1

Task 1a Unit 1 Fundamentals in Science (BTEC National Diploma in Applied Sciences) Otgon Orgil

Periodic Table of Elements Many of the elements (in compounds and their solutions) involved in carrying out the preparation of standard solutions and titrations are in different groups and periods of the periodic table. Using the elements sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, iron, hydrogen and sulphur, provide some key features of the periodic table such as: Their atomic number and relative atomic masses Their electronic structures How they are organised in groups, periods and blocks. Any trends in their chemical properties (chemical reactivity down group I with water & displacement reactions down group VII). Use balance chemical equations to explain the trend down group I and VIII Any trends in physical properties (Ionisation Energy & atomic radii) down a group and across a period

11

Na
Sodium 22.99

Atomic number: 11 Relative Atomic Mass: 22.98976928 (2) Group in periodic table: 1 Group name: Alkali metal Period in periodic table: 3 Block in periodic table: s-block Ionization energy (eV): 5.1391 Calculated Atomic Radii: 190 Electronic configurations: 2,8,1 or [Ne] 3s1

19

K
Potassium 39.10

Atomic number: 19 Relative Atomic Mass: 39.0983 (1) Group in periodic table: 1 Group name: Alkali metal Period in periodic table: 4 Block in periodic table: s-block Ionization energy (eV): 4.3407 Calculated Atomic Radii: 243 Electronic configurations: 2,8,8,1 or [Ar] 4s1

20 Calcium 40.08

Ca

Atomic number: 20 Relative Atomic Mass: 40.078 (4) Group in periodic table: 2 Group name: Alkali metal Period in periodic table: 4 Block in periodic table: s-block Ionization energy (eV): 6.1132 Calculated Atomic Radii: 194 Electronic configurations: 2,8,8,2 or [Ar] 4s2

Task 1a Unit 1 Fundamentals in Science (BTEC National Diploma in Applied Sciences) Otgon Orgil

12 Magnesium 24.31

Mg

Atomic number: 12 Relative Atomic Mass: 24.3050 (6) Group in periodic table: 2 Group name: Alkaline earth metal Period in periodic table: 3 Block in periodic table: s-block Ionization energy (eV): 7.6462 Calculated Atomic Radii: 145 Electronic configurations: 2,8,2 or [Ne] 3s2

6 Carbon 12.01

Atomic number: 6 Relative Atomic Mass: 12.0107 (8) Group in periodic table: 14 Group name: NA Period in periodic table: 2 Block in periodic table: p-block Ionization energy (eV): 11.2603 Calculated Atomic Radii: 67 Electronic configurations: 2,4 or [He] 2s2 2p2

8 Oxygen 16.00

Atomic number: 8 Relative Atomic Mass: 15.9994 (3) Group in periodic table: 16 Group name: Chalcogen Period in periodic table: 2 Block in periodic table: p-block Ionization energy (eV): 13.6181 Calculated Atomic Radii: 48 Electronic configurations: 2,6 or [He] 2s2 2p4

7 Nitrogen 14.01

Atomic number: 7 Relative Atomic Mass: 14.0067 (2) Group in periodic table: 15 Group name: Pnictogen Period in periodic table: 2 Block in periodic table: p-block Ionization energy (eV): 14.5341 Calculated Atomic Radii: 56 Electronic configurations: 2,5 or [He] 2s2 2p3

Task 1a Unit 1 Fundamentals in Science (BTEC National Diploma in Applied Sciences) Otgon Orgil

F
Fluorine 19.00

Atomic number: 9 Relative Atomic Mass: 18.9984032 (5) Group in periodic table: 17 Group name: Halogen Period in periodic table: 2 Block in periodic table: p-block Ionization energy (eV): 17.4228 Calculated Atomic Radii: 42 Electronic configurations: 2,7 or [He] 2s2 2p5

17 Chlorine 35.45

Cl

Atomic number: 17 Relative Atomic Mass: 35.453 (2) Group in periodic table: 17 Group name: Halogen Period in periodic table: 3 Block in periodic table: p-block Ionization energy (eV): 12.9676 Calculated Atomic Radii: 79 Electronic configurations: 2,8,7 or [Ne] 3s2 3p5

26 Iron 55.85

Fe

Atomic number: 26 Relative Atomic Mass: 55.845 (2) Group in periodic table: 8 Group name: NA Period in periodic table: 4 Block in periodic table: -block Ionization energy (eV): 7.9024 Calculated Atomic Radii: 156 Electronic configurations: 2,8,14,2 or [He] 3d6 4s2

H
Hydrogen 1.01

Atomic number: 1 Relative Atomic Mass: 1.00794 (7) Group in periodic table: 1 Group name: NA Period in periodic table: 1 Block in periodic table: s-block Ionization energy (eV): 13.5984 Calculated Atomic Radii: 53 Electronic configurations: 2,7 or 1s1

Task 1a Unit 1 Fundamentals in Science (BTEC National Diploma in Applied Sciences) Otgon Orgil

16 Sulfur 32.07

Atomic number: 16 Relative Atomic Mass: 32.065 (5) Group in periodic table: 16 Group name: Chalcogen Period in periodic table: 3 Block in periodic table: p-block Ionization energy (eV): 10.36 Calculated Atomic Radii: 79 Electronic configurations: 2,8,6 or 3s2 3p4

Trends in chemical properties

I have observed seven (7) of the elements of the above are in the reactivity series of metals. K, Na and Ca react with water in displacement. Mg, Fe and C react with acids. Going from bottom to top, the metals: increase in reactivity; lose electrons more readily to form positive ions; corrode or tarnish more readily; require more energy (and different methods) to be separated from their ores; become stronger reducing agents. I have also observed group VII (Halogens) have water and displacement reactions. The halogens become less reactive down the group. So bromine is less reactive than chlorine, and iodine is less reactive than bromine. A more reactive halogen will displace a less reactive halogen from an aqueous solution of its ions. Moreover, the boiling points of the elements increase, elements become darker and less reactive as oxidising agents when going down the group. They will also react with Group I to form salts.

Task 1a Unit 1 Fundamentals in Science (BTEC National Diploma in Applied Sciences) Otgon Orgil

Definitions Atomic mass (ma) is the total mass of protons, neutrons and electrons in a single atom. There are three types of atomic masses: relative atomic mass, standard atomic weight and relative isotopic mass. In this assignment, I will be predominately using relative atomic mass primarily found in the periodic table. The relative atomic mass is closest to the average atomic mass found in a particular sample, weighted by isotopic abundance. Atomic number (also known as the proton number) is the amount of protons found in the nucleus of an atom, identical to the charge number of the nucleus. It is conventionally represented as Z. The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element. A period is elements that are arrange in a series of rows so that those with similar properties appear in a vertical column. Elements of the same period have the same number of electron shells; with each group across a period, the elements have one more proton and electron and become less metallic. This arrangement reflects the periodic recurrence of similar properties as the atomic number increases. For example, the alkaline metals lie in one group (group 1) and share similar properties, such as high reactivity and the tendency to lose one electron to arrive at a noblegas electronic configuration. A block in a periodic table is a set of adjacent groups. Each block is named after its characteristic orbital. There are 4 primary blocks and 1 hypothetical: s-block (alkali meals & alkaline earth metals - groups 1-2, periods 1-7) p-block (nonmetals & semimetals as well as some metals groups 13-18, periods 2-7) d-block (transition metals - groups 3-12, periods 4-7) f-block (inner transition metals Lanthanoids plus Actinoids) The following is the order for filling the "subshell" orbitals which also gives the linear order of the "blocks" (as atomic number increases) in the periodic table: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p.

Task 1a Unit 1 Fundamentals in Science (BTEC National Diploma in Applied Sciences) Otgon Orgil

A group in a periodic table is known as a family, a vertical column of chemical elements. There are 18 groups in the periodic table. The modern explanation of the pattern of the table is that the elements in a group have similar configurations of the outmost electron shells of the atoms (stabilization and destabilization, the same as the core charge).
New IUPAC numbering Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 9 Group 10 Group 11 Group 12 Group 13 Group 14 Group 15 Group 16 Group 17 Group 18 Name the alkali metals or lithium family the alkaline earth metals or beryllium family the scandium family the titanium family the vanadium family the chromium family the manganese family the iron family the cobalt family the nickel family the copper family the zinc family the boron group or boron family the carbon group or carbon family the pnictogens or nitrogen family the chalcogens or oxygen family the halogens or fluorine family the noble gases or helium family or neon family

Atomic radius is a term used to describe the size of the atom, but there is no standard definition for this value. Atomic radius may refer to the ionic radius, covalent radius, metallic radius, or van der Waals radius. In all cases, the size of the atom is dependent on how far out the electrons exte nd. The atomic radius for an element tends to increase as one goes down an element group. The electrons become more tightly packed as you move across the periodic table, so while there are more electrons for elements of increasing atomic number, the atomic radius actually may decrease.

Group IA Elements Hydrogen Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Cesium Francium

Electronic Configurations 1 2,1 2,8,1 2,8,8,1 2,8,18,8,1 2,8,18,18,8,1 2,8,18,32,18,8,1

Number of Shells 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Group IIA Elements Beryllium Calcium Strontium Barium Radium

Electronic Configurations 2,2 2,8,8,2 2,8,18,8,2 2,8,18,18,8,2 2,8,18,32,18,8,2

Number of Shells 2 3 4 5 6 7

Magnesium 2,8,2

Task 1a Unit 1 Fundamentals in Science (BTEC National Diploma in Applied Sciences) Otgon Orgil

Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove the highest-energy electron from an isolated neutral atom in the gaseous state. Ionization Energy has positive values because energy is always required to remove an electron, it is endothermic. Electrons are attracted to the nucleus therefore energy is needed to remove them. Ionization Energy increases when: there is stronger nuclear charge - there is a full subshell (therefore the atom is stable) - there is a half full subshell therefore there is evenly distributed charge in the atom. Ionization Energy is low when: there is more shielding - the electron to be removed is spin paired (therefore there is repulsion) - the electron is far from the nucleus - when an electron is in the next subshell, Ionization Energy will lower because the outer electron is at a greater distance from the nucleus and there is more shielding from inner subshells - when there is a half full subshell in an atom, the first Ionization Energy is high because the atom is stable. Tips For any element: Number of Protons = Atomic Number Number of Electrons = Number of Protons = Atomic Number Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number Remember PEN