from dust producing cement plant (Good example, the Abyssinian Cement Factory found adjacent to the potential cement plant) could be the cause of air born diseases affecting the respiratory infection of humans. Similarly, the dust particulate could cover and stick on agricultural farms and leaves of the surroundingplantswithdiverseeffect. Loss soil causes siltation for down streams and accelerates erosion and reduces the naturalstabilityofthearea; Noise pollution from high noise levels causes health problem of workers and settlementsrelatedtohearingfromplantmachineryandequipment; Land conflicts due to loss of agricultural land and as the result loss of income driven fromtheland. Landuseconflictswithnativecultures,traditionsandlifestyles. Trafficcongestionandhazardsespeciallyfromtrucksandvehicles; Waterpollutionduetosiltingandsedimentationcanincreasesalinityofsoil; Disturbanceofriveraffectstheecosystemincludingfloraandfauna; Theuncontrollableinfluxandsettlementofmanynonindigenouspopulations,leading toasevereHIV/AIDSspreadamongtheformercommunities; Conflicts associated with the loss of agricultural land and as the result loss of income drivenfromland; ExpansionofHIV/AIDSandsexuallytransmitteddiseases; Theintensityofroadtrafficwillincreaseresultinginhazards; Large number of workers moving into the area, and then the movement in by other peopleattractedbytheeconomicactivitiesbypossibilityofworkortrade; Disturbanceoflivelihoodasresultofdisplacementresultinginlossofresource;
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3.PossibleSolutionstothePotentialNegativeImpacts Proposedpreventing/remedialmeasurestoavoidthenegative environmentalimpactsinclude: Asmuchasspossiblethedustemissionreleasedtoairmustcompletelybeeliminated usingenvironmentalfriendlytechnology; The potential cement plant site location must be selected within the standard safety zone particularly from schools, clinic, residential houses marketing places, churches, etc;Thecementplantpotentialismuchadvisedtobelocatedclosetothecementraw materialbase. The Company project should be committed to support particularly the affected communitygroupbeingfoundinbothmineandplantpotentialareasi.e.providethem with potable water , electric power, access road outlets to the health, schooling, marketingpoints,etc; Implement the physical soil conservation practices by constructing cut off drains to diverttherunoffwater; Provide reasonable compensation for the affected group/ landowners for lost both agriculturalandgrazinglandsbylicensee; Assistinadvisingtheaffectedandthosecompensatedpopulationhowtousethemoney compensatedinresettlementprogrammetogetherwithhowtobetterbeorganizedin groups or cooperatives, to cause an enabling condition in establishing mini trade/ businessbeforetheyspendunwiselyelsewhere; The formationofadvisorycommittee composed of members from woreda & kebele administrators, Ethio Cement factory along with the representatives of the affected group will play a great role in implementingtheproperresettlementprogramme; Enforce the implementation of training of drivers, road signs, speed limits and proper periodicalinspections; Educatealllevelsofgovernmentandaffected/interestedcommunityaboutthecement rawmaterialsminingandcementmanufacturingsectoractivities; Thedustemissionespeciallyfrommanufacturingplantandvehicularmovementcanbe realized into the surrounding atmosphere. Thus, dedusting mechanisms for plant fan and dust suppression using water sprayer for disturbed by trucks. Selection of an appropriatedesignandtechnologyhasbeenproposedtobeconsidered; Thenativeleaders/eldersshouldbeawareofthequarryandplantoperationactivities andtheycanassistinidentifyingimpactsthatmaybeparticulartothem.Theyshould haveavoiceinfindinginappropriatemitigationmeasures; All local communities are briefed on the potential hazards and necessary safety precautions; Brief allemployeesto ensure awarenessandsensitivitytothelocalculture,traditions andlifestylesofthecommunity; Waterpondfeatures,whichareidealplacesforreproductionofmalariaandotherwater borndiseases,shouldbeavoidedbydewateringandrefillingmeans. Required strengthening of the existing health care system particularly the HIV/AIDS awarenessandpreventionprogrammerightfromtheprojectconstructionstartup; As much as possible, the Company should give an employment priority/ opportunity fortheprojectaffectedmembersoflocalcommunity;Planningoftrainingforunskilled communitymemberswillhighlyassisttoacquireskills.
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B)BoroTiroDorrobaAdministrationMinuteofDiscussion/EnglishVersion/ Woreda:Mullo Kebele:BoroTiroDorrobaAdministrationOffice MeetingPlace:AtKebeleOffice Date:13August2008(7/12/200E.C) Time:Morning,10:30AM Present: 1.AtoGetachewKebede,Chairman,BoroTiroDorrobaKebele PeasantAssociation(PA) 2.AtoMekonenDhaba,ViceChairman,BoroTiroDorrobaKebelePA 3.AtoHailuDemissie,PublicRelation,BoroTiroDorrobaKebelePA 4.AtoAsratMekonenHead,SecurityandPublicOrganizer 5.AtoGetahun,Head,MulloWoredaSport&YouthAffairs 6.Eng.AssefaBekele,G.M,JEMAInternationalConsultingPlc 7.W/ro.LelissieDembi,Sociologist,JEMAInternationalConsultingPlc 8.AtoTesfayeGezahegn,Projectcoordinator,EthioCementPLC. 9.OtherParticipants180(Includingmen,womenandyouth) Keble'srelationtothepotentialcementproject:Interested(Lessaffected)targetedgroup. Agenda 1.ExpectedPositiveImpactsoftheEthioCementProject 2.PossibleNegativeImpactsoftheEthioCementProjectFactory
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3.PossibleSolutions/RemedialMeasurestothePotentialNegativeImpacts
In order to involve the community and lower level administration in areas where the project has direct impact discussion was held with the cabinets of Boro Tiro Doroba Kebele,anareawhichistargetedassourceofclaymaterialinMulloWoreda.Themajor issues of discussion were similar to the others which are the positive contributions expectedfromtheproject,itspossiblenegativeimplicationsandmeasuresthatneedto betakentopreventthenegativeimpacts. Thecabinetmembersreflectedthattheprojectishighlybeneficialtothecommunityin a way that it will create job opportunity to the community members and it will contributetothegrowthofthelocalityasaresultofimprovedinfrastructure,flowof money and introduction of new ways of income generation through small businesses. Thecompanyisbelievedtosupportdevelopmentactivitiesthatarebeingundertakenin theareaandalsohelpstoattractotherinvestments. Oneofthenegativeimpactsisthatfarmerswillbedisplacedfromthesitethatisneeded for raw material production and unless they are well compensated for what is taken from them to lead their life and support their families it will create burden on the community. In order to solve this problem they suggested that the farmers should be fairly compensated and they should be given education on how to use the money the received properly and support their families. They should also be given a chance to workforthefactory.
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C)ChanchoBubaKebeleMinuteofDiscussion Woreda:Sululta Kebele:ChanchoBubaKebeleAdminstrationOffice MeetingPlace:AtKebeleOffice Date:4thSeptember2008(29/12/200E.C) Time:Morning,11:45AM2:10PM
SimilardiscussionwasheldwithCabinetsofChancho01andChanchoBubaKebeleson positive impacts anticipated form the project, possible negative impositions and suggestedsolutionstopreventthenegativeimpacts. Withregardtothebenefitsoftheprojectthecabinetmembersinbothkebelessaidthat it opens employment opportunity to the unemployed, expands diversified local businessbycreatingmarketoutletandalsocontributestothedevelopmentofthearea. The increase in the income of the area through money gained from taxes is also mentionedasanadvantage. Thenegativeaspectoftheprojectisthattheplantisclosetothetownandresidenceof thepeopleanditmightexposethecommunitytohealthhazards.Thesmockanddust thatwillbereleasedfromthefactorywillpollutetheenvironmentandalsoaffectplants and animals. In addition there are farmers who are displaced from their plots for the establishment of the plant and if these farmers are not given the right compensation andorientationontheproperuseofthemoneythewellbeingoftheirfamilieswillbeat risk.Itwillalsohaveanimpactontheroadandbridgesduetooverloadunlessproperly used. To mitigate these possible problems the factory management should think of absorption mechanism for the smock and dust instead of releasing it to the air. The farmers that are going to be relocated should get proper payment and orientation regarding how to use the money and also they should be given priority during the employment process so that the security of their families can be protected. They also mentionedthatitisimportanttoensureworkerssafetyattheworkplaceandprovide themwithfairsalaryandbenefitsthatwillhelpleaddescentlife. In conclusion, all the Kebele and Woreda officials that were involved in the meetings were positive about the establishment of the factory in their locality and they are willingtosupportintheircapacityasdemandedprovidedthatthefactorymanagement iswillingtoconsiderandaddressthepossiblenegativeimpactsoftheprojectaheadof time.

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4.2.5.7COMMUNITYMEETINGS
A)MinuteofDiscussionwiththeChanchoBubacommunity Woreda:Sululta Kebele:ChanchoBubaKebeleAdminstrationOffice MeetingPlace:AtChanchoBubaKebeleCabinetOffice Date:7/12/200(E.C) Time:Morning,11:00AM2:00PM Present: 1.AtoKetemaAdugna,AdministratorandCapacityBuilding,ChanchoWoreda 2.AtoAddisMetaferia,PublicRelation,ChanchoBubaAdministration 3.AtoAshenafiBeshadha,KebeleManager 4.AtoTesfayeGezahegn,ProjectCoordinator,EthioCementPLC 5.Eng.AssefaBekele,GeneralManager,JEMAInternationalConsultingPlc 6.W/ro.LelissieDembi,Sociologist,JEMAInternationalConsultingPlc 7..OtherParticipants69(Men,womenandyouth)nameattchedasannex Agenda 1.ExpectedPositiveImpactsoftheEthioCementProject 2.PossibleNegativeImpactsoftheEthioCementProjectFactory 3.PossibleSolutions/RemedialMeasurestothePotentialNegativeImpacts
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ChanachoBubaistheKebelewherethefactoryplantisplannedtobeestablished.The intention of the project and how it plans to operate was explained to the community members and they were asked to express their impression regarding the positive aspects that the project will bring to the area, the undesired impacts that might be imposedbytheprojectandpossiblemitigationactionsthatshouldbetakentoavoidthe anticipatednegativeimpacts. The community after hearing this day clarification about the project they want to postponedthemeetingtoanotherdaybecausetheyhaveanissuetodiscussinthein thepresenceoftheworedacabinetandthereforeameetingwasscheduledtoconduct on September 4/2008 and they select four members of the community to attend the meetingwiththeotherfifteenmemberswhoweredisplacedfromthearea.

111 B)MinuteofDiscussionwiththeaffectedgroupandcommunityrepresentatives
Woreda:Sululta Kebele:ChanchoBubaKebeleAdminstrationOffice MeetingPlace:AtChanchoBubaKebeleCabinetOffice Date:7/12/200(E.C) Time:Morning,11:00AM2:00PM Present: 1.AtoTesfayeOlana,ViceAdministratorandCapacityBuilding,Chancho Woreda 2.AtoAddisDamtew,PublicRelation,ChanchoWoredaAdministration 3.AtoTeshome,ChanchoWoredaAdministration 4AtoBekeleKetemaMekonen,ChanchoBubaKebeleAdministration 5.AtoEndaleYirga,GeneralManager,EthioCementPLC 6.Mr.A.R.K.PRASAD,ProjectCocoordinator,EthioCementPLC 7.Mr.Y.H.RAO,FinanceManager,EthioCementPLC 8.AtoTesfayeGezahegn,TechnicalDirector,EthioCementPLC 9.Eng.AssefaBekele,GeneralManager,JEMAInternationalConsultingPlc 10.W/ro.LelissieDembi,Sociologist,JEMAInternationalConsultingPlc 11.OtherParticipants20(Men19andwoman1)nameattchedasannex. Agenda 1.ExpectedPositiveImpactsoftheEthioCementProject 2.PossibleNegativeImpactsoftheEthioCementProjectFactory 3.PossibleSolutions/RemedialMeasurestothePotentialNegativeImpacts 1.ExpectedPositiveImpactsoftheEthioCementProject TheexpectedpositiveimpactsoftheEthioCementProjectweresummarizedasfollows: Employmentopportunityforjoblesscitizens; Petty traders and other business men will benefit from the marketing of different commodities; Reducetheexistinghighcostofcementandastheresultthepoorsocialclasscanown theirshelteratcheapcosts; Incomegenerationforthegovernmentinformofroyalty,incometax,rent,etc; Savingsofforeignexchangeforthecountry; Supportsthecommunitydevelopmentthroughimprovingbasicinfrastructurefacilities (accessroad,water&electricpowersupply,communication,etc.) Improvessocialinfrastructure(health,education,potablewater,etc); Facilitatestechnologytransferandexperienceofthedevelopedcountries; Communitieswayoflivingandthinkingwillbeimproved. 2.PossibleNegativeImpactsoftheEthioCementProjectFactory Air pollution generating from dust producing cement plant (Good example, the Abyssinian Cement Factory found adjacent to the potential cement plant) could be the cause of air born diseases affecting the respiratory infection of humans. Similarly, the
112
dust particulate could cover and stick on agricultural farms and leaves of the surroundingplantswithdiverseeffect. Nonindigenousaretakingofthejobsandbusinesses; Problems related with loss of access to the grassing land and adjoining areas for foot pathaswellasforcattlegrazing; Unhappinesswiththemeasurementsandinadequatepaymentsmadeforcompensation oflandbythecompany; The compensation already made for the land was probably still much below the replacement cost thus, it was requested that the compensation conditions of the companyratesshouldbeadjustedupwardsbyatleastsmallmargin; Mostcomplainedthat"OurlandhaslongbeentranferredtotheEthioCementCompany however, the annual land rent/ tax is still being paid by us because of may be, lack of communicationinformationfromWoredaAdministration". Loss soil causes siltation for down streams and accelerates erosion and reduces the naturalstabilityofthearea; Noise pollution from high noise levels causes health problem of workers and settlementsrelatedtohearingfromplantmachineryandequipment; Land conflicts due to loss of agricultural land and as the result loss of income driven fromtheland. Landuseconflictswithnativecultures,traditionsandlifestyles. Trafficcongestionandhazardsespeciallyfromtrucksandvehicles; Theuncontrollableinfluxandsettlementofmanynonindigenouspopulations,leading toasevereHIV/AIDSspreadamongtheformercommunities; Conflicts associated with the loss of agricultural land and as the result loss of income drivenfromland; ExpansionofHIV/AIDSandsexuallytransmitteddiseases; Large number of workers moving into the area, and then the movement in by other peopleattractedbytheeconomicactivitiesbypossibilityofworkortrade; Disturbanceoflivelihoodasresultofdisplacementresultinginlossofresource; Trafficcongestionandhazardsespeciallyfrombigtrucksandvehicles; Nonindigenousaretakingmostofthejobsanddominatemostofthebusiness Oneofthemajorconcernsofprojectaffectedpersonsistheinabilityofindigenousto raisemoneytostartbusiness Someprojectaffectedpersonscomplainedoflackofelectricpowerandpotablewater withintheircommunities; Afewpeoplefrightthatsoonerorlater,thecultureandvaluesoftheirpeoplewouldbe lost; Companies make a number of promises (for example such as the existing Abyssinian CementfactorysituatedadjacenttothepotentialEthioCementplantat<2km)buthave notbeenrealized;
3.PossibleSolutions/RemedialMeasurestothePotentialNegativeImpacts - Inordertosolvetheproblemclaimedondiscrepancymeasurementsalreadymade onthelandboundary,thesurveymustbedoneagaintosettlethedisputebetween theexlandownersandtheCompany; - Assisttosecureotherfarminglandsinreplacementforthosepeoplewholosttheir farminglandsalongwithrestoringlivelihoodsandotherbenefits;
113
According to series of discussion made with target group, the resettlements plan should be viewed as part of project implementation programme to restore / improvetheirlivelihoods; Establish a community investment strategy which better help affected and interested community groups and propose ideas that could lead to sustainable benefitsasemployment; Thecompanycouldassisttheprojectaffectedgroupinestablishingtheinvestments strategy that leads to sustainable benefits before they exhaustively finish their moneywhichwaspaidforcompensation. In order to supplement the provision of employment opportunity especially for unskilled persons, the company is expected to offer a proper programme of skills trainingtodeepenlocalemploymentopportunitiesarisingfromtheproject. Even though the community raise the issue Ethio Cement committed to fulfill the promisesalreadymadetotheaffectedcommunitygroupexamplepotablewaterand electricpowersupplywhicharebeingfoundundertheimplementation. Brief all employees to ensure awareness and sensitivity to the local culture, traditionsandlifestylesofthecommunity; RequiredstrengtheningoftheexistinghealthcaresystemparticularlytheHIV/AIDS awarenessandpreventionprogrammerightfromtheprojectconstructionstartup; As much as possible, the Company should give an employment priority for the projectaffectedmembersoflocalcommunity;
114
Woreda:Sululta Kebele:ChanchoBubaKebeleAdministrationOffice MeetingPlace:AtChanchoBubaKebeleCabinetOffice Date:7/12/200(E.C) Time:Morning,11:00AM2:00PM
C)BoroTiroDerobaMinuteofDiscussion
In order to involve the community and lower level administration in areas where the project has direct impact discussion was held with the cabinets of Boro Tiro Doroba Kebele,anareawhichistargetedassourceofclaymaterialinMulloWoreda.Themajor issues of discussion were similar to the others which are the positive contributions expectedfromtheproject,itspossiblenegativeimplicationsandmeasuresthatneedto betakentopreventthenegativeimpacts. Thecabinetmembersreflectedthattheprojectishighlybeneficialtothecommunityin a way that it will create job opportunity to the community members and it will contributetothegrowthofthelocalityasaresultofimprovedinfrastructure,flowof money and introduction of new ways of income generation through small businesses. Thecompanyisbelievedtosupportdevelopmentactivitiesthatarebeingundertakenin theareaandalsohelpstoattractotherinvestments. Oneofthenegativeimpactsisthatfarmerswillbedisplacedfromthesitethatisneeded for raw material production and unless they are well compensated for what is taken
115 from them to lead their life and support their families it will create burden on the community. In order to solve this problem they suggested that the farmers should be fairly compensated and they should be given education on how to use the money the received properly and support their families. They should also be given a chance to workforthefactory.
116 Table1Totalconsultedgroups

Sn Consultation Meeting Woreda Consultation Kebele Consultation Community Consultation Name SulultaWoreda MuloWoreda YayaGuleleWoreda SubTotal Chancho01 BoroTiroDeroba ChanchoBuba SubTotal ChanchoBuba/round one/ ChanchoBuba/round two/ BoroTiroDeroba SubTotal Numberof Participants 10 8 3 21 4 8 5 19 74 25 175 274 1197 Placeof Consultation Chancho Mulo Fital Chanchotown Boro ChanchoBuba ChanchoBuba ChanchoBuba Boro Attheir specifichome Consultation Date
II

III
IV
Household level Consultation
GrandTotal
1511

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1

Chapter 4 BASELINEENVIRONMENT PARTONE:GENERAL 4.1INTRODUCTION

Limestone Clay Sandstone Gypsum

Mugher Mulo Mugher Mugher

M.scinMiningengineering Ph.DinSystematicBotany Ph.DinEcology/ornithology M.scinDemogarphy M.scinSociology M.Scinhydrogeology M.ScinEnvironalengineering M.scinAnthropolgy

NoiseImpact Cultural,hist& Archeological

269 658 1351 370 `370 287 3305

18 28 37 97 180 253 613

287 686 1388 467 550 540 8000 11918

5.8 4.4 3.9 6.0 10.7 1.8 2.3 3.2

31.59 33.62 54.87 92.88 147.46 258.78 103.2

1,449 1903 3,352 680 750 658 2,088 345

TOTAL AdeaBerga 17 DireMedale TOTAL

345 TOTALOFALLPAs 37,362

Illiterate Primary Highschool College

Mudwallandgrassroof Mudwallandcorrugatedironsheetroof Brick/blockadewallandcorrugatediron sheetroof Grassroofandgrass/woodwall Other Missing Total

System 1% Other 1% Fire wood only 39%

Fire wood and animal manure 49%

Animal Manure only 9% Kerosene 1% Electricity 0%

Ingeneral,thehealthconditionofthepopulationispoor.Theprevalentdiseasesintheareaare infectiousdiseases,diarrhea,TB,waterbornediseases,STI/HIV/AIDSandmalaria(forlowland areas).

682062 1130 81357 1126 9336734 1017

M onthly rainfall in mm at Chancho

TheareaexperienceshigherhumiditylevelsduringthemonthsofJuly,Augustand September.Theaveragerelativehumidityduringtheyearis62%. Fig.8RELATIVEHUMIDITY(%)FICHEOBSERVATORYSTATION

SunshinehoursasrecordedatFicheObservatoryvaryfrom79hoursduringmost partoftheyearexceptingtherainyseason. Figure12SUNSHINEHOURSFICHEOBSERVATORYSTATION

Observer name Abdissa Jobir

Ethio Cement meterological Station in the plant site.

E 9.09 ESE 6.82 SE 8.87

NE 7.72 ENE 11.81

E 9.77 ESE 9.32 SE 8.41

ENE 10.23 E 8.87

LEGEND >15 KMPH 10-15

NOTE : All readings are in percentage occurance of wind

C = Calm Conditions in Percentage

NE 7.42 ENE 11.29

ESE 9.09 S 3.94 SE 12.42 SSE 12.65

LEGEND >15 KMPH 10-15

NOTE : All readings are in percentage occurance of wind

C = Calm Conditions in Percentage

Depth 62 78 62 273 324

Remark Domestic Domestic Domestic

0.5 Domestic 10 Domestic 1 Domestic 2 Domestic

Detailinformationsuchasdepthtowaterlevel,depthanddischargeofsomewellswere notobtainedduringthesurveywork. 4.2.2.1.2.1.2Surfacewaterresources TheWoredaissituatedwithinAbayRiverbasin.Surfacewaterresourcesoftheareahave alsobeentouchedunderhydrologypart.

S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 S08

327 325 123 742 220 198 67 262

174 168 62 390 78 63 42 156

0.29 0.29 0.15 0.41 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.3

1.7 1.4 1.8 0.7 5.1 8.7 1.4 0.8

0.94 0.72 1.58 0.86 0.94 <0.15 1.44 0.72

7.41 7.4 7.48 7.37 6.3 7.27 7.05 7.76

S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 S08

327 325 123 742 220 198 67 262

174 168 62 390 78 63 42 156

0.29 0.29 0.15 0.41 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.3

1.7 1.4 1.8 0.7 5.1 8.7 1.4 0.8

0.94 0.72 1.58 0.86 0.94 <0.15 1.44 0.72

7.41 7.4 7.48 7.37 6.3 7.27 7.05 7.76

800 700 600 400 300 200 100 0 500

Dire Medalie ILU DIRE llu Keteba WEGIDI

BECHO GURANDA BECHO BECHO ABALE

Botoro Abo Mesobi

GUMBICHU Gunbichu Ada Ginbichu

Becho Kidane Mihiret Ero Geja