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Electrical Engineering Interview Questions ..

What is thyristor?
The thyristor is a four-layer, three terminal semiconducting device, with each layer consisting of alternately N-type or P-type material, for example P-N-P-N. The main terminals, labelled anode and cathode, are across the full four layers, and the control terminal, called the gate, is attached to p-type material near to the cathode. (A variant called an SCSSilicon Controlled Switch brings all four layers out to terminals.) The operation of a thyristor can be understood in terms of a pair of tightly coupled bipolar junction transistors, arranged to cause the self-latching action:

Structure on the physical and electronic level, and the thyristor symbol.

Thyristors have three states:


1. Reverse blocking mode Voltage is applied in the direction that would be blocked by a diode 2. Forward blocking mode Voltage is applied in the direction that would cause a diode to conduct, but the thyristor has not yet been triggered into conduction 3. Forward conducting mode The thyristor has been triggered into conduction and will remain conducting until the forward current drops below a threshold value known as the "holding current" [edit] Function of the gate terminal

The thyristor has three p-n junctions (serially named J1, J2, J3 from the anode).

Layer diagram of thyristor.

When the anode is at a positive potential VAK with respect to the cathode with no voltage applied at the gate, junctions J1 and J3 are forward biased, while junction J2 is reverse biased. As J2 is reverse biased, no conduction takes place (Off state). Now if VAK is increased beyond the breakdown voltage VBO of the thyristor, avalanche breakdown of J2 takes place and the thyristor starts conducting (On state). If a positive potential VG is applied at the gate terminal with respect to the cathode, the breakdown of the junction J2 occurs at a lower value of VAK. By selecting an appropriate value of VG, the thyristor can be switched into the on state suddenly. Once avalanche breakdown has occurred, the thyristor continues to conduct, irrespective of the gate voltage, until: (a) the potential VAK is removed or (b) the current through the device (anodecathode) is less than the holding current specified by the manufacturer. Hence VG can be a voltage pulse, such as the voltage output from a UJT relaxation oscillator. These gate pulses are characterized in terms of gate trigger voltage (VGT) and gate trigger current (IGT). Gate trigger current varies inversely with gate pulse width in such a way that it is evident that there is a minimum gate charge required to trigger the thyristor.
[edit] Switching characteristics

V - I characteristics.

In a conventional thyristor, once it has been switched on by the gate terminal, the device remains latched in the on-state (i.e. does not need a continuous supply of gate current to conduct), providing the anode current has exceeded the latching current (IL). As long as the anode remains positively biased, it cannot be switched off until the anode current falls below the holding current (IH). A thyristor can be switched off if the external circuit causes the anode to become negatively biased. In some applications this is done by switching a second thyristor to discharge a capacitor into the cathode of the first thyristor. This method is called forced commutation. After a thyristor has been switched off by forced commutation, a finite time delay must have elapsed before the anode can again be positively biased and retain the thyristor in the off-state. This minimum delay is called the circuit commutated turn off time (tQ). Attempting to positively bias the anode within this time causes the thyristor to be self-triggered by the remaining charge carriers (holes and electrons) that have not yet recombined. For applications with frequencies higher than the domestic AC mains supply (e.g. 50 Hz or 60 Hz), thyristors with lower values of tQ are required. Such fast thyristors are made by diffusing into the silicon heavy metals ions such as gold or platinum which act as charge combination centres. Alternatively, fast thyristors may be made by neutron irradiation of the silicon.

For an 100kw generator, only 50kw of load is connected. Will the generator generate only 50kw or 100kw. If it generate 100kw what happens to rest of the 50kw. What happens if we connect more than 100kw of load?
If we connect more than 100 Kw the frequency of generator will go down and its power angle will shift to 90 deg and its operating torque equal to pull out torque and generator coms out of sysnchonism and it will trip Generator is only an energy converter. The generator rating 100KW is specified is max. rating with pf. of 0.8( as per manufacturs std.) During the starting no DG set runs with full/partial load. and it just generate the power required to meet the losses only. Once after we connects load, it will generate power

required to meet the losses and output. The same equivalent amount of mechanical power will be consumed from the prime mover according to the efficiency of the system. So there is no such question of 50KW energy wastage. Ultimately, governer of prime mover plays an important role over DG set. if we connects more load say 200% of full load, for a specified time according to the insulation and winding temperature and prime mover output capacity, the DG can function, say max. 2-3 minutes. Beyond that, DG will be shutdown because of higher temp./or out of synchronism.

Why the suply frequency in INDIA is 50HZ ?


The supply of electric power to our houses from generating stations is mainly in the form of alternating current(a.c.). However the losses experienced along the path of travel from the central power grid station to the sub-stations and then on to the distributors are phenomenal. This loss is dependent on the frequency of the a.c. supply. Along the path there are transformers, transmission cables and cores. The loss of energy in these parts depend directly on the frequency irrespective of whether the voltage is being stepped down or up. Note: Static hysteresis loss is proportional to frequency. An equation called Steinmetz equation can be employed to arrive at the fact that 60 Hz supply causes more dissipation of heat and energy than 50 Hz systems. Hence it is not preferred by many countries. The losses being proportional to the square of the frequency, is hence very high for 60 Hz systems.

What is the power ratio between power in Star and Delta circuit?
Power for a circuit will always be same despite of it is connected in star or delta ...because star or delta are the only connection types which connect your equipments with the power sources. The only things which have a difference or the ratio is voltage and current in star or delta connected system. In Star, line voltage=1.732*phase voltage line current=phase current

For Delta, line voltage=phase voltage line current=1.732*phase current

What is the difference between earth and neutral?


Ground is a protective measure for a circuit which provides a low impedance path for excess current to earth in case of a fault. It usaully does not carry current.Neutral is a return wire which transmits the excess current back topower station.It usually carries current and is connected to ground.

What is the difference between Earthing & grounding

What is a u.p.s?
A UPS is a device that provides battery backup when the electrical power fails or drops to an unacceptable voltage level. Small UPS systems provide power for a few minutes; enough to power down the computer in an orderly manner, while larger systems have enough battery for several hours. In mission critical datacenters, UPS systems are used for just a few minutes until electrical generators take over. UPS systems can be set up to alert file servers to shut down in an orderly manner when an outage has occurred, and the batteries are running out.

At what condition a synchronous motor acts as a synchronous condenser?


For a synchronous motor to continue running, the required reactive power for magnetic field creation is normally supplied by the by system to which it is connected. But if the motor is over excited i.e. it is made to generate reactive power in excess of self requirement, it supplies reactive power to the system. At the position where reactive power generated is just self sufficient, the power factor is unity. When the synchronous motor supplies reactive power, like a capacitor / condenser, it is called a synchronous condenser. For this operating condition the motor has to be lightly loaded to take care of temperature rise of the motor.

How is a 100 MVA transformer cooled?


It is cooled by OFAF that is oil forced, air forced.

What is the instantaneous value of voltage in a 3-phase balanced star connected circuit?
v=v1+v2+v3 all are vectors nd these are instantaneous values

for star connection Vline= 1.732* Vph for delta connection Vline= Vph

What is the difference between regulator and stabiliser.


The word stabilizer implies that output voltage remains same. Similarly the word regulator implies that the output voltage is regulated so that it remains same irrespective of input voltage. Theoretically we can say that a voltage regulator should be capable of regulating voltage to any desired voltage rather than giving just one fixed voltage output. But that is not the way this term is used by common people in India. As this is not use of the term by professionals, it is quite possible that other countries may use this term differently.

Whats happens when we give DC to a induction motor?


of course it will not run..coz an AC motor(sync or ind) needs rotating magnetic field which is possible to get only if dc supply is rotating. Sync motor has arm on stator. So no rotating field. And induction m/c run on Electromagnetic induction principle which is not possible with dc coz ckt saturates in dc(similar to transformer). So there can be heavy heating followed by damage

Describe How energy is stored in a inductor on electronic level


When a electric current is flowing in an inductor, there is energy stored in the magnetic field. Considering a pure inductor L, the instantaneous power which must be supplied to initiate the current in the inductor is

so the energy input to build to a final current i is given by the integral

Using the example of a solenoid, an expression for the energy density can be obtained.

How do we select a cable for a machine as per standards. Is there is any standard to select a cable as per voltage, or as per KVA and as per amps ratings?
Cable size depends upon current carrying capacity and operating Voltage of Machine to select cable size also the Distance from the Supply Panel to Machine and way of laying cable underground or on cable tray. These entire factors are required to calculate the cable size. If you dont want to go to deep calculation simple cable chart is available with current rating

Is it possible for a feedback surge to travel over a wireless connection? Would the answer be different in a vacuum?
ES, it is possible for a feedback surge (i am not sure about the type of feedback either closed loop or open loop) to travel over wireless. IN VACCUM it is possible only when we we use electromagnetic waves for signals and not possible in case of SONIC waves.

. What is the voltage drop for 100kw motor if the length of the cable is 200m and what is the cable size.
Full load current for 100Kw is near about 175A. Let derating factor 0.65 then current is 270 Amp. We can use 3.5core 150 sq mm XLPE Cable. Now, Voltage drop for 200meter or 0.2Km for 150sq mm is (0.48X0.2X270)=25.92v/km/amps, which is more than 10% so in this case we have to take 185sq mm XLPE Cable. We have to maintain voltage drop in between 5%, so the cable size will be 3.5CX185 Sq mm XLPE Cable.

Regards & Thanks Baazigar


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What is the different between CGS system and MKS system?

How to Simulate an Induction motor? When there is a sudden loss in the demand what happens to the transformer and generation? How do you measure the leakage current in a house wiring? What are the technical reasons for soaking transformers for various times before allowing them to pick load after a fault or maintenance outage or as a new installation. When we connect the capacitor Banks in Series with the circuit Why is the transformer rated in KVA? What is the function of a choke in tube light? How do you detect the exact location of a cable fault if its cable puncture When we increase load , current drawn from source also increases why ? What is the reason of power development in synchronous generator due to saliency ? What is the purpose of calculating knee point voltage for Current transformers? What will happen if we apply dc volt across transformer? Is possible to increase the voltage without using transformer? Why?
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Why less loss occurs when we use DC supply than AC supply? Earth has the constant potential so we take it as reference.but in steo & touch voltage we use to calculate Why Transistors are not used as switching devices? What is watt? In a synchronous motor armature current flows due to revolving flux which in turn rotates the load, but in no load condition armature current is zero hence there is no revolving flux then how motor rotates? Does HVDC mode of transmission has an economic advantage over EHV-AC transmission. Justify Why we are using Sinusidol wave in all electrical systems? Why the generators are made such that they generate only sinusoidal wave?

What is the voltage that is supplied to the electric traction trains? What is DIV? What does 100V/DIV or 50A/DIV mean? How to find the terminals in SCR? Also in BC327 transistor? What is induction motor? What is a Transducer? What is the use of SCOTT connections?
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What is the difference between P,PI,PID CONTROLLER? What is Synchronous condenser ? How much should be the insulation resistance value of a 5KW motor and 50KW motor? Why we cannot use the capacitive load? What is the purpose of coupling capacitor? What is the purpose of Q-point in transistor? What is meaning by the SKIN effect in electrical circuits Why are we employing star type transformer at transmission end and delta type transformer at receiving end? What is difference between potentiometer and rheostat? What is the value of reflection co-efficient of tranmission line having VSWR? What is a DSM(Demand Side Management)?. What is the main Electrical IS rules?. How much voltage is present in neutral resistance? And how much voltage is present in earth resistance What is the resistance between neutral and earth.

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What is Particle Swam Optimisation? What is the effect of pole slipping in generator and how it will slip? What is signal? What is Gsm? What about AMPS? What EDGE? What is GPRS? What is Ciphering? Difference Between Noise and Attenuation? Explain the operation of a transistor What is the use of control panels in transmission systems? What is the flyback convertor? What do you mean by traction system, What type of traction system is used in electric train. How snubber circuit works to protect switching devices? What is the difference between AC choke (inductor) and DC choke (inductor), working and design point of view?
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Why secondary of open delta pt (two element pt) centre tap is earthed? What happen when this earth is removed? Alternators are invariably star connected why? What is the difference between SSR drive& AC drive? What will be change in programming when we use 5/3 solenoid in place of 5/2 in operating of a cylinder?

What is isolation Transformer? Why battery is connected in series? Why Transformer in KVA? What is function of pump in DG? why DG neutral is earth? What is the principle of high speed direct drive motor ? Can we load Power capacitors on DG sets? What are the factors required for selection of transformer rating? Why the frequency is 50 hz in india.can we use some other frequency.if so what is the range and what will be the effect in present power system if we change the frequency as you suggest ? Consider a 415v/200v step down transformer.can we use use it as step up transformer by giving 200v in secondary and taking output from primary? What is the maximum genarating voltage in india? How power cable & control cable can be differentiate from each other?

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We have one ups its neutral is not earthed. Its one distribution MCB has a earth fault .but we can not put off any MCB. So how to find out that in which circuit is earthed without isolating the breaker? WHAT IS THE MEANING OF KEY SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM? What is the meaning of rms value? What is derating factor in Cable ? How we minimise this? How we can calculate the transformer size? How VFD(variable frequency) drive is used as a energy saver....? What is effect of unbalanced load -- say R 15A, Y 25A, B ?

If i want to build 230kv substation what are the equipments to be installed? How power saving takes place through VFD? How to write program by ladder logic in case of PLC operation? What is surge suppressor? How to find transformer is in normal position? Whether its in charged condition or not? Except humming sound? How to find motor contactor rating and bimetalic relay rating? Of 30kw motor which will operate on star-delta starter? How to calculate the capacitor range for load for pf improvement? Example for 65 hp load how to calculate capacitor range? As all us know that the capacitor panel is connected to improve the power factor when it is PF is low. Whether we can connect the capacitor panel on D.G. side? If it is yes why? Why voltage drop will occur in 3 phase line?
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How a generator is positioned in a hydroelectric power plant? What is the generating voltage of a power station consided generally? How to control the generator output voltage? What r the condition should satisfy for synchronization? What is inrush current in transformer? Why making capacity is more than breaking capacity? What is cathodic protection in Tank,and product pipelines? Can you give main difference between ELCB And RCCB? What is GD2(kg-m2) for Sq. Cage ind. Motor? What is the difference between earthed and unearthed cable What are the difference between C-Curve and D-Curve for MCB's. How to select a CT

How to select a circuit breaker What r the advantage of selecting micro controller type tripping of circuit breaker than relay type tripping? What is the meaning of BUS? In step down transformer (415/200V),mistakenly secondary side is connected to 415V for some hours, what would be result of this condition? What is the difference between negative dc voltage and positive dc voltage because some circuit uses -24,-5,-12,- 15,volt dc If any lead acid battery is having low or high sp.gravity then what will be effect of battery and why? In Aeroplane what circuitry or method use for earthing?
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What is the diff. Between two phase & three phase supply? What is the reason for balance of voltage in magnetic balance test? How can we measure and monitor critical performance parameters of Diesel Generator Sets, both electrical and engine ? How can you prove that in CE configuration a transistor has 180 degree phase shifted output ? What do you mean by 1 ton in AC`s? Procedure for conducting vector group test on power transformers.why it is conducted? How to increase the specific gravity of DG batteries? What is mean CT Saturation? How to calculate? There are 2 Flip_Flop with logic between them. Given Clock to Q delay, logic prop. Delay, set up and hold times specify maximum clock frequency of system. What happens if second output fed back to first input. Any changes? What happens with timing if second output is fed back to logic between the flops? What is difference between start imitation and start interlock for 3 phase motor protection ? Why for transformer protection we protect transformer from 3rd harmonics and 5th harmonics and what is the reason of generating these harmonics in electrical system?

Whats the difference between Induction motor and servo motor How to calculate the size of the conductor for particular load Why heat produced at junction of two different conductor. What care should be taken to minimize it How much %age of corona losses increases if frequency is increased to 25%.
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What happen when ac power transmitted in unity power factor What is the difference between the electrical and electronics What is the meaning of TRI Vector meter? What is IGBT?Where it is used? What is the difference between IGBT and Thyristor? When a square wave is applied to primary of a transformer then what will be output wave form of secondary What is bandpass of a transformer? Resistance of a conductor in a close electrical ckt is practically zero why? Why C.T secondary are rated 5A generally Draw waveform of capacitor or inductor in a d.c ckt(during transient) with zero resistance with it(in series or parallel)also neglect resistance of wire What is the significance of per unit impedance ? What is the function of commutator in dc motor? In case of delta/delta transformer if the one phase is blown out then what will be secondary line voltage ? What is linear motor? What is the difference between ONLINE UPS and OFFLINE UPS? Why electric shock due to dc is dangerous than that of ac? Why the generating voltage in India is 11kv or why is it be transmitted as multiples of 11?

How to calculate no. Of earthing pits and their diamensions? No. Of lightning arrester rods which are required to protect a building of 35 mtr?
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In India which type of PLCC is used? Synchronous motor is three phase motor,but its not self starting .why? Why the current leads voltage in the case of a capacitor? What is cogging and crawling? How to select earthing conductor size of amy motor/panel etc? What is difference between AC VVVF drive & Dc VVVF drive explain their working principle? Capacitor is load free component but why ampere meter shows current when capacitor bank breaker is closed? When birds sit on transmission lines or current wires doesn't get shock? What is the difference b/w winding insulation class and winding temperature class? Is it possible for a feedback surge to travel over a wireless connection? What is a DLC? Explain the advantage of DLC over PLC? What are the tests to be taken on a transformer and generator? Do you know how to measure the earth resistance? If so explain it What is the make of breakers, transformers, generators? What are their capacities and ratings? What are the starting currents of different motors and also what are the running currents, and idle currents Why a starter is used for a motor? Do you know how to joint the H.T and L.T Cables?
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How you take care of a motor from over loading and what are the different overloading ratings of different motors? Do you know the faults occurs generally in motors and how to rectify them Do you know the overhauling of a motor? Do you know the alignment of a motor? What accessories required to give the motor with given circuits and do you know the ratings of those accessories Do you know how to connect a motor of different H.Ps? Do you know how to maintain a generator, if so what are those maintenances? How do you maintain the batteries for generators, what is the daily maintenance of a generator? How do you maintain the earthing resistance? What should be the earthing resistance of an industrial substation and also What should be the house hold earthing resistance? What is the rating of your substation and what are the different types of substations What are the different protection systems used to protect the transformer internally and externally? What are the different ratings of the fuse units for different distributions at your organization? What are the different protection systems takes place on control panel board? What is meant by H.R.C fuse? Do you know how to measure the earth resistance? If so explain it What are the different sizes of cables for H.T and L.T side of supply? Is your generator is automated or manual if so do you know the circuits? How do you connect the capacitors on polyphase circuits? What is the power factor you maintain at ur organization? What is the max demand on your transformer and your company

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