SYNOPSIS FOR M. PHIL.

Topic
Indo-Pak Relations During Musharraf

Research Scholar
Khalid Nadeem Khan

Supervisor
Prof. Asifa Jan Professor & Head Department Of Political Science

Signature of DRC Members: 1. 3. 2. 4. Post Graduate Department of Political Science, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar Kashmir

INTRODUCTION In the history of human civilization human beings have come to the conclusion that in order to live a better life it is essential to cooperate with each other. This has been best illustrated by Aristotle when he said, man is a social animal. This is the case at the individual level & same is the case at the international level. Passing through the history of wars & confrontations it is now accepted by all the nations beyond any doubt that peace is essential for good life & good relations with each other are prerequisite for maintaining the peace. While having a glimpse over the Indo-Pak relations one realizes that these have been dotted with setbacks, false starts & full stops. The relations have remained hostile, uncertain & problematic from the very beginning. The seeds of this hostility were sown much earlier before their emergence on the political map of the world in 1947. During the freedom struggle two separate objectives were fought by two separate leaderships. Independence came with what is called as partition which can fetch the higher points on any scale to measure the tragedies of human civilization. Millions of Muslims & non-Muslims got concerted into immigrants, several lakhs were murdered & innumerable women were raped. These horrible scenes of partition were to haunt both India & Pakistan for rest of their dealings with each other. The political tragedy of partition that provided India & Pakistan an excuse to fight, conspire & hate was that the fate of Kashmir a Muslim majority British Princely State but ruled by a non-Muslim could not be decided. Both the countries fought two major wars over Kashmir in 1947 & 1965. Add to this the Kargil episode in 1999 the number reaches to three(3). Another war took place in 1971 which led to the separation of western Pakistan & the creation of Bangladesh. Legacy of partition was conditioned by several other avoidable & unavoidable happenings. Jinnah died within 13 months of the creation of Pakistan, military dictators came to rule since 1958 with the intervals of the civilian govts., Islamization got state patronage under Zia-ul-haqs regime with USA to deal with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in1979, Pakistans support for the Khalistan movement in Indian Punjab, Indias denial of right to self determination to Kashmirs & the human rights violations in Kashmir. All these things acted as a fuel over the partition legacy which could not allow the relations between two countries to move beyond few compelled agreements. The foreign policy of the two countries also showed the great divide. While India adopted non-alignment policy Pakistan openly drifted towards the west. Jinnah strongly went against communism & favored good relations with United Kingdom(UK) & United States Of America(USA). As Pakistan was created on the basis of religion(Islam), religion dominated the foreign policy of Pakistan as well. Pakistan ensured that solidarity with other Muslim countries would stand high on the foreign policy agenda. Contrary to this religion could not dominate the foreign policy of India. It was the history, Diverse society & the experience of Indian leaders which led it on the path of secularism. Indias foreign policy emerged as a non-committal & influential. Other important principles of Indian foreign policy emerged as principles of Panch Sheel . These are the five principles of peaceful co-existence signed by Nehru with Chinese premier Chou En-lai in 1954. Kashmir remained the concern of both the countries. While India regarded the Kashmir as essential for its secular character, Pakistan regarded the integration of Kashmir with it as the logical completion of partition.

With these differences both the countries left no stone unturned to destabilize each other. A good portion of their annual budgets goes to defense. They started an arms race & ultimately in May 1998 both the countries became the de facto nuclear power states with this their hostility got the international audience.. At the end of the previous century few signs of hope were seen vis--vis the IndoPak relations when Nawaz Sharief & Atal Bihari Vajpye were at the helm of affairs in Pakistan & India respectively. Vajpye took the historic Lahore Bus Service to reach Lahore in 1999. While speaking under the Minari Pakistan vajpye signaled to the Pakistanis that India was eager to settle the disputes with Pakistan. Unfortunately all this optimism was shattered at the Himalayan Peaks of Kargil in the Ladakh Division of Jammu & Kashmir in the same year when Pakistani army staged a limited territorial war against India in kargil in the guise of Mujahidins. INDO-PAK RELATIONS DURING MUSHARRAFS PERIOD IN POWER After kargil came the coup by Musharraf on 12th of October 1999 which Musharraf describe as a counter coup. Earlier period of Musharraf in power saw some fiery rivalry between the two countries. Hijacking of the IC-814 Indian Plane in Dec 1999 from Katmandu-capital of Nepal & the prima facie support of Pakistani officials to it as the prisoners left free in exchange of the Plane with its passengers moved freely in Pakistan. Then the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament in Dec 2001 brought the two nuclear powers at the brink of nuclear war. More than one million troops were mobilized around the borders for about one year. This whole episode send shocks down the spines of world leaders. Irrespective of these incidents after coming to power Musharraf started reviewing the toll Pakistans policies have taken on its social, political & economic development. After the historic incident of 9/11(11th of Sep 2001 when world trade centers & pentagon in USA were attacked) Musharraf changed the fundamental pillars of Pakistans domestic & foreign policy. Musharraf talked of Islamic renaissance & argued that let Pakistan be the search light for other Muslim countries. He talked of stagnation in the socioeconomic & political thinking of the Muslim world. Musharraf took some brave steps to ease the tension between India & Pakistan. In 2001 Agra Summit took place but unfortunately that could not prove success. Musharraf & Vajpye Met in the side lines of the 12th SAARC (South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation) summit in Islamabad in 2004 & in a joint statement on Jan 6 two sides pledge to hold talks on all bilateral disputes including the Kashmir dispute. It is only Musharraf who went to the extent of saying that he could even go beyond the UN Resolutions on Kashmir. It was during Musharraf that on April 7, 2005 Bus Service was started between Srinagar & Muzafarabad, on Feb. 18, 2006 India & Pakistan resumed TrainService after 40 Years& on Sep 16,2006 Musharraf & Manmohan Singh( Prime Minister of India) agreed to put in place an Indian Pakistan anti-terrorism initiatives & investigation. Stephen Cohen of the Brookings Institution & a keen watcher of the Pak politics realizes that Musharraf with the passage of time got convinced that India would newer relinquish the Kashmir Valley & hence supported a process that would allow the kashmirs a greater say in their own future. As a result of this the cross border infiltration reached at its lowest level for years. Both the countries withdrew a Division of their Army around the LOC (Line of Control). India on the other hand is also way to review its foreign policy on several fronts. During 1990s India began to get rid of its third-ism & other isolationist doctrines of the

NAM (Non Alignment Movement) as a part of its foreign policy. India at the movement is eying on the global stage for which it thinks that good relation with its neighbors is essential. Viewing the legacy of Musharraf Mushahid Hussain-secretary General of MLQ (Muslim League Quid) an ally of Musharraf makes the point that,Musharraf was the first military ruler to engage India in an institutional peace process. Musharraf will be remembered for many positive & negative things but one thing goes beyond any doubt that he wanted to settle the disputes between India & Pakistan in the light of realism shrugging behind the past legacy of rivalry as much as he could. While looking towards the previous record of the leaders of India & Pakistan Musharraf definitely is the odd man out. Even though it is debatable that how for Musharraf himself personally was responsible for new Indo-Pak relations 7 how for the external pressure was responsible for this. But Musharraf factor is there! IMPORTANCE India & Pakistan having common history & born of the same nation & at the same time remained oftenly hostile to each other from the very beginning. They hated each other, conspired against each other & quarreled with each other. In 1998 both the countries became the de facto nuclear powers. Cooperation & peace in the region remained hostage of their rivalry who have fought four wars with each other till now. In this context a study of Indo-Pak relations has utility for all the times beyond any doubt. The importance of the study of Indo-Pak relations during Musharrafs period increases further as his period saw several paradigm shifts in Indo-Pak foreign policies, over the Kashmir dispute & in the perspective with which they see at each other. Also in the liberalized & globalized world where the national security perspective of the foreign policy of the states is diminishing both the countries cant afford to shoulder the baggage of old rivalry & hatred for long time. Under such circumstances Indo-Pak Relations During Musharraf is very important field to be exploited. OBJECTIVES 1 2 3 4 To make an objective historical account of Indo-Pak relations. To explore & analyze the progress made during Musharrafs period in Indo-Pak relations. To explore that how for Musharraf factor was responsible for better relations between India & Pakistan. To analyze the impact of Musharraf period on the future of Indo-Pak relations.

HYPOTHESIS It will be presumed that Indo-Pak relation is marching towards better future & it is the right time to solve the disputes between the two countries. Also it will be presumed that Musharrafs period saw some positive developments in Indo-Pak relations & will be presumed that these positive developments could not be presumed. METHODOLOGY The study shall involve a number of methods so as to make it comprehensive, meaningful & objective. The relations between India & Pakistan shall be carried out on

historical lines with an analytical & comparative study of facts. Musharrafs period & its impact on Indo-Pak relations would be carried out on empirical methods to maintain the objectivity. TENTATIVE CHAPTERIZATION 1 2 3 4 Introduction Indo-Pak Relations During Musharraf Changing Scenario of Indo-Pak Relations Conclusion

BIBLIOGRAPHY Bhandare, Namita (ed); India & The World A Blueprint For Partnership & Growth, Roli Books, New Delhi, 2005. 2 Dixit, J N; India & Regional Developments Through The Prism of Indo-Pak Relations, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 2004 3 Dodani, Pushpa; Elusive Peace India & Pakistan, Kaveri Books, New Delhi, 2006 4 Chakrvartty. Nikhil (Selected Writings); India-Pakistan Themes Beyond Borders, Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd, 2004 5 Khan, Iqbal; Fresh Perspectives On India & Pakistan, Mustafa Waheed, Book Traders Lahore, 1987 6 Singh, Narendra; India As A Factor In Pak Politics, Vishvabharti Publications, New Delhi, 2007 7 Nayar, Kuldip; Wall At Wagah India-Pakistan Relations, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 2003 8 Chengappa, M. Bidana; Pakistan, Islamization, Army & Foreign Policy, A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 2004 9 Jalalzai, Khan Musa; The Foreign Policy Of Pakistan Afghanistan, Kashmir & Internal Security Threats (1947-2004) Ariana Publications-lahore Pakistan, Revised Edition, 2004 10 Dixit J N (ed); External Affairs Cross-Border Relations, Roli Books, New Delhi, 2003 11 Chandra, Prakash; India & Pakistan (3Vols), A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 2004 12 Benjamin, Joseph (ed); Indo-Pak Relations: Prospect & Retrospect, Reference Press, 2004 13 Dixit, J N; Anatomy Of A Flawed Inheritance: Indo-Pak relations (1947-1994) Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd 14 Dixit, J N; Indias Foreign Policy (1947-2003) Picus Books 15 Cohen, Philip Stephen; The Idea Of Pakistan, Oxford University Press, 2005 16 musharraf, Pervez; In The Line of Fire: A Memoir, free Press, 2006 NEWS PAPERS 1 2 3 The Hindu Times of India Dawn 1

MAGAZINES AND JOURNALS 1 2 3 4 Economic & political Weekly Frontline South Asian Journal Mainstream