ME 501 Homework #4

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Homework #5
ME 501
Date of Report: October 5, 2011


EVAPORATION

Simon Doornbos
Tasks and hours
Shane Mockbee
Tasks and hours
Hardeep Panchagiri
Tasks and hours
James Frederick
Tasks and hours


ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
The Clasius-Clapeyron equation is derived from the Maxwell relations. Since the volume of a gas is much greater than a
liquid, it can be approximated
g
v v ~ A . The specific volume can now equate to P RT v
g
/ = assuming an ideal gas.
When this is substituted into the Maxwell relations it yields the equation:



2
RT
h
P
dT
dP
sat
A
= [1]


h A is a function of temperature and it can be approximated as a constant due to small changes in temperature. So the
temperature can be integrated with the enthalpy out as a constant:



|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
1 2
1 1
2
1
ln
T T R
h
P
P
fg
[2]


This equation can be used to construct an entire vaporization curve. Variations of saturation pressure with temperature can be
determined.


The Antoine Equation is used for vapor pressure as a function of temperature:



T C
B
A P

= log
[3]


Where A, B, and C are empirical constants specific to each substance such as water, ethanol, etc. To equate the Antoine
equation, you need a minimum of at least 3 data points from each coefficient.

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Kuznetsov Curve Fit is another approximation to determine the pressure as a function of temperature:


8
8 / 1
) (
(

|
.
|

\
|
= A
T
T P
o

[4]


Watson equation can be calculated given the heat of vaporization of a liquid at any temperature:


38 . 0
) ( ) (
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
c bn
c
bn
T T
T T
T L T L
[5]

Where
c
T the critical temperature of the liquid in K is,
bn
T is the heat of vaporization in K.


The Other Method is an approximation from a given temperature and a saturated vapor pressure :


| |
5 . 7
6
4
5
5 . 3
4
3
3
5 . 1
2 1
t t t t t t a a a a a a
T
T
c
c
e p p
+ + + + +
=

[6]


Where the constants equal:

85951783 . 7
1
= a

84408259 . 1
2
= a

7866497 . 11
3
= a

6807411 . 22
4
= a

9618719 . 15
5
= a

80122502 . 1
6
= a




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RESULTS
Figure 1 illustrates the result of vapor pressure as a function of temperature from the triple point to the critical point. Between
all the approximation equations, the closest result from the steam experiment curve is the Other Method yielding a 2.37 %
difference at 274 K. Table 1 additionally illustrates the percent differences between all the equations to the steam table at the
specific temperatures.


Figure 1: Pressure vs. Temperature for several approximation equations
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Table 1: Percent difference of approximations from steam experimental data
Phase Change Approximations
% Difference from
Experimental
Temperature (K)
Clasius Clapeyron 32.73 274
Antoine Equation 2.75 646
Kuznetsov Curve Fit 48.81 274
Other Method 2.37 274


Figure 2 illustrates a plot of vaporization as a function of temperature starting from the triple point to the critical point. In this
plot, a Watson correlation equation (5) was used to compare to the experimental steam results. The Watson correlation
matches the experimental data in two discrete temperatures. Figure 3 demonstrates these two discrete temperatures and also
the percent difference of Watsons correlation throughout the range of temperatures from the triple point to the critical point.


Figure 2: Heat of Vaporization vs. Temperature
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Figure 3: Percent difference vs. Temperature


CONCLUSIONS


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Property data used in this report was obtained using X Steam code from MatLab Central File Exchange. Specific reference
data can be found in the references section of this report.

REFERENCES
1] Cengel , Yunus A. , and Mi c hael A. Bol es . Ther mody nami cs : An Engi neer i ng
Appr oac h. 5
t h
ed. New Yor k : McGr aw Hi l l , 2006.

2] Cengel , Yunus A. , and Mi chael A. Bol es . Ther mody nami cs : An Engi neer i ng
Appr oac h. 6
t h
ed. New Yor k : McGr aw Hi l l , 2008.

3] Ho l mgr e n, Ma gnus . " X St ea m, Ther mo d yna mi c p r op er t i es o f wa t e r a nd s t e am. . "
01/ 08 / 2 007 . Mat Lab Cent r al Fi l e Exc han ge . Web . 19 Se p 2011.
<ht t p : / / www. ma t hwor ks . c om/ ma t l a bc e nt r a l / f i l e e xc ha nge / 981 7>.

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APPENDIX A
(MATLAB Code: Vapor Pressure as a Function of Temperature)

clear;
clc;

P=[0.1:0.1:1]*101.3*1000;%Pa
T=[300:100:3000];%K
R=8341;%J/(kmol*K)
k=1.4;
Cv=0.715; %kJ/(kg*K)
Cp=k*Cv; %kJ/(kg*K)
s0=1.69528; %kJ/(kg*k)
rho=101325*28.7/(R*300); %kg/m^3
v=1/rho; %m^3/kg

for i=1:length(T);
for n=1:length(P);
s(n)=Cp*log(T(i))-R*log(P(n))-s0;
g(n)=Cv*T(i)+P(n)*v-T(i)*s(n);
end;
if i==1;
plot(P,g,'-b'); %T=T(1)
xlabel('Pressure (Pa)');
ylabel('Gibbs Free Engery (kJ / kg)');
axis([0 130000 0 300000000]);
text(P(n),g(n),['\leftarrow T = ',num2str(T(i)),'
K'],'HorizontalAlignment','left');
hold;
else
plot(P,g); %T=T(2->end)
text(P(n),g(n),['\leftarrow T = ',num2str(T(i)),'
K'],'HorizontalAlignment','left');
end;
if i==length(T)
hold;
end;
end
%g=Cv*T+P*v-T*(Cp*log(T)-R*log(P)-s0);
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APPENDIX B
(MATLAB Code: Heat of Vaporization as a Function of Temperature)

clear;
clc;

Pc=22*10^6/100000; %bar
Tc=373; %K

%P-v plot Linear Scale
for i=1:Pc
v(i)=XSteam('vV_p',i);
l(i)=XSteam('vL_p',i);
end;
P=[1:length(v)]*100000; %Pa
plot(l,P);
hold;
plot(v,P);
axis([0 0.05 0 25000000]);
xlabel('Specific Volume (m^3/kg)');
ylabel('Pressure (Pa)');
hold;

%P-v plot Log Scale
figure;
loglog(l,P);
hold;
loglog(v,P);
xlabel('Log Specific Volume (m^3/kg)');
ylabel('Log Pressure (Pa)');
hold;

%T-s plot Log Scale
Tem=[1:Tc];
for i=1:Tc
sV(i)=XSteam('sV_T',i);
sL(i)=XSteam('sL_T',i);
end;
figure;
loglog(sL,Tem);
hold;
loglog(sV,Tem);
xlabel('Log Entropy (kJ/(kg*K))');
ylabel('Log Temperature (K)');
hold;

%P-T plot show boundaries between ice water steam on a linear scale
for i=1:Pc
T(i)=XSteam('Tsat_p',i);
end;
figure;
plot(T,P)
xlabel('Temperature (K)');
ylabel('Pressure (Pa)');
hold;
for i=1:Pc;
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Triple(i)=273.16; %K
end;
plot(Triple,P);
Psat=XSteam('Psat_t',273.16)*100000;
temp=[0:1:273];
plot(temp,Psat);
text(300,.3*10^7,'Vapor Phase');
text(280,1.75*10^7,'Liquid Phase');
text(150,10^7,'Solid Phase');
text(290,max(P),'Critical Point \rightarrow');
text(273.16,Psat,'\leftarrow Triple Point');
hold;

%P-T plot show boundaries between ice water steam on a log scale
figure;
temperature=[-.01:0.1:273];
loglog(T,P);
hold;
loglog(Triple,P);
loglog(temperature,Psat);
xlabel('Temperature (K)');
ylabel('Pressure (Pa)');
axis([10^0 10^3 10^5 10^8]);
text(310,.3*10^7,'Vapor Phase');
text(280,1.5*10^7,'\downarrow Liquid Phase');
text(15,10^7,'Solid Phase');
text(max(T),max(P),'\leftarrow Critical Point');
text(273.16,Psat,'\leftarrow Triple Point');
hold;

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APPENDIX C
(MATLAB Code: Engine Combustion with Intake Stroke)

clear;
clc;
Cv=0.715; %specific heat at constant volume (kJ/kg-K)
%Cp=;
%k=1.4; %k=Cp/Cv
CR=12;%Compression Ratio
R=.17/.05;
Rgas=8314;
M=29;
d_theta=pi()/180;%radians
V_disp=.0007853982;%m^3
P(1)=100000;%Pa
T(1)=300;%K
W(1)=0;
stepsize=.1;%(degree)
theta=-180:stepsize:180+stepsize;
rho=P(1)*M/(Rgas*T(1));%(kg/m^3)
m=rho*V_disp/(1-(1/CR));%kg;
dQm=m * 1750 * 1000;%J
N=1667;%RPM

CAD=40;
for n=1:1:((360+stepsize)/stepsize);
V(n)=(V_disp/(CR-1))+(V_disp/2)*(R+1-cosd(theta(n))-sqrt(R^2-
(sind(theta(n))^2)));
dV(n)=(V_disp/2)*sind(theta(n))*(1+((cosd(theta(n)))/(sqrt(R^2-
(sind(theta(n))^2)))));
end
work=0;
q2wall=0;
for n=1:1:((360+stepsize)/stepsize);
H(n+1)=(V(n)/((pi()/4)*0.1^2)); %(m)
A(n+1)=2*((pi()/4)*0.1^2)+pi()*0.1*H(n+1); %(m^2)
Vel=(2*.1*N)/60;
Re=(Vel*0.1)/(10*10^-5);
Nu=10.4*Re^0.75;
kt=0.06; %(W/(m K))
h=(Nu*kt)/.10; %(W/(m^2 K))
qout(1)=(h*A(1)*(T(1)-(273+80)))/(1000*174.568);
if theta(n)>=0 && theta(n)<=CAD;
dQ(n)=((dQm)/(d_theta*(CAD)))-qout(n);
else
dQ(n)=-qout(n);
end
k(n)=2E-10*T(n)^3-4E-7*T(n)^2+0.00002*T(n)+1.3833;
dP(n)=(((k(n)-1)/V(n))*(dQ(n)))-k(n)*(P(n)/V(n))*(dV(n));
if n<((360+stepsize)/stepsize);
P(n+1)=P(n)+(dP(n))*stepsize*d_theta;
T(n+1)=P(n+1)*M*V(n+1)/(Rgas*m);
W(n)=P(n)*(V(n+1)-V(n));
work=work+W(n);
qout(n+1)=(h*A(n+1)*(T(n+1)-(273+80)))/(1000*174.568);
q2wall=q2wall+qout(n);
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end;
end;
P(n+1)=P(1);
V(n+1)=V(1);
Neff=((work)/(dQm))*100;
disp(sprintf('The efficency of the engine cycle is %f %',Neff));