Name of subject

Statistics for the social sciences

Name of Bachelor's Degree

Criminology and Criminalistics

Student's name
Jhenifer Jhelitza Hoyos Meneses

Registration
200244425

Task Name
Task by activity for week 7

Unit 2
Data organization and representation

Unit name
Week 7

Teacher's Name
Uriel Alvarado Vargas

Date
17/06/2020
 Unit 7: Hypothesis testing
Statistics for the social sciences

ACTIVITY 7

Did you know that...

Hypotheses are assumptions made by the researcher based on previously reviewed theoretical
information. In research, hypothesis testing is an extremely important and powerful instrument for
the progress of knowledge, since it allows us to confirm or deny a theory independently of the
researcher's opinion, and as mentioned before, we can make assertions without fear of being
wrong, since the results will be mathematically supported.

Objective:

● Formulate the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis for a hypothesis test.

● Determine the type of hypothesis testing (one-tailed, two-tailed) required for a particular

problem.

● Perform a hypothesis testing exercise.

● Interpret the results of hypothesis testing and learn to suggest decisions based on them.

Instructions:
Review the resources for week 7 and perform what is requested in each exercise.

Tip

● Review the support video: Week 7: Hypothesis Testing, which explains what a hypothesis

test is and what it is used for, how to identify and determine the null and alternative
hypothesis, how to determine whether the hypothesis test is one-tailed or two-tailed, as
well as the application of the methodology for a hypothesis test.

P
 Unit 7: Hypothesis testing
Statistics for the social sciences

Reading

● Hypothesis testing (INITE, 2011).

Read unit 1 of the book: Statistics 2 (3). 17-49), edited by INITE, discusses definitions and
examples of the type of hypothesis.

Download the activity and answer directly in the document. Preferably, transfer the data to
a spreadsheet to manipulate them and obtain the required tables and graphs more easily,
then cut and paste the results in your homework report, in addition to developing your
technological skills that will support you in your professional development.You can also do
the exercises by hand, take a picture or screenshot of the results and attach them to your
homework.

Form of evaluation:

Criteria Weighting

Presentation 10%

Exercise development 90%

● Exercise 1 ● 40%

● Exercise 2 ● 20%

● Exercise 3 ● 30%

Development of the activity:

Exercise 1.

Consider the data obtained and shown in the following table on the disorder that causes
alterations in the speech of 30 children seen in a Psychopedagogical clinic, as well as the
level of difficulty they have in understanding what other people have said and in
following instructions. Check them in detail. (Value 40%)

P
 Unit 7: Hypothesis testing
Statistics for the social sciences

Patient Disorder that causes Difficulty in Difficulty Following

speech disturbance Understanding What Instructions
Others Say (DEO) (DSI)

1 Stuttering 6 1

2 Dyslalia 5 4

3 Dyslalia 4 10

4 Nasal voice 6 12

5 Stuttering 5 2

6 Dyslexia 2 3

7 Dyslexia 1 10

8 Stuttering 3 4

9 Dyslexia 3 10

10 Dyslalia 2 7

11 Nasal voice 2 11

12 Nasal voice 6 10

13 Stuttering 7 7

14 Dyslexia 10 11

15 Dyslexia 7 7

16 Dyslalia 7 12

17 Nasal voice 9 3

P
 Unit 7: Hypothesis testing
Statistics for the social sciences

18 Stuttering 3 8

19 Dyslexia 9 3

20 Dyslalia 7 4

21 Nasal voice 10 12

22 Dyslexia 10 8

23 Dyslalia 8 9

24 Nasal voice 8 5

25 Stuttering 1 1

26 Nasal voice 1 10

27 Stuttering 3 2

28 Dyslexia 7 3

29 Dyslexia 7 6

30 Nasal voice 2 11

a) Extract OED and ISD data for Dyslexia cases.

Response:

Difficulty in
Disorder that
Understanding Difficulty in Following
Patient causes speech
What Others Say Instructions (DSI)
disturbance
(DEO)

1 Dyslexia 2 3
2 Dyslexia 1 10
3 Dyslexia 3 10
4 Dyslexia 10 11
5 Dyslexia 7 7
6 Dyslexia 9 3

P
 Unit 7: Hypothesis testing
Statistics for the social sciences

7 Dyslexia 10 8
8 Dyslexia 7 3
9 Dyslexia 7 6

b) Get the average of each type of difficulty

Response:
Difficulty
Disorder causing Understanding Difficulty in Following
Patient
speech disturbance What Others Say Instructions (DSI)
(DEO)
6 Dyslexia 2 3
7 Dyslexia 1 10
9 Dyslexia 3 10
14 Dyslexia 10 11
15 Dyslexia 7 7
19 Dyslexia 9 3
22 Dyslexia 10 8
28 Dyslexia 7 3
29 Dyslexia 7 6
Sample mean 6,22222222 6,77777778

c) Obtain the average of each type of difficulty.

Disorder Difficulty
Difficulty in
causing Understanding
Following
speech What Others Say
Instructions (DSI)
disturbance (DEO)
Dyslexia 2 3

Dyslexia 1 10

Dyslexia 3 10

Dyslexia 10 11

Dyslexia 7 7

Dyslexia 9 3

Dyslexia 10 8

Dyslexia 7 3

Dyslexia 7 6

# Cases = 9 µ1 = 6,222222 µ2 =6,77777

P
 Unit 7: Hypothesis testing
Statistics for the social sciences

d) Determine the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.

Response:
 For the difficulty to understand what others say (DEO) the hypotheses are
 Ho (null) µ = 5,3666667
 H1 (alternative) µ ≠ 5.3666667

 For the difficulty in following instructions (DSI) the hypotheses would be

 Ho (null) µ = 6.8666667
 H1(alternative) µ ≠ 6.8666667

e) Determines whether the test is one-tailed or two-tailed. Justify your answer

Answer: The hypothesis test for the categories (OED) and (ISD) in patients with
dyslexia is two-tailed, since the null hypothesis is the same, and the alternative
hypothesis is different, i.e., the population mean  may be higher or lower than the Z
statistic.

f) Perform hypothesis testing calculations and make a decision.

Response:
CONTRAST OF HYPOTHESIS Difficulty in Understanding What Others Say (DEO)
MEDIA STANDARD DEVIATION Size
Population 5,366666667 2,930026872
Sample 6,222222222 9
HYPOTHESIS
H0 = 6,222222222 H1 ≠ 6,22222222
REGION OF ACCEPTANCE
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE 0,05 0,05
LEVEL OF CONFIDENCE 0,95
P 0,975
CRITICAL VALUE Z 1,959963985
REGION OF ACCEPTANCE -1,959963985 1,959963985
STATISTIC
Z 0,875987415
DECISION
H0 ACCEPTED? H0 is accepted

P
 Unit 7: Hypothesis testing
Statistics for the social sciences

CONTRAST OF HYPOTHESIS Difficulty in Following Instructions (DSI)

MEDIA STANDARD DEVIATION Size
Population 6,866666667 3,674078194
Sample 6,777777778 9
HYPOTHESIS
H0 =  6,777777778 H1 ≠  6,777777778
REGION OF ACCEPTANCE
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE 0,05 0,05
LEVEL OF CONFIDENCE 0,95
P 0,975
CRITICAL VALUE Z 1,959963985
REGION OF ACCEPTANCE -1,959963985 1,959963985
STATISTIC
Z -0,072580564
DECISION
H0 ACCEPTED? H0 is accepted

e) Performs hypothesis test calculations and makes a decision.

Response:
Difficulty in Difficulty in
Disorder that 2 used 2 used
Understanding DEO to Following DSI to
causes speech
What Others calculate SC1 Instructions calculate SC2
disturbance
Say (DEO) (DSI)

Dyslexia 2 2 3 3

Dyslexia 1 1 10 10

Dyslexia 3 3 10 10

Dyslexia 10 10 11 11

Dyslexia 7 7 7 7

Dyslexia 9 9 3 3

Dyslexia 10 10 8 8

Dyslexia 7 7 3 3

P
 Unit 7: Hypothesis testing
Statistics for the social sciences

Dyslexia 7 7 6 6

n1 and n2 =9 µ1 = 6,222222 ∑ = 56 µ2 =6,777777778 ∑ = 61

Tip. You can use the same methodology explained in the Hypothesis Testing video, as well as
the formulas:

Null hypothesis H0: μ1- μ2= 0

Alternative Hypothesis μ1- μ2≠0

With an error level of α = 0.05

DEO DSI
Population Average 5,36666667 6,86666667
Sample Average 6,22222222 6,77777778
Sample Size 9 9
Standard Deviation 2,93002687 3,67407819
Z 0,87598742 -0,07258056
tc -0,06038137
SC1 2787,555556
SC2 3307,555556
gl 16

The null hypothesis is accepted.

P
 Unit 7: Hypothesis testing
Statistics for the social sciences

Exercise 2.

Identifies the type of sampling that should have been used to determine the sample for
the investigation so that it is representative. (Value 20%)

Answer: Types of stratified probability sampling.

Exercise 3.

Determine for each situation the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
Justification. (Value 30%)

a) One polling company complains that an agent conducts an average of 53 surveys per week.
The company wants to evaluate the effectiveness of a more modern method of conducting
surveys.

Response:
Ho: The average number of interviews conducted by agents is NOT more than 53 per week.
H1: The average number of interviews conducted by agents is higher than 53 per week.

b) Lisa Monnin, a sociologist at New Society, wants to compare migration rates to Europe and
to the United States.

Response:
Ho: Migration rates to Europe ≥ migration rates to the United States.
H1: Migration rates to Europe < migration rates to the United States.

P
 Unit 7: Hypothesis testing
Statistics for the social sciences

c) Two psychologists are analyzing the theory that happiness arises from positive experiences.
In particular, researchers argue that if something very lucky happens to a person, he or she
will be very happy and will continue to be happy for a long time.

Response:
Ho: If something lucky happens to a person = he/she becomes happy.
H1: If something lucky happens to a person ≠ he/she becomes happy.

d) A group of clinical psychologists at a residential psychiatric treatment center believe they

have developed a new type of therapy that will alleviate, to a greater degree than the
therapy they are currently using, patients' depression.

Answer: H0: Relief with New Therapy > Relief with Current Therapy
H1: Relief New Therapy Relief < Current Therapy Relief

REFERENCES

RUSTOM, A. [PDF]. (2012). Descriptive Statistics, Probability and Inference. Faculty of Agricultural
Sciences - University of Chile. Available in:

http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/120284/
Rustom_Antonio_Estadistica_descriptiva.pdf?sequence=1. [Accessed: 16/06/2020].

International Institute of Science and Technology (INITE). [PDF]. (2011). STATISTICS 2. (Available
at: https://apps.utel.edu.mx/syllabus/cloud/visor.php?
container=L1C115_925_505_28501_0&object=A1474_R2850.pdf.) [Accessed: 16/06/2020].