NATURAL SCIENCES

Second year of Baccalaureate

degree objectives
At the end of the second year, students will be
competent to:
Investigate and correctly solve problems of fluids,
electromagnetism and waves, describing and applying
scientific principles for the quantitative and qualitative
explanation of these natural phenomena and their
importance in people's lives.
Analyze and explain with interest the constitution and
transformation of matter, describing its physical-
chemical properties and solving problems to
understand its application in real situations of daily
life.
Investigate and responsibly explain some global
ecological problems of the planet, analyzing their
incidence in the country, to promote environmental
laws and actions to reduce damage to the planet's
natural resources.
Investigate and analyze with a critical attitude the
origin and evolution of the planet, the species and the
human being, through scientific theories that help to
explain and represent the evolution and the importance
of the human being in the protection of the natural
resources of the world. planet.

UNIT 1 SCIENTIFIC WORK

Aim

Investigate and describe the application of ethical standards in research processes,

analyzing with interest the scientific and technological advances that allow
identifying and assessing the level of development of science in the country and the
world.
Probable time: 10 class hours
CONCEPTUAL CONTENTS
■ Ethics in scientific research.
■ Scientific and technological advances and their impact on life on the planet.
■ Scientific and technological development in the country.

PROCEDURAL CONTENTS
■ Inquiry and description of the importance of ethics in scientific research.
■ Description and analysis of the main scientific and technological advances on the planet.
■ Investigation and identification of institutions that carry out scientific research in El Salvador.
■ Investigation and description of the main scientific and technological advances in Salvador.
■ Comparison and analysis of the scientific and technological progress of El Salvador with other
countries in Central America and the world.

CURRENT CONTENT
■ Assessment of the importance of respecting ethical standards in research.
■ Responsibility in investigating the causes of the development of scientific research.
■ Interest in investigating and identifying institutions that carry out scientific research in El
Salvador.
■ Critical attitude in comparing the scientific and technological progress of El Salvador with other
countries in Central America and the world.

ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
1.1 Investigate and describe with interest the importance of ethics in scientific research.
1.2 Describes and analyzes with interest the main scientific and technological advances on the
planet.
1.3 Investigate and identify with interest institutions that carry out scientific research in El Salvador.
1.4 Investigate and describe with interest and a critical attitude the scientific and technological
advances in El Salvador.
UNIT 2 LET'S KNOW THE FLUIDS
Aim:

Investigate and safely apply principles of hydrostatics and atmospheric pressure,

carrying out experiments, building devices and solving calculation problems about
their properties and laws that help them understand and value their applications in
everyday life.
Probable time: 24 class hours.

CONCEPTUAL CONTENTS
■ Real and ideal fluids.
- Pascal and Archimedes' principle.
- Hydrostatic pressure.

PROCEDURAL CONTENTS
■ Investigation and description of the characteristics and properties of real and ideal fluids: density,
capillarity, viscosity, surface tension and pressure.
■ Investigation, representation and description of the principles of Pascal and Archimedes and their
application in everyday life.
■ Construction and description of technological devices where the principles of Pascal and
Archimedes are applied.
■ Approach, analysis and resolution of calculus problems applying the principles of Pascal and
Archimedes.
■ Experimentation and resolution of calculation problems on the hydrostatic pressure of bodies
inside a liquid.
■ Experimentation and description of the effect of atmospheric pressure on everyday phenomena
and living beings.
■ Approach, analysis and resolution of problems applying knowledge about atmospheric pressure.
■ Experimentation and resolution of problems calculating the pressure of gases enclosed in a
container.

CURRENT CONTENT
■ Interest in describing the characteristics and properties of real and ideal fluids.
■ Interest and creativity in the investigation, representation and description of the principles of
Pascal and Archimedes.
■ Assessment of the scientific applications and importance of the principles of Pascal and
Archimedes in everyday life.
■ Interest and perseverance in solving calculation problems on the hydrostatic pressure of bodies.
■ Safety in the experimental demonstration of the effects of atmospheric pressure on everyday
phenomena and on living beings.
■ Precision and accuracy in solving problems about atmospheric pressure.
■ Interest and curiosity in experimenting and solving pressure problems of gases enclosed in a
container.
ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
2.1 Investigate and describe with interest the characteristics and properties of real and ideal fluids:
density, capillarity, viscosity, surface tension and pressure.
2.2 Investigate, represent and describe with interest the principles of Pascal and Archimedes and
their application in everyday life.
2.3 Pose, analyze and persistently solve calculus problems applying the principles of Pascal and
Archimedes.
2.4 Experiment and persistently solve calculation problems about the hydrostatic pressure of bodies
inside a liquid.
2.5 Experiment and confidently describe the effect of atmospheric pressure on everyday phenomena
and living beings.
2.6 Pose, analyze and solve problems with perseverance by applying knowledge about atmospheric
pressure.
2.7 Experiment and correctly solve calculation problems about the pressure in gases enclosed in a
container.
UNIT 3 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY
Aim:

Investigate and describe electromagnetic phenomena with interest, designing circuits

or devices and experimentally calculating their properties and laws that will help
them assess the progress of these technologies in the well-being of human life.
Probable time: 24 class hours.

CONCEPTUAL CONTENTS
■ Electrostatic.
- Electric charge.
- Coulomb's law and electric force.
■ Electric potential.
- Work and electrical potential.
- Electrical potential energy.
■ Electric current.
■ Resistivity and resistance.
■ Conductivity and conductance.
■ Direct electric current circuits.
- Ohm and Joule's law.
- Series and parallel circuits (capacitors and resistors).

PROCEDURAL CONTENTS
■ Investigation, analysis and explanation of the origin of electrostatic energy.
■ Analysis, interpretation and explanation of the origin and law of the signs of electric charges.
■ Analysis, interpretation and resolution of calculation problems on forces and electric fields
applying Coulomb's law.
■ Interpretation and description of work and electrical potential.
■ Investigation and resolution of problems calculating energy from the difference in electric
potential.
■ Representation and description of electric current and identification of the Ampere (A) as a unit
of measurement of current.
■ Experimentation, explanation and differentiation between resistivity and resistance in some
environmental materials.
■ Identification and use of the Ohm as a unit of measurement of resistance and resistivity.
■ Experimentation and classification
of materials from the environment into conductors, semiconductors and electrical insulators.
■ Explanation and differentiation between conductivity and conductance in some environmental
materials.
■ Analysis, interpretation and application of Ohm and Joule's Law to solve simple electrical circuit
problems.
■ Construction of series and parallel circuits, following diagrams and verbal and/or written
instructions.

CURRENT CONTENT
■ Initiative and interest in the investigation, interpretation and explanation of the origin of
electrostatics.
■ Interest in analyzing, interpreting and explaining the origin and law of the signs of electric
charges.
■ Confidence in solving calculation problems about forces and electric fields.
■ Interest in the investigation and description of work and electrical potential.
■ Persistence in solving problems to calculate electrical potential energy.
■ Interest in describing electric current and its relationship with electric potential.
■ Safety in experimentation, explanation and differentiation between the resistivity and electrical
resistance of some materials.
■ Interest in explaining and differentiating conductivity and conductance in some environmental
materials.
■ Assessment of the importance of the industrial use of different types of materials based on their
conductive properties.
■ Safety in the analysis and application of Ohm's Law to solve simple electrical circuit problems.
■ Willingness to carry out preventive measures to avoid accidents with electrical current.

ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
3.1 Investigate, analyze and explain with initiative and interest the origin and definition of
electrostatics.
3.2 Analyze, interpret and explain with interest the origin and law of electric charges.
3.3 Solve calculation problems about forces and electric fields with confidence and persistence,
applying Coulomb's law.
3.4 Investigate and describe with interest the work done by a force when moving a test charge
within an electric field.
3.5 Solve problems to safely calculate energy from the electric potential difference.
3.6 Correctly represent and describe electric current and identify with interest the Ampere as a unit
of measurement.
3.7 Experiment, explain and differentiate safely
the difference between resistivity and resistance of some materials in the environment.
3.8 Experiment and classify with interest some materials in the environment into electrical
conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
3.9 Explain with interest the difference between conductivity and conductance of some materials in
the environment.
3.10 Analyze and safely apply Ohm's Law in solving electrical circuit problems.
3.11 Analyze and creatively build electrical circuits in series or parallel, following diagrams and
verbal or written instructions.
3.12 Explain with interest the difference between conductivity and conductance of some materials
in the environment.
3.13 Analyze and creatively build electrical circuits in series or parallel, following diagrams and
verbal or written instructions.

UNIT 4 ELECTROMAGNETIC PHENOMENA

Aim:
Experience and correctly describe some magnetic and electromagnetic phenomena,
analyzing and using physical laws that help explain their properties and assess their
application in everyday life.
Probable time: 30 class hours

CONCEPTUAL CONTENTS
■ Magnetic field and magnetic forces.
- Gauss's law for magnetism.
- Magnetic force.
- Sources of magnetic field and its action on charges and electric currents.
- Atomic origin of magnetism.
- Magnets.
■ Electromagnetic induction.
- Faraday and Lentz laws and generation of alternating current.
■ Transformers.
■ Alternating current circuits.

PROCEDURAL CONTENTS
■ Investigation and explanation of the origin of the Earth's magnetic field and that of some
materials in the environment.
■ Representation, analysis and explanation of Gauss's Law for magnetism.
■ Interpretation and resolution of real problems related to magnetic force.
■ Investigation, identification and description of the sources of the magnetic field and its action on
charges and electric currents.
■ Solving problems to calculate the magnetic field.
■ Explanation of the atomic origin of the magnetic field.
■ Experimentation and description of the reciprocal relationship between electricity and magnetism.
■ Classification of the types of magnets and description of their properties: attraction, repulsion,
induction, force, polarization, among others.
■ Research and explanation of the integration of electrical and magnetic phenomena in
technological applications.
■ Investigation and construction of coils to explain and apply the laws of Faraday and Lentz in the
flow of a current.
■ Solving problems to determine the magnetic flux that passes through a spiral.
■ Experimentation and explanation of the self-induction phenomenon.
■ Investigation, construction of coils and explanation of the generation of alternating current, using
the laws of Faraday and Lentz.
■ Investigation and description of the different types of transformers, operation and uses in daily
life.
■ Investigation, explanation and construction of electromagnetic devices: electric motor, bells,
electromagnet, generators and others.

CURRENT CONTENT
■ Interest in explaining the origin of the magnetic field.
■ Interest in knowing the effects of the magnetic field on charges and currents.
■ Perseverance in the interpretation and resolution of problems related to magnetic forces.
■ Creativity and interest when describing the sources of magnetic fields and their action on charges
and electric currents.
■ Interest in solving problems to calculate the magnetic field.
■ Willingness to experience the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
■ Interest and curiosity in the investigation and classification of the types of magnets and
description of their properties.
■ Assessment of the discovery of electromagnetic induction.
■ Curiosity and interest in explaining the laws of Faraday and Lentz.
■ Arrangement and collaboration in the construction of coils.
■ Safety when solving problems to determine current generation.
■ Interest and curiosity in experimenting and explaining the phenomenon of self-induction.
■ Curiosity and interest in explaining and applying the laws of Faraday and Lentz.
■ Safety in the description of the different types of transformers, operation and uses in daily life.
■ Interest in the investigation, explanation and construction of electromagnetic devices.

ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
4.1 Investigate and explain with interest the origin of the Earth's magnetic field and that of some
materials in the environment.
4.2 Represent, analyze and adequately explain Gauss's Law for magnetism.
4.3 Persistently interpret and solve problems related to magnetic force.
4.4 Describe with interest the sources of the magnetic field and its action on electric fields and
currents.
4.5 Confidently solve problems to calculate the magnetic field.
4.6 Correctly explain the atomic origin of the magnetic field.
4.7 Investigate and classify with certainty the different types of magnets, determining their
properties: attraction, repulsion, induction, force, polarization, among others.
4.8 Explain and value the importance of the integration of electrical and magnetic phenomena in
technological applications.
4.9 Explain with interest and curiosity the laws of Faraday and Lentz. and its applications for
technological development.
4.10 Confidently calculate the magnetic flux passing through a spiral.
4.11 Experiment and explain with interest the phenomenon of self-induction.
4.12 Investigate, build coils and explain with interest the generation of alternating current using the
laws of Faraday and Lentz.
4.13 Investigate and describe with interest the different types of transformers, operation and uses in
daily life.
4.14 Investigate, explain and creatively build electromagnetic devices: electric motor, doorbells,
electromagnet, generators and others.

UNIT 5 WAVES
Aim:
Represent and confidently describe the behavior of waves, experimenting and
describing their properties and nature to assess their effects on daily life.
Probable time: 24 class hours

CONCEPTUAL CONTENTS
■ Mechanical waves.
- Transverse and longitudinal.
- Transmission power and
resonance.
■ Geometric and wave optics.
- Wave and ray sources
light.
- Huygens principle.
- Reflection and mirrors.
- Refraction and lenses.

PROCEDURAL CONTENTS
■ Investigation, experimentation and differentiation of transverse and longitudinal waves.
■ Experimentation and explanation of the way waves propagate in various media.
■ Investigation, representation and description of the transfer of wave energy.
■ Representation and description of the properties of mechanical waves and their resonance effect.
■ Investigation and explanation of the object of study of geometric optics and wave optics.
■ Experimentation and exemplification of wave sources and light rays.
■ Investigation, analysis and interpretation of Huygens' principle in wave propagation.
■ Experimentation, representation and explanation of the reflection of a ray in a mirror.
■ Solving problems to calculate and measure the angle of incidence of the reflection of a ray in a
mirror.
■ Experimentation, representation, explanation and measurement of the angle of incidence and
refraction of a ray when passing from one medium to a different one.
■ Solving problems to calculate refraction in lenses.

CURRENT CONTENT
■ Interest in differentiating the characteristics of transverse and longitudinal waves.
■ Curiosity in the investigation, representation and description of the energy transfer of waves.
■ Interest in representing and describing the properties of mechanical waves and their resonance
effect.
■ Confidence and disposition when explaining the object of study, geometric optics and wave
optics.
■ Interest in exemplifying wave and ray sources of light.
■ Willingness to investigate, analyze and interpret Huygens' principle.
■ Cooperation in carrying out experiments on reflection of a ray in mirrors.
■ Curiosity when experimenting and measuring the angles of incidence and refraction of a ray when
passing from one medium to a different one.

ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
5.1 Experiment and differentiate with interest transverse and longitudinal waves based on their
characteristics.
5.2 Experiment and explain with interest the way waves propagate in various media.
5.3 Investigate, represent and describe with interest the transmission of energy and resonance
through waves.
5.4 Confidently represent and describe properties
that characterize mechanical waves.
5.5 Confidently explain the object of study of geometric optics and wave optics.
5.6 Describe and exemplify with interest the phenomena of wave and ray sources.
5.7 Investigate, analyze and correctly interpret Huygens' principle in wave propagation.
5.8 Experiment, represent, explain and accurately measure the angle of reflection of a ray in a
mirror.
5.9 Experiment, represent, explain and accurately measure the angle of refraction of a ray when
passing from one medium to a different one.

UNIT 6 INTERACTIONS OF MATTER

Aim:

Investigate and correctly balance different types of chemical reactions, identifying

and describing their characteristics and properties in order to explain the law of
conservation, balance and determine the acidity of some useful substances in daily
life.
Probable time: 30 class hours

CONCEPTUAL CONTENTS
■ Chemical reactions.
- Types of chemical reactions.
- Speed of reactions factors that affect it.
- Collision theory.
■ Balancing chemical reactions: by trial, algebraic method and oxidation-reduction.
■ Chemical balance.
- Law of chemical balance.
- Ionic balance of water.
- Definition and pH scale.

PROCEDURAL CONTENTS
■ Experimentation, description and representation of a chemical reaction, identifying its
components.
■ Experimentation, description and identification of the main types of chemical reactions:
combination, decomposition, displacement and neutralization.
■ Experimentation, representation and analysis of the speed of chemical reactions and the factors
that affect them: the concentration of the reactants, the temperature of the system, nature of the
reactants, state of the reactants and the presence of catalysts.
■ Representation and description of the theory of collisions in a chemical reaction.
■ Experimentation, representation
and explanation of the principle of conservation of matter in a chemical reaction.
■ Investigation and balancing of chemical equations through the trial, algebraic and oxidation-
reduction methods.
■ Description, explanation and stoichiometric calculation in chemical equations.
■ Investigation, analysis and interpretation of the Law of chemical balance in some chemical
substances in the environment.
■ Explanation of the effect of the concentration of reactants and products, temperature and pressure
on chemical equilibrium.
■ Application of Le Chatelier's principle and quantitative description to predict the shift in the
chemical equilibrium of a reversible reaction.
■ Experimentation, analysis and interpretation of the process that determines the ionic balance of
water.
■ Investigation and description of the pH scale and the methods for its measurement.
■ Preparation of natural indicators in determining the pH of some substances: foods, detergents,
among others.
■ Solving calculation problems to find the pH of some substances.

CURRENT CONTENT

■ Interest in experimentation, description and representation of a chemical reaction.

■ Interest in experimentation, description and identification of the main types of chemical reactions.
■ Safety in experimentation, representation and analysis of the speed of chemical reactions and
factors that affect them.
■ Curiosity and interest in the representation and description of the theory of collisions in a
chemical reaction.
■ Cooperation and responsibility for experimentation, representation and explanation of the
principle of conservation of matter.
■ Interest and perseverance in balancing chemical equations through different methods.
■ Clarity and interest in explaining the factors that affect chemical balance.
■ Interest and curiosity to predict the shift in the chemical equilibrium of a reversible reaction.
■ Interest in the interpretation of the ionic balance process of water.
■ Safety when describing the pH scale and the methods for its measurement.
■ Interest and security when measuring the pH of some substances.
ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS

6.1 Experiment, describe and represent with interest a chemical reaction with its components.
6.2 Experiment, describe and confidently identify the main types of chemical reactions:
combination, decomposition, displacement and neutralization .
6.3 Experiment, represent and analyze with interest the speed of chemical reactions and factors that
affect them: the concentration of the reactants, the temperature of the system, the nature of the
reactants, the state of the reactants and the presence of catalysts.
6.4 Represent and describe with curiosity the theory of collisions in a chemical reaction .
6.5 Experiment, represent and explain with interest the principle of conservation of matter in a
chemical reaction.
6.6 Correctly balance chemical equations using different methods: trial and error, algebraic and
oxidation-reduction.
6.7 Investigate, analyze and interpret with interest the law of chemical balance in some chemical
substances in the environment.
6.8 Persistently apply Le Chatelier's principle to predict the shift in the chemical equilibrium of a
reversible reaction.
6.9 Experiment, analyze and interpret with interest the process that determines the ionic balance of
water .
6.10 Describe with interest the pH scale and the methods for its measurement.
6.11 Determine with interest the pH of some useful substances in daily life: foods, detergents,
among others.
6.12 Solve calculation problems with interest to find the pH of some substances.

UNIT 7 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Aim:
Correctly investigate and analyze the nature of organic compounds and
Biomolecules, describing their properties, developing molecular models and
applying nomenclature systems that allow them to be named and highlight their
importance in the real, industrial, environmental and socioeconomic life of human
beings.
Probable time: 25 class hours

CONCEPTUAL CONTENTS
■ Organic chemical compounds.
- Characteristics of the carbon atom.
- Hydrocarbon: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics.
- Nomenclature and properties of organic compounds. Organic functions related to industry and
biological processes.
- Biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
Nomenclature and properties of organic compounds.
Organic functions related to industry and biological processes.
Biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
PROCEDURAL CONTENTS
■ Description and representation of the characteristics of the carbon atom and its applications in
everyday life.
■ Investigation and explanation of the importance and implications of hydrocarbons in the lives of
people and the environment.
■ Experimentation, identification and description of the physical and chemical properties of
hydrocarbons.
■ Representation and explanation of molecular models of some organic compounds.
■ Investigation and application of IUPAC nomenclature rules in the expression of organic
compounds.
■ Identification and naming of organic compounds according to the characteristic functional group
and the number of carbons it contains.
■ Representation and description of the general structure of the types of biomolecules.
■ Experimentation and explanation of the main functions of biomolecules.
■ Experimentation and description of the use of biomolecules in the production of food, soaps,
medicines and agribusiness.

CURRENT CONTENT
■ Willingness and creativity when representing and describing the characteristics of the carbon
atom.
■ Assessment of the importance and implications of hydrocarbons on the quality of life of people
and the environment.
■ Interest and curiosity in experimentation, identification and description of the physical and
chemical properties of hydrocarbons
■ Disposition and safety due to the application of nomenclature rules in the expression of organic
compounds.
■ Interest in representing and describing the structure of biomolecules.
■ Safety when experimenting and determining the functions of biomolecules.
■ Assessment of the importance of Biomolecules in the production of food, soaps, medicines and
agribusiness.

ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
7.1 Describe and creatively represent the characteristics of the carbon atom and its applications in
everyday life.
7.2 Experiment, identify and describe correctly and with interest the physical and chemical
properties of hydrocarbons.
7.3 Investigate and safely apply the nomenclature rules in the expression of organic compounds.
7.4 Identify and confidently describe the structure and functions of biomolecules.
7.5 Experiment and describe the importance and impact of biomolecules in the production of food,
soaps, medicines and agribusiness.
UNIT 8: CLASSIFYING LIVING THINGS
Goals:
Classify some organisms or specimens in the different kingdoms of nature, applying
taxonomic criteria and standards to assess the importance of biodiversity and its
implications for the well-being of the species.
Probable time: 20 class hours

CONCEPTUAL CONTENTS
■ Importance of biological diversity: Genetic level, species, ecosystem and landscapes.
- Loss of biological diversity.
■ Taxonomy and systematics.
■ Kingdoms of nature.
- Characteristics and main groups of the kingdoms: Archaebacteria, monera, protista, fungi, plant
and animal.

PROCEDURAL CONTENTS
■ Investigation and description of the importance of biological diversity, according to the different
levels: genetic, species, ecosystem and landscapes.
■ Investigation, cataloging and description of some species, ecosystems and landscapes of El
Salvador: threatened, extinct, endangered, vulnerable and others.
■ Investigation and description of the causes of the loss of biodiversity in the country.
■ Discussion and interpretation of the Cartagena protocol, Ramsar convention, CITES and its
relationship with the loss of biological diversity.
■ Investigation and explanation of the taxonomic hierarchies most frequently used in the
classification of species.
■ Identification and classification of some organisms or specimens according to the main
characteristics of the different kingdoms.

CURRENT CONTENT
■ Valuation of the diversity of life as an essential condition for the well-being of the human species.
■ Responsibility and cooperation in the cataloging and description of species, ecosystems and
Salvadoran landscapes.
■ Interest in investigating and describing the causes of the loss of biodiversity in the country and
the agreements signed by the country to protect it.
■ Critical assessment of the interpretation of documents related to the loss of biodiversity.
■ Willingness and interest in investigating and explaining the classification processes of living
beings.
■ Interest in the identification, application and explanation of the characteristics of the different
kingdoms.

ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
8.1 Investigate and describe with certainty the importance of biological diversity, according to the
different levels: genetic, species, ecosystem and landscapes.
8.2 Responsibly represents, catalogs and describes some species, ecosystems and landscapes of El
Salvador: threatened, extinct, endangered, vulnerable and others.
8.3 Investigate and describe with interest the causes of the loss of biodiversity in the country.
8.4 Discuss and critically interpret some documents related to the loss of biological diversity.
8.5 Investigate and correctly explain the taxonomic and systematic classification processes of living
beings.
8.6 Identify and correctly classify organisms or specimens according to the characteristics and main
groups of the different kingdoms.
UNIT 9: the earth and the human being
Goals:
Investigate with interest the origin of the planet and the evolution of species and the
human being, critically analyzing and interpreting different theories that support
them to value the human species on Earth.
Probable time: 18 class hours

CONCEPTUAL CONTENTS
■ Origin and evolution of planet Earth.
■ Evolution from fossil primates and hominids to Homo sapiens.
- Fossil primates.
- Fossil hominids.
- Origin of Homo sapiens.

PROCEDURAL CONTENTS
■ Investigation, representation and description of the origin and evolution of the Earth and the
characteristics of the eons, eras, periods and geological epochs of the planet.
■ Investigation, representation and description of the characteristics of fossil primates and fossil
hominids: and origin of Homo sapiens or modern man.
■ Explanation of the importance of the bipedal position and work activity in the evolution of the
human being.
■ Investigation, representation and description of the general lines of the evolution of the human
species.

CURRENT CONTENT
■ Respect for dissenting ideas about the origin and evolution of the Earth.
■ Interest in the investigation and description of the characteristics of different fossil primates,
fossil hominids and Homo sapiens.
■ Confidence in explaining the importance of the bipedal position and work activity in human
evolution.
■ Interest in the investigation, representation and description of the general lines of the evolution of
the human species.

ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
9.1 Investigate, represent and describe with interest the origin and evolution of the Earth and the
characteristics of the different geological eras of the planet.
9.2 Investigate, represent and describe with interest the characteristics of different fossil primates
and fossil hominids and Homo sapiens.
9.3 Explain and value the importance of the bipedal position and work activity in the evolution of
the human being.
9.4 Investigate, represent and describe with a critical attitude the general lines of the evolution of
the human species.

UNIT 10: POPULATION AND

ENVIRONMENT
Goals:
Represent and explain population growth and its impact on the planet's capacity for
sustainability, investigating and proposing actions that allow it to responsibly
assume actions to protect natural resources and ecosystems.
Probable time: 15 class hours

CONCEPTUAL CONTENTS
■ Response to changes by a community and an ecosystem: natural disturbances and anthropogenic
disturbances.
- Resistance and residence.
■ World population growth.
- Historical growth.
- Current figures and projections.
- Carrying capacity of the planet.

PROCEDURAL CONTENTS
■ Investigation, identification and description of the types of natural and anthropogenic
disturbances in Salvadoran ecosystems.
■ Proposal and dissemination of actions aimed at minimizing anthropogenic disturbances in
ecosystems.
■ Investigation and explanation of cases of resistance and ecological residence.
■ Research, representation, and interpretation of graphs of the growth of the world's human
population and its effect on the carrying capacity of the planet.
■ Analysis and explanation of the influence of technology on the development of the world
population.
■ Preparation, explanation and interpretation of the population growth curve.
■ Investigation and explanation of the characteristics that modify the world population over time:
birth rate, mortality and migration.
■ Analysis and relationship of the carrying capacity of planet Earth and the effect of overpopulation
on the ecosystems and natural resources of the planet.

CURRENT CONTENT
■ Interest in the investigation, identification and description of the types of natural and
anthropogenic disturbances in Salvadoran ecosystems.
■ Cooperation and responsibility in helping to minimize anthropogenic disturbances in ecosystems.
■ Responsibility and initiative to investigate and explain some cases of ecological resistance and
resilience.
■ Interest in the research, representation and analysis of graphs of the historical growth of the
world's human population.
■ Assessment of the influence of technology on the development of the world population.
■ Responsibility and cooperation in the analysis and relationship of the carrying capacity of planet
Earth and the effect of overpopulation on the ecosystems and natural resources of the planet.

ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS.
10.1 Investigate, identify and describe with interest the types of natural and anthropogenic
disturbances in Salvadoran ecosystems and actions to minimize them.
10.2 Responsibly proposes and disseminates viable actions that minimize anthropogenic
disturbances in ecosystems.
1 0.3 Responsibly investigates and explains cases of ecological resistance and resilience.
10.4 Investigate, represent and analyze graphs of the historical growth of the world's human
population with interest.
10.5 Objectively analyze and explain the influence of technology on the development of the world's
population.
10.6 Analyze and responsibly relate the carrying capacity of planet Earth and the effect of
overpopulation on the ecosystems and natural resources of the planet.
UNIT 11: ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Goals:
Investigate and describe the causes and consequences of some global environmental
phenomena and problems on the planet, identifying the causes and consequences to
propose and disseminate actions that help reduce them.
Probable time: 20 class hours

CONCEPTUAL CONTENTS
■ Global ecological phenomena and problems.
- Greenhouse effect.
■ Climate change and planetary albedo.
- Thinning of the layer
of ozone.
- Acid rain.
- Desertification.
- Tropical phenomenon El Niño and La Niña.

PROCEDURAL CONTENTS
■ Investigation, identification and description of the main causes and effects of local and global
environmental phenomena and problems.
■ Formulation of questions and explanations about the causes and consequences of the main gases
that cause the greenhouse effect on the planet.
■ Proposal and dissemination of viable actions that reduce the greenhouse effect.
■ Inquiry, formulation of questions and explanations about the natural and human causes that are
causing climate change, the thinning of the ozone layer, acid rain and desertification on the planet.
■ Proposal and dissemination of viable actions to reduce the problems of climate change.
■ Investigation, representation and dissemination of the causes and effects of the El Niño and La
Niña phenomena in the country and the world.
■ Discussion, analysis and interpretation of the Kyoto protocol and the United Nations Convention
to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).

CURRENT CONTENT
■ Interest and initiative to minimize some causes and consequences of local environmental
problems.
■ Interest in explaining the causes and consequences of the greenhouse effect on the planet.
■ Interest and responsibility in investigating and explaining the cause of climate change on the
planet.
■ Interest and willingness to disseminate the causes and effects of the El Niño and La Niña
phenomenon.
■ Interest in compliance with different national and international environmental laws.

ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
11.1 Investigate and describe with interest the main causes and effects of local or global
environmental phenomena and problems.
11.2 Ask questions and explain responsibly the causes and consequences of the main gases that
cause the greenhouse effect on the planet.
11.3 Investigate the natural and human causes that are causing climate change, the thinning of the
ozone layer, acid rain on the planet and identify actions to counteract it.
11.4 Investigate, represent and responsibly disseminate the causes and effects of the El Niño and La
Niña phenomenon in the country and the world.
11.5 Analyze and adequately discuss some environmental laws in El Salvador and international
agreements.