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Problems Solved
Problems Solved
PROBLEM Nº 1.- A sample of saturated clay weighs 1.526g. and 1,053 gr. after
oven dried. Calculate your W (%). Also considering e, γ s =2.70 gr. /cm3. Calculate
n,γ m .
Solution:
Yo.) We build the scheme for saturated soils, finding the respective values for the
weights and volumes, from the data in the problem.
=
VOLUMES (cm³) PESOS (gr.) As, γ ye = 2.70 WSSV
W w = 1.526 − 1.053 = 473 gr .
473 Liquid Phase 473
__
863 1,526 Vw= 473 cm 3
W 1,053 = 390
390 Solid Phase 1,053 Vy= S =
e γS 2.70
V m = V w + V s = 863 gr .
ii.) From the scheme, and applying the corresponding definitions, we obtain:
473 1.21
e=Vw = = (dimensionless)
Vs 390
Wm 1,526 1.77 . /
γm= = = gr cm 3
Vm 863
1
PROBLEM Nº 2.- The moisture content of a saturated soil sample is
3
45%, the specific weight of its particles is 2.70 gr. /cm .
Calculate the void ratio, porosity and specific weight of the sample.
Solution:
Yo.) Finding values for the saturated soil scheme.
0.45 1.22
e=Vw = =
Vs 0.37
0.45 0.55
n = Vv = =
V m 0.82
W m 1.45 1.77 . /
γm= = = gr cm 3
V m 0.82
PROBLEM Nº 3.- A uniform and dense sand has a porosity of 35%, and a relative
specific weight of 2.75.
Find the specific weight of the sample and the void ratio when the sample is dry; when
the moisture content is 50% and when it is completely saturated.
Solution:
Yo.) When the sample is dry.
SS G e by data G = 0
γm = + × = γ w ..........( (sec or )
1+e
I)
0.35 = 0.54
e= n =
1 − n 1 − 0.35
⇒γ 2.75 × γ w = 1.79 gr . / cm 3
m
=
1 + 0.54
2
ii.) When the moisture content is W% = 50%
3
γm =1 + W %× S S γ w
1+e
⇒γ 1 + 0.50 2.75 ./ 3 2.68 ./ 3
m = × gr cm = gr cm
1.54
PROBLEM Nº 4.- A sample of soil that is not completely saturated has a weight of 53.4
3
gr. and a volume of 36.5 cm . After oven drying its weight has reduced from 42.7 gr.
3
The specific weight of the solid particles is 168 lb. /foot ; calculate the degree of
saturation, specific weight of the dough and dry specific weight.
Solution:
Yo.) Partially saturated soil scheme graph.
VOLUMES PESOS
γ y= 168 lb. / foot = 2.69 gr / cm
3 3
g
es
9.93 0
42.7 15.87
Vy = W S = = cm 3
2.69
T
es γS
36.5 10.7 10.7 53.4
γ
w
e
Wm 53.4 1.46 ./
γm= = = gr cm 3
Vm 36.5
Ws 42.7 1.17 ./
γd = = = gr cm 3
_
36.5
Vm
3
PROBLEM Nº 5.- A container contains 2.00 m of dry sand, with a specific weight of
3
solid 2.68 Tn. / cm and weight 3,324 Kg. Calculate the amount of water required to
4
saturate the sand in the container.
Solution:
5
VOLUMES PESOS
We know that, γ yes=
Ws
VYes 0.76 Gas Phase 0
3,324 Kg .
⇒ Vs = = 1.24 m 2 m³
2,680
3
Kg . / m
3
1.24 Solid Phase 3
,324 Kg.
V a = V V = V − V = 2.00 − 1.24 = 0.76 m
3
m s
The volume or quantity of water will occupy the volume previously occupied by air
( Vv ).
Therefore, to saturate the sand it is required that:
V v = V w ⇒ V = 0.76 m
3
w
WW
γ w= we obtain that : W w = 760 Kg . = 760 liters of water
VW
3
PROBLEM Nº 6.- A soil has a volumetric weight of 1.98 Tn. /m and a moisture
content of 22.5%. Calculate the moisture of the sample when it is dried to weigh
3
1,850 Kg. / cm without changing the void ratio.
Solution:
γ m 1 1 W 1 % ........( I )
= + ×s
γ
γm 1+e
s ........( II )
2
1 W2%
= + ×
γ
1+e
Replacing data in I and II, taking into account that e = constant and γ s does not vary, we
have:
Replacing in I:
1 0.225×
1.98 = + γs (1 + 0.225−) 1........( III )
γs ⇒ e =
1+e 1.98
Replacing data in II:
1+ W γs ( 1 + W )
6
1.85 = ×γ ⇒ e
2 2
− 1........( IV )
1+e = 1.85
yes
W2%=
14.5%
3
PROBLEM Nº 7.- A soil has a specific mass weight of 1.745 Kg. /m and the
6% humidity. How many liters of water should be added to each cubic meter of soil
7
to raise the humidity to 13%?, assume that the void ratio remains constant.
Solution:
As data we have:
γ m 1 = 1.745 Kg / m 3; W 1 % = 6% W 2 % = 13%
;
1+e 1+e
Replacing in (1)
1,745 =
1 + 0.06
× γs ⇒ e (1 + 0.06)γ s − 1........(3)
1+e = 1,745
Replacing in (2)
γm2 = +
1 0.13
× γs ⇒ e (1 + 0.13)γ s − 1........(4)
_ 1+e = γm2
On the other
hand Wm2
3 3
Wm
γm1= 1 = 1,745 Kg . / m ; γm2 = _ = 1,860 Kg . / m
Vm1 Vm2
As:
V m 1 y V m 2 = 1 m3
8
SOIL PLASTICITY
Number of 28 22 12 7
blows
W (%) 51.6 52.2 53.8 55.2
NOTE: The higher the humidity, the lower the number of blows required to close the
slot over a distance of 12.7 mm. From the soil sample.
It was found, L. Q. = 24.5
% Calculate: L. L., I P. , F
W and T W
Solution:
Yo) We determine the Liquid Limit, graphically with the water contents and the
corresponding number of strokes, the first as ordinates and the second as
abscissa on a logarithmic scale, that is, semi-logarithmic paper will be used,
where the W (%) will be on an arithmetic scale and the number of strokes on
the semi-logarithmic scale.
The ordinate of that curve, corresponding to the Abscissa of 25 strokes, will be the
Liquid limit of the soil.
L. L. = 52
%
9
i) Plastic Index (I P )
PROBLEM Nº 9.- In a Liquid Limit test, the following results are obtained:
Number of 9 15 22 30
blows
W(%) 85 80 76 74
10
It was found that the Plastic Limit = 32%
Calculate: The Liquid Limit, Plastic Index, Fluidity Index (F W ) and the Index of
Tenacity ( TW )
Solution:
Yo) Applying the Fluidity Equation: W = -F W Log N + C
When N = 30 and W % = 74 %; we obtain:
0.74 = -F W Log 30 + C
0.74 + F W Log 30 = C ……………….. (1)
When N = 15 and W% = 80%; we obtain:
0.80 = -F W Log 15 + C
0.80 + F W Log 15 = C ……………….. (2)
Equating (1) and (2):
0.06 = F W (Log 30 – Log 15) = F W Log (30/15) = F W x Log 2
⇒ F W = 0.2
ii) Liquid Limit:
When N = 25 and W % = LL; we obtain:
LL= -0.2 x Log 25 + C ……………….. (3)
When N = 15 and W% = 80%; we obtain:
0.80 = -0.2 x Log 15 + C……………….. (4)
Equating (3) and (4):
L.L. – 0.80 = 0.2 x Log (15/25)
⇒ LL = 75 %
PROBLEM Nº 10.- In a Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit test, the following results were
obtained:
LIQUID LIMIT
Capsule Capsule
Weight Weight Capsule
Rehears Number of
al Blows + + Dry Soil Weight
Wet floor (grams) (grams)
1 35 – 35 (grams)
35.77 22.48 14.15
2 24 – 25 36.55 24.40 16.85
3 15 – 16 33.42 21.03 43.45
4 7-8 35.17 21.65 13.50
11
PLASTIC LIMIT
Capsule Capsule
Weight Weight Capsule
Rehears Number of
al Blows + + Dry Soil Weight
Wet floor (grams) (grams)
1 - (grams)
17.30 16.00 13.95
2 - 16.86 15.50 13.48
Calculate the Liquid Limit and the Plastic Limit.
Solution:
Yo) For the determination of L. L., we will find the water contents for the respective
tests:
For essay #1:
Wm =35.77 – 14.15 = 21.62 gr.
W S = 22.48 – 14.15 = 8.33 gr.
W W = Wm - W S = 13.29 gr.
13.29 1.595 % 159.5%
W%=WW = = ⇒W =
W.S. 8.33
Essay #2:
12.15 1.60 % 160%
W%=WW = = ⇒W =
W.S. 7.55
Essay #3:
12.39 1.63 % 163%
W%=WW = = ⇒W =
W.S. 7.58
Essay #4:
13.52 1.66 % 166%
W%=WW = = ⇒W =
W.S.8.15
The Liquid Limit is determined, knowing these 4 different water contents in their
density, with the corresponding numbers of strokes and plotting the water content –
number of strokes curve; That is, the diagram given in PROBLEM Nº 1 will be used.
The ordinate corresponding to the abscissa of 25 strokes (of the flow curve) is the
water content corresponding to the Liquid Limit that we are looking for.
L.L. = 161 %
Wm = 17.30 – 13.95 = 3.35
W S = 16.00 – 13.96 = 2.05
W W = 3.35 – 2.05 = 1.30
i) Plastic Limit:
1.30 0.63 63% 1.36 0.67 67%
W1% = W W = W1% = W W =
W.S. _ 2.05 = =
W.S. _ 2.02
= =
+
L. P. = 0.63 0.67 = 0.65
2
LP = 65%
12
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
PROBLEM Nº 11.- A sample of organic soil has the following characteristics:
Solution:
1)
To find a, b, c, d, we will use the following “KEY FOR CLASSIFICATION
“AASHO”
0 to 40
35%(min.) 75%(max.)
0 b 40
15%(min.) 55%(max.)
Liquid Limit
0 c 40
40%(min.) 60%(max.)
Plastic Limit
0 d 40
10 minutes.) 30%(max.)
Percentage that passes the No. 200 sieve (0.074 mm.) = 71%; therefore we have:
a = 71% - 35% = 36%
b = 40%
c = 53% - 40% = 13%
d = 22% - 10% = 12%
13
Replacing in (1):
ii.) Classifying the soil; using table No. 1, proceeding to observe the table from left
to right by elimination when the data do not match; It is determined that the soil
is:
(A – 7)
Determining if it is, (A – 7 – 5) or (A – 7 – 6):
Yes LP ≥ 30, the classification is A – 7 – 5
Yes LP < 30, the classification is A – 7 – 6
In our problem:
L. P. = 53 − 23 = 31
A − 7 − 5 (14)
PROBLEM Nº 12.- Classify the following soils according to the AASHO system, whose
laboratory analyzes have yielded the following results:
% WHAT'S
MESH
T HAPPENING
b c
2” O
94.85 - -
1 1/2" 66.49 - -
1” 50.53 - -
3/4" 39.91 - -
3/8” 28.93 100 -
No. 24.62 98 -
4 22.49 89 -
No. 10 21.34 80 100
No. 20 17.02 73 99.32
No. 40 9.64 19 93.27
No. 100 7.58 6 82.70
No.
L.L.200 24% - 26%
LP 17% - 17%
14
Solution:
I. P. = L . L. −L . P. = 24 −17 = 7%
Replacing in (I):
IG=0
With the data, we classify the soil, using Table No. 1, from left to right and discarding
when the data does not match; we find that it is a soil:
A − 2 − 4 (0)
ii.) Soil “B”
Percentage that passes through the No. 200 sieve = 6%:
therefore:
a=0
b=0
c=0
d=0
Substituting into (1): ⇒ ( IG ) = 0
Using table No. 1, it is determined that it is a soil: (A-3)
Considering the (IG) already found, the answer is:
A − 3 (0)
iii.) “C” floor
I. P. = L . L. −L . P. = 26 −17 = 9%
15
A − 4(8)
16
PROBLEM Nº 13.- A soil called (M-1), 67% passes through sieve Nº 200, its
Solution:
Yo.) The percentage that passes the No. 200 sieve is more than 50%, therefore it is a soil of
Fine Particles.
ii.) Entering the Plasticity card with LL = 65% and the IP = 30%. We determine that the soil (M-
1) is:
OH
The answer could also have been (M-1), but if there are no other considerations that specify the
soil, generally soils whose classification falls below and close to the “A” line are attributed to
belonging to group (OH).
PROBLEM Nº14.- Classify the following soils according to the systems (AASHO)
and (SUCS). Whose laboratory analyzes have yielded the following results:
% WHAT'S
MESH
T HAPPENING
b c
2” O
94.85 - -
1 1/2" 66.49 - -
1” 50.53 - -
3/4" 39.91 - -
3/8” 28.93 100 -
No. 4 24.62 98 -
No. 10 22.49 89 -
No. 20 21.34 80 100
No. 40 17.02 73 99.32
No. 100 9.64 19 93.27
No. 200 7.58 6 82.70
T b c
L.L. O
24% - 26%
LP 17% - 17%
Sun:
Following the same analysis made by the classifications in the previous problems, and
through the use of Tables No. 1 and 2, as well as the respective graphs; The soils have
been classified “A”, “B” and “C”, obtaining the following answers:
Soil “A”
AASHO A – 2 – (0) = Gravel, silty and clayey sands.
SUCS GP – G – CL = Poorly graded gravel, with a fine content between 5% and 12%
of inorganic clay of low to medium plasticity.
Soil “B”
AASHO A – 3 – (0) = Fine sand.
SUCS SP = Poorly graded gravel, with a fine content between 5% and 12%.
“C” floor
AASHO A – 4 – (8) = Silty Soils.
SUCS CL = Inorganic clay of low to medium plasticity, silty clay.
Solution:
Yo.) Percentage that passes through the No. 200 sieve = 75%, therefore we determine that it is
a soil with Fine Particles.
iii.) The soil is classified by entering the Plasticity chart, (Table No. 2), with 69%
by L.L. and 40% IP From where we obtain that the classification belongs to a soil sample:
CH