1

Solution of the system of linear Fredholm integral equations of

the second kind using modified homotopy perturbation method

Kawa M. Aziz
kawa@uni-sci.org kawama2005@yahoo.com

University of Salahaddin/Erbil, College of Science, Department of Mathematics, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Abstract:
This paper is about the applied of a simple method which is modified to homotopy perturbation
method to approximate the solution of system of linear Fredholm integral equations of the second kind
(SLFIESK). Solved problems reveal that the proposed method is very effective and simple and in many
cases it gives the exact solution rather than the approximate one.
Keywords: System of Fredholm integral equation, Modified homotopy perturbation method.
1. Introduction
In recent years, the application of the homotopy perturbation method HPM [1 2] has been
developed by scientists and engineers, because this method continuously deforms the difficult problem
under study into a simple problem which is easy to solve. This method was proposed first by He [2] in
1998 and was further developed and improved by He [1, 3, 4]. Also, many authors applied this method
for solving nonlinear and linear problems such as [5-9]. Moreover, many researchers presented a
modification of this method [10-15] for solving problems because the modification of this method has
more efficiency from standard HPM.
In this paper, applies modified HPM [10] for to the discussed problem.
Consider the following SLFIESK:
, ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) ( dt t t x x x
b
a
U K F U
}
+ = (1)
where
], ) , ( [ ) , ( t x k t x
ij
= K
], ) ( ..., ), ( ), ( [ ) (
2 1
x u x u x u x
n
= U
]. ) ( ..., ), ( ), ( [ ) (
2 1
x f x f x f x
n
= F (2)
In Eq. (1) the function K and F are given, and U the solution to be determined.
Consider the ith equation of (1)
; ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) (
1

}
=
+ =
n
j
b
a
j ij i i
dt t u t x k x f x u n i ..., , 2 , 1 = (3)
2. Modified HPM applied to SLFIESK
We use modified HPM for approximating the solution for SFIESK (3) for particular kernels of the form
) ( ) ( ) , ( t h x g t x k
ij ij ij
= or

=
=
d
k
ijk ijk ij
t h x g t x k
1
), ( ) ( ) , ( N e d


2
First, assume that kernel of the system (3) in the form
) ( ) ( ) , ( t h x g t x k
ij ij ij
=
In [5, 6] a new convex homotopy perturbation method is defined as follows:
0 ) ( ) 1 ( ) U ( ) U ( ) 1 ( ) m , , U (
1
= + + =

=
n
j
ij ij i i i
x g m p p pL F p p H (4)
where m= ] [
ij
m and
ij
m ; n j i ..., , 2 , 1 , = are called accelerating parameters, 0 =
ij
m ; n j i ..., , 2 , 1 , = we
define ), , ( ) 0 , , ( p H p H
i i
U U = which is the standard HPM.

i i i
f u F = ) (U , ; ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1
dt t u t x k x f x u L
b
a
n
j
j ij i i i
}

=
= U (5)
and ] 1 , 0 [ e p is an embedding parameter. The embedding parameter p monotonically increases from zero
to unit as the ) (U
i
F is continuously deformed to the ) (U
i
L . According to the HPM, we assume that the
solution of Eq. (3) can be expressed in a series of p
... ) (
2
2
1 0
+ + + =
i i i i
u p u p u x u (6)
Substituting Eq. (6) in Eq. (4), we have
) ... [( ) ... ( ) 1 (
2
2
1 0 2
2
1 0 i i i i i i i i
f u p u p u p f u p u p u p + + + + + + +
; 0 ) ( ) 1 ( ] ...) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
2
2
1 0
= + + + +

}
= =
n
j
ij ij
n
j
b
a
j j j ij ij
x g m p p dt u p u p u t h x g . ..., , 2 , 1 n i = (7)
Now, equating the terms with identical powers of p we obtain
:
0
p 0
0
=
i i
f u
i i
f u =
0

:
1
p 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
0
1 1
1
= +
}

= =
b
a
j ij
n
j
ij
n
j
ij ij i
dt t u t h x g x g m u

=
=
n
j
ij ij ij i
m c x g u
1
1
) )( (
where,
}
=
b
a
j ij ij
dt t u t h c ) ( ) (
0
(8)
:
2
p 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1
0
1
1 1
2
=
}

= =
dt t u t h x g x g m u
j ij
n
j
ij
n
j
ij ij i
) ( ) (
1 1
2
x g m c m u
ij
n
j
n
k
ijk jk jk ij i
= =
(

+ = o ,
where,
}
=
b
a
jk ij ijk
dt t g t h ) ( ) ( o (9)
:
3
p 0 ) ( ) ( ) (
1
2 3
=

}
=
n
j
b
a
j ij ij i
dt t u t h x g u

}
=
=
n
j
b
a
j ij ij i
dt t u t h x g u
1
2 3
) ( ) ( ) (

:
r
p

}
=
+
=
n
j
b
a
jr ij ij r i
dt t u t h x g u
1
1 ,
) ( ) ( ) ( , ... , 3 , 2 = r ;
now, we find
ij
m such that , 0
2
=
i
u then ; 0 ....
4 3
= = =
i i
u u n i ..., , 2 , 1 = and the exact solution will obtained
as ), ( ) ( ) (
1 0
x u x u x u
i i i
+ = hence for all values of x we should have
, 0 ) (
1
= +

=
n
k
ijk jk jk ij
m c m o
for n j i ..., , 2 , 1 , = (10)
we get n n linear equations; solve this linear system with respect to unknowns
ij
m .

3
Second, consider the general case of the kernels of system (3)
; ) ( ) ( ) , (
1

=
=
L
k
ijk ijk ij
t h x g t x k , N Le
here we choose the convex homotopy as follows:
0 ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) , , (
1 1
= + + =

= =
n
j
L
k
ijk ijk i i i
x g m p p pL F p p H U U m U (11)
By doing similar manipulations, we obtain

i i
f u =
0

| |, ) (
1 1
1
= =
=
n
j
L
k
ijk ijk ijk i
m c x g u where

}
=
b
a
j ijk ijk
dt t u t h c ) ( ) (
0
(12)
, ) ( ) (
1 1 1 1
2
= = = =
(

+ =
n
j
L
k
n
r
ijkrs jrs
L
s
jrs ijk ijk i
m c m x g u o where

}
=
b
a
ijk jrs ijkrs
dt t g t h ) ( ) ( o (13)

}
= =
+
=
n
j
L
k
b
a
ir ijk ijk r i
dt t u t h x g u
1 1
1 ,
, ) ( ) ( ) ( ... , 3 , 2 = r
we try to find parameters ;
ijk
m n j i ..., , 2 , 1 , = and L k ..., , 2 , 1 = such that . 0 ....
4 3 2
= = = =
i i i
u u u
Hence from
2 i
u we should have
0 ) (
1 1
= +

= =
n
r
ijkrs jrs
L
s
jrs ijk
m c m o
For n j i ..., , 2 , 1 , = and L k ..., , 2 , 1 = . (14)
Under certain condition, the values of
ijk
m ; can be obtained from the system of linear equations in (14).
3. Converge analysis of the method
Assume
) ( ) ( ) (
1 0
x u x u x u
i i i
+ = is a solution of the system of Eq. (3) and suppose the kernel of Eq. (3) in
the general form (Second) , The right hand side of Eq. (3) becomes
; )) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
1 0
}
= =
+ +
n
j
L
k
b
a
j j ijk ijk i
dt t u t u t h x g x f n i ..., , 2 , 1 =
By using Eq. (12) and Eq. (13) we get
= | | ; ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 1 1

}

= = = = (
(

+ +
n
j
L
k
n
r
b
a
irs ijk
L
s
irs irs ijk ijk i
dt t g t h m c c x g x f
= | | ; ) ( ) (
1 1 1 1

= = = =
(

+ +
n
j
L
k
n
r
ijlrs
L
s
irs irs ijk ijk i
m c c x g x f o
By using Eq. (14) we get
= | |; ) ( ) (
1 1

= =
+
n
j
L
k
ijk ijk ijk i
m c x g x f since
i i
f u =
0
and from Eq. (12) we get:
= ) ( ) (
1 0
x u x u
i i
+

4
Thus
) ( ) ( ) (
1 0
x u x u x u
i i i
+ = Satisfies Eq. (3).
Therefore its an exact solution for Eq. (3).
4. Implementation of the method
In this section, four examples are presented to illustrate the efficiency of the method in this paper.
Example 1. Consider the system [16]

+ =
+ + =
}
}

1
0
2 1
2 2
2
1
0
2
2
1 1
)) ( ) ( (
2
3
) (
)) ( ) (
3
1
(
4
1
3
2
) (
dt t u x t u e x x x x u
dt t u t t u t e e x u
t
x x

where the exact solution is
x x u e x u
x
= = ) ( , ) (
2 1

. 1 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
, ) ( ) ( 1 ) (
3
1
) (
22 21
2
12 11
22
2
21 12 11
= = = =
= = = =

t h e t h t t h t t h
x x g x x g x g e x g
t
x

,
4
1
3
2
) (
10
=
x
e x u
2
20
2
3
) ( x x x u =

24
13
) ( ) (
1
0
10 11 11
}
= = t u t h c ,
40
7
) ( ) (
1
0
20 12 12
}
= = t u t h c ,
97435
49559
) ( ) (
1
0
10 21 21
= =
}
t u t h c
12
5
) ( ) (
1
0
20 22 22
= =
}
t u t h c
3
1
) ( ) (
1
0
11 11 111
= =
}
t g t h o
2
1
) ( ) (
1
0
12 11 112
}
= = t g t h o
5
1
) ( ) (
1
0
21 12 121
= =
}
t g t h o
4
1
) ( ) (
1
0
22 12 122
= =
}
t g t h o
3
1
) ( ) (
1
0
11 21 211
= =
}
t g t h o
49171
31082
) ( ) (
1
0
12 21 212
= =
}
t g t h o

3
1
) ( ) (
1
0
21 22 221
= =
}
t g t h o
2
1
) ( ) (
1
0
22 22 222
= =
}
t g t h o
From (10) we get the following linear system

|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|




222 221
212 211
122 121
112 111
1 0 0
0 1
1 0
0 0 1
o o
o o
o o
o o
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
22
21
12
11
m
m
m
m
= ,
222 22 221 21
212 12 211 11
122 22 121 21
112 12 111 11
|
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|
|
.
|

\
|




o o
o o
o o
o o
c c
c c
c c
c c

after solving above linear system we get

12
1
,
690208
339143
- ,
40
3
,
24
11
22 21 12 11
= = = = m m m m
Thus,

4
1
3
) )( ( ) (
2
1
1 1 1 11
+ = =

=
x
j
j j j
e
m c x g x u , ,
2
) )( ( ) (
2
2
1
2 2 2 21
x
x m c x g x u
j
j j j
= =

=

Hence the approximate solution is

5
, ) ( ) ( ) (
11 10 1
x
e x u x u x u = + =
, ) ( ) ( ) (
21 20 2
x x u x u x u = + = which is also exact solution.

Example 2. Consider the system

( )
( )
( )

+ + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
}
}
}
1
0
3 2 1
2 2
3
1
0
3
3
2 1
2
2
1
0
3 2 1
2
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
10
1
120
17
120
113
) (
) ( ) ( ) ( 1
6
5
6
5
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
4
3
6
5
4
) (
dt t u x t u t x t u t x x x u
dt t u t x t u x t t u t e
x
e x x u
dt t u t t u t x t u t x
x x
x u
x x

where the exact solution is
x x u + =1 ) (
1
,
2
2
1 ) ( x x u + = and
2
3
1 ) ( x x u = .
Using Eq.(8) to find
ij
c for all 3 , 2 , 1 , = j i .
Thus
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
80
43
360
13
480
7
2400
97
36
13 -
4
1
144
25
36
13 -
4
1
C

Also, we can find
ijk
o by using Eq. (9) for all 3 , 2 , 1 and , = k j i .
We get three matrices:
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
20
1
2
1
1
30
1
30
1
10
1
30
1
40
1
50
1
1
A ,
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
50
1
5
1
4
1
3
1
3
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
2
A and
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
30
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
3
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
3
A
where
ijk ijk
A o = for all 3 , 2 , 1 and , = k j i .
Now, using Eq. (10) we get the following linear system
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

333 33 332 32 321 31
323 23 322 22 321 21
313 13 312 12 311 11
233 13 232 32 231 31
223 13 222 22 221 21
213 13 212 12 211 11
133 33 132 32 131 31
123 23 122 22 121 21
113 13 112 12 111 11
33
32
31
23
22
21
13
12
11
333 332 331
323 322 321
313 312 311
233 232 231
223 222 221
213 212 211
133 132 121
123 122 121
113 112 111
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
c c c
c c c
c c c
c c c
c c c
c c c
c c c
c c c
c c c
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m


6
After solving above linear system we get
12
7
11

= m ,
9
10
12

= m ,
144
11
13

= m ,
12
7
21

= m ,
9
10
22

= m ,
2400
103
23

= m ,
160
7
31

= m ,
9
1
32

= m and
240
31
33

= m
Thus
4
1
4
3
6
5
) (
2
11
+ + = x x x u 1 ) (
1
+ = x x u

x
e x x u
6
5
6
5
) (
21
+ = 1 ) (
2
2
+ = x x u

120
7
120
17
) (
31
+ = x x u
2
1 ) (
3
x x u =
Example 3. Consider the system

+ =
+ + =
}
}
1
0
2
2
1 2 2
1
0
2
2
1
2
1 1
)) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) (
)) ( ) ( ) (( ) ( ) (
dt t u t x t u x x f x u
dt t u t t u t x x f x u

Where
, 2 ) 1 sin( ) 1 sin( 2
2
1 ) 1 cos(
4 ) 1 cos( 3 ) 1 sin( ) cos( ) (
2
1
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+ = x x x x x f
, 2 )) 1 cos( 1 ( ) 1 sin( ) 1 cos( 2 ) 1 cos( ) 1 sin( 2 ) sin( ) (
2
2
+ + = x x x x x f
and the exact solution is ) cos( ) (
1
x x u = ) sin( ) (
2
x x u = .
First suppose,
2
111
) ( x x g = x x g 2 ) (
112
= 1 ) (
113
= x g 1 ) (
121
= x g 0 ) (
122
= x g 0 ) (
123
= x g
0 ) (
211
= x g 0 ) (
212
= x g 0 ) (
213
= x g
2
221
) ( x x g = x x g 2 ) (
222
= 1 ) (
223
= x g
1 ) (
111
= t h t t h = ) (
112

2
113
) ( t t h =
2
121
) ( t t h = 0 ) (
122
= t h 0 ) (
123
= t h
1 ) (
211
= t h 0 ) (
212
= t h 0 ) (
213
= t h 1 ) (
221
= t h t t h = ) (
222

2
223
) ( t t h = .
Second using Eq. (12) to find all
ijk
c where 2 , 1 , = j i and 3 , 2 , 1 = k ; we get
480376448 . 0
111
= c , 1947321204 . 0
112
= c , 1076001078 . 0
113
= c , 0028934286 . 0
121
= c , 0
122
= c ,
0
123
= c , 480376448 . 0
211
= c , 0
212
= c , 0
213
= c , 595 -0.0363459
221
= c , 913 -0.0050890
222
= c ,
0028934286 . 0 -
223
= c .
Using Eq. (13) to find all
ijkrs
o where 2 , 1 , , = r j i and 3 , 2 , 1 , = s k
,
3
1
11111
= o , 1
11112
= o , 1
11113
= o , 1
11121
= o , 0
11122
= o , 0
11123
= o ,
4
1
11211
= o ,
3
2
11212
= o ,
2
1
11213
= o
,
2
1
11221
= o , 0
11222
= o , 0
11223
= o ,
5
1
11311
= o ,
2
1
11312
= o ,
3
1
11313
= o ,
3
1
11321
= o , 0
11322
= o , 0
11323
= o
,
4
1
12111
= o , 0
12112
= o , 0
12113
= o ,
5
1
12121
= o ,
2
1
12122
= o ,
3
1
12123
= o , 0
12211
= o , 0
12212
= o , 0
12213
= o
, 0
12221
= o , 0
12222
= o , 0
12223
= o , 0
12311
= o , 0
12312
= o , 0
12313
= o , 0
12321
= o , 0
12322
= o , 0
12323
= o

7
,
3
1
21111
= o , 1
21112
= o , 1
21113
= o , 1
21121
= o , 0
21122
= o , 0
21123
= o , 0
21211
= o , 0
21212
= o , 0
21213
= o
, 0
21221
= o , 0
21222
= o , 0
21223
= o , 0
21311
= o , 0
21312
= o , 0
21313
= o , 0
21321
= o , 0
21322
= o , 0
21323
= o
,
2
1
22111
= o , 0
22112
= o , 0
22113
= o , 0
22121
= o , 1
22122
= o , 1
22123
= o ,
3
1
22211
= o , 0
22212
= o , 0
22213
= o
,
4
1
22221
= o ,
3
2
22222
= o ,
2
1
22223
= o ,
4
1
22311
= o , 0
22312
= o , 0
22313
= o ,
5
1
22321
= o ,
2
1
22322
= o
3
1
22323
= o .
Using Eq. (14) we get the linear system AM=B, where
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=
` 22323 ` 22322 ` 22321 22313 22312 22311
` 22223 ` 22222 ` 22221 22213 22212 22211
` 22123 ` 22122 ` 22121 22113 22112 22111
21322 21322 21321 21313 21312 21311
21222 21222 21221 21213 21212 21211
21122 21122 21121 21113 21112 21111
12323 12322 12321 12313 12312 12311
12223 12222 12221 12213 12212 12211
12123 12122 12121 12113 12112 12111
11323 11322 11321 11313 11311 11311
11223 11222 11221 11213 11212 11211
11123 11122 11121 11113 11112 11111
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
A

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\
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+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
=
22323 223 22322 222 22321 221 22313 213 22312 212 22311 211
22223 223 22222 222 22221 221 22213 213 22212 212 22211 211
22123 223 22122 222 22121 221 22113 213 22112 212 22111 211
21323 123 21322 122 21321 121 21313 113 1312 112 21311 111
21223 123 21222 122 21221 121 21213 113 21212 112 21211 111
21123 123 21122 122 21121 121 21113 113 21112 112 21111 111
12323 223 12322 222 12321 221 12313 213 12312 212 12311 211
12223 223 12222 222 12221 221 12213 213 12212 212 12211 211
12123 223 12122 222 12121 221 12113 213 12112 212 12111 211
11323 123 11322 122 11321 121 11313 113 11312 112 11311 111
11223 123 11222 122 11221 121 11213 113 11212 112 11211 111
11123 123 11122 122 11121 121 11113 113 11112 112 11111 111
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
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. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
B ,
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=
223
222
221
213
212
211
123
122
121
113
112
111
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
M
We find the values of
ijk
m where 2 , 1 , = j i and 3 , 2 , 1 = k By solving the above linear system as
follows:

8
, 0
111
= m , 36109494 . 0
112
= m , 1870411703 . 0
113
= m , 1315335191 . 0
121
= m 2261377041 . 0
122
= m
, 0
123
= m , 0
211
= m , 36109494 . 0
212
= m , 0
213
= m , 4960436537 . 0
221
= m , 3062577703 . 0
222
= m
2261377041 . 0
223
= m .
Therefore
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\
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+ + = 4796254964 . 0
12
) 1 sin( 11
6
) 1 cos(
2
20
) 1 sin( 11
15
) 1 cos( 28
) (
11
x x u
0089954435 . 1 36109494 . 1 ) 1 cos( 2
3
) 1 sin( 2
2
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+ + x

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+ |
.
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\
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+ + = ) 1 cos( 2
3
) 1 sin( 2
0562577703 . 1
12
) 1 cos( 23
3
) 1 sin(
2
12
) 1 sin( 19
30
) 1 cos( 11
) (
21
x x x u
) 3071956293 . 1 4960436537 . 0
2
) 1 sin( 3
3
) 5 . 0 sin( 16
36109494 . 1
2
2

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+ + + x

Thus
16 2 16 16
1
9225197913 . 2 3964729268 . 2 ) cos( 2678644733 . 1 ) (

+ + + = e x e x x e x u
17 2 17 17
2
7907530848 . 5 8983647829 . 3 ) sin( 7085679554 . 7 ) (

+ + + = e x e x x e x u
Example 4. Consider the system

+ + + =
+ + + + =
}
}
1
0
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
0
2
2
1
2
1
)) ( ) ( ) ((
60
77
6
11
3
7
) (
)) ( ) sin( ) ( (
2
5
) cos( ) sin( 2 ) (
dt t u t t u t x
x x
x u
dt t u t x x t u t x x x x x x u

With the exact solution is
2
1
) 1 ( ) ( x x u + = and x x u = ) (
2

Find the 3
rd
first terms of the Taylor series of ) sin( xt about zero,

120
) (
6
) (
) sin(
5 3
x t x t
x t xt + ~
Therefore,
1 ) (
111
= x g 0 ) (
112
= x g 0 ) (
113
= x g
3
121
) ( x x g =
6
) (
5
122
x
x g =
120
) (
7
123
x
x g =
1 ) (
211
= x g x x g 2 ) (
212
=
2
213
) ( x x g = 1 ) (
221
= x g 0 ) (
222
= x g 0 ) (
223
= x g
t t h = ) (
111
0 ) (
112
= t h 0 ) (
113
= t h t t h = ) (
121

3
122
) ( t t h =
5
123
) ( t t h =

2
211
) ( t t h = t t h = ) (
212
1 ) (
213
= t h
2
221
) ( t t h = 0 ) (
222
= t h 0 ) (
223
= t h .
By the same way of example 3 we can find the approximate solution

7 5 3 2
1
0011906625 . 0 0333386604 . 0 3333904668 . 0 ) sin( 2 ) ( x x x x x x x u + + + =
0000253428 . 1 ) cos( + + x x

9
0000600038 . 0 0000506857 . 1 0000409455 . 0 ) (
2
2
+ + = x x x u
Some numerical values of this solution are presented in the following table:
x
Exact value of Approximate values
) (
1
x u

) (
2
x u

) (
1
x u ) (
2
x u
0 1 0 1.0000253428
6.00038
5
e
0.1 1.21 0.1 1.2100253999 0.1000654818
0.2 1.44 0.2 1.4400257982 0.2000717787
0.3 1.69 0.3 1.6900268730 0.3000788945
0.4 1.96 0.4 1.9600289509 0.4000868293
0.5 2.25 0.5 2.2500323624 0.500095583
0.6 2.56 0.6 2.5600374959 0.6001051555
0.7 2.89 0.7 2.8900449443 0.7001155470
0.8 3.24 0.8 3.2400558262 0.8001267574
0.9 3.61 0.9 3.6100723996 0.9001387867
1 4 1 4.0000991328 1.0001516349

5. Conclusion
In this paper, we made applied the modified homotopy perturbation method [10] for solving
linear system of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind; the method is a simple and very effective
and in many cases it can give an exact solution and comparison the result obtained by the present method
with that obtained by different method [7, 16] reveals that the present method is very effective and
convenient.
References
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International journal of Nonlinear Mechanics 35 (2000) 37-43.
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10
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