BONE SYSTEM IN CATTLE WITH EMPHASIS ON DISEASES OR PROBLEMS IN LEGS

The skeletal system is the set of bones possessed by the bovine. The bones provide solid support to all parts of the body,
allow movement of the limbs and give protection to various organs of the body.

The main bovine bones are the following:

 Radio
 Sternum
 Cubito
 Humerus
 Omoplato
 Eye socket
 vertebrae
 hip
 femur
 ribs
 tibia

ANATOMY

The skeletal system within any living being is the framework upon which the body is built. It consists of the bones and
muscles in the body, including the joints that connect the bones, the ligaments that allow the joints to move, and the
cartilage that cushions the bones. The skeletal system carries the weight and support of the body, while its function
supports bone structure, development, form and function, and to move the body. By understanding the composition of
a cow's skeleton.

On the front of the cow, from the front legs to the head, a diagram of the cow's skeletal system includes the cannon,
knee joint, radius, sternum, elbow joint, ulna, humerus, shoulder joint, scapula and eye socket. From the top of the head
and along the top of the cow, the skeletal system includes the corneals, cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, lumber
vertebrae, hip bone and sacrum. Along the rear of the cow, points of interest in the cow skeletal system include the
femur, knee joint, tibia, hock joint, ribs, metacarpals and coronary. These are the main components of the skeletal
system of the cow.

BOVINE SCHLETOE

1.- BONES OF THE VERTEBRAL SPINE (RACHIS): 26 bones approx.

- Cervical (neck): 7

- Thoracic: 12

-Lumbars: 5

- Sacrum: 1 (formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae)

- Coccyx: 1 (formed by the fusion of 4 vertebrae)

2.- BONES OF THE HEAD: 29 bones

- Skull: 8

- Heads: 14
- Ear: 8

- Hyoid: 1 (bone not articulated with the skeleton)

3.-THORAX BONES(25)

- Ribs: 24 (12 pairs)

- Sternum: 1

4.-APPENDICULAR SKELETON: 126 bones

- Bones of the shoulder girdle: 4 bones

- Bones of the upper extremities: 30 x 2

+ Arm: 1 x 2

+Arm: 2 x 2

+Hand:

*Carpus (wrist): 8 x 2

*Metacarpal (hand): 5 x 2

*Falanges (fingers): 14 x 2

- In the upper limbs and pectorals: 64

+Arms and hands: 60

+ Shoulders: 2 clavicles and two scapulae.

- In the lower limbs and pelvis: 62

+ Legs and feet: 60

+ Pelvis: 2 pelvic bones (formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis)

SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Skeleton: is the framework of hard consistency that supports the soft tissues of animals and the human body.

These structures are on the outside of the body and form the exoskeleton.

They are in the internal part as in mammals, it is called the endoskeleton and is surrounded by soft tissues.

THIS ENDOSKELETON CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 3 PARTS:

1. AXIL Skeleton: COMPRISES THE SPINE, COSTILLAS, STERN AND CRANES.

2. Appendicular skeleton: THIS IS CONSTITUTED BY THE BONES OF THE LIMBS.

3. SPLANIC OR VICERAL SKELETON: IT CONSISTS OF SEVERAL BONES DEVELOPED IN THE PARENCHYMA OF SOME
VICERAS OR SOFT ORGANS.

The bone is basically made up of vessels, nerves and two types of tissues:

HARD TISSUES

The main tissue is bone tissue and connective tissues, it also has cartilage.

SOFT TISSUES

The main tissue is hematopoietic tissue and bone marrow, also has cancellous bone.

The functions of the bones are as follows:

 Store minerals as a reserve for the bone tissue

 They are a support for muscles and tendons to cling to.
 Provide protection to different organs such as the lungs.
 Store fats for situations in which the body does not ingest them
 When the tendons contract, the bones move thanks to their joints.

MAIN HOOF DISEASES

COJERA

Lameness is the symptom that occurs as a result of pain or discomfort produced by digital injuries or by postures that
overload joints, tendons, and ligaments. Lameness is economically important because affected cows are reluctant to
move, spend more time lying down and interact less with other cows. The practical result of this is reproductive failure
due to undetected heats, decreased feed intake, weight loss and decreased milk production secondary to decreased
feeding.

PODODERMATITIS

It is the disease of the corium or dermis of the hooves. In most cases, an inflammation is linked to a subcoronary
phlegmon, due to the strong development of the subcutis, while an inflammation in the area of the bearing edge is only
visible due to the lameness it presents. Determining a diagnosis is difficult in that some of the main symptoms of
inflammation such as redness and edema are not visible through the horny case, local temperature cannot be checked in
some areas, and the horny case resists circumscribed swellings. Finally, there is an increase in pain sensitivity, which
leads to lameness and early recognition of pododermatitis.

Causes: the causes are traumatic, mechanical, thermal, chemical and bacteriological in nature. Special consideration
should be given to wounds followed by simultaneous or subsequent infection by purulent agents.

Classification: in principle, in order to establish the diagnosis and therapy, two forms of Pododermatitis must be
distinguished

♦ P. Aseptic

♦ P. Infectious

DIFFUSE ASEPTIC PODODERMATITIS (LAMINITIS)

It is an acute aseptic and diffuse inflammation of the corium of the hooves, which usually starts in the dorsal and lateral
area of the cap and reaches the palmar corium, extends superficially and gives rise, in its chronic phase, to involvement
of the deep parts.

SUPERFICIAL PURULENT PODODERMATITIS

It is a pyogenic infection of the wound, which remains localized in the papillary stratum of the corium of the hoof, whose
odorless and fluid exudate presents a black-grayish coloration due to the pigment released by the cornified epithelial
cells.

DEEP PURULENT PODODERMATITIS

It is the deep purulent inflammation of the corium, all layers of the corium are affected by suppuration, so it can also
affect the subcutis, tendons, cartilage and bones, it is usually circumscribed, but has a tendency to deepen.

GANGRENOUS PODODERMATITIS

It is a chronic circumscribed inflammation of the chorion, which spreads rapidly through infection by putrefactive germs
and in most cases results in severe general disorders.

NECROTIC PODODODERMATITIS In this disease there is first of all a necrosis of the hoof chorion, which can be caused
by nutritional disorders in the area.

CLOVES (C.H.)

It is understood as the wounds on the soft part of the hooves caused by foreign bodies of various kinds, sharp and
cutting, which are introduced into these sites by the animals' own body weight when stepping on them.

HEEL ROT
It refers to the decomposition of the horny tissue of the heels caused by putrefaction agents.

It usually occurs in forelimbs, usually both hooves of a limb are diseased, in most cases only the horny tissue of the heels
is affected, but it can also affect part of the posterior palmar horny tissue at the same time. It is caused by deficient
hygienic conditions and high humidity. Predisposing factors are hooves with excess horny tissue, flat, solid and also
pointed.

INTERDIGITAL NECROBACILLOSIS

An infectious disease of cattle characterized by inflammation of the sensitive tissues of the hoof and intense lameness.

It is caused by Fusobacterium necrophotum and has also been related to Bacteroides melaninogenicus. Presentation: it
is a contagious disease that occurs mainly in wet weather or on muddy ground. Secretions from the lower extremities of
sick animals are the most important source of infection.

Treatment:

Most treated animals recover within a few days. Good results are obtained with PenicillinG IM (be careful in
lactating animals, since it has a safeguard).
The use of Sulfas + Trimethoprim EV may be a good choice, local EV treatment in digital veins with
oxytetracycline is preferable.
The use of special boots with a warm solution of oxytetracycline for 3 days, changing the solution daily, has
proven to be an excellent therapy.
Prevention:
1. Clean feces on the farm more often.
2. More frequent cleaning in beds and attempt to identify possible traumatic agents.
3. Disinfect beds with lime.
4. Footbaths at milking parlor exits. 5% formaldehyde.
USE OF ORTHOPEDIC SOCKS This technique, already used for a long time, aims to relieve the weight
supported by the affected toe, transferring this weight to the healthy toe. The cue is placed in the healthy toe.
There is a wide variety of cleats on the market, these are made of wood or plastic. Personally, when there is
not a lot of personnel on the site, and they do not have the time to check and remove the cleats in the
corresponding period, I recommend using wooden cleats because they wear out with the friction on the
ground, where the cleat finally disappears.