Jimenez Cap. 2, 3, 9, 10 and 11

MINATITLAN TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
COGENERATION SYSTEMS
TEACHER: MC RENE REYES ESRUDILLO
PROBLEMS CHAPTER 2, 3, 9, 10 AND 11
EQUIPMENT:
JUAN MANUEL SANTIAGO GOMEZ
ADRIANA VILLASECA MISS
LUIS ENRIQUE NOLASCO TORO
JAVIER LARA PASCACIO
GABRIEL ANASTACIO ANTONIO
EPISODE 2
EXERCISE 2.4
It is desired to install a 40 KT capacity plant to produce vinyldene chloride. Do an
economic analysis of the following two processes to decide which is the most convenient
to install.
 Process I
1) Material balance
COMPONENT COEFFICIENT ¢
PRICE
T lb
Ton producto
Chlorine -0.92 7.0

Hydrochloric acid 0.47 10.7
Trichloroethane 0.13 27.5
Vinyl chloride -0.72 20.0
vinyldene chloride 1.00 35.0
$ 61.77
2) Energy cost:
Ton producto
3) Fixed investment for a 23 KT plant: $ 20.93 x 106
 Process II
4) Material balance
COMPONENT COEFFICIENT ¢
PRICE
T lb
Ton producto
Chlorine -3.01 7.0

Hydrochloric acid -0.56 3.0
Trichloroethane 0.08 18.0
Vinyl chloride 2.11 10.7
vinyldene chloride 1.00 35.0
$ 109.42
5) Energy cost:
Ton producto
6) Fixed investment for a 23 KT plant: $ 25.3 x 106
Assume a minimum rate of return of 20%. If you need to make other assumptions, state
them explicitly
SOLUTION
 Process I
1. Base Investment: $ 20.93 x 106
2. Adjustment for time:
YEA CHEMICAL VALUES

R
1999 399.6
1977 204.1
( )
0.6
40,000
6 6 USD
I 1977=20.93 x 10 =29.172 x 10
23,000 año
( )
1
6 390.6 6 USD
I 1999=29.172 x 10 =55.82 x 10
204.1 año
3. Material cost:
₡ $ $
35 ( ¿=0.35 $ ( 22.026 )=7.7091
lb 100₡ TON
7.7091
$
TON
40,000(TON
año
=0.3083 x 10 6
$
añ o )
4. Energy consumption:
FOET
- We assume that the energy requirements are 0.06
Ton
FOET $ $
0.06 (61 ¿=3.66
Ton TON TON
3.66
$
Ton (
40,000
TON
año
=0.1464 x 10 )
6 $
año
5. Cost of operation:
C=aI +bMp +cE+ dMo−Psp
C=0.05 ( 55.82 x 106 ) + 0.3083 x 106 +0.1464 x 106
6
C=3.2457 x 10
6. Sales:
S= ( 40,000 ) 35 ( ₡
lb
∗22.026 )
6
S=30.836 x 10
7. Gross profit:
R=S−C
6 6 6
R=30.836 x 10 −3.24 x 10 =27.59 x 10
8. Net profit: P=R−eI −t(R−dI )
P=27.4 x 10 −0.1 ( 55.82 x 10 )−0.5 [ 27.9 x 10 −0.1 ( 55.82 x 10 ) ]

6 6 6 6
6 USD
P=10.659 x 10
año
9. Return Rate (ROI):
- Because they specify a minimum rate of return of 20% to our net income, we obtain 20%
and that would be our ROI value.
6 $
ROI=2.1318 x 10 it's 20%
añ o
6 6 6 $
10.659 x 10 −2.1318 x 10 =8.5272 x 10
año
10. Profits:
8.5272 x 10
6 $ 1año
a ñ o 40,000 T (
=213.18
$
TON )
213.18
$
TON ( 2200 lb )(
1Ton 100 ₡
$ )=9.69
₡
lb
₡
 The gain for this process is 9.69
lb
 Process II
1. Base Investment: 25.3 x 10 6
2. Adjustment for time:
YEAR CHEMICAL VALUES
1999 399.6
1977 204.1
( )
0.6
6 40,000 6 USD
I 1977=25.3 x 10 =35.2630 x 10
23,000 año
( )
1
6 390.6 6 USD
I 1999=35.2630 x 10 =67.4852 x 10
204.1 año
3. Material cost:
₡ $ $
35 ( ¿=0.35 $ ( 22.026 )=7.7091
lb 100₡ TON
7.7091
$
Ton (
40,000
Ton
año )
=0.308364 x 10 6
$
año
FOET
- We assume that the energy requirements are 0.06
Ton
FOET $ $
0.06 (109.42 ¿=6.5652
Ton Ton TON
6.5652
$
Ton (
40,000
TON
año
=0.2626 x 106 )$
añ o
4. Cost of operation:
C=aI +bMp +cE+ dMo−Psp
C=0.05 ( 67.4852 x 106 )+ 0.308364 x 10 6+ 0.2626 x 106
6
C=3.9452 x 10
5. Sales:
S= ( 40,000 ) 35( ₡
lb
∗22.026 )
6
S=30.836 x 10
6. Gross profit:
R=S−C
6 6
R=30.836 x 10 −3.9452 x 10
6
R=26.8907 x 10
7. Net profit:
P=R−eI −t(R−dI )
P=26.8907 x 10 −0.1 ( 67.4852 x 10 )−0.5 [ 26.8907 x 10 −0.1 ( 67.4852 x 10 ) ]

6 6 6 6
6 USD
P=10.07109 x 10
año
8. Return Rate (ROI):
Because they specify a minimum rate of return of 20% to our net income, we obtain 20% and that
would be our ROI value.
6 $
ROI=2.014218 x 10 it's 20%
añ o
6 6 6 $
10.07109 x 10 −2.014218 x 10 =8.05687 x 10
año
9. Profits:
8.05687 x 10
6 $
( 1año
)
a ñ o 40,000 T
=201.4218
$
TON
201.4218
$
TON ( 2200 lb )(
1Ton 100 ₡
$ )=9.1555
₡
lb
₡
 The gain for this process is 9.1555
lb
Taking into account the results of the profits of both processes:
Process I Process II
₡ ₡
9.69 9.1555
lb lb
It is concluded that Process I is the most convenient to install because there is greater gain and
greater energy consumption.
EXERCISE 2.5
Cumene can be produced from benzene and propylene. We wish to install a process using
this path at 100 KT capacity. Technology data is given immediately
COMPONENT COEFFICIENT, T/T PROD
BENZENE -0.67
CUMENE 1.00
PROPYLENE -0.38
Power requirements: 0.06 FOET/T

Unit investment for a process with 127 KT capacity ($1977): $120/T.
Using economic data from 1999.
a) Estimate the profit from the process after taxes in $/year.
b) Estimate the selling price of the product.
SOLUTION:
 Calculation of subsection a)
1. Calculation of base investment:
I base (1977) (127,000 Tprod/year)(120$/Tprod)= 14.4x10 6 $/year
2. Adjustment for capacity:

0.6
Q2
I 2=( ) ∗I
Q1
0.6
100,000 Tprod/año 6 $ 6
I 2=( ) ∗14.4 x 10 =12.476 x 10 $ /año
127,0000 Tprod/año año
3. Adjustment for time
I 1999= ( indice
indice chemical 1977 )
chemical 1999
∗I 2
I 1999= ( 390.6
204.1 )∗12.476 x 10
$6
año
=23.87 x 10
$
año
6
4. Raw materials calculation

- A propylene cost value of ₵10/lb is assumed.
( )
$
22.026
(
Mp ( ¿ ) = 0.38
T
Tprod)( )
10
₵
lb ₵
T
( 100,000 Tprod
año )=8.369 x 10
$
año
6
lb
Assumed benzene cost value of ₵12/lb

( )
$
22.026
Mp ( ben )= 0.67 ( T
Tprod
12)( )
₵
lb ₵
T
( 100,000 Tprod
año ) 6
=17.708 x 10
$
año
lb
Mptotal = Mp(prop) + Mp(ben)

6 $ 6 $ 6 $
Mptotal=8.369 x 10 +17.708 x 10 =26.077 x 10
año año año
5. Energy cost
- We assume a fuel oil cost value of ₵7/lb
( )
$
22.026
CE= 0.06 ( FOET
T )(7 lb₵ ) ₵
T
( 100,000 Tprod
año ) 6
=0.925 x 10
$
año
lb
6. Cost of operation
C=aI +bmp+CE+dno−PSP
- Since the previous problem does not mention labor costs or by-product costs, the equation
is modified as follows.
C=aI +bmp+CE
(
C=0.05 23.87 x 106
$
año )
+26.077 x 106
$
año
+ 0.925 x 106
$
año
=28.1955 x 106
$
año
7. Sales calculation (S)

- Directly, taking the price of cumene from table 2.3 “prices of chemical products” from
Jiménez's process design book.
( )
$
22.026
S= 100000 (
Tprod
año
15
₵
lb ₵
T
)( )
=33.039 x 10
6 $
año
lb
8. Gross profit
R=SC
6 $ 6 $ 6 $
R =33.039 x 10 −28.1955 x 10 =4.8425 x 10
año año año
9. Net profit
For this problem we will assume e= d=0.10 t=50%=0.5
P=R∗eI −t(R−dI )
Q
¿ 4.8425 x 106
$
añ o (
∗0.10 23.87 x 10 6
$
añ o ) (
−0.5 4.8425 x 106
$
año
−0.10∗23.87 x 106
$
)
añ o
=11.4362
10. Rate of return

P
ROI=
I 1999
$ 6
11.4362 x 10
año
ROI= =0.4791=47.91 %
6 $
23.87 x 10
año
11. Profits
( capacidad
G=P
1 año
)
G=11.4362 x 10
$
(6 1 año
año 100,000 Tprod ) =114.362 x 10
$
año
6
Calculations for part b)

Sale price
S
Pv=
capacidad
$ 6
33.039 x 10
año $
Pv= =330.39
Tprod Tprod
100,000
año
2.13.- Terephthalic acid, used for the production of polyester, can be produced by air oxidation of
p-xylene in the presence of a cobalt-manganese-bromine catalyst. The following are technical
data of that technology.
Component Coefficient, T/T of product

Acetic acid -0.06
Terephthalic Acid 1.00
p-xylene -0.067
Energy requirement 0.34 FOET/T
Unit investment for a 150 KT plant ($1977): $910/T
An analysis of a 120 KT process is desired based on 1986 costs.
a) If the plant operates at full capacity, estimate the selling price of the product.
b) If the price of the product is set at 40 cvts/lb and the process operates at 75% capacity,
estimate the rate of return.
Acetic acid: 25 c/lb
p-xylene: 20 c/lb
5 $ 8
1. Inversion base :1.15 Tx 910 =1.365 x 10 $
T
( )
0.6
x 8 120000 8
2. Ajuste por capacidad :1.365 10 =1.1939 x 10 $
150000
x 8 318.4 8
3. Ajuste por tiempo:1.1939 10 ( )=1.8625 x 10 $
204.1
$
4. precio de venta :0.2 ( 1.8625 x 10 )=3.725 x 10
8 8
año
(
5. Costo de materia prima : 0.67 )( )
T
Tprod
20
c
lb
$ $
( 22.026 lb usd )=295.1484 =295.1484 ∗120000
T T
T
año
=3.5417 x 10 7
6. Costo de energia : ( 8 ) ( 22.026 lbusd ) ( 0.34 )

c FOET $ $ T $ 6
=59.9107 =59.9107 ∗120000 =7.1892 x 10
lb t Tp Tp año año
$
7. Costo de operación: ( 0.05 x 1.8625 x 10 ) + 3.5417 x 10 +7.1892 x 10 −5.1918 x 10 =51.426 x 10
6 6 6 6 6
año
8 $
8. Utilidad Bruta : s=( 120000 ) ( 40 )( 22.026 )=1.0572 x 10
año
8 $ 7 $ 7 $
R=1.0572 x 10 −5.1918 x 10 =5.3802 x 10
año año año
$
9. . Utilidad neta:5.3802 x 10 −( 0.1∗1.8625 x 10 )− ( 0.5 ) [ 5.3802 x 10 −( 0.1∗1.8625 x 10 ) ]=1.7588 x 10
7 8 7 8 7
año
7
1.7588 x 10
11. ROI : 8
0.0944=9.44 %
1.8625 x 10
Now at 75% capacity

5 $ 8
1. Inversion base :1.15 Tx 910 =1.365 x 10 $
T
( )
0.6
x 8 90000 6
2. Ajuste por capacidad :1.365 10 =100.466 x 10 $
150000
3. Ajuste por tiempo:100.466 x 106 ( 318.4
204.1 )
=156.728 x 10 $ 6
$
4. precio de venta :0.2 ( 56.728 x 10 )=31.3456 x 10
6 6
año
5. Costo de materia prima : 0.67 ( )( )

T
Tprod
20
c
lb
$
T
$
( 22.026 lb usd )=295.1484 =295.1484 ∗90000
T
T
año
=26.563 x 10
3
a
6. Costo de energia : ( 8 ) ( 22.026 lb usd ) ( 0.34 )

c FOET $ $ T $ 6
=59.9107 =59.9107 ∗90000 =5.391 x 10
lb t Tp Tp año año
$
7. Costo de operación: ( 0.05∗156.728 x 10 ) +26.563 x 10 +5.391 x 10 =39.79 x 10
6 3 6 6
año
6 $
8. Utilidad Bruta : s=( 90000 )( 40 ) ( 22.026 )=79.293 x 10
año
6 $ 6 $ 6 $
R=79.293 x 10 −39.79 x 10 =39.053 x 10
año año año
$
9. . Utilidad neta:39.053 x 10 −( 0.1∗156.728 x 10 ) −( 0.5 ) [ 39.053 x 10 −( 0.1∗156.728 x 10 ) ] =11.915 x 10
6 6 6 6 6
año
6 $ 1 año $ $ 1 Ton 100 c c
11.915 x 10 x =132.3888 =132.3888 x x =6.0176
año 90000 T T T 2200 lb 1 $ lb
10. precio de ventaunitario
$
79.293 x 106
año $ $ 1Ton 100 c
=881.0333 =881.0333 x x =40.0469 c /lb
T Ton Ton 2200 lb 1 $
90000
año
6
11.915 x 10
11. ROI : 6
=0.07602=7.602 %
156.728 x 10
2.14 Consider the process of disproportionation of toluene to produce benzene and xylene.
Hengstebeck and Banchero estimated a major equipment investment of $3,742,000 ($1969).
Other aspects of the process are given below. The costs are in 1969 prices.
Service costs, in thousands of dollars per year:

Electricity 322,000 USD/year
Steam 520,000 USD/year
Water 30,000 USD/year
Materials, BCD (60°F)

Fed Toluene 3780
Products
Benzene 1590
Xylene 2000
H 2 powered, 10 6 SCFD 1.88

Fuel oil, 10 6 Btu/day 1700
Notes: BCD = barrels per day
SCFD=Standard cubic feet/day
Based on the data shown, estimate.

a) The cost of operating the process.
b) The profitability of the process. Interpret the result.
c) The profitability of the process if it operates at 70% of its nominal capacity.
Interpret the result.
Make your estimates using 1986 prices
¿ ∗0.8666 kg
barril 1 barril
Tolueno 3780 ∗159< ¿
dia ¿∗1 ton
∗365 dias
1000 kg ton
1< =0.1841 x 10 6 ¿
1 año año
¿ ∗0.0708 kg
3 3
6 ft 0.03532 ft
Hidrogeno 1.88 x 10 ∗1< ¿
dia ¿∗1ton
∗365 dias
1000 kg 6 ton
1< =1.38 x 10 ¿
1 año año
1) Raw materials calculation

Toluene
18 $ 6
∗0.1841 x 10
T
¿ =3.31 x 106 $ /año
año
Hydrogen
6$ 6
∗1.38 x 10
T
¿ =8.28 x 106 $/año
año
Total material cost: 11.59 x 106
Total service cost: 1.20 x 106

a) Solution.
Operation cost = Cmp + Cser + (0.05*inv)
= 11.59 x 10 6 + 1.20 + (0.05 + 3.742 x 10 6 ) = 12.98x10 6
b) Solution.
¿ ∗0.88 kg
barril 1 barril
Benceno 1590 ∗159< ¿
dia ¿∗1ton
∗365 dias
1000 kg ton
1< =81,202 ¿
1 año año
¿ ∗0.88 kg
barril 1 barril
Xileno 2000 ∗159< ¿
dia ¿∗1 ton
∗365 dias
1000 kg ton
1< =99,820 ¿
1 año año
Sale conversion.
Benzene:
( )
c $
10 ∗22.026
S= ( Tprod
año )
∗
lb
1
c
ton
=17.92 x 10
6
lb
Xylene:
( )
c $
16 ∗22.026
S= (
Tprod
año
∗ ) lb
1
c
ton
=32.23 x 10
6
lb
Total sale: 53.15x10 6

C) Gross profit:
6 6 6
R=53.15 x 10 −12.98 x 10 =40.17 x 10
D) Net profit:
$
P=40.17 x 10 −( 0.1∗3.742 x 10 )−{0.5∗[ 40.17 x 10 −( 0.1∗3.742 x 10 ]}=19.90 x 10
6 6 6 6 6
año
2.15 Repeat the previous problem using the data reported by Rudd and collaborators for this
technology.
Component Product T/T coefficient
Benzene 1.00
Fuel oil 0.01
Toluene -2.69
Xylenes 1.61
Power consumption 0.28 FOET/T
Unit investment for a 90 KT plant ($1977) $90/T
a) The cost of operating the process.
b) The profitability of the process. Interpret the result.
c) The profitability of the process if it operates at 70% of its nominal capacity.
Interpret the result.
$ 6
1. Inversion base : 90,000Tx 90 =8.1 x 10
T
( 318.4
2. Ajuste tiempo :8.1 16
204.1 )
=12.636 x 10 $ 6
3. Costo de materia prima : ( 2.69 )( 18 ) ( 22.026 ) =1075.2145

T c $
Tprod lb T
$ T 6 $
¿ 1075.2145 x 90,000 =96.769 x 10
T año año
(
4. Subproductos : 1.61
T
Tprod )( )
16
c
lb
( 22.026 ) =567.3897
$
T
$ T 6 $
567.3897 x 90,000 =51.065 x 10
T año año
5. Costo de energia : 83( T$ ) ( 0.28)=23.24 $=23.24 x 90,000 añoT =2.091 x 10 año$

6
$
6. Costo de operación: ( 0.05 x 12.636 x 10 ) +99.769 x 10 +2.091 x 10 −51.065 x 10 =51.426 x 10
6 6 6 6 6
año
6 $
7. Utilidad Bruta : s=( 90000 ) ( 10 ) ( 22.026 ) =19.985 x 10
año
6 $ 6 $ 6 $
8. R=19.985 x 10 −51.426 x 10 =31.441 x 10
año año año
$
9. Utilidad neta:31.441 x 10 −( 0.1 x 12.636 x 10 )−( 0.5 ) [ 31.441 x 10 −( 0.1 x 12.636 x 10 ) ] =15.089 x 10
6 6 6 6 6
año
6
15.089 x 10
10. ROI : 6
=1.1946=119 %
12.636 x 10
2.16.- Now consider the production of benzene by hydrodealkylation of toluene. The

technical data is as follows:
Component coefficient T/T product

Benzene 1.00
Hydrogen - 0.07
Methane 0.24
Toluene - 1.20
Power consumption 0.08 FOET/T

Unit investment for a 90 KT plant ($1977) $60/T
Establish a comparison of the economic panorama of this technology with respect to that
of the previous problem. Taking 1986
1. base investment
9000 T * 60 $/T= 5.4x10^6 $
2. Adjustment for time
5.4 x 106 ( 318.4

204.1 )
6
=8.424 x 10 $
3.- sale price
0.2 ( 8.424 x 106 )=1.684 x 106 $

4.- cost of raw materials
(1.20 Tprod
T
)(18 lbc )( 22.026
1c
$
) +( 0.07
T
Tprod )( 6 )(
c 22.026 $
lb 1c ) $
=485.0125 x 90000
T
T
año
=43.651 x 10
$
año
6
5.- byproducts
(0.24 Tprod
T
)(1 lbc )( 22.026
1c
$
) $ $
=5.2862 =5.2862 x 90000
T T
T
año
=0.4757 x 10
$
año
6
6.- Energy cost
( lbc )( 22.026
( 0.8 ) 8
1c
$
) $ $
=14.0966 =14.0966 x 90000
T T
T
año
=1.2686 x 10
$
año
6
7.- Operation cost
( 0.05∗8.424 x 106 ) + 43.651 x 106 $ +1.2686 x 106 $ −0.4757 x 106 $ =44.865 x 106 $
año año año año
8.- gross profit
6 $
s= ( 9000 ) ( 10 ) (22.026 )=19.823 x 10
año
6 $ 6 $ 6 $
R=19.823 x 10 −44.865 x 10 =27.042 x 10
año año año
9.- net profit
$
−( 0.1∗8.424 x 10 )−¿
6 6
27.042 x 10
año
10.- Return rate: ROI
$ 6
13.09 x 10
año
ROI= 6
=1.5538=155.38 %
8.424 x 10 $
2.17 For the case of the toluene hydrodealkylation technology in the previous problem,
compare the rate of return obtained when the process operates at 50% of its
capacity with respect to that expected if the process operates at full capacity.
1.- Base investment

$ 6
45000 T∗60 =2.7 x 10 $
T
2.- Adjustment for time
2.7 x 10
6
( 318.4
204.1 )
6
=4.212 x 10 $
3.- sale price
0.2 ( 4.212 x 10 6 )=0.7051 x 10 6 $

(1.20 Tprod
T
)(18 lbc )( 22.026
1c
$
) +( 0.07
T
Tprod )( 6 )(
c 22.026 $
lb 1c ) $
=485.0125 x 45000
T
T
año
=21.825 x 106 $
año
5.- byproducts
(0.24 Tprod
T
)(1 lbc )( 22.026
1c
$
) $ $
=5.2862 =5.2862 x 45000
T T
T
año
6
=0.2378 x 10
$
año
6.- Energy cost
( lbc )( 22.026
( 0.8 ) 8
1c
$
) $ $
=14.0966 =14.0966 x 45000
T T
T
año
=0.6343 x 10
$
año
6
7.- Operation cost

( 0.05∗4.212 x 106 ) +21.825 x 106 $ +0.6343 x 106 $ −0.2378 x 106 $ =22.43 x 106 $
año año año año
8.- gross profit

6 $
s= ( 45000 ) ( 10 ) ( 22.026 )=9.911 x 10
año
6 $ 6 $ 6 $
R=9.911 x 10 −22.43 x 10 =12.51 x 10
año año año
9.- net profit
$
−( 0.1∗4.212 x 10 )−¿
6 6
12.51 x 10
año
10.- Return rate: ROI
$ 6
6.044 x 10
año
ROI= 6
=1.4339=143.39 %
4.212 x 10 $
2.18 It is desired to build a plant with a capacity of 15,000 tons per year to produce
cyclohexanol by oxidation of cyclohexane. From the technical and economic information
provided, estimate:
a) The sales price of cyclohexanol in 1999
b) The utility of the process, in c/lb
Technical data of the process

Material balance
Coefficient Component. Product T/T
Cyclohexane -1.64
Cyclohexanol 1.00
Cyclohexanone 0.38
Sodium hydroxide -0.13
Energy required as services: 0.43 FOET/T
Unit investment for a 23 KT capacity plant ($1977): $550/T
1.- Base investment

$ 6
23000 T∗550 =12.65 x 10 $
T
2.-Adjustment for capacity
( )
0.6
15000
6 6
12.65 x 10 =9.788 x 10 $
23000
3.- Adjustment for time
9.788 x 10 6 ( 318.4
204.1 )
6
=18.731 x 10 $
(1.64 Tprod
T
)(15 lbc )( 22.026
1c
$
) + (0.13
T
Tprod )( 170 )(
c 22.026 $
lb 1c ) $
T
$
=1028.6142 =1028.6142 x 10 x 15000
T
T
año
6
=1
5.- byproducts
(0.43 Tprod
T
)( 8 lbc )( 22.026
1c
$
) $ $
=75.7694 =75.7694 x 15000
T T
T
año
=9.165 x 10
$
año
6
6.- Energy cost
( lbc )( 22.026
( 0.43 ) 8
1c
$
) $ $
=75.7694 =75.7694 x 15000
T T
T
año
=1.136 x 10
$
año
6
7.- Operation cost
( 0.05∗18.731 x 106 ) +15.429 x 106 $ +1.136 x 106 $ −9.165 x 106 $ =8.336 x 106 $
año año año año
8.- gross profit
6 $
s= ( 15000 )( 83 )( 22.026 )=27.422 x 10
año
6 $ 6 $ 6 $
R=27.422 x 10 −8.336 x 10 =19.086 x 10
año año año
9.- net profit
$
−( 0.1∗18.731 x 10 ) −¿
6 6
19.086 x 10
año
10.- Price and unit sale
6
19.086 x 10 $
p= =1272.4
15000 T
Unitary
$
1272.4 ∗ (
T 2200 lb 1 $)(
1 Ton 100 c
=57.83
c
lb)
Chapter 3
3.1 Estimate the 1998 cost of a process furnace that processes 150 million Btu/hr, constructed of
stainless steel, and operating at 2,200 psi. Explicitly state any additional assumptions you make.
1) Obtain base cost (Cb)
Cb= 350 000.00 USD

2) Get factors (Application, material, pressure)
Fd= 1.0
Fm= 0.75
Fp= 0.31
3) Calculate equipment cost.
Cfob= [Cb (Fd + Fm + Fp)]
Cfob= (350,000.00 USD)(1.0 + 0.75 + 0.31)=721 000.00 USD
4) Calculate bare module cost

Cmd= (Cb) (Fmd)
Cmd= (350,000 USD) (2.30)= 805,000.00 USD
5) Calculate cost of the adjusted module

Cmda= Cmd + (Cfob – Cb)
Cmda= (805,000.00) + (721,000.00 – 150,000.00)= 1,176,000.00 USD
6) Calculation of the equipment to be updated.

Updated oven cost = Cmda (1998 index/ 1968 index)*(1.15)
Updated oven cost = 1,176,000.00 USD (389.5/ 113.7)*(1.15)
Updated oven cost = 4,632,391.82 USD
3.3 The process shown in the figure is being considered. The reaction takes place in the reactor.
TO b
The separation system produces a stream of high concentration of B to be sold
Estimate the investment of the three process equipment using the Guthrie method. Base your
estimates on 1999.
A) TANK TYPE CONTINUOUS REACTOR.
Cb= 1 000.00 USD

Pressure: 1 atm = 14,696 Psi
Fm= 1.00
Fp= 1.00
Cfob= [(Cb) (Fm) (Fp)]
Cfob= ( 1,000.00 USD)(1.0)(1.0)= 1,000.00 USD
Cmd= (Cb) (Fmd)

Cmd= (1,000 USD) (4.34)= 4,340.00 USD

Cmda= (4,340.00) + (1,000.00 – 1,000.00)= 4,340.00 USD

Updated oven cost = 4,340.00 USD (390.6/ 113.7)*(1.15)
Updated oven cost = 17,145.8628 USD
B) FLASH SEPARATOR.
Cb= 2 000.00 USD
Fm= 1.00
Fp= 1.00
Cfob= [(Cb) (Fm) (Fp)]
Cfob= (2,000.00 USD)(1.0)(1.0)= 2,000.00 USD
Cmd= (Cb) (Fmd)

Cmd= (2,000.00 USD) (4.34)= 8,680.00 USD

Cmda= (4,340.00) + (2,000.00 –2,000.00)= 8,680.00 USD

C) TUBE AND SHELL CONDENSER.
Cb= 3 000.00 USD

Fd= 0.85 Fm= 2.30 Fp= 0.00

Cfob= [(Cb) (Fd + Fp)* Fm]
Cfob= (3,000.00 USD)(0.85 + 0.00)(2.30)= 5,865.00 USD
Cmd= (Cb) (Fmd)

Cmd= (3,000.00 USD) (3.39)= 10,170.00 USD

Cmda= (10,170.00) + (5,865.00 –3,000.00)= 13,035.00 USD

3.4. For the process shown in Problem 3.3, an outside group has estimated that the
current investment is equivalent to $1 million. The process capacity is 1 KT/year
and 1.1 T of A is consumed for every T of B. The market price of B is 35 C/lb.
In the condenser, the cooling water inlet temperature is 25°C and the outlet
temperature is 40°C. The latent heat of B is 1000 BTU/lb. The cost of cooling
water is 5x 10 ala -4 $/lb.
The price of raw material A is being negotiated. What should be the

maximum price of A that the company can pay for the process to be
profitable? Use typical economic parameters.
process operation cost = raw material cost + service cost + .05inv
raw material cost:

coefficient 1.1 T/TP
cost 292.676031 $/T
ability 1000 T/YEAR
cost= 321943.634 $/year
cost of service 0.01785 $/hr 156.366 $/year
.05*inv 50000 $/year
Cost of operation: 372100
S=cap*sales= 772100 $/year
R=sc= 400000
inv= 1000000
net profit: P=R-ei-t(R-di)=P 150000 $/year
annual sales price
rate of return = p/inv 0.15

The maximum price for raw material A is 292.67 for the process to be profitable since it
was resolved by setting the objective of a 15% return rate for the process, and the cost of
raw material as a variable.
Base unit cost
Cb= 1,000 USD

Adjusted cost
Adjustment factors Fp=
1.00
Fm= 1.00
Fob= 〔 Cb X Fp X Fm ) 〕
Fob= 〔 1000 X 1 X 1 ) 〕 = 1000 USD.
Module cost
Modulus factor= 4.34 Cmd=
(Cb x Factor)
Cmd= (1,000 x 4.34) = 4,340 USD
Adjusted bare module cost
Cmda= Cmd + ( Cfob – Cb )
Cmda= 4.340 + ( 1000 – 1000 )= 4.340 USD Baseline
Year 1968= 113.7

Year 1999= 390.6
Cost of Continuous Process Tank Type Reactor
Cost = Cmda (I 1999/ I 1968) X 1.15
Cost = 4,340 ( 390.6/ 113.7) X 1.15 = 17,145.8 USD
Modulus factor= 4.34 Cmd=
(Cb x Factor)
Cmd= (1,000 x 4.34) = 4,340 USD
Cmda= 4.340 + ( 1000 – 1000 )= 4.340 USD Baseline
Year 1968= 113.7
Year 1999= 390.6
Cost of Continuous Process Tank Type Reactor
Cost = Cmda (I 1999/ I 1968) X 1.15
Cost = 4,340 ( 390.6/ 113.7) X 1.15 = 17,145.8 USD

INVESTMENT REQUIRED FOR THIS PROCESS
Cr + Cs + Cc = 17,145.8 + 54,866.7 + 45,956 = 117,968.5 USD

3.5 We wish to estimate the investment required for the next part of a process in
development
(a) Estimate the investment required for each piece of equipment using the Guthrie
method. Basis of your estimate for 1998.
(b) Calculate the annual cost of steam for this scheme if its unit cost is 1 ₡ /lb and
8,500 hours are worked per year.
(c) If the reactor output stream is to be sold, and the raw material price is neglected,
estimate the sales price if a minimum after-tax recovery rate of 15% is desired.
Assume that the production of the mixture to be sold is equivalent to 2,000,000
lb/year
HEAT EXCHANGER
Calculation of area in Ft 2
Q= (F A ) ( C p ) ( T 2 -T 1 )
Q= (50,000 lb/hr) (1 Btu/lb 0 F) (177-77) 0 F = 5,000,000 Btu/hr
LMDT= (Δ T 2 - Δ T 1 ) / ln (Δ T 2 -
Δ T 1 ) ΔT 2 = ( 212- 177 ) 0 F = 35 0
F
ΔT 1 = ( 100 - 77) 0 F= 25 0 F
LMDT= (35-25) / ln (35/25) = 29.7
A= Q / (UX MLDT)
A= (5000,000 Btu/hr) / (200 Btu/hr ft 2 0 F x 29.7 ) = 841.7 ft 2
HEAT EXCHANGER
Base unit cost
Cb= 7,500 USD
Adjusted cost
Adjustment
factors Fp= 0
Fd= 0.85
Fm= 1.82
Fob= 〔 Cb ( Fd + Fp ) Fm 〕
Fob= 〔 7,500 ( 0.85 + 0 ) 1.82 〕 = 11,602.5 USD.

Bare module cost
Modulus factor= 3.39 Cmd= (Cb x Factor)
Cmd= (7,500 x 3.39) = 25,425USD
Cmda= 25,425+ ( 11,602.5 – 7,500 )= 29,527.5USD
Reference base Year 1968 = 113.7
Year 1998= 389.5
Process Heat Exchanger Cost
Cost = Cmda (I 1998/ I 1968) X 1.15
Cost = 29,527.5 ( 389.5/ 113.7) X 1.15 = 116,324.5 USD
REACTOR
Base unit cost
Cb= 1,800 USD

Adjusted cost
Adjustment factors Fp= 1.05
Fm= 1.00
Fob= 〔 Cb X Fp X Fm ) 〕
Fob= 〔 1,800 X 1.05 X 1.00 ) 〕 = 1,890 USD.
Bare module cost Module factor = 4.34 Cmd = ( Cb x Factor)
Cmd= (1890 x 4.34) = 8,202.6 USD
Cmda= 8,202.6 + ( 1,890 – 1,800 )= 8,292.6 USD
Year 1968= 113.7389.5
Year 1998=389.5
Cost of Vertical Process Tank

Cost = Cmda (I 1998/ I 1968) X 1.15
Cost = 8,292.6 ( 389.5/ 113.7) X 1.15 = 32,668.9 USD
3.6. The flow diagram shown represents an alternative to produce ethanol through
fermentation:
The desired production of the ethanol stream is 100 x 10 ala 6 lb/year.
The concentration of ethanol at the outlet of the fermenter is 150g/L. For preliminary
estimation purposes it can be assumed that the fermenter outlet stream is a mixture of
ethanol and water.
a) Using the Guthrie method, estimate the investment of the main components of
the process (fermenter, column, condenser and boiler). Refer your estimate for
1990.
b) Estimate the sales price of the product. The cost of raw materials can be taken
as the cost of the substrate which is equivalent to 20 c/lb. The cost of steam is
1x10 -2 $/lb and that of cooling water is 5x10 -4 $/lb. The distillation column
operates at a reflux rate of 4 (on a mass basis).
Explicitly state any assumptions you make.
TO)
Distillation tower cost:
1) Cost of installed dishes (table 16)
Cb= $700
2) Adjusted cost
Spacing= height/#plates= 15/10=1.5 ft = 18 in. Plate
costs= [base cost *(Fs + ft + fm) ] (table 17) Valve type is
chosen, carbon steel
Cfob= 700*(1.4+0.4+0) = 1260 USD
3) Bare modulus factor CMD= Cb *

FACTOR = 700*4.34
CMD= 3038
4) Adjusted bare module cost:
5) Distillation tower cost:

Baseline 1968
KETTLE COST:
6) Base cost (table 7)

Cb= $18,000
7) Adjusted cost
Design type: reboiler
Pressure: 6psi
Cfob= [base cost *(Fd + fp + fm) ] (table 9)
Cfob= 18000*(1.35+0+1.0) = 42300 USD
8) Bare modulus factor CMD=

Cb * FACTOR =
42300*3.39CMD= 143397
10) Kettle cost:

Baseline 1968
CAPACITOR COST:
6) Base cost (table 7)

Cb= $20,000
7) Adjusted cost
Design Type: Condenser, Floating Head
Pressure: 7 psi
Cfob= 20000*(1.0+0+1.0) = 40000 USD
8) Bare modulus factor CMD=

Cb * FACTOR = 20000*3.39
CMD= 67800

10) Capacitor cost
Baseline 1968
FERMENTER COST:
1) Base cost (table 7) Cb= $3000
2) Adjusted cost
Design type: carbon steel
Pressure: 7 psi
Cfob= 3000*(1.0+1.0+1.0) = 9000 USD
3) Bare modulus factor CMD= Cb *

FACTOR = 3000*4.34
CMD= 13020
5) Cost of the FERMENTER

Baseline 1968
TOTAL COST= SUM OF THE FOUR TEAMS: = 67425
EXERCISE 3.8
A distillation column processes 120,000 lb/hr of an aqueous solution
containing 5% ammonia NH3 by weight, and produces a distillate flow of
3,000 lb/hr with a concentration of 20% by weight. Estimate the total
investment required for the three pieces of equipment in 1997. Explicitly
state any assumptions you make.
 Column data:
o Diameter 3.5ft; 8ft height; with 5 cap plates (or bells) with 1ft
spacing, and made of carbon steel.
 Kettle data:
o Area of 200ft^2, Kettle type, stainless steel for the tubes and
carbon steel for the shell.
 Capacitor data:
o Area of 2000 ft^2, tube and shell, monel for the tubes and carbon
steel for the shell.
Note: The distillation column itself is considered a process container,

therefore the data will be obtained from the graph that corresponds to the
process containers, taking into account the characteristics already
mentioned.
SOLUTION
3.8.1 Column estimation
1) Column base cost Cb= $2,000
2) Column adjustment factors
- For Fp a pressure must be determined, so a pressure of 1 atm is assumed in the

tower, this being 14.7 psi.
 Fm = 1.00
 Fp= 1.00
3) Column cost (Cfob)
Cfob= ($2,000) (1.00) (1.00)= $2,000
4) Calculate bare module cost Cmd= Cb*fmd
Cmd= ($2,000) (4.34) = $8680
5) Module cost Cmda= Cmd + ( Cfob – Cb)
Cmda= $8680 + ($2,000–$2,000) = $8680
6) Cost of the equipment to be updated (column)

- The problem asks that the investments be estimated for the year 1997, therefore
the data from table 2.3 is taken.
C eq Act =( Cmda ) ( indice

indice del año 1968 )
del año a estimar
(1.15)
- The amount of 1.15 is the 15% used to include contingencies in the cost of the
equipment.
C eq Act =( $ 8680 ) ( 386.5

113.7 )
( 1.15 )=$ 33931.77
3.8.2 ESTIMATION OF SPINE PLATES

1) Column base cost Cb= $200
2) Chainring adjustment factors
- Resulting adjustment factors:

 Fs = 2.2
 ft = 1.8
 Fm = 0.0
3) Cost of dishes (Cfob)

 Cfob= ($200) (2.2 + 1.8 + 0.0)= $800
4) Cost of the dishes to be updated (column)


del año a estimar
(1.15)
- The amount of 1.15 is a constant used to include contingencies in the cost of

equipment.
C eq Act =( $ 800 ) ( 386.5

113.7 )
( 1.15 )=$ 3127.35
3.8.3 TOTAL ESTIMATION OF DISTILLATION TOWER
C eq Act =$ 3127.35+ $ 33931.77=$ 37059.123

3.8.4 KETTLE ESTIMATION
 Kettle data:
- Area of 200ft^2, Kettle type, stainless steel for the tubes and carbon steel for the
shell.
1) Base cost of equipment Cb= $3,200

2) Equipment adjustment factors

tower, this being 14.7 psi.
Fd = 1.35
Fp= 0.00
Fm = 1.78

Cfob= ($3,200) (1.35 + 0.0) (1.78)= $7689.6
4) Calculate bare module cost (Cmd)
Cmd= Cb*fmd (module factor, table 3.2)
Cmd= ($7689.6) (3.39) = $26067.744
5) Cmda module cost
Cmda= Cmd + ( Cfob – Cb)

Cmda= $26067.744 + ($7689.6–$3,200) = $30557.334


del año a estimar
(1.15)
The amount of 1.15 is a constant used to include contingencies in the cost of
equipment.
C eq Act =( $ 30557.334 ) ( 386.5

113.7 )
(1.15 )=$ 119454.489
3.8.5. CAPACITOR ESTIMATION
Capacitor data:
- Area of 2000 ft^2, tube and shell, monel for the tubes and carbon steel for the shell.
1) Base cost of equipment Cb= $3,200
2) Equipment adjustment factors.

tower, this being 14.7 psi, it is also inferred that the condenser is a U tube.
Fd = 0.85
Fp= 0.00
Fm = 2.30
Cfob= ($3,200) (0.85 + 0.0) (2.30)= $6256
4) Calculate bare module cost (Cmd)
Cmd= Cb*fmd (module factor, table 3.2)
Cmd= ($6256) (3.39) = $21207.84
5) Cmda module cost
Cmda= Cmd + ( Cfob – Cb)

Cmda= $21207.84 + ($6256 – $3,200) = $24263.84
del año a estimar
(1.15)
The amount of 1.15 is a constant used to include contingencies in the cost of

equipment.
C eq Act =( $ 24263.84 ) ( 386.5

113.7 )
(1.15 )=$ 94851.98
3.8.6 TOTAL ESTIMATION OF THE PROCESS
C TOTAL=$ 94851.98+ $ 119454.489+$ 37059.123=$ 251365 .59

EXERCISE 3.10
Calculate, using the Guthrie method, the cost in 1990 of a floating head heat
exchanger with an area of 1,000 ft 2 that will operate at moderate pressures,
constructed of carbon steel for the shell and Monel for the tubes.
Exchanger cost $= [Base cost (Fd+Fp)*Fm]
SOLUTION:
1) The base cost is found in Figure 3.3

“base cost of heat exchangers” according to the area of the exchanger.
Cb= $9,000
2) Adjustment factors are found according to the specifications of the
exchanger.
Fd= 1.0
Fp= 0.25 (assuming a moderate pressure of 400 psia)
Fm= 2.15
3) Equipment cost calculation
- Exchanger cost $= [base cost (Fd+Fp)*Fm]
Cfob=Cb ( Fd + Fp )∗Fm
Cfob=$ 9,000 ( 1.0+0.25 )∗2.15=$ 24187.5
4) Bare module cost
Cmd=Cb∗fmd
- Bare modulus factor for a heat exchanger fmd = 3.39
Cmd=$ 9,000∗3.39=$ 30,510

5) Calculation of the desired module or equipment in the year
Cmda=Cmd + ( Cfob−Cb )
Cmda=$ 30,510+ ( $ 24187.5−$ 9,000 )=$ 45,697.5
6) Equipment cost
Cequipo=Cmda ( indice
indice 1968 )
1990
Cequipo=$ 45,697.5 (
113.7 )
357.6
=$ 143,722.4908
EXERCISE 3.11
Consider the tank-chiller system shown in the figure. Estimate the
investment that this process required in 1968 according to the Guthrie
method.
SOLUTION:
 Vertical tank
1) Base Cost of the unit :C b=$ 1,800 USD
2) Adjusted Cost
Adjustment Factors
They are obtained from the nomograms corresponding to vertical tank
fp FM
1.05 1.00
c Fob =Cb∗Fp∗Fm
cF ob= (1,800 )( 1.05 )( 1.00 )
cF ob=1,890 USD
3) Bare module cost

- We look for the value in table 3.2 and it is 4.34
C md=Cb∗Factor
C md=( 1,890 )( 4.34 )

C md=8,202.6 USD
4) Adjusted bare module cost
C mda=Cmd + ( c F ob−C b )
C mda=8,202.6+ ( 1,890−1,800 )
C mda=8,292.6 USD
5) Chemical Index
I 1968 113.7
- In the case of this methods, the index used is 1968 and it is at the same
time that they request it, which is why we only look for a single chemical
index.
6) Cost of vertical process tank

Costo=C mda
( )
I 1968
I 1968
( 1.15 )
Costo=8,292.6 ( 113.7
113.7 )
( 1.15 )
Costo T =9,536.49USD
7) Base Cost of the unit :C b=$ 6,000 USD
8) Adjusted Cost
The adjustment factors are obtained from the nomograms corresponding to vertical
tanks.
fp FM ft
1.05 1.85 0.10
c Fob =Cb∗( Fp∗Fm∗Ft )
cF ob= ( 6,000 ) (1.05+ 0.10+1.85 )
cF ob=18,000 USD
9) Bare module cost
We look for the value in table 3.2 and it is 2.54

C md=Cb∗Factor
C md=( 18,000 )( 2.54 )
C md=45,720 USD
10) Adjusted bare module cost
C mda=Cmd + ( c F ob−C b )
C mda=45,720+ (18,000−6,000 )
C mda=57,720 USD
Chemical Index
I 1968 113.7
- In the case of this methods, the index used is 1968 and it is at the same
time that they request it, which is why we only look for a single Chemical
Index.
11) Process chiller cost

Costo=C mda
( )I 1968
I 1968
( 1.15 )
Costo=57,720 ( 113.7
113.7 )
( 1.15 )
Costo E =66,378 USD
12) Investment that would be required for this process

I =Costo T +Costo E
I =9536.4 +66,378
- This would be the investment that would be required to start the process
I =75,914.49 USD
Chapter 9
PROBLEM 9.1
Lee, Masso and Rudd (Ind. And Eng. Chem. Fund., 9,48,1970) used the Brach and
Bound method to generate optimal networks of heat exchangers.
Solve problems 5SP1 and 6SP1 shown below using the heat content diagram
method. Compare your results with the optimal ones reported by Lee et al. Of
$38,278/year (for problem 6SP1) and $35,108/year (for problem 6SP1).
Current Flow, lb/hr T ent , ºF T salt, ºF C p, Btu/lbºF
1 27,000 100 400 0.8

2 42,000 480 250 0.75
3 35,000 150 360 0.7
4 36,000 400 150 0.7
5 38,000 200 400 0.65
5SP1 problem.
6SP1 problem.
Current Flow, lb/hr T ent , ºF T salt, ºF C p, Btu/lbºF
1 20,000 100 430 0.80

2 40,000 440 150 0.70
3 36,000 180 350 0.91
4 35,000 520 300 0.68
5 31,000 200 400 0.85
6 42,000 390 150 0.80
Design data.
Vapor pressure 450 psia
Cooling water temperature 100ºF
Maximum cooling water outlet temperature 180 ºF
Minimum temperature differences
20ºF heat exchangers
Heaters 25ºF
20ºF Coolers
Overall heat transfer coefficients
Heat exchangers 150 Btu/hr ft2 ºF
Heaters 200 Btu/hr ft2 ºF
Chillers 150 Btu/hr ft2 ºF
Equipment repair time 380 hr/year
Cost of exchangers 350 A0.6 (A in ft2)
Cooling water cost 5 x $10-5/lb
Solution:
5SP1 problem
Steam, Water,
Exchanger Area, ft2 Cost Service cost, $/year
lb/year lb/year
1 0.930308842 335.1539433 0 0
2 3.027319815 680.3040031 0 0
Heater 1 20 2111.961718 0.004438352 0 4.43835E-06
Heater 2 4.5 862.9697105 0.014607111 0 1.46071E-05
EC 6102.351093 cs 2.23321E-05
Cost of operation 610.2351115 $/year
5SP1
problem
PROBLEM 9.2
Consider the following streams:
Current T ent, °F Tsal , °F WCp, kW/°F
h1 600 500 80
C1 450 590 110
C2 300 400 50
∆ T min= 10ºF
Use the heuristic method based on the heat content diagram to find a network of
heat exchangers that maximizes energy recovery.
Solution:
I. Setting the minimum temperature.
Current T ent , ºF T salt, ºF WCpBtu/hr°F
h1 600 500 80
C1 460 600 110
C2 310 410 50
II. Sort the set temperatures from highest to lowest.

T interval
T1 = 600 600-500
T2 = 500 500-400
400-410
T3 = 460
410-310
T4 = 410
T5 = 310
T Input T Output
600 ------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
-------- T2
500 ------- T6
450 ------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
-------- T1
590 ------- T4
300 ------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
---------T5
400 ------ T3
III. Graph of the currents according to their modified temperature.
IV. Enthalpic Balance.
[ (∑❑ Wc pcaliente−∑❑ Wc pfrio) (T i−T 1+1) ]

❑ ❑
∆ Hi=
∆ H 1= (80)-110(600-500) = -3000 kW
∆ H 2 =-110(500-460) = -4400 kW
∆ H 3 = -50(460-410) = -2500 kW
∆ H 4= -50(410-310) = -5000 kW
V. heat cascade
heuristic rule
T1 = 600ºF Q 1 = 0 kW
∆ H 1 = -3000 kW
T2 = 500ºF Q 2 = 0 kW - 3000 kW = -3000 kW

∆ H 2 = -4400 kW
T3 = 460ºF Q 3 = -3000kW + (-4400) kW = -7400 kW

∆ H 3 = -2500 kW
T4 = 410ºF Q 4 = -7400 kW +(-2500) kW = -9900 kW

∆ H 4= -5000 kW
T5 = 310ºF Q 5 = -9900kW + (-5000 kW) = -14900 kW
Q h = Minimum heating amount

Q h = -14900 kW
Q c = Minimum cooling amount
T1 = 600ºF Q 1 = -14900 kW
∆ H 1 = -3000 kW
T2 = 500ºF Q 2 = 14900W +(-3000)kW = 11900 kW

∆ H 2 = -4400 kW
T3 = 460ºF Q 3 = 11900kW + (-4400)kW = 7500 kW

∆ H 3 = -25000 kW
T4 = 410ºF Q 4 = 7500 kW + (-2500) kW = 5000 kW

∆ H 4= -5000 kW
T5 = 310ºF Q 5 = 5000 kW + (-5000kW) = 0 kW
Qc = 0kW
With respect to the original temperatures, the folding point for the hot
current is 310 ºF and for the cold current it is 300 ºF, following the heuristic
rules, when my folding point is in the last zone, the previous one is taken, in
this case it will be 410 for the hot and for cold 400°F.
VI. Design problem current graph located with respect to the fold point.
The minimum number of units required for each side of the network is estimated
with the following formula:
U MIN =N c + N s−1
UMIN = Minimum number of exchangers

Nc = Number of currents involved
NS= Number of services
For the area above the fold point or heating zone.

U MIN =1+ 1−1=1
For the area below the fold point or cooling zone.

U MIN =3+1−1=3
The appropriate exchanger must be chosen as long as it applies:

WCpfria ≥ WCpcaliente
VII. Generate heat cascade.
Above the fold point
Qh1 =80 kW/ºF (600-410)ºC = 15200 kW
Qc2= 110 kw/ºF (590-400)ºC = 20900 kw
Qc3=50 kw/ºF (300-400)ºC = 5000 kw
3 and 1
Below the fold point

Qc1 =80 Kw/ºF(500-410)ºF = 7200 kW
Qc2 =110Kw/ºF (450-400)ºF = 5500 kW
Qf1 = 10 kw/ºF(400-400)ºF = 0 kw
Current
F2-Q1
15200 kW
∆ T fria = =190 ºF
80 kW /ºF
t a ocupar=190+ 410 ºF=600 ºF
Current T ent, ºC T salt, WCp(Kcal/hr°C)
ºC
1 90 50 6
VIII. 2 50 20 9 Exchanger
3 20 200 12 network.
4 20 90 10
PROBLEM 9.5
Consider the following problem:
ΔT min = 10 °C
Using the fold point method, obtain:
a) The fold point for each type of currents.
b) Minimum service requirements
c) A network of heat exchangers that consumes the minimum amount of
services.
Solution:
1) Temperature adjustment of cold currents by adding the minimum ΔT to each of

them, leaving the hot current unchanged.
Current Temp , °F T salt , °F

1H1 90 50
2H2 50 20
3C1 30 210
4C2 30 100
2) Sort the adjusted temperatures from highest to lowest and search for
temperature ranges.
T1 = 210 T interval
T2 = 100 210 – 100
T3 = 90 100 – 90
T4 = 50 90 – 50
T5 = 30 50 – 30
T6 = 20 30 – 20
3) Plot the currents according to their modified T°
4) Enthalpic Balance Calculation

ΔH i=¿
[(
ΔH 1= 0
Kcal
hr ° C
−12
Kcal
hr ° C ) ]
( 210−100 ) ° C =−1320
Kcal
hr
[(
ΔH 2= 0
Kcal
hr ° C
−22
Kcal
hr ° C )
( 100−90 ) ° C =−220
]Kcal
hr
ΔH 3= 6
[( Kcal
hr °C
−22
lb
hr ) ]
( 90−50 ) ° C =−640
Kcal
hr
ΔH 4 = 9
[( Kcal
hr ° C
−22
Kcal
hr ° C ) ]
( 50−30 ) ° C =−260
Kcal
hr
ΔH 5= 9
[( Kcal
hr ° C
−0
Kcal
hr ° C )
( 30−20 ) ° C =90
]
Kcal
hr
5) The minimum amount of Heating Heat (Qh) is sought.
Q
Kcal
T 1 = 210 °C Q1 =0
hr
Kcal
ΔH 1=−1320
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T2 = 100°C Q2 =0 +(-1320 ) = -1320
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 2=−220
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T 3 = 90 °C Q3 = -1320 + (- 220 ) = -1540
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 3=−640
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T4 = 50°C Q4 = -1540 +(-640 )= -2180
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 4 =−260
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T5 = 30°C Q5 = -2180 + (-260 ) = -2440  Qh
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 5=90
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T 5 = 20 °C Q6 = -2440 +90 = -2350
hr hr hr
6) The minimum amount of Cooling Heat (Qc) and fold point are sought.
Q
Kcal
T 1 = 210 °C Q1 = 2440
hr
Kcal
ΔH 1=−1320
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T2 = 100°C Q2 = 2440 +(-1320 ) = 1120  Qc
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 2=−220
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T 3 = 90 °C Q3 = 1120 + (- 220 ) = 900
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 3=−640
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T4 = 50°C Q4 = 900 +(-640 )= -260
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 4 =−260
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T5 = 30°C Q5 = 260 + (-260 )=0  Fold Point
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 5=90
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T 5 = 20 °C Q6 =0 +90 = 90
hr hr hr
7) Current graph of the design problem located with respect to the fold point.
8) Minimum number of units required for each side of the network and is estimated
U min =NC + NS−1
Where: U min : Numero minimo de intercambiadores
NC : Numero de corrientes involucradas

NS : Numero de Servicios
For the area above the Fold Point or Warming Zone
U min =4+1−1=4
For the area below the Fold Point or Cooling Zone

U min =2+1−1=2
9) Generate the Heat Cascade

Q=wCp ∆T
Kcal Kcal
Qh1=6 ( 90−30 ) ° C=720
hr ° C hr
Kcal Kcal
Qh2=9 ( 50−30 ) ° C=180
hr ° C hr
Kcal Kcal
Qc1=12 ( 200−20 ) ° C=2160
hr ° C hr
Kcal Kcal
Qc2=10 ( 90−20 ) ° C=700
hr ° C hr
10) Heat exchanger
For stream 2 - 4
Kcal
180
hr
DSTCideal = =18 ° C
Kcal
10
hr °C
T Real=20 ° C+18 ° C=38 °C
For current 1 - 3
Kcal
360
hr
Kcal
12
hr °C
T Real=20 ° C+30 ° C=50 °C
For current 2 – 4
Kcal
620
hr
DSTCideal = =51.67 °C
Kcal
10
hr °C
T Real=51.67 ° C+50 ° C=101.67 ° F ≅ 102° F
11)Exchange Network
Current T ent, ºC T salt, WCp(Kcal/hr°C)
ºC
h1 100 60 4
h2 140 25 6
C1 20 180 8
PROBLEM 9.6
Consider the following problem:
Assuming ΔT min = 10 °C, use the fold point method to design a network of heat
exchangers. I report the following points:
a) Minimum service requirements
b) The fold point for hot and cold currents.
c) The minimum number of units for the network.
d) A network of heat exchangers that consumes the minimum amount of
services.
Solution:
1) Temperature adjustment of cold currents by adding the minimum ΔT to each of

them, leaving the hot current unchanged.
Current Temp , °F T salt , °F

1H1 100 60
2H2 140 25
3C1 30 190
2) Sort the adjusted temperatures from highest to lowest and search for
temperature ranges.
T1 = 190 T interval
T2 = 140 190 – 140
T3 = 100 140 – 100
T4 = 60 100 – 60
T5 = 30 60 – 30
T6 = 25 30 – 25
3) Plot the currents according to their modified T°

4) Enthalpic Balance Calculation
ΔH i=¿
[(
ΔH 1= 0
Kcal
hr ° C
−8
Kcal
hr ° C ) ]
( 190−140 ) ° C =−400
Kcal
hr
[(
ΔH 2= 6
Kcal
hr ° C
−8
Kcal
hr ° C ) ]
( 140−100 ) ° C =−80
Kcal
hr
ΔH 3= 10
[( Kcal
hr ° C
−8
lb
hr ) ]
( 100−60 ) °C =80
Kcal
hr
[(
ΔH 4 = 6
Kcal
hr ° C
−8
Kcal
hr ° C ) ]
( 60−30 ) ° C =−60
Kcal
hr
[(
ΔH 5= 6
Kcal
hr °C
−0
Kcal
hr ° C ) ]
( 30−25 ) ° C =−30
Kcal
hr
5) The minimum Heating Heat amount (Qh) is sought

Kcal
T 1 = 190 °C Q1 =0
hr
Kcal
ΔH 1=−400
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T2 = 140°C Q2 =0 +(- 400 ) = - 400
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 2=−80
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T 3 = 100 °C Q3 = - 400 + (- 80 ) = - 480  Qh
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 3=80
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T4 = 60°C Q4 = - 480 +80 = - 400
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 4 =−60
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T5 = 30°C Q5 = - 400 + (-60 ) = - 460
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 5=30
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T 5 = 25 °C Q6 = - 460 + 30 = - 430
hr hr hr
6) The minimum amount of Cooling Heat (Qc) and fold point are sought.
Kcal
T 1 = 190 °C Q1 = 480  Qc
hr
Kcal
ΔH 1=−400
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T2 = 140°C Q2 = 480 +(- 400 ) = 80
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 2=−80
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T 3 = 100 °C Q3 = 80 + (- 80 )=0  fold point
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 3=80
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T4 = 60°C Q4 =0 +80 = 80
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 4 =−60
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T5 = 30°C Q5 = 80 + (-60 ) = 20
hr hr hr
Kcal
ΔH 5=30
hr
Kcal Kcal Kcal
T 5 = 25 °C Q6 = 20 + 30 = 50
hr hr hr
7) Current graph of the design problem located with respect to the fold point.
8) Minimum number of units required for each side of the network and is estimated
U min =NC + NS−1
Where: U min : Numero minimo de intercambiadores
NC : Numero de corrientes involucradas

NS : Numero de Servicios
For the area above the Fold Point or Warming Zone
U min =4+1−1=4
For the area below the Fold Point or Cooling Zone

U min =2+1−1=2
9) Generate the Heat Cascade

Q=wCp ∆T

Kcal Kcal
Qh1=4 (100−60 ) °C=160
hr ° C hr
Kcal Kcal
Qh2=6 ( 140−100 ) ° C=240
hr ° C hr
Kcal Kcal
Qh 2=6 ( 100−25 ) ° C=450
hr ° C hr
Kcal Kcal
Qc1=8 ( 190−110 ) ° C=560
hr ° C hr
Kcal Kcal
Qc1=8 ( 110−20 ) ° C=720
hr ° C hr
10) Heat exchanger
For current 1 - 3
Kcal
160
hr
Kcal
8
hr ° C
T Real=100 ° C−20 ° C=80 ° C
For stream 2 - 3
Kcal
240
hr
Kcal
8
hr ° C
T Real=140 ° C−30 ° C=110 ° C
11)Exchange Network
12)Thermal loading of reboilers and condensers
KCal
Q E 1=4 ( 80−60 )=80
hr
KCal
Q E 2=6 ( 110−25 ) =510
hr
KCal
Q ET =80+ 510=590 ≤ Qc
hr
KCal
Q H 1 =8 ( 180−70 ) =880 ≤QH
hr
PROBLEM 9.8
Consider the following streams:
CURRENT Wcpx10 4 , btu/hr°F T ent, °F T salt, °F
h1 10 150 70
h2 4 220 150
c1 5 80 270
C2 3 50 120
Taking ∆Tmin equal to 20°F, identify the fold point and minimum service
requirements. Design a network of exchangers that meets these minimum
requirements.
CURRENT T ent, °F T salt, °F TIN, °F tf, °F
1 150 70 150 70
2 220 150 220 150
3 80 270 100 290
4 50 120 70 140
c Btu/hr°F
1 10
2 4
3 5
4 3
Enthalpic balance.
290
∆H1 -3.50E+02 (-5)*(290-220)
220
∆H2 -7.00E+01 (4-5)*(220-150)
150
∆H3 5.00E+01 (10-5)*(150-140)
140
∆H4 8.00E+01 (10-5-3)*(140-100)
100
∆H5 2.10E+02 (10-3)*(100-70)
70
residual H.
290
-3.50E+02 (-350)
220
-4.20E+02 (-350-70)
150
-3.70E+02 (-420+50)
140
-2.90E+02 (-370+80)
100
-8.00E+01 (-290+210)
70
Fold point.
290
7.00E+01 (420-350)
220
0.00E+00 (70-70)
150
5.00E+01 (0+50)
140
1.30E+02 (50+80)
100
3.40E+02 (130+110)
70
HOT SIDE
Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 TOTAL
Q 0
T2 0
Cooler 280
Heater 700 150 850
Total 0 280 700 150 0
COLD SIDE
Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 TOTAL
Q 250 250
T2 212.5 212.5
Cooler 800 250 1050
Heater 0
TOTAL 800 462.5 250 0 0
Line 3, Q= 5*(130-100)
Output temperature in line 2, 250=4*(220-x)
X = 220- (250/4)
Heaters:
Line 3, Q= 5* (270-130)
Line 4, Q= 3*(120-70)
Coolers:
Line 1, Q= 10*(150-70)
Line 2, Q= 4* (212.5-150)
PROBLEM 9.9
There are two hot streams and two cold streams that need processing, according
to the information provided in the following table.
Using a ∆Tmin value of 10°C.
 Estimate the minimum service requirements.

 Report the fold point for each type of current.
 Design a network of heat exchangers that consumes the minimum amount
of service.
Solution:
I. Setting the minimum temperature.
Current T ent, °C Tsal ,°C WCp, kW/°C
H1 175 50 10
40
H2 120 65
C1 30 175 20
C2 50 130 15
Sort the set temperatures from highest to lowest.

T interval.
T1 = 175 250 – 220
T2 = 130
175-130
T3 = 120
T4 = 65 130-120
T5 = 50
120-65
T6=30
65-50
50-30
T Input T Output
175 ------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
-------- T2
130 ------- T6
120 ------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
-------- T1
65 ------- T4
65 ------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
---------T5
50 ------ T3
fifty------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
-----------T7
30------T8
II. Graph of the currents according to their modified temperature.
III. Enthalpic
Balance.
[( ) ]
❑ ❑
∆ Hi= ∑ Wc p caliente−∑ Wc p frio ( T i−T 1+1 )
❑ ❑
∆ H 1= (10-20)*(175-130) = -450 kW
∆ H 2 = (10-(20+15)*(130-120) = -250 kW
∆ H 3 = (10+40) –(20+15)*(120-65) = 825 kW
∆ H 4= (10)-(20+15)(65-50) = -375 kW
∆ H 5 = -20*(50-30) = -400 kW
IV. heat cascade

heuristic rule
T1 = 175 ºC Q1 = 0 kW
∆ H 1 = -450 kW
T2 = 130 ºC Q2 = 0 kW -450 kW = -450 kW

∆ H 2 = -250 kW
T3 = 120 ºC Q3 = -450+(-250) kW = -700 kW

∆ H 3 = 825 kW
T4 = 65ºC Q4 = -700 kW + 825kW = 125 kW

∆ H 4= -375Kw
T5 = 50 ºC Q5 = 125 kW + (-375 kW) = -250 kW
∆ H 5 = -400 kW
T6 = 30 ºC Q6 = -250 kW + (-400 kW )= -650 kW
Qh = Minimum heating amount

Qh = -700 kW
Qc = Minimum cooling amount
T1 = 175 ºC Q1 = 700 kW
∆ H 1 = -450 kW
T2 = 130 ºC Q2 = 700 kW + (-450 )kW = 250kW

∆ H 2 = -250 kW
T3 = 120 ºC Q3 = 250 kW + (-250 )kW = 825 kW

∆ H 3 = 825 kW
T4 = 65 ºC Q4 = 0 kW + 825 kW = 0+825 kW
∆ H 4= -375 kW
T5 = 50 ºC Q5 = 825 kW + (-375 kW) = -400 kW

∆ H 5 = 70 kW
T2 = 30 ºC Q6 = 450 kW + (-400 kW) = 50 kW
Qc = 50 kW
With respect to the original temperatures, the folding point for the hot stream is 120
ºC and for the cold stream it is 110 ºC.
V. Design problem current graph located with respect to the fold point.
The minimum number of units required for each side of the network is estimated
U MIN =N c + N s−1
UMIN = Minimum number of exchangers

Nc = Number of currents involved
NS= Number of services
For the area above the fold point or heating zone.

U MIN =4 +1−1=4
For the area below the fold point or cooling zone.

U MIN =2+1−1=2
The appropriate exchanger must be chosen as long as it applies:
WCpfria ≥ WCpcaliente
VI. Generate heat cascade.

QH1 =10 Kw/ºC (175-120)ºC = 550 kW
QH2= 40 kw/ºC (120-120)ºC = 0 kw
QC3 =20 Kw/ºC (165-110)ºC = 1100 kW
QC4= 15 kw/ºC (120-110)ºC = 150 kw
1Y 3
QH1 =10 Kw/ºC (120-50)ºC = 700 kW

QH2= 40 kw/ºC (120-65)ºC = 2200 kw
QC3 =20 Kw/ºC (120-50)ºC = 700 kW
QC4= 15 kw/ºC (120-65)ºC = 2200 kw
550 kW
∆ T fria = =55 ºC
10 kW /ºC
t a ocupar=55 ºC +120ºC=175 ºC
700 kW
∆ T fria = =70 ºC
10 kW /ºC
t a ocupar=70 ºC +50ºC=120 ºC
PROBLEM 9.11
Consider the following data for three streams that you want to use to integrate
between them.
CURRENT T Int °F T Sal °F WCp, Btu/Hr°F
1 200 100 200 to 150°F:1x104
150 to 100°F:2x104
2 100 100 0.5x104

3 150 150 4.0x104
 Identify the fold point assuming a∆ T min =10 ° F Report the value for each
type of current.
 Identify the minimum amount of services required by any heat exchanger
network.
 Design a network of exchangers that consumes the minimum amount of
services.
Solution:
1.- Adjust the temperatures of the cold currents by adding the minimum ∆T to each
of them, leaving the hot currents unchanged.
CURRENT TENT °C T SAL °C
H1 1 175 50
H2 2 120 65
C1 3 30 175
C2 4 50 130
2.- Order the temperatures from highest to lowest

T IN (°F) T OUT (°F)
175………………………….T1
50………………….Duplicate
120………………………….T3
65.…………………..T4
30………………………….T6
175……………………Duplicate
50.…………………………..T5
130……………………T2
3.- Arranging we have the following Temperature Range

T1:175 175 - 130
T2:130 130 - 120
T3:120 120 - 65
T4:65 65 - 50
T5:50 50 - 30
T6:30
4.- Calculation of W=wcp calculate the flow

W1= 10 Kcal/Hr
W2= 40 Kcal/Hr
W3= 20 Kcal/Hr
W4= 15 Kcal/Hr
5.- Graph the Currents (4) according to their Modified Temperature
175 ………………………………………………………..
∆H1
130 …………………………………………………………
∆H2
120 .…………………………………………………………..
∆H3
65 ……………………………………………………………
∆H4
50 ……………………………………………………………
∆H5
30 …..............................................................................
10 40 20 15
6.- Enthalpy balance

∆H1=((10-20) (175-130)) = -450 Kcal/hr
∆H2=(10-(20+15) x (130-120)) = -250 Kcal/Hr
∆H3=((10+40)-(20+15) x (120-65)) = 825 Kcal/hr
∆H4=(10-(20+15)x (65-50)) = -375 Kcal/Hr
∆H5=(20)x (50-30)) = 400 Kcal/hr
7.- Heat cascade

Euristic rule with Q=0
Therefore Qi+1=Qi+∆Hi
Q
T1=175°C ……………………………….0
∆H= -450 Kcal/Hr
T2=130°C ……………………………… -450 Kcal/Hr
∆H= -250 Kcal/Hr
T3=120°C……………………………… -700 Kcal/Hr
∆H= 825 Kcal/Hr
T4= 65°C…………………………….. 125 Kcal/Hr
∆H= -375 Kcal/Hr
T5=50 °C ……………………………… -250 Kcal/Hr
∆H= 400 Kcal/Hr
T6=30 °C ……………………………… 150 Kcal/Hr
The data with the highest value, even if it has a sign (-), is known as the
minimum heating quantity QH Qh= 700 Btu/Hr
8.- Minimum cooling amount (Qc)

Euristic rule Qh=Qi
Q
T1=175°C ……………………………….700
∆H= -450 Kcal/Hr
T2=130°C ……………………………… 250 Kcal/Hr
∆H= -250 Kcal/Hr
T3=120°C……………………………… 0 Kcal/Hr
∆H= 825 Kcal/Hr
T4= 65°C…………………………….. 825 Kcal/Hr
∆H= -375 Kcal/Hr
T5=50 °C ……………………………… 450 Kcal/Hr
∆H= 400 Kcal/Hr
T6=30 °C ……………………………… 850 Kcal/Hr
THEREFORE Qc= 825 Kcal/hr
9.- The minimum number of units required for each side of the network is estimated
with the following equation:
Umin= Nc + Ns-1
Where:
Umin: Number of exchangers
Nc: Number of currents involved
Nos: Number of Services
a) For the area above the break point or heating zone
Umin= 4 + 1= 4
b) For low breaking point zone or cooling zone
Umin= 2 + 1 – 1 = 2
10.- Thermal load of the first cooler
Q=∆T x wcp
Q= (10)x(120-65)= 550 Kcal/Hr
A) Thermal load of the second cooler
Q2= wcp x ∆T
Q2=(40) x (120-65)= 275 Kcal/Hr
11.- Above the fold point there are 2 Hot Currents and 2 Cold Currents, therefore
there are 2 possibilities to begin the design of the network
a) 1-4 and 2-3
b) 1-3 and 2-4
Note: To choose the appropriate exchanger, the following criterion must be met:
cold wcp ≥ hot wcp
1-3 = 20 > 10
2-4 = 40> 15
12.- the heat cascade is generated
Calculate Q= wcp x ∆T for each of the currents
Qc1= (10) (175-30) = 360 Kcl/Hr
Qc2= (40) (150-20) = 180 Kcl/Hr
Qf1= (20) (20-165) = 2160 Kcal/Hr
Qf2= (15) (15-120) = 700 Kcal/Hr
heat cascade
Chapter 10
PROBLEM 10.1
Zamora and Grossmann (Computers Chem, Engng., 21, Suppl., S65-S70, 1997)
used a global optimization algorithm
Current T ent, ºC Tsal , ºC WCp, kW/ºK h, kW/m 2 *C
H1 180 75 30 0.15
H2 240 60 40 0.10
C1 40 230 35 0.20
C2 120 300 20 0.10
Water 25 40 0.50
Steam 325 325 2.00
Cost of exchangers and coolers ($/year) = 15,000 + 30 A 0.8 , A in m 2
Cost of heaters ($/year) = 15,000 + 60 A 0.8 , A in m 2
Cooling water cost = $10/kW year
Heating steam cost = $110/kW year

 Design a network of heat exchangers with minimum energy consumption
using an increase value of ∆T min between 5 and 10°C. Compare the cost
with the optimal one reported by Zamora and Grossmann of 419.98x10 3
$/year.
 Perform a pre-optimization of ∆T min using the Bath formula to predict the
required area. Compare the predicted optimal value of ∆T min with that used
in part (a).
 Design the network to the value obtained in part (b) and compare the result
with the reported optimum.
Using a global optimization algorithm to solve the following problem:

Table 1: Problem data.
Curren Ten Ts WC h,Kw/
t °C al p m2°C
°C Kw/
°C
C1 180 75 30 0.15
C2 240 60 40 0.1
F1 40 23 35 0.2
0
F2 120 30 20 0.1
0
I. Tmin.= 5 and 10 °C
Current Toriginal tsal Tajusted Order
1 180 170 T3
75 65 T5
2 240 230 T2
60 50 T6
3 40 40 T7
230 230 duplicate
4 120 120 T4
300 300 T1
Ordering the temperatures from highest to lowest:

T1 300 °C
T2 230 °C
T3 170 °C
T4 120 °C
T5 65 °C
T6 50 °C
T7 40 °C
II. Since the problem already gives us the values of W, we proceed to
graph the currents according to their modified temperature.
C1 C2
wCp T wCp T
30 180 40 170
30 75 40 50
F1 F2
wCp T wCp T
35 40 20 120
35 230 20 300
C1 C2 F1 F2
350
300 300
250
230
200
180
170
150
120
100
75
50 50
40
0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45
III. C
alculation of enthalpic balance:
Formula:
∆ H i =¿
H1 700 Kw/hr
H2 -1500 Kw/hr
H3 750 Kw/hr

H4 3850 Kw/hr
IV. Heat cascade:
By heuristic rule the concept is heat Q1=𝟇
Formula: Qi+ 1=Qi+ ∆ H i
Results:
Q
T1 300 °C 0 Q1
dH1 700 Kw/hr
T2 230 °C 700 Q2
dH2 -1500 Kw/hr
T3 170 °C -800 Q3
dH3 750 Kw/hr
T4 120 °C -50 Q4
dH4 3850 Kw/hr
T5 65 °C 3800 Q5
V. Minimum heating amount

Qh 3800 Kw/hr
VI. Minimum cooling amount and fold point

Where Qh=Q1
Q
T1 300 °C 3800 Q1
dH1 700 Kw/hr
T2 230 °C 4500 Q2
dH2 -1500 Kw/hr
T3 170 °C 3000 Q3
dH3 750 Kw/hr
T4 120 °C 3750 Q4
dH4 3850 Kw/hr
T5 65 °C 7600 Q5
Qc 7600 Kw/hr
PPC 170 °C
PPF 120 °C
Minimum number of exchangers
Formula: U MIN =N C + N C −1
VII. For the area above the fold point or heating zone.
N.c. 4
N.s. 1
Umin. 4
VIII. For the area below the fold point or cooling zone.
N.c. 2
N.s. 1
Umin. 2
 Thermal load of the first cooler.

Q1 2100 Kw/hr
 Thermal load of the second cooler.
Q2 2800 Kw/hr
 Minimum cooling consumption.

Q1+Q2 4900 Kw/hr
120
300 65
1 Yo c
65
AN
D
120
2
170 40
230
120
Yo 3
300
h
4
IX. Network area
Formula:
corr . cal
1 Qi corr . frias Q j
A K=
∆T MLK
( ∑ hi
+ ∑
hj
)
I j
TO 97.5 m2
PROBLEM 10.4
The following data apply to an aromatics plant (linnof and ahmad,computers chem
engng,14,7,729-750,1990). From which we want to design a network of heat
exchangers.
Current T ent,C T salt,C Wcp,kW/K h,kW/m 2 -k
H1 327 40 100 0.50
H2 220 160 180 0.40
H3 220 60 60 0.14
H4 160 45 400 0.30
C1 100 300 100 0.35
C2 35 164 70 0.70
C3 85 138 350 0.50
C4 60 170 60 0.14
C5 140 300 200 0.60
Oil 330 250 0.50
Water 15 30 0.50
Cost of exchangers (s) = 10,000 350A, with A in m 2

Plant life=5 years
Oil cost=60 S/kW year
Water cost=6S/kw year
Design a network of exchangers at a select value of ∆ min and compare with
Linnhoff Ahmad's reported solution which has a cost of 2.96*10^6 s/year. Compare
the predictions obtained with the network design results.
 ∆ min of 10 K, the hot currents were modified.
Select
value
dTmin 10 °C
Current T ent, °C Tsal, °C Wcp,
MW/°C
H1 317 30 100
H2 210 150 180
H3 220 50 60
H4 150 35 400
C1 100 300 100
C2 35 164 70
C3 85 138 350
C4 60 170 60
C5 140 300 200
Sort the temperatures from highest to lowest

T 317 T1 317
T 30 T2 300
T 210 T3 220
T 150 T4 210
T 220 T5 170
T 50 T6 164
T 150 T7 150
T 35 T8 140
T 100 T9 138
T 300 T10 85
T 35 T11 60
T 164 T12 50
T 85 T13 35
T 138 T14 30
T 60
T 170
Current T T Mod
Original
H1 327 317
40 30
H2 220 210
160 150
H3 220 220
60 50
H4 160 150
35
C1 100 100
300 300
C2 35 35
164 164
C3 85 85
138 138
C4 60 60
170 170
C5 140 140
I. Plot the currents according to the modified temperature

H1 H2 H4
wCp T wCp T wCp T
32 21 15
100 180 400
7 0 0
15
100 40 180 400 35
0
H3 C1
wCp T wCp T
22 10
60 100
0 0
30
60 60 100
0
C2 C3
wCp T wCp T
70 35 350 85
16 13
70 350
4 8
C4 C5
wCp T wCp T
14
60 60 200
0
17
60 200 40
0
H1 H2 H3
C1 C2 C3
C4 H4 C5+'Hoja1 (3)'!$P$27:$P$34
375
335 327
295 300
255
215 220
210
175 170164
150 150
135 140 138
95 100
85
55 60
35 40 40 35
15
10 90 170 250 330 410
Enthalpy balance
∆ H i =¿
H1 -6460 BTU/hr
H2 -19200 BTU/hr
H3 -5500 BTU/hr
H4 -20400 BTU/hr
H5 -2280 BTU/hr
H6 -7280 BTU/hr
H7 -1400 BTU/hr
H8 340 BTU/hr
H9 6890 BTU/hr
H10 -1000 BTU/hr
H11 -400 BTU/hr
H12 -1950 BTU/hr
H13 -2700 BTU/hr
II. heat cascade
Qi+ 1=Qi+ ∆ H i
Q1 0 BTU/hr
Q2 -6460 BTU/hr
Q3 -25660 BTU/hr
Q4 -31160 BTU/hr
Q5 -51560 BTU/hr
Q6 -53840 BTU/hr
Q7 -61120 BTU/hr
Q8 -62520 BTU/hr
Q9 -62180 BTU/hr
Q10 -55290 BTU/hr
Q11 -56290 BTU/hr
III. Minimum heating amount
Qh 62520 BTU/hr
IV. Minimum cooling amount
Q1 62520
Q2 56060
Q3 36860
Q4 31360
Q5 10960
Q6 8680
Q7 1400
Q8 0
Q9 340
Q10 7230
Q11 6230
Qc 56060 BTU/hr
problem 10.11
We wish to design a network of heat exchangers for the following case (Colberg
and Morari Computers Chem Engng 14, 1.1-22.1990)
Current T ent,K T salt, K WCp, kW/K h.kW/m 2

HI 393 343 4 2.0
H2 405 288 6 0.2
C1 293 493 5 2.0
C2 353 383 10 0.2
Steam 520 520 2.0
water 278 288 2.0
 for a ∆ min of 10 k, obtain the energy and area prediction for any network from
the compound curve diagram.
 Design a network of exchangers that consumes the minimum amount of
services and compare the area requirements with those predicted by the Bath
formula.
I. ∆ min of 10 K, the hot currents were modified.
Current Ten °C Tsal °C WCp
BTU/hr°F
H1 383 333 4
H2 395 278 6
C1 293 493 5
C2 353 383 10
T1 4 T
9 interv
3 al
T2 3 493-
9 395
5
T3 3 395-
8 383
3
T4 3 383-
5 353
3
T5 3 353-
3 333
3
T6 2 333-
9 293
3
T7 2 293-
7 278
8
Current original T Tmodified

H1 393 383 T3
34 33 T4
3 3
H2 405 395 T2
28 27 T5
8 8
C1 293 293 Duplicate
49 49 T1
3 3
C2 353 353 Duplicate
38 38 duplicate
3 3
T1 493 T1 493
Duplicate 383 T2 405
T2 405 T3 393
T3 393 T4 343
T4 343 T5 288
Duplicate 293
T5 288
Duplicate 353
Plot the currents according to the modified temperature

H1 C1 H2 C2
510
493
480
450
420
390 393 395

383
360
353
343
330
300
293
278
270
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
|
H1 H2
wCp T wCp T
39 39 enthalpic
4 6
3 5 balance
34 27 ∆ H i =¿
4 6
3 8
C1 C2
wCp T wCp T
29 35
5 10
3 3
49 38
5 10
3 3
H1 -528 BTU/hr
H2 -132 BTU/hr
H3 -250 BTU/hr
H4 550 BTU/hr
heat cascade
Qi+ 1=Qi+ ∆ H i
Q1 0 BTU/hr Qh=Q1=No external heat source

Q2 -528 BTU/hr
Q3 -660 BTU/hr
Q4 -910 BTU/hr
Q5 -360 BTU/hr
Minimum heating amount
Qh 91 BTU/
0 hr
Minimum cooling amount
Q1 91 BTU/ Q1=Hh
0 hr
Q2 38 BTU/ Qi+1=Qi+
2 hr Hi
Q3 25 BTU/
0 hr
Q4 0 BTU/ FOLD POINT
hr
Q5 55 BTU/
0 hr
Qc 55 BTU/
0 hr
PPC 35 °F
3
PPF 34 °F
3
U MIN =N C + N C −1
Above
the
point
umin 4
N.c. 4
N.s. 1
Below
the
point
umin 2
N.c. 2
N.s. 1
thermal load
Q1=Wcp*∆T
Qc1 200 btu/hr Qh1 400 btu/hr
Qc2 520 btu/hr Qh2 132 btu/hr
Area
Assuming that the film coefficient is constant for all currents
Film coefficient 400 BTU/
h*ft2°F
LMTD=∆T1-∆T2/Ln
∆T1/∆T2
LMTD 312.573
55
LMTD 378.404
705
LMTD 441.112
453
LMTD 378.404
705
A1 0.0015996 ft2
2
A2 0.0034354 ft2
8
A3 0.002267 ft2
A4 0.0008720 ft2
8
TOTAL
0.008174 ft2
18
PROBLEM 10.12
Nishimura (J. Optimization Theory Applic., 30, 423, 1980) proposed the following
five-stream case.
Current T ent, °K T salt, °K WCp, kW/°K H, kW/m^2°K

H1 443 293 0.5 2.0000
H2 416 393 2.0 0.2857
H3 438 408 0.5 0.0645
H4 448 423 1.0 0.0408
C1 273 434 1.0 2.0000
steam 500 500 2.0000
Water 277 280 2.0000
For some∆ T min of 10 °K, design a network and exchangers with minimum energy
consumption and compare the predicted area requirements with those obtained
after design.
Use a ∆ min value of 20 k and obtain the area and energy predictions for this
problem. Design the network and verify the predictions made.
1) ∆ min of 20 K, the hot currents were modified.

MW/°C
H1 423 273 0.5
H2 396 373 2.0
H3 418 388 0.5
H4 438 403 1.0
H1 273 434 1.0
2) Sort the temperatures from highest to lowest
Current original T T Mod
H1 626 606
586 566
H2 620 600
519 499
H3 528 528
353 353
H2 497 497
613 613
C2 389 389
T 606 T1 576 613 576
T 566 T2 606
T 600 T3 600 T1D 7
T 499 T4 576 T2D 6
T 528 T5 566 T3D 24
T 353 T6 528 TD4 10
T 497 T7 499 DT5 38
T 613 T8 497 DT6 29
T 389 T9 389 DT7 2
T 576 T10 386 DT8 108
T 326 T11 353 DT9 3
T 386 T12 326 DT10 33
T 313 T13 313 DT11 27
T 566 DT12 13
3) Plot currents according to modified temperature
H1 H2 H3 C1 C2 C3 C4
700
650
626
613
600 600
576 586
566
550
528
500 499 497
450
400 389 386

350 353
326
313
300
250
200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
H1 H2 C4
wCp T wCp T wCp T
9.602 626 2.931 600 1.69 313
9.602 586 2.931 499 1.69 566
H3
wCp T
6.161 528
6.161 353
C1
wCp T
7.179 497
7.179 613
C2 C3
wCp T wCp T
0.641 389 7.627 326
0.641 576 7.627 386
4) enthalpic balance
H1 -2.492 Btu/hr
H2 -54.552 Btu/hr
H3 -211.368 Btu/hr
H4 -8.95 Btu/hr
H5 -156.218 Btu/hr
H6 134.125 Btu/hr
H7 9.962 Btu/hr
H8 507.168 Btu/hr
H9 -9.648 Btu/hr
H10 605.154 Btu/hr
H11 495.126 Btu/hr
H12 41.808 Btu/hr
5) heat cascade
Q1 0 Btu/hr
Q2 -2.492 Btu/hr
Q3 -57.044 Btu/hr
Q4 -268.412 Btu/hr
Q5 -277.362 Btu/hr
Q6 -433.58 Btu/hr
Q7 -299.455 Btu/hr
Q8 -289.493 Btu/hr
Q9 217.675 Btu/hr
Q10 208.027 Btu/hr
Q11 813.181 Btu/hr
MINIMUM AMOUNT OF HEATING

Qh 813.181 Btu/hr
MINIMUM AMOUNT OF COOLING

Q1 813.181 Btu/hr
Q2 810.689 Btu/hr
Q3 756.137 Btu/hr
Q4 544.769 Btu/hr
Q5 535.819 Btu/hr
Q6 379.601 Btu/hr
Q7 513.726 Btu/hr
Q8 523.688 Btu/hr
Q9 1030.856 Btu/hr
Q10 1021.208 Btu/hr
Qc 1626.362 BTU/hr
Q11 1626.362 Btu/hr
 PROBLEM 10.13
The following table describes the characteristics of seven process streams that are
intended to be used to integrate energy.
Current T ent,K T salt, K WCp, kW/K h,kW/m 2
H1 626 586 9.602 1.25

H2 620 519 2.931 0.05
H3 528 353 6.161 3.20
C1 497 613 7.179 0.65
C2 389 576 0.641 0.25
C3 326 386 7.627 0.33
C4 313 566 1.690 3.20
Steam 650 650 3.50
water 293 308 3.50
Use a ∆ min value of 20 k and obtain the area and energy predictions for this
problem. Design the network and verify the predictions made.
∆ min of 20 K, the hot currents were modified.

MW/°C
H1 606 566 9.602

H2 600 499 2.931
H3 528 353 6.161
C1 497 613 7.179
C2 389 576 0.641
C3 326 386 7.627
C4 313 566 1.69

Current original T Mod
T
H1 626 606
586 566
H2 620 600
519 499
H3 528 528
353 353
C1 497 497
613 613
C2 389 389
576 576
C3 326 326
386 386
C4 313 313
566 566
T 606 T1 613 T1D 7

T 566 T2 606 T2D 6
T 600 T3 600 T3D 24
T 499 T4 576 TD4 10
T 528 T5 566 DT5 38
T 353 T6 528 DT6 29
T 497 T7 499 DT7 2
T 613 T8 497 DT8 108
T 389 T9 389 DT9 3
T 576 T10 386 DT10 33
T 326 T11 353 DT11 27
T 386 T12 326 DT12 13
T 313 T13 313
T 566
Graph the currents according to the modified temperature.
H1 H2 H3 C1 C2 C3 C4
700
650
626
613
600 600
576 586
566
550
528
500 499 497
450
400 389 386

350 353
326
313
300
250
200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
H1 H2 C4
wCp T wCp T wCp T
9.602 626 2.931 600 1.69 313
9.602 586 2.931 499 1.69 566
H3 C1
wCp T wCp T
6.161 528 7.179 497
6.161 353 7.179 613
C2 C3
wCp T wCp T
0.641 389 7.627 326
0.641 576 7.627 386
enthalpic balance
H1 -2.492 Btu/hr
H2 -54.552 Btu/hr
H3 -211.368 Btu/hr
H4 -8.95 Btu/hr
H5 -156.218 Btu/hr
H6 134.125 Btu/hr
H7 9.962 Btu/hr
H8 507.168 Btu/hr
H9 -9.648 Btu/hr
H10 605.154 Btu/hr
H11 495.126 Btu/hr
H12 41.808 Btu/hr
heat cascade
Q1 0 Btu/hr
Q2 -2.492 Btu/hr
Q3 -57.044 Btu/hr
Q4 -268.412 Btu/hr
Q5 -277.362 Btu/hr
Q6 -433.58 Btu/hr
Q7 -299.455 Btu/hr
Q8 -289.493 Btu/hr
Q9 217.675 Btu/hr
Q10 208.027 Btu/hr
Q11 813.181 Btu/hr
MINIMUM AMOUNT OF HEATING

Qh 813.181 Btu/hr
MINIMUM AMOUNT OF COOLING

Q1 813.181 Btu/hr
Q2 810.689 Btu/hr
Q3 756.137 Btu/hr
Qc
Q4 1626.362
544.769 BTU/hr
Btu/hr
Q5 535.819 Btu/hr
Q6 379.601 Btu/hr
Q7 513.726 Btu/hr
Q8 523.688 Btu/hr
Q9 1030.856 Btu/hr
Q10 1021.208 Btu/hr
Q11 1626.362 Btu/hr
PROBLEM 10.14
Gundersen and Grossmann (AIChE Annual Meeting, Washington Dc, 1988)
present the following currents:
Current T ent, °K T salt, °K WCp, kW/°K h, kW/m^2 °K

H1 423 333 20 0.1
H2 363 333 80 0.1
C1 293 398 25 0.1
C2 298 373 30 0.1
Steam 453 453 0.1
Water 283 288 0.1
Exchanger cost =8600+670 A0.83

Use a value of∆ T min de 20° K Get area predictions and their cost. Corroborate that
prediction by designing the heat exchanger network.
Current T ent, °K Tsal, °K Wcp, KW/°F h, KW/m2°K

H1 423 333 20 0.1
H2 363 333 80 0.1
C1 293 398 25 0.1
C2 298 373 30 0.1
steam 453 453 0.1
water 283 288 0.1
∆Tmin 20 °K
1) Modified temperatures
Current T ent, °K Tsal, Wcp,

°K kW/°K
C1 423 333 20
C2 363 333 80
F1 313 418 25
F2 318 393 30
Current original Tmodified
T
C1 423 423
333 333
C2 363 363
333 333
F1 293 313
398 418
F2 298 318
373 393
T1 423 °K
T2 418 °K
T3 393 °K
T4 363 °K
T5 333 °K
T6 318 °K
T7 313 °K
∆T1 5 °K
∆T2 25 °K
∆T3 30 °K
∆T4 30 °K
∆T5 15 °K
∆T6 5 °K
2) Enthalpy balance
∆ H I =(ΣW C Pcal −Σ W C pfrias )(T i−T i−1 )
H1 0.5 KW
H2 2.5 KW
H3 3 KW
H4 3 KW
H5 2 KW
H6 1 KW
3) heat cascade
Qi+ 1=Q+∆ H i
Q1 0 KW
Q2 0.5 KW
Q3 3 KW
Q4 6 KW
Q5 9 KW
Q6 10.5 KW
Q7 11.5 KW
4) Minimum heating amount
Qh 11.5 KW
5) Minimum cooling amount
Q1 11.5 KW T1 423 °K
Q2 12 KW T2 418 °K
Q3 2.5 KW T3 393 °K
Q4 0 KW FOLD POINT T4 363 °K
Q5 3 KW T5 333 °K
Q6 13 KW T6 318 °K
Q7 13 KW T7 313 °K
Qc 13 KW
PPC 363 °K
PPF 343 °K
6) Minimum number of exchangers
Above the point

umin 3
N.c. 3
N.s. 1
Below the point
umin 4
N.c. 4
N.s. 1
7) Fixed heat cascade

Q1 1200 KW
Q2 0 KW
Q3 1375 KW
Q4 900 KW
Q1-Q3 300 KW
Q1remaining
dTC1 15 °K
TCC1 408 °K
8) Cost table
Tent, Tsal, °K MLDT Area,m2 cost Service
°K cost
Connectio 423 408 46.3028 259163.39 20869879.
n1 3 9 7
cooler 1 408 333 200000 16832617 12000000
cooler 2 363 333 800000 53175273. 24000000
9
Heater 1 298 373 300000 23563726. 24750000
7 0
OR 100 W/m2 114441497 28350000
°K 0
Assuming a value of U
F. HOT F. COLD DIF

423 high temp. 408 15
398 low temp. 293 105
25 difference 115 -90
Total cost 397941497 USD
problem 10.15
Trivi O'Neill, Roach and Wood (computers Chem, Engeng. 14,6,601-611,1990)
propose the following four-stream problem.
Table 1: Problem data.

Current Ten °C Tsal °C WCp
Kw/hr°K
C1 170 60 3
C2 150 30 1.5
F1 20 135 2
F2 80 140 4
∆Tmin 10 °C
Assuming you have steam available at 200°C and cooling water at 15°C, estimate
the area needed for a heat exchange network. Design the network and compare
results. Assume a value for the overall heat transfer coefficient of 100 kW/m 2 °c for
all exchanges. Assume a value of ∆T min of 10°c
Current Toriginal tsal Tajusted Order
1 170 160 T1
60 50 T5
2 150 140 T2
30 20 T6
3 20 20 duplicate
135 135 T3
4 80 80 T4
140 140 duplicate
Ordering the temperatures from highest to lowest:

dTmin. 10 °C
T1 160 °C
T2 140 °C
T3 135 °C
T4 80 °C
T5 50 °C
T6 20 °C
Since the problem already gives us the values of W, we proceed to graph the
currents according to their modified temperature.
C1 C2
wCp T wCp T
3 170 1.5 135
3 60 1.5 20
F1 F2
wCp T wCp T
2 20 4 80
2 135 4 140
C1 C2 F1 F2
180
170
160
140 140
135 135
120
100
80 80
60 60
40
20 20 20
0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
1) Calculation of enthalpic balance:
Formula:
∆ H i =¿
dH1 -20 Kw/hr

dH2 -15 Kw/hr
dH3 -82.5 Kw/hr
dH4 135 Kw/hr
2) Heat cascade:
By heuristic rule the concept is heat Q1=𝟇
Formula: Qi+ 1=Qi+ ∆ H i
Results:
Q
T1 160 °C 0 Q1
dH1 -20 Kw/hr
T2 140 °C -20 Q2
dH2 -15 Kw/hr
T3 135 °C -35 Q3
dH3 -82.5 Kw/hr
T4 80 °C -117.5 Q4
dH4 135 Kw/hr
T5 50 °C 17.5 Q5
Minimum heating amount:
Qh 117.5 Kw/hr
3) Minimum cooling amount and fold point:
Where Qh=Q1
Q
T1 160 °C 117.5 Q1
dH1 -20 Kw/hr
T2 140 °C 97.5 Q2
dH2 -15 Kw/hr
T3 135 °C 82.5 Q3
dH3 -82.5 Kw/hr
T4 80 °C 0 Q4
dH4 135 Kw/hr
T5 50 °C 135 Q5
Qc 135 Kw/hr
PPC 135 °C
PPF 80 °C

Formula:
U MIN =N C + N C −1
a) For the area above the fold point or heating zone.

N.c. 4
N.s. 1
Umin. 4
b) For the area below the fold point or cooling zone.
N.c. 2
N.s. 1
Umin. 2
5) Thermal load of the first cooler.

Q1 60 Kw/hr
6) Thermal load of the second cooler.

Q2 30 Kw/hr
7) Minimum cooling consumption.

Q1+Q2 90 Kw/hr
160 80
50
1 Yo c
AN
D 50
135 80
2
20
135
Yo 3
140 80
h
4
Network area:
1
❑
Qk
Formula: A= ∑
U k ∆ T MLK
T 0.4325 m2
O
PROBLEM 10.16
The following data on an industrial problem are taken from the work of Floudas,
Ciric and Grossmann (AIChEJ, 32, 267-297, 1986).
Current T ent, °C T salt, °C WCp, kW/°C

H1 160 110 7.032
H2 249 138 8.44
H3 227 106 11.816
H4 271 146 5.6
C1 96 160 9.144
C2 116 217 7.296
C3 140 250 18
If a heat transfer coefficient equal to 100 kW/m2 °C is taken for all exchangers,
available steam at 300°C, cooling water at 25°C, and a∆ T min 10°C, do an analysis
of the predicted area and energy requirements and those required after the
network design.
Current T ent, °C Tsal, °C Wcp, KW/°C
H1 160 110 7.032
H2 249 138 8.44
H3 227 106 11.816
H4 271 146 5.6
C1 96 160 9.144
C2 116 217 7.296
C3 140 250 18
1) Modified temperatures
Current T ent, °C Tsal, °C Wcp, KW/°C

H1 160 110 7.032
H2 249 138 8.44
H3 227 106 11.816
H4 271 146 5.6
C1 106 170 9.144
C2 126 227 7.296
C3 150 260 18
2) List of temperatures from highest to lowest
Current original t Modified T

H1 160 160
110 110
H2 249 249
138 138
H3 227 227
106 106
H4 271 271
146 146
C1 96 106
160 170
C2 116 126
217 227
C3 140 150
250 260
T1 271 °C
T2 260 °C
T3 249 °C
T4 227 °C
T5 170 °C
T6 160 °C
T7 150 °C
T8 146 °C
T9 138 °C
T10 126 °C
T11 110 °C
T12 106 °C
∆T1 11 °C
∆T2 11 °C
∆T3 22 °C
∆T4 57 °C
∆T5 10 °C
∆T6 10 °C
∆T7 4 °C
∆T8 8 °C
∆T9 12 °C
∆T10 16 °C
∆T11 4 °C
3) Enthalpy balance
∆ H i =(Σ WCpcal−Σ WCpfrias)(T I −T i+ 1)
H1 92.84 KW
H2 170.192 KW
H3 139 KW
H4 -55.176 KW
H5 -25 KW
H6 154.72 KW
H7 22.4 KW
H8 73.152 KW
H9 87.552 KW
H10 288 KW
H11 72 KW
4) heat cascade
Qi+ 1=QI + ∆ H I
Q1 0 KW
Q2 92.84 KW
Q3 263.032 KW
Q4 402.248 KW
Q5 347.072 KW
Q6 321.792 KW
Q7 476.512 KW
Q8 498.912 KW
Q9 572.064 KW
Q10 659.616 KW
Q11 947.616 KW
Q12 1019.61 KW
6
5) Minimum heating amount
Qh 1019.616 KW
6) Minimum cooling amount

Q1 1019.616 KW
Q2 1112.456 KW
Q3 170.192 KW
FOLD POINT
Q4 0 KW
T1 271 Q5
°C -55.176 KW
Q6 994.336 KW
T2 260 °C
Q7 1267.176 KW
T3 249 °C
Q8 192.592 KW
T4 227 °C
Q9 73.152 KW
T5 170 °C
T6 160 Q10
°C 32.376 KW
T7 150 °C
Q11 1282.336 KW
T8 146 °C
Q12 1339.176 KW
T9 138 °C
T10 126 °C
T11 110 °C
Qc 1339.176 KW
PPC 227 °C
PPF 217 °C
Above the point

umin 6
N.c. 3
N.s. 1
Below the point
umin 4
N.c. 4
N.s. 1
8) Fixed heat cascade
Q1 185.68 MW
Q2 118.16 MW
Q3 1517.6 MW
Q4 846.336 MW
Q1-Q3 671.264 MW
dTC1 95.458475 °C
5
TCC1 64.541524 °C
5
9) Cost table
Tent, °C Tsal, °C MLDT Area,m2 cost Service

cost
Connectio 160 64.541524 37.921319 48964.540 184444.15
n1 5 9 3 8
cooler 1 64.541524 110 70320 241352.00 1856800
5 4
cooler 2 249 138 84400 276936.01 9368400
3
Heater 1 271 146 158.4 16725.541 21780000
5 0
OR 100 KW/m2 °C 719457.71 22902520
6 0
F. HOT F. COLD DIF

160 high temp. 64.5415245 95.4584755
106 low temp. 96 10
54 difference -31.4584755 85.4584755
8
EXERCISE 10.19
Repeat the previous problem for a minimum delta T value of 10°C. Compare
results Problem 10.8 Ahmad, Linnhoff and Smith (Computers Chem. Engng.,
10, 7, 751-767, 1990) report the following 5 Currents problem:
CURRENT T INLET °C T OUT °C WCp, h,

KW/°C KW/m^2*°C
H1 159 77 22.85 1.0
H2 267 80 2.04 0.40
H3 343 90 5.38 5.00
C1 26 127 9.33 0.10
C2 118 265 19.61 5.00
Steam 300 300 0.50
Water 20 60 2.00
Using a value of∆ T min of 30 °C, an area requirement of 3000 m^2 is reported.
Construct a diagram of compound curves and corroborate this result. I
designed a network of heat exchangers and evaluated the area required by
the design.
Is the prediction of area requirements satisfactory?
SOLUTION
1) First we obtain the arranged temperatures by adding the minimum interval

of 10 °C to the cold ones and order them from highest to lowest.
CURRENT ORIGINAL T ADJUSTED T ORDER

T INPUT T T INPUT T OUTPUT
OUTPUT
H1 159 159 T4
77 77 T9
H2 267 267 T3
80 80 T8
H3 343 343 T1
90 90 T7
C1 26 36 T10
127 137 T5
C2 118 128 T6
265 275 T2
2) It is ordered by temperature intervals

T1 343
(343-275)
T2 275
(275-267)
T3 267
(267-159)
T4 159
(159-137)
T5 137
(137-128)
T6 128
(128-90)
T7 90
T8 80
T9 77
T10 36
3) Graph of the currents according to their intervals

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
343 – 333 ----------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
275 – 265 ----------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
267 – 257 ----------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
159 – 149 ---------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
137 – 127 ----------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
128 – 118
----------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
90 – 80
----------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
80 – 70
----------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
77 – 67
----------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
36 – 26
----------------------------------
H1 H2 H3 C1 C2
4) Amount of heat for each type of current

- hot current
 ∆ H 1 =( 80−77 )( 1.0 )=3 KW
 ∆ H 2 =( 90−80 ) (1.0+ 0.4 )=14 KW
 ∆ H 3 =( 128−90 )( 1.0+ 0.4+5.00 )=243.2 KW
 ∆ H 4=( 137−128 ) ( 1.0+0.4+ 5.00 )=57.6 KW
 ∆ H 5 =( 159−137 )( 1.0+ 0.4+5.0 ) =140.8 KW
 ∆ H 6 =( 267−159 ) ( 0.4+5.00 ) =583.2 KW
 ∆ H 7 =( 275−267 ) (5.00 )=40 KW
 ∆ H 8=( 343−275 )( 5.00 )=340 KW
- cold stream
 ∆ H 1 =( 67−26 ) ( 0.1 )=4.1 KW
 ∆ H 2 =( 70−67 )( 0.1 )=0.3 KW
 ∆ H 3 =( 80−70 )( 0.1 )=1 KW
 ∆ H 4=( 118−80 )( 0.1 ) =3.8 KW
 ∆ H 5 =( 127−118 ) ( 0.1+5.00 )=5.4 KW
 ∆ H 6 =( 149−127 )( 5.00 )=110 KW
 ∆ H 7 =( 257−149 )( 5.00 )=540 KW
 ∆ H 8=( 265−257 ) (5.00 )=40 KW
HOT CURRENTS COLD CURRENTS

T h T h
77 0 26 4.1
80 3 67 4.4
90 17 50 5.4
128 260.2 60 9.2
137 503.4 118 14.6
159 561 127 124.6
267 1285.5 129 664.6
295 1325 237 704.6
343 1665
400
350
300
250
200 Steam CFRIA

CCALIENTE
150
100
50
Cooling water
0
4.1 4.4 5.4 9.2 14.6 124.6 664.6 704.6
- Minimum cooling amount 4.1kw

- Minimum heating amount: 960.4 kw
Chapter 11
 Problem 11.1
a) Consider the network operating according to the information given in the
figure. We wish to make a diagnosis of this network and propose some
information that improves its efficiency, if this is possible.
b) Estimate the energy consumption of the network under its current operating
scheme.
c) Estimate the minimum energy consumption that that network would have
using a∆ T min of 10 °C, which is the minimum temperature difference
observed in the existing network. Indicate what is the energy saving
potential that this network has (eg How much energy can be saved?
d) Propose a change in network design that improves energy recovery
efficiency. Report the technical details of that modification.
e) Based on expected equipment and energy costs, estimate the capital
payback time that would result from implementing that modification.
Equipment investment:
0.83 2
C eq=13,000+ 2,000 A ∗S( A en m )
Steam cost:
C vap=95,040 S / MW−año
Where MW = mega watts.
All temperatures are given in °C.

Current data
Table 1: Problem data
Current T ent, °C Tsal, °C Wcp, KW/°C h, W/m2*°C

C1 150 75 100 500
C2 250 80 50 400
F1 80 140 70 300
F2 65 270 40 200
∆Tmin 10 °C
Table 2: Modified temperatures

Only the cold ones
Current T ent, °C Tsal, °C Wcp, MW/°C
are modified
C1 150 75 100
C2 250 80 50
F1 90 150 70
F2 75 280 40 T + ∆Tmin
Table 4: List of temperatures from highest to lowest

Current original t Tmodified
C1 150 150
75 75
C2 250 250
80 80
F1 80 90
140 150
F2 65 75
270 280
T1 280 °C
T2 250 °C
T3 150 °C
T4 90 °C
T5 80 °C
T6 75 °C
∆T1 30 °C
∆T2 100 °C
∆T3 60 °C
∆T4 10 °C
∆T5 5 °C
Table 5: Enthalpy balance
H1 1500 KW
H2 15000 KW
H3 4800 KW
H4 400 KW
H5 400 KW
Table 6: Heat cascade
Q1 0 KW Qh=Q1=No external heat

source
Q2 1500 KW
Q3 16500 KW
Q4 21300 KW
Q5 21700 KW
Q6 22100 KW
Qh 22100 BTU/hr
Q1 22100 MW Q1=Hh T1 280 °C

Q2 23600 MW Qi+1=Qi+Hi T2 250 °C
Q3 15000 MW T3 150 °C
Q4 0 MW FOLD POINT T4 90 °C
Q5 400 MW T5 80 °C
Q6 22500 MW T6 75 °C
Qc 23600 MW
PPC 90 °F
PPF 80 °F
Above the point

umin 3
N.c. 3
N.s. 1
Below the point

umin 4
N.c. 4
N.s. 1
Table 9: Corrected heat

cascade
Q1 6000 MW
Q2 8000 MW
Q3 4200 MW
Q4 7600 MW
Q1-Q3 1800 MW
dTC1 18 °C
TCC1 132 °C
Table 10: Cost table

Tsal, Service
Tent, °C MLDT Area,m2 cost
°C cost
Connectio 34.923717 1718030.1 14966259
150 132
n1 5 6 7
95512258.
cooler 1 132 75 1000000 60000000
6
cooler 2 250 80 500000 53734125. 85000000
6
44651520.
Heater 1 65 270 400000 902000000
6
W/
34356050 104700000
OR 100 m2
2 0
°C
F.
F.HOT DIF
COLD
150 high temp. 132 18 DTh
140 low temp. 80 60 DTc
10 difference 52 -42 T2D-T1
T2-T1 t2-t1
 Problem 11.2
The following network is part of an industrial process.
The properties of the currents involved in the network are given below.
current WCp, kW/C h,kW/cm 2
h1 10 0.2
h2 40 0.2
c1 20 0.2
c2 15 0.2
The values of the areas of the installed equipment are:
Exchanger Area (m2)
H1 267
1 359
2 256
C1 217
A) Show that for a ∆ min of 10=c the minimum heating load is 300Kw.
B) Compare the minimum energy requirements with the actual ones and, if there is
a difference, propose changes that can improve the efficiency of the network. If
possible, propose a revised network that consumes the minimum amount of
energy.
C) Calculate the minimum process area requirements and compare them with the
respective installed area value. What is the area use efficiency in the original
network? How much does this value improve in the revised network?
D) Estimate the capital recovery time assuming that the additional investment and
service costs can be calculated using the following expressions:
Additional investment –a plus b (area) c
Where a-30,800; b-750 and c -0.83 with area in m 2
Service cost=d (heating service)-e (cooling service)
Where d=110 and e=10 s kW year
1) ∆ min of 10 K, the hot currents were modified.

Current Ten °C Tsal °C WCp BTU/hr°F
H1 174 45 10
H2 125 65 40
C1 20 155 20
C2 40 112 15
LOOKING LIKE THIS:

Current Ten °C Tsal °C WCp BTU/hr°F
C1 154 25 10
C2 105 45 40
F1 20 155 20
F2 40 112 15
2) Sort the temperatures from highest to lowest

Current original t T Mod
C1 174 154
45 25
C2 125 105
65 45
F1 20 20
15 15
5 5
F2 40 40
11 11
2 2
T1 155
Duplicate 154
T2 112
T3 105
T4 45
Duplicate 40
T5 25
Duplicate 20
3) Plot the currents according to the modified temperature.
C1 C2 F1 F2
240
220
200
180
C1; 174
160 F1; 155
140
120
F2; 112
C2; 105
100
80
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
H1 H2
wCp T wCp T
17 10
10 40
4 5
10 45 40 45
C1 C2
wCp T wCp T
20 20 15 40
15 11
20 15
5 2
4) ENTHALICE BALANCE
∆ H i =¿
H1 -215 BTU/hr
H2 -175 BTU/hr
H3 900 BTU/hr
H4 1000 BTU/hr
5) HEAT CASCADE
Qi+ 1=Qi+ ∆ H i
Q1 0 BTU/hr
Q2 -215 BTU/hr
Q3 -390 BTU/hr
Q4 510 BTU/hr
Q5 1510 BTU/hr
Qh -510 BTU/hr
Q1 -510 BTU/hr Q1=Hh
Q2 -725 BTU/hr Qi+1=Qi+Hi
Q3 -900 BTU/hr
Q4 0 BTU/hr FOLD POINT
Q5 1000 BTU/hr
Qc 1000 BTU/hr
EXERCISE 11.3
The following network is part of an industrial process
The properties of the currents involved in the network are given below.
CURRENT WCp, KW/°C h, KW/m^2*°C
H1 10 0.2
H2 40 0.2
C1 20 0.2
C2 15 0.2
The values of the areas of the installed equipment are:

EXCHANGER AREA (m2)
H1 267
1 359
2 256
C1 217
a) Show that for a∆ T min of 10 °C, the minimum heating load is 300 KW.
b) Compare the minimum energy requirements with the actual ones, and if
there is a difference, propose changes that can improve the efficiency of the
network. If possible, propose a revised network that consumes the minimum
amount of energy.
c) Calculate the minimum process-process area requirements and compare
them with the respective installed area value. What is the area utilization
efficiency in the original network? How much does this value improve in the
revised network?
d) Estimate the capital recovery time assuming that the additional investment
and service costs can be calculated using the following expressions:
Additional investment:a+ b ( area )2
Where
a= 30800; b=750 and c=0.83, with area in m2
Service cost=d (heating service) +ve (cooling service)
Where
d=110 and e=10$/kW
SOLUTION
CURRENT ORIGINAL T ADJUSTED T ORDER

T INPUT T T INPUT T
OUTPUT OUTPUT
1 150 150 T2
45 45 T7
2 125 125 T3
65 65 T5
3 20 30 T8
155 165 T1
4 40 50 T6
112 122 T4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
165
∆ H1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
150
∆ H2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
125
∆ H3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
122
∆ H4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65
----------
∆ H5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------
50
∆ H6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------
45
∆ H7
30 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
h1 h2 C1 C2
3) Calculation of enthalpies
( )
❑ ❑
∆ Hi= ∑ W C p , cal−∑ W C p ,frias ( T i−T i+ 1)
❑ ❑
 (
∆ H 1 = −5
BTU
hr∗° F )
(165−150 ) =−350
BTU
hr∗° F
 ∆ H2= 4 ( BTU
hr∗° F
−5
BTU
hr∗° F )
( 220−150 )=−70
BTU
hr∗° F
 (
∆ H 3 = 10
BTU
hr∗° F
−5
BTU
hr∗° F
( 150−140 )=50 )BTU
hr∗° F
 ∆ H 4= 10
[ BTU
hr∗° F
−5
BTU
hr∗° F(+3
BTU
hr∗° F
( 140−100 ° C )=80 )]
BTU
hr∗° F
 (
∆ H 5 = 10
BTU
hr∗° F
−3
BTU
hr∗° F
( 100−70 )=210 )BTU
hr∗° F
4) heat cascade
Q Qi Q Qi
T1=270 0 Q1 420 Q1=Qh
∆ H 1 =−350 Q2=Q1 + ∆ H 1 Q2=Q1 + ∆ H 1
T2=220 Q2=−350 Q2=0−350 Q2=70 Q2=420−350
∆ H 2 =−70 Q3=Q2 + ∆ H 2 Q3=Q2 + ∆ H 2
T3=150 Q3=−420 Q3=−350−70 Q3=0 Q3=70−70
∆ H 3 =50 Q4 =Q3 +∆ H 3 Q4 =Q3 +∆ H 3
T4=140 Q4 =−370 Q4 =−420+ 50 Q4 =50 Q4 =0+50

∆ H 4=80 Q5=Q 4 +∆ H 4 Q5=Q 4 +∆ H 4
T5=100 Q5=−290 Q5=−370 +80 Q5=130 Q5=50+ 80
∆ H 5 =210 Q6=Q 5+ ∆ H 5 Q6=Q 5+ ∆ H 5
T6=70 Q6=−70 Q6=−290+210 Q6=340 Q6=130+ 210
- hot current
 ∆ H 1 =( 50−45 ) (10 )=50 KW
 ∆ H 2 =( 65−50 )( 10 ) =150 KW
 ∆ H 3 =( 122−65 ) ( 10+ 40 )=2850 KW
 ∆ H 4=( 125−122 )( 10+ 40 ) =150 KW
 ∆ H 5 =( 150−125 )( 10 ) =250 KW
- cold stream
 ∆ H 1 =( 35−20 )( 20 ) =300 KW
 ∆ H 2 =( 40−35 ) ( 20 )=100 KW
 ∆ H 3 =( 55−40 ) ( 20+15 )=525 KW
 ∆ H 4=( 112−55 ) ( 20+15 )=1995 KW
 ∆ H 5 =( 115−112 ) ( 20 )=60 KW
 ∆ H 6 =( 140−115 ) ( 20 )=500 KW
 ∆ H 7 =( 155−140 )( 20 )=300 KW
For hot currents.

T h
45 0
50 50
65 200
122 3050
125 3200
150 3450
For cold currents.

T corrected h
20 50
35 350
40 450
55 975
11 2970
2
11 3030
5
14 3530
0
15 3830
5
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
- Folding point 125 for the hot zone and 115 for the cold zone, the minimum
heating load is not 300 but rather 370 KW
EXERCISE 11.4
Consider the installed network from the previous problem. If you set a value
of∆ T min of 20 °C, the minimum heating load is 605 KW. Repeat the analysis for
this new value of∆ T min .
SOLUTION:
 CLAUSE A
CURRENT ORIGINAL T ADJUSTED T
T INPUT T OUTPUT T INPUT T OUTPUT
1 150 150
45 45
2 125 125
65 65
3 20 40
155 175
4 40 70
112 132
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
175
∆ H1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
150
∆ H2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
132
∆ H3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
125
∆ H4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
70
----------
∆ H5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------
65
∆ H6
45 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------
∆ H7
40 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
H1 H2 C1 C2

- hot current
 ∆ H 1 =( 65−45 ) ( 10 )=200 KW
 ∆ H 2 =( 70−65 )( 10+ 40 )=250 KW
 ∆ H 3 =( 125−70 )( 10+ 40 )=2750 KW
 ∆ H 4=( 132−125 )( 10 )=70 KW
 ∆ H 5 =( 150−132 ) ( 10 )=180 KW
- cold stream
 ∆ H 1 =( 25−20 )( 20 )=100 KW
 ∆ H 2 =( 45−25 ) ( 20 )=300 KW
 ∆ H 3 =( 50−45 ) ( 20 )=100 KW
 ∆ H 4=( 105−50 ) ( 20+15 )=1925 KW
 ∆ H 5 =( 112−105 )( 20+15 )=245 KW
 ∆ H 6 =( 130−112 ) (20 )=360 KW
 ∆ H 7 =( 155−130 )( 20 )=500 KW
For hot currents For cold currents
T h
45 0
65 200
70 450 T corrected h
125 3200 20 200
132 3270 25 300
150 3450 45 600

50 700
105 2625
112 2870
130 3230
155 3730
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
 Problem 11.6
Consider the following problem for an existing network involving three hot and
three cold streams.
The heat flows of each stream and the installed areas in the network are indicated
in the following tables.
The cost of steam is $80/KW year, and cooling water is $20/KW year.
Table 1 Problem data
Current T ent, °C Tsal, Wcp, Q

°C KW/°C
C1 500 350 10 1500
C2 450 350 12 1200
C3 400 320 8 640
F1 300 480 9 1620
F2 340 420 10 800
F3 340 400 8 480
Water 300 320
Steam 540 540
DTmin 10 °C
Table 2: Modified
temperatures
Current T ent, °C Tsal, °C Wcp, Q

KW/°C
C1 500 350 10 1500
C2 450 350 12 1200
C3 400 320 8 640
F1 310 490 9 1620
F2 350 430 10 800
F3 350 410 8 480
Table 3: List of temperatures from highest to lowest
Current original t Tmodified

C1 500 500
350 350
C2 450 450
350 350
C3 400 400
320 320
F1 300 310
480 490
F2 340 350
420 430
F3 340 350
400 410
T1 500 °C T1D 10 °C
T2 490 °C T2D 40 °C
T3 450 °C T3D 20 °C
T4 430 °C TD4 20 °C
T5 410 °C DT5 10 °C
T6 400 °C DT6 50 °C
T7 350 °C DT7 30 °C
T8 320 °C DT8 10 °C
T9 310 °C
C1 C2 C3 F1 F2 F3
500
490
450
430
410
400
350
320
310
Table 4: Enthalpy balance
H1 100 kW
H2 40 kW
H3 260 kW
H4 60 kW
H5 -50 kW
H6 150 kW
H7 -30 kW
H8 -90 kW
Table 5: Heat cascade
Q1 0 kW
Q2 100 kW
Q3 140 kW
Q4 400 kW
Q5 460 kW
Q6 410 kW
Q7 560 kW
Q8 530 kW
Q9 440 kW
Table 6: Minimum heating amount
Qh 560 kW
Table 7: Minimum cooling amount
Q1 560 kW T1 500 °C
Q2 660 kW T2 490 °C
Q3 700 kW T3 450 °C
Q4 960 kW T4 430 °C
Q5 0 kW T5 410 °C
Q6 50 kW T6 400 °C
Q7 200 kW T7 350 °C
Q8 170 kW T8 320 °C
Q9 80 kW T9 310 °C
Qc 660 kW
PPC 420 °F
PPF 410 °F
Actual heating consumption 360 KW

Actual cooling consumption 796 KW
Potential heating savings -200 KW

Potential cooling savings 136 KW
Q1 800 KW
Q2 360 KW
Q3 160 KW
Q4 1080 KW
Q5 800 KW
Q6 640 KW
Q1-Q5 0 KW
Q6-Q3 480 KW
Q6remnant
dT 20 °C
Tusar 360 °C
Table 8: Table of
areas
Tent, Tsal, °C MLDT Area,m2
°C
Connection 500 350 111,482200 35,897
1 7
340 420
Connection 400 360 28,8863312 47,852
2 6
340 360
cooler 1 450 350 4,9874
heater 1 300 480 10,689
heater 2 360 400 15,463
F.HOT F. DIF
COLD
500 high 350 150 DTh
temp.
420 low 340 80 DTc
temp.
80 differenc 10 70 T2D-T1
e
T2-T1 t2-t1
F.HOT F. DIF
COLD
400 high 360 40 DTh
temp.
360 low 340 20 DTc
temp.
40 differenc 20 20 T2D-T1
e
T2-T1 t2-t1

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MINATITLAN TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

TEACHER: MC RENE REYES ESRUDILLO

PROBLEMS CHAPTER 2, 3, 9, 10 AND 11

Chlorine -0.92 7.0

Chlorine -3.01 7.0

1. Base Investment: $ 20.93 x 106

2. Adjustment for time:

YEA CHEMICAL VALUES

8. Net profit: P=R−eI −t(R−dI )

P=27.4 x 10 −0.1 ( 55.82 x 10 )−0.5 [ 27.9 x 10 −0.1 ( 55.82 x 10 ) ]

9. Return Rate (ROI):

2. Adjustment for time:

YEAR CHEMICAL VALUES

P=26.8907 x 10 −0.1 ( 67.4852 x 10 )−0.5 [ 26.8907 x 10 −0.1 ( 67.4852 x 10 ) ]

8. Return Rate (ROI):

Taking into account the results of the profits of both processes:

Power requirements: 0.06 FOET/T

2. Adjustment for capacity:

3. Adjustment for time

4. Raw materials calculation

Assumed benzene cost value of ₵12/lb

Mptotal = Mp(prop) + Mp(ben)

7. Sales calculation (S)

10. Rate of return

Calculations for part b)

Component Coefficient, T/T of product

6. Costo de energia : ( 8 ) ( 22.026 lbusd ) ( 0.34 )

Now at 75% capacity

5. Costo de materia prima : 0.67 ( )( )

6. Costo de energia : ( 8 ) ( 22.026 lb usd ) ( 0.34 )

Service costs, in thousands of dollars per year:

Materials, BCD (60°F)

H 2 powered, 10 6 SCFD 1.88

Based on the data shown, estimate.

1) Raw materials calculation

Total service cost: 1.20 x 106

Total sale: 53.15x10 6

3. Costo de materia prima : ( 2.69 )( 18 ) ( 22.026 ) =1075.2145

5. Costo de energia : 83( T$ ) ( 0.28)=23.24 $=23.24 x 90,000 añoT =2.091 x 10 año$

2.16.- Now consider the production of benzene by hydrodealkylation of toluene. The

Component coefficient T/T product

Power consumption 0.08 FOET/T

5.4 x 106 ( 318.4

3.- sale price

0.2 ( 8.424 x 106 )=1.684 x 106 $

6.- Energy cost

7.- Operation cost

1.- Base investment

3.- sale price

0.2 ( 4.212 x 10 6 )=0.7051 x 10 6 $

6.- Energy cost

7.- Operation cost

8.- gross profit

Technical data of the process

1.- Base investment

4.- cost of raw materials

6.- Energy cost

7.- Operation cost

Cb= 350 000.00 USD

4) Calculate bare module cost

5) Calculate cost of the adjusted module

6) Calculation of the equipment to be updated.

2) Get factors (Application, material, pressure)