27

3
B nh l ni cha cc thng tin cn thit cho qu trnh hot ng ca
my tnh. B nh l ni u tin CPU ly thng tin. Yu cu b nh khi
lm vic trng h thng phi c tc truy cp nhanh.
Dung l-ng ca vi mch nh -c tnh bng n v bit th-ng dng l K
bit, Mbit.
Dung l-ng ca b nh my tnh -c tnh bng byte.
Trong cc vi mch nh, mi nh c th cha 1 bit, 4 bit, 8 hoc 16 bit.
S l-ng bit trong nh bng s chn d liu ca vimch nh .
S l-ng nh ph thuc vo s chn a ch ca vi mch (bng 2
n
;
n l s chn a ch ca vi mch nh
S bit trong mt chip = 2
n
* s bit trong nh.





-ng a
ch

B nh

-ng d liu






Cho php
Ghi/c
Cho php m thit b
B nh

B nh ROM: (Read OnIy Memory)
ROM l b nh khng b mt ni dung khi mch nh khng -c cp
ngun. C nhiu loi ROM khc nhau nh-: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM,
FlashROM
PROM: (Programmable ROM) B nh lp trnh mt ln.
28
P ROM (Erasable programmable ROM): Loi b nh ny c th xo
i v np li nhiu ln. Lo ROM ny c mt ca s cho php xo
bng tia cc tm v cn thit b np chuyn dng.
PROM ( Electrically erasable programmable ROM): Loi b nh ny
dng ph-ng php xo bng in, c th chn xo ring tng byte trong
vi mch. Vic np v xo ROM c th thc hin ngay trn bo mch
khng cn thit b chuyn dng.
FIash ROM: C thi gian xo ton b ni dung ch-a n mt sec. Khc
vi EE PROM l khi xo th ton b ni dung s b xo. Hin nay hu
ht cc my vi tnh u dng loi b nh ny.
B nh RAM (Random access Memory) Cn gi l b nh thay i,
khi ct ngun cho mch nh th ton b ni dung b mt
SRAM - Static RAM -c ch to d-i dng mch lt do khng c
qu trnh lm t-i. to -c mt mch lt cn 6 Transistors v vy
c b nh SRAM dung l-ng ln th cn rt nhiu Transistors
SRAM th-ng dng trong cc b nh Cache.
DRAM - Dynamic RAM S dng t in thay mch lt do gi
thnh h v c dung l-ng ln nh-ng phi c qu trnh lm t-i khc
phc dng d ca t v trong qu trnh lm t-i khng truy cp -c b
nh nn DRAM c tc chm hn SRAM.








28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
VPP
A12
A7
A6
A5
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
D0
D1
D2
GND
VCC
PCM
NC
A8
A9
A11
OE
A10
CE
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
S chn PROM 2764
Dung l-ng 8* 8 Kbits
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
D Out
E
GND
VCC
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
D n
CS

S chn SRAM 2147
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

A8
D n
E
RAS
A0
A2
A1
VCC

GND
CAS
D Out
A6
A3
A4
A5
A7
S chn DRAM
Dung l-ng 1* 256 Kbits
29




% chc ng v DRAM:
Vi mch 4416-12 l mt mch nh DRAM c dung l-ng 64k bit (64K*1)
ng trong mt v 16 chn. Theo l thuyt phi c 16 -ng a v
mt -ng d liu, ngoi ra cn c chn cp ngun, t v cc chn
iu khin cho vi mch nh- vy s chn phi ln hn 16. gim s
chn ca vi mch ng-i ta dng ph-ng n dn knh. DRAM -c chia
thnh mt ma trn vung gm cc hng v cc ct. u tin na s
chn a ch u t A0 A7 -c -a n cc hng, ng thi
mch cht hng -c kch hot (row address strobe) cho php cht
na a ch u. Tip theo na a ch cui A8 A15 cng -c
-a vo cc chn trn nh-ng mch cht ct -c kch hot (Column
address strobe) cho php cht na a ch cn li. Nh- vy thay v
dng 16 chn a ch ch cn 8 chn a ch v hai chn RAS
v CAS




-ng a
ch
t h thng

B chn a ch theo ct




Cho php Ghi/c







-ng d liu



Ma trn nh








B chn a ch theo hng

Cho php m thit
b


S khi vi mch nh ROM (SRAM)
30








A3 A4 A5
1 1 1
-ng a ch

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CAS

RA
S

0



1


Hng
A
0
(0) 001


2




3

A
1
(0)


4




5

A
2
(1)


6




7


Ct 111
.3# a ch nh 111100
ROM

D3
D2
D1
D0

Knh
d
liu




U0 0 1 0 1 d liu ra
U1 1 0 0 0
Tn
U2 1 1 0 0
(+5 V)


hiu
Logic


31
chn "1"

nh
U4 0 0 0 1 Hng +4.3 V - 0.7 V
U5 0 1 0 0
U6 0 0 1 0 R
U... 1 0 0 1
U... 0 0 1 0 0 V
U63 0 0 0 0

R R R R


Bng s tht
Chn ngn nh D liu ra
U63 .... .... U6 U5 U4 U3 U2 U1 U0 D3 D2 D1 D0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ROM m n o bng ma rn i


Gii m a ch
BVXL cung cp ra BUS h thng a ch v s liu. xc
nh -c chnh xc nh no, cng vo/ra no -c truy cp l
phn vic ca gii m a ch. Cc vi mch nh lun c mt chn

VCC
Y0 (chn
chip)
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6

1
16
2
15
3 74LS
14
4 138
13
5

Tn hiu a ch
A
B
C
Cho php m
E1

E2

Y7
S b tr chn
mch gii m a
ch 74LS138
Ma trn diode
32
chn chip CS. Bus d liu c th -c trc tip ni n cc chn d
liu ca vi mch nh, cc tn hiu iu khin MEMR v MEM -c
ni t Bus iu khin n cc chn RD v R ca vi mch nh. Cc
bits a ch thp -c ni vo chn a ch ca mch nh cn cc
chn a ch cao s -c qua mt mch gii m cho php chn mch
nh to ra tn hiuCS. Vi mch gii m -c dng ph bin l vi
mch 74LS138 c s chn nh- sau:


Bng s tht mch gii m 74LS138
Select Enable Outputs
C B A E1 E2 E
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 " " " 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 " " " 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 " " " 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 " " " 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 " " " 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 " " " 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 " " " 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
X X X 1 X X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
" " " X 1 X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
" " " X X 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1











Ti bus d
liu
A0-A12
RD
CE0
A
B

7
C

6

5 74LS138

4

3
E1

2

1
E2

0
E3
A13
A14
A15
RO
M
OE
CE7
OE
CE
6
OE
CE
5
OE
CE
4
OE
CE
3
OE
CE
2
OE
CE
1
OE
CE
0
BUS
a
ch

A16
dn
A19
MEMR

'Mng a ch u ra Y Ni dung ROM
FE000 FFFFF Y7 Dnh cho ROm BOS

33
hn a ch ROM ca IBM P% 8088









Bn b nh:



















FFFFF
FE000
8 K BOS
FDFFF

F6000
32 K Ch-ng trnh dch BASC
F5FFF
F4000
8K Dnh cho User
F3FFF
CA000
18 K ROM m rng
C9FFF
C8000
8 K ROM iu khin a
C7FFF
C0000
32 K ROM m rng
BFFFF

A0000
128 K Video RAM

9FFFF


00600
Dnh cho h iu hnh
005FF
00500
Dnh cho DOS v BASC cha cc
tham s tm thi
004FF
00400
Vng d liu tm thi ca BOS
003FFF
000000
Bng vector ngt
34
hi ng ngui my tnh IBM P%



Khi khi ng BVXL s truy cp thng tin a ch CS:P l FFFF :
0000 ng vi a ch vt l FFFF0 H do ROM BOS -c t
vng nh cao ca bn nh.





BUS ISA, ISA, M, B v PI

%hit b ch v t
%hit b ch (master) l thit b khi u v iu khin vic
trao i thng tin cn thit b p li gi l thit b t (slave). cc
my tnh 80x86, CPU l v d v thit b ch, cn b nh,
a...... l cc thit b t.
Phn phi BUS
Cc thit b ch c th truy cp -c cc bus bao gm bus a
ch, bus d liu v bus iu khin. Nu c nhiu thit b ch c
yu cu s dng bus th bus phi -c phn phi theo mt trnh t
nht nh Ph thuc vo h thng -c thit k, b phn phi bus
trung tm c th phn cng vic truy nhp ca tng thit b ch
theo mt trnh t -u tin hoc theo nguyn tc "n tr-c - phc v
tr-c.
Giao thc bus (bus protocoI)
phi hp hot ng gia cc b phn khc nhau ca h thng,
cc bus phi tun theo mt lot cc tiu chun v tn hiu v nh
thi. Thut ng iao thc bus mun cp ti cc tiu chun ny. C
hai giao thc bus chnh l: ng b v khng ng b.
i vi giao thc ng b, cc bus -c ng b vi mt tn s
trung tm - l tn s ca h thng. My BM, CPU truy nhp b
nh s dng giao thc ng b.
CPU CS DS SS ES P C
Hng i
ni
dung
FFFF 0000 0000 0000 0000 Xo Trng
35
Giao thc khng ng b tun theo ph-ng php nh thi ring
v n c th khng hot ng theo tn s ng h trung tm. Giao
thc khng ng b -c s dng khi vic nh thi bus gia ch v
t khc nhau. Thit b t thng th-ng chm hn so vi thit b ch v
th-ng l bng mt na. iu ny khc vi giao thc ng b, nh
thi ca ch v t l nh- nhau. Giao thc ng b ni chung c tc
truyn d liu cao hn so vi giao thc khng ng b.
Di thng ca bus (bus bandwidth)
Tc m bus c th truyn d liu t thit b ch ti thit b t
gi l /Xi thng hay rng /Xi ca bus (bandwidth) hoc nng sut
truyn ca bus (throughput). n v o l Mb/sec. Di thng ph
thuc vo tc , rng v giao thc ca bus:
Di thng Bus = (1/ chu k) * rng bus (theo byte)
Tn s ng h cng cao th di thng cng ln. Mt gii php
nng cao di thng ca bus l tng rng bus d liu. Vi mc ch
ny, ntel Pentium s dng bus d liu ngoi 64 bit.

BUS ISA
Bus in trc tiu chun cng nghip SA (ndustry Standard
Architure) -c xy dng cho my BM-AT. Mt s tc gi gi l bus
AT, song cc nh thit k my tnh th-ng gi l bus SA v AT l
nhn hiu th-ng mi ca BM. Bus SA c ngun gc t my PC-8088
vo nm 1981. Nh- bit, bus PC/XT c khe cm 62 chn, bao gm
bus d liu D0-D7, bus a ch A0-A19, cc tnh hiu iu khin
OR, O, MEMR , MEM v mt s tn hiu iu khin ca
board h thng v ngoi vi nh- DMA v b iu khin ngt.
Nm 1984, BM gii thiu my tnh PC AT vi b vi x l 80286,
ng thi b sung vo bus XT thm 36 chn na phi hp lm
vic vi bus d liu 16 bit v bus a ch 24 bit. 36 chn b sung
thm ca PC AT -c dng lm cc -ng d liu D8-D15, cc -ng
a ch A21-A23, cc tn hiu iu khin knh DMA mi v mt s
tn hiu iu khin h thng khc na. Tip theo s im qua cc
chn tn hiu ca bus SA
36











































tn tn
hiu
tn tn
hiu

GND B1 A1 -/O CH
CK
RESET
DRV
SD7
+ 5V DC SD6
R09 SD5
-5V DC SD4
DRQ2 SD3
-12V DC SD2
OWS SD1
+12V DC SD0
GND B10
A10
/O CH
RDY
-SMEMW AEN
-SMEMR SA19
-OW SA18
-OR SA17
-DACK3 SA16
DRQ3 SA15
-DAC1 SA14
DRQ1 SA13
-
REFRESH
SA12
CLK B20
A20
SA11
RQ7 SA10
RQ6 SA9
RQ5 SA8
RQ4 SA7
RQ3 SA6
-DACK2 SA5
T/C SA4
BALE SA3
+5V DC SA2
OSC SA1
ND
c tn hiu trn ISA BUS

A0-A19
AN
AL
L
D0-D7
DRQ1, DRQ2, DA1, DA2, DA3
OCHCHK
OR, OW
IRQ3 - IRQ7- IRQ9
OS
REFRESH
RS% DR'
SMMR , SMMW
%
OWS
+5', - 5v, + 12v, -12v, GND, GND
Phn 36 chn m rng
A17-A23 (LA17-LA23).
D8-D15
DRQ0, DRQ5, DRQ6, DRQ7, DA0,
DA5, DA6, DA7
IOS16
37










































Nh-c im ca ISA BUS

1. -ng d liu 16 bit khng th phi hp -c vi bus d liu 32 bit ca cc
BVXL 386/486/Pentium.
2. Bus a ch 24 bit cho kh nng truy nhp b nh cc i 16 Mb khng
th phi hp -c vi bus a ch 32 bit (khng gian a ch l 4 Gb) ca 386/486
v Pentium.
3. board m c ti a 8 khe cm m rng SA. Cng knh v c b mt
tip xc ln, do vy in dung v in cm ln. Khng c chn t v ngun xen
k cc chn tn hiu gy nhiu ln(cross talk) gii hn tn s lm vic bus SA l
8 MHz. CPU c th lm vic n 33, 66 MHz, nh-ng khi lm vic vi khe cm m
rng th n ch -c tn s 8 MHz.
4. Cc xung ngt (RQs) theo s-n , mi ngt ch c th gn cho 1 thit b
(ch khng gn cho nhiu thit b -c). Khi l/v tn s cao, ngt bng s-n c
th dn n kch hot sai do xung nhn hoc tp nhiu li vo RQ.
5. My tnh PC/XT c 3 knh 8 bit (cc knh 1-3) thc hin DMA. Knh 0 -c
38













































AUDO GND 1 -CD SETUP
AUDO 2 MADE 24
GND 3 GND
14.3 MHZ OSC 4 A11
GND 5 A10
A23 6 A09
A22 7 +5 Vdc
A21 8 A08
GND 9 A07
A20 10 A06
A19 11 +5 Vdc
A18 12 A05
GND 13 A04
A17 14 A03
A16 15 +5 Vdc
A15 16 A02
GND 17 A01
A14 18 A00
A13 19 +12 Vdc
A12 20 -ADL
GND 21 -PREEMPT
-RQ09 22 -BURST
-RQ03 23 -12 Vdc
-RQ04 24 ARB 00
GND 25 ARB 01
-RQ05 26 ARB 02
-RQ06 27 -12 Vdc
-RQ07 28 ARB 03
GND 29 ARB/-GNT
D tr 30 -TC
D tr 31 +5 Vdc
K
D

ESYNC V10 VSYNC
GND V9 HSYNC
P5 V8 BLANK
P4 V7 GND
P3 V6 P6
GND V5 EDLCK
P2 V4 DCLK
P1 V3 GND
P0 V2 P7
GND V1 EVDEO
KEY
D tr 59 D tr
D tr 60 D tr
D tr 61 GND
D tr 62 D tr
GND 63 D tr
D16 64 D tr
D17 65 +12 Vdc
D18 66 D19
GND 67 D20
D22 68 D21
D23 69 +5 Vdc
D tr 70 D24
ND 1
39










































c c tnh chnh ca MA
1. Data bus 32 bit, Add bus 32 bit v cc tn hiu BE0, BE1, BE2 v BE3 cho
php phi hp lm vic vi BVXL 386/486. C th chuyn d liu vi card bng
-ng d liu 8, 16 v 32 bit.
2. S dng cc thanh ghi iu khin bng phn mm khng dng DP v
Jump. BM gi l thit lp cc tu chn bng ch-ng trnh POS (Programmable
option select).
3. Cho php t chc thit b ch a bus. Bt c thit b ch no c trn
board m hoc cc khe cm m rng u c th yu cu iu khin bus h
thng. Vic phn phi bus -c mt mch in gi l b iu hin phn phi
trung tm CACP (Central Arbitration Control point) m nhim. Mch CACP -c
p dng board m PS/2. Mch in ny c th -c lp trnh vo thi im to
cu hnh thit lp mc -u tin cho thit b ch. Thit b ch a bus cho
php thc hin h thng a x l, mt s b vi x l lm vic ng thi
40












































BUS ESA BUS SA SA BUS ESA BUS
GND GND O CH CHK- CMD-
+5 V RESET DRV D7 START
+5 V +5V D6 EXRDY
MFG SPEC RQ2 D5 EX32-
MFC SPEC -5V D4 GND
(KEY) DRQ2 D3 (KEY)
MFC SPEC -12 V D2 EX16
MFC SPEC V/C D1 SLBURST-
+12 V -12V D0 MSBURST
M-O GND O CH RDY W-R
LOCK- SMEMW- AEN GND
D tr SMEMR- A19 D tr
GND OW- A18 D tr
D tr OR- A17 D tr
BE3 DACK3- A16 GND
(KEY) DRQ3 A15 (KEY)
BE2 DACK1- A14 BE1-
BE0 DRQ1 A13 LA31
GND REFRESH- A12 GND
+5 V CLK A11 LA30
LA29 RQ7 A10 LA28
GND RQ6 A9 LA27
26 5
24 4
c chn ca ISA

LA2-LA16.
LA24 - LA31
D16-D31
B0-B3
MD
16
32
RDY
MAn
MRQn
MSBURS% v SLBURS%
M-IO
S%AR%

41
































PC/XT






PC AT
(SA)







ESA



42





ard b sung P%, PA% (ISA) v ISA

Yu cu di thng ca ho v video thi gian thc
ho
phn gii
(pixeIs)
Mu (bitspixeIs) %c v Ii
(s cp nhts)
rng di
(bytess)
640x480 8 10 2.9M
1024x768 16 10 15M
1280x1024 24 10 37.5M
'ideo thi gian thc
ch th-c
khung (pixeIs)
Mu (bitss) %c khung
(khungs)
rng di
(bytess)
160x120 8 15 288K
320x240 24 15 3.5M
640x480 24 30 26.3M
1024x768 24 30 67.5M












c im Bus 'L ('SA IocaI bus)
1. Phin bn 1.0 l bus 32 bit. Bus 64 bit ang -c xy dng, phin bn 2.0.
2. C th lm vic vi tn s ln ti 33 MHz v ti a c 3 khe cm m rng. Cc khe
cm c th t 40 MHz nu s khe cm gim xung cn 2 v 50 MHz nu s khe cm
l 1.
3. Khng c chun cu hnh t ng. Khc vi chun ESA v MCA, cu hnh t ng
khng phi l mt phn ca bus VL.

43





















Cache
80486.
Pentium
RSC CPU
B iu khin
b nh
B nh
B iu
khin bus PC
B iu
khin SCS
B iu khin bus
m rng
(SA/ESA/MCA)
FAX MODEM
ho
tc cao
Multimedi a
Fastlan

-ng d liu
32 bit /33 Mhz
-ng d
liu 16 bit/8
Mhz
in trc bus cc b PI
44

























Pi
n
5' nvironment 3.3' nvironment Pin 5' nvironment 3.3' nvironment
Sinde B

SindeA Sinde B Sinde A Sinde B Sinde A Sinde B Sinde A
1 -12V TRST# -12V TRST# 50 CONNECTOR KEY Ground Ground
2 TCK

+12V TCK +12V 51 CONNECTOR KEY Ground Ground
3 Ground TMS Ground TMS 52 AD[08] C/BE[0]# AD[08] C/BE[0]#
4 TDO TD TDO TD 53 AD[7] +3,3V AD[7] +3,3V
5 +5V +5V +5V +5V 54 +3.3V AD[6] +3.3V AD[6]
6 +5V NTA# +5V NTA# 55 AD[5] AD[4] AD[5] AD[4]
7 NTAB# NTC# NTAB# NTC# 56 AD[3] Ground AD[3] Ground
8 NTD# +5V NTD# +5V 57 Ground AD[2] Ground AD[2]
9 PRSNT1# Reserved PRSNT1# Reserved 58 AD[1] AD[00] AD[1] AD[00]
10 Reserved +5V(/O) Reserved +3.3V(/O) 59 +5V(/O
)
+5V(/O) +3.3V(/O
)
+3.3V(/O
)

11 PRSNT2# Reserved PRSNT2# Reserved 60 ACK64# RED64# ACK64# RED64#
12 Ground Ground CONNECTOR KEY 61 +5V +5V +5V +5V
13 Ground Ground CONNECTOR KEY 62 +5V +5V +5V +5V
14 Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved CONNECTOR KEY CONNECTOR KEY
c c tnh ca bus cc b PI
1. Tc ti a 33 Mhz
2. C -ng d liu 32 v 64 bit.
3. H tr ch truyn d liu dng khi 2-1-1-1 -c cc CPU nh- 486 v Pentium p dng.
4. H tr vic lm ch bus, cho php thc hin a x l m vi bt k b vi x l no cng u
c th tr thnh thit b ch v dnh quyn iu khin bus.
5. T-ng thch vi SA, ESA v MCA. Nh s dng cu ni bus, chun h tr cho cc bus tc
chm SA, ESA v MCA.
6. Bus PC c lp so vi b vi x l. Bus c th -c s dng cho bt c b vi x l no ca h
ntel 80x86.
7. H tr card m rng 5V v 3.3V v cho php chuyn d dng t h thng 5 V sang 3,3 V.
8. To cu hnh t ng. Khng cn dng DP hoc chn cm v chn la ngt. Phn mm
t cu hnh s t ng chn cc a ch v cc ngt khng s dng gii quyt xung
t.
9. C chn Vcc hoc t gia tng 2 tn hiu gim nhiu xuyn m v bc x v tuyn.
10. Thc hin cc ngt mc khi pht. H tr vic chia s ngt.
11. H tr -c cho 10 thit b ngoi vi. Mt s thit b ngoi vi phi -c thit k lun trn board
m.
12. S khe cm m rng ti a lm vic tn s 33 MHz l khc nhau ph thuc vo in p
5V hay 3,3V. Tng s khe cm qu 5 th tn s lm vic s thp hn 33 MHz. Vic s dng cc
khe cm ci tin c vng tip xc nh bo m cho bus PC l bus tc cao.
45
15 Ground RST# Ground RST# CONNECTOR KEY CONNECTOR KEY
16 CLK +5V CLK +3.3V(/O) 63 Reserve
d
Ground Reserved Ground
17 Ground GNT# Ground GNT# 64 Ground C/BE[7]
#
Ground C/BE[7]#
18 REQ# Ground REQ# Ground 65 C/BE[6]# C/BE[5]
#
C/BE[6]# C/BE[5]#
19 +5V(/O) Resenved +3.3V(/O) Resenved 66 C/BE[4]# +5V(/O) C/BE[4]# +5V(/O)
20 AD[31] AD(30) AD[31] AD[30] 67 Ground PAR64 Ground PAR64
21 AD[29] +3.3V AD[29] +3.3V 68 AD[63] AD[62] AD[63] AD[62]
22 Ground AD[28] Ground AD[28] 69 AD[61] Ground AD[61] Ground
23 AD[27] AD[26] AD[27] AD[26] 70 +5V(/O) AD[60] +5V(/O) AD[60]
24 AD[25] Ground AD[25] Ground 71 AD[59] AD[58] AD[59] AD[58]
25 +3.3V AD[24} +3.3V AD[24} 72 AD[57] Ground AD[57] Ground
26 C/BE[3]# DSEL C/BE[3]# DSEL 73 Ground AD[56] Ground AD[56]
27 AD[23] +3.3V AD[23] +3.3V 74 AD[55] AD[54] AD[55] AD[54]
28 Ground AD[22] Ground AD[22] 75 AD[53] +5V(/O) AD[53] 3.3V(/O)
29 AD[21] AD[20] AD[21] AD[20] 76 Ground AD[52] Ground AD[52]
30 AD[19} xxGround AD[19} Ground 77 AD[51] AD[50] AD[51] AD[50]
31 +3.3V AD[18] +3.3V AD[18] 78 AD[49] Ground AD[49] Ground
32 AD[17] AD[16] AD[17] AD[16] 79 +5V(/O) AD[48] +3.3V(/O) AD[48]
33 C/BE2# +3.3V C/BE2# +3.3V 80 AD[47] AD[46] AD[47] AD[46]
34 Ground FRAME# Ground FRAME# 81 AD[45] Ground AD[45] Ground
35 RDY# Ground RDY# Ground 82 Ground AD[44] Ground AD[44]
36 +3.3V TRDY# +3.3V TRDY# 83 AD[43] AD[42] AD[43] AD[42]
37 DEVSEL# Ground DEVSEL# Ground 84 AD[41] +5V(/O) AD[41] +5V(/O)
38 Ground STOP# Ground STOP# 85 Ground AD[40] Ground AD[40]
39 LOOCK# 3.3V LOOCK# 3.3V 86 Ad[39] AD[38] Ad[39] AD[38]
40 PERR# SDONE PERR# SDONE 87 AD[37] Ground AD[37] Ground
41 +3.3V SBO# +3.3V SBO# 88 +5V(/O) AD[36] +3.3V(/O) AD[36]
42 SERR# Ground SERR# Ground 89 AD[35] AD[34] AD[35] AD[34]
43 +3.3V PAR +3.3V PAR 90 AD[33] Ground AD[33] Ground
44 C/BE[1]# AD[15] C/BE[1]# AD[15] 91 Ground AD[32] Ground AD[32]
45 AD[14] +3.3V AD[14] +3.3V 92 Reserve
d
Reserve
d
Reserved Reserved
46 Ground AD[13] Ground AD[13] 93 Reserve
d
Ground Reserved Ground
47 AD[12] AD[11] AD[12] AD[11] 94 Ground Reserve
d
Ground Reserved
48 AD[10] Ground AD[10] Ground
49 Ground AD[09] Ground AD[09]
46

hn ni ca chun PI

Board 5 V
B m O nui 5 V
Board 3,3 V
B m O nui 3,3 V






hn cm ca card PI










Cc chn bt buc

AD[31-00]

CBE[3-0]

PAR

FRAME#
TRDY#
RDY#
STOP#
DEVSEL#
DSEL

PERR#
SERR#

REQ#
GNT#

CLK
RST#



Cc chn tu chn

AD[63-32]

C/BE[7-4]#

PAR64#
REQ64#
ACK64#

LOCK64#

NTA#
NTB#
NTC#
NTD#

SRQ#
SDONE#

TD1
TDO
TCK
TMS
TRST#

c chn PI







Thit b
PC
a ch v
d liu




iu khin
giao din


Thng tin
v li

Phn chia
(ch i vi
thit b ch)

H thng

M rng
64 bit

iu khin
giao din

Ngt



Cache h tr



JTAG


47

















So snh di thng ca cc bus ISA, ISA, MA, 'L v PI
ISA ISA MA 'L Bus PI PI
-ng d liu (bits) 16 32 32 32 32 64
Tc bus (MHz) 8 8.3 10 33 33 33
rng di (Mb/s) 8 16 20 66 66 133
' d
Tnh di thng ca bus PC vi -ng d liu 32 bit cho 2 tr-ng hp :
(a) theo ph-ng php chuyn n
(b) theo ph-ng php chuyn tng khi
Gii:
PC c th lm vic ti a ti 33 MHz. Chu k ca ng h l 30 ns.
(a) Vi ph-ng php chuyn n, mi ln chuyn 4 byte cn 2 nhp ng h hay 60 ns.
Nh- vy rng di = (1/60ns) x 4 bytes =66.6 Mb/s
(b) ch chuyn tng khi 2-1-1, chuyn 32 bit d liu cn trung bnh 1.25
nhp ng h hoc 37.5 ns. Nh- vy:
Di thng ca bus =(1/37.5 ns)x4 bytes =106 Mb/s
' d
Kim tra yu cu v di thng ca bus trong cc tr-ng hp sau
(a) phn gii 1024 x 768, 16 mu, tc v li l 10
(b) phn gii 640x480, 24 mu, 30 khung/s
Gii:
PIug and pIay
Microsoft v ntel cng tc vi nhau trang b bus SA thm kh nng ca cu hnh t
ng. c im ny cn gi l cm l chy (plug and play). PC vi cu hnh t ng c
th lm vic hon chnh ch sau khi card ESA v BOS -c trang b cu hnh t ng.
SA v MCA u -c b sung c tnh quan trng ny t tr-c. C 3 tr-ng hp lin
quan ti Plug and Play nh- sau:
1. C BOS trn board m ln card b sung u khng phi l Plug and play. Tr-ng hp
ny i khi cn -c gi "cm xong l cu Cha (plug and pray), v bn s gp li.
2. BOS trn board m -c trang b Plug and play nh-ng card b sung th khng. Tr-ng
hp ny phn mm ci t s gip bn sp xp a ch /O, RQ v cc knh DMA.
3. C BOS trn board m ln card b sung u trang b Plug and play. Tr-ng hp ny,
cu hnh t ng s thc hin mi cng vic. N s t sp xp a ch /O, RQ v cc
48
(a) Di thng bus =1024 x 768 x 16 x 10 = 125.829,120 bits/s = 15 Mb/s
(b) Di thng bus = 640 x 480 x 24 x 30 = 221.184,000 bits/s = 26.3 Mb/s
h-ng trnh hp ng
L cc ch-ng trnh son tho dng hp ng bng m ASC c tn
m rng l ASM.
B-c 1: S dng cc ch-ng trnh son tho ASC vit cc
ch-ng trnh ngun v t tn m rng l ASM.
B-c 2: S dng ch-ng trnh MASM.exe dch ch-ng trnh
ngun ASM thnh ch-ng trnh OBJ.
Cch vit: masm suorcefile;
B-c 3: S dng ch-ng trnh link lin kt cc tp tin m my
dng OBJ thnh tp tin thi hnh -c dng EXE.
Cch vit: LNK objectfile;
VD: link chao
Nu l ch-ng trnh com th s dng exe2bin.exe chuyn
i tp tin EXE thnh tp tin COM.
VD exe2bin chao chao.com.
V d. Vit ch-ng trnh hp ng hin th k t Nt nhc kp
ln mn hnh.
B-c 1: Vit ch-ng trnh ngun m ASC c tn Notnhac.asm
code_seg segment
mov ah,02h
mov dl,0eh
int 21h
int 20h
code_seg ends
end
B-c 2: Dch thnh tp tin OBJ
masm notnhac.asm;
B-c 3: Lin kt thnh tp tin EXE
Link notnhac;
B-c 4: Chuyn thnh tp tin com nu l dng com.
exe2bin notnhac notnhac.com
49
Mi ch-ng trnh bao gi cng c mt vng tip u ng -
Program segment prefix (PSP) c di 256 bytes cha cc thng tin
v trng thi ca ch-ng trnh.


FiIe dng OM v .
C 2 dng tp tin thc hin -c trong DOS l tp tin COM v
EXE.
FiIe dng com.
- c im ca tp tin COM l ch c duy nht 1 on. C
ch-ng trnh, d liu v ngn xp u dng chung 1 on.
- Kch th-c ti a ca tp tin dng COM l 64 KB tr i di
ca PSP (Program Segment Prefix) l 256 byte v tr i 2 (do push 0
vo stack). Nh- vy vng m lnh ca mt ch-ng trnh *.COM c
di cc i: FFFF FF 2.
- Khi thc hin cc ch-ng trnh *.COM h iu hnh s to cc
thanh ghi segment c a ch u nh- sau:
Code segment CS: 0100
Data segment DS: 0000
Stack segment SS: FFFE
Extra segment ES: 0000
- Tp tin dng COM -c np vo b nh v thc hin nhanh hn
tp tin dng EXE. Song tp tin dng COM ch p dng cho cc ch-ng
trnh nh, cn xy dng cc ch-ng trnh ln nht thit phi vit
d-i dng EXE.
b. Cu trc ch-ng trnh dng COM.
VD: hin th dng " hello" trn mn hnh. Tn tp Hello.asm
code segment
assume cs:code, ds:code
org 100h
Begin:
50
mov ah,9h
mov dx,offset mess
int 21h
int 20h
mess db 'hello. $'
code ends
end begin

FiIe dng
- Tn dng -c ht -u im ca my 16 bits, khng hn ch v
b nh. Phn m lnh CS, DS, SS c th khai bo nhiu on khc
nhau.
- im vo ca mt ch-ng trnh .EXE nm bt c mt ni
no trong vng m lnh, -c xc nh khi khai bo vng m lnh ca
ch-ng trnh (do ng-i lp trnh quyt nh).
- Vi kch th-c c th ln tu ph thuc vo kch th-c b nh
my tnh. File EXE -c s dng xy dng cc ch-ng trnh ln
hn 64 KB.
- Mt file .EXE -c t chc nh- sau:
u file c cha khi th tc iu khin (header) c kch
th-c n * 512 byte (n ph thuc vo ch-ng trnh) di ca header
ph thuc vo cc lnh m a ch trong lnh ch xc nh trong
qu trnh chy file .EXE.
- Header s cung cp cc thng tin sau:
a ch thc hin ch-ng trnh .EXE.
Cc im vo ca ch-ng trnh.
V tr ca ngn xp
- Khi chy file .EXE s khi sinh: CS : P, SS : SP v DS,
ES F PSP
u trc ch-ng trnh dng .
stack segment stack
dw 80 dup(?)
stack ends
data segment
mess db 'chao.$'
data ends
code segment
assume cs:code,ds:data
begin:
51
mov ax,data
mov ds,ax
mov ah,9
mov dx,offset mess
int 21h
mov ax,4c00h
int 21h
code ends
end begin
Ghi ch: trong ch-ng trnh c 3 on khc nhau l code, data,
stack.
Ch-ng trnh .COM v .EXE s tr v DOS bng lnh NT 21h.
IN% 21h vi AH = 09h: Thc hin -a ni dung ca mt thng
bo ra mn hnh.
IN% 21 vi AH = 4ch: Thot khi ch-ng trnh tr v DOS.
h-ng trnh g ri DBUG
- Cho php truy xut v thay i tng byte ca b nh v ni
dung cc thanh ghi ca CPU.
- Cho php truy xut v thay i tng sector ca a.
- Cho php xem v thay i ni dung ca mi tp tin c tp tin
vn bn ln m nh phn.
- Cho php dch cc lnh m my sang dng gi nh v ng-c li.
- Cho php np v thc hin cc tp tin thi hnh -c, thm ch
c th va sa va thc hin tng b-c ch-ng trnh.
DEBUG c 19 lnh. cc lnh ny s dng ch ci ca ting anh gi
nh ngha ca lnh. Ln l-t chng ta s xt cc lnh cn bn ca
DEBUG. Bng d-i gii thiu 19 lnh ca DEBUG.
%% Lnh Gc ch ngha
1 A [address] Assemble Vo lnh hp ng
2 C range address Compere So snh 2 vng ca b
nh
3 D [range] Dump Hin th vng nh
4 E address [list] Enter Nhp m my vo b
nh
5 F range list Fill Lp y vng nh
6 G [=address1] [adress2] Go Thc hin ch-ng
trnh
7 H value1 value2 HexaDecim
al
Cng v tr 2 s hexa
52
8 port nput Nhp v trnh by t
cng
9 L [address] [drive]
[1sector] [number]
Load Np mt tp tin t a
10 M range address Move Chuyn 1 khi b nh
11 N [pathname] [arglist] Name t tn hay gi 1 tp
tin
12 O port byte Out -a ra cng
13 P [=address] [number] Proceed Thc hin 1 th tc
hay 1 ngt
14 R [register] Register Hin th gi tr thanh
ghi
15 S range list seach Tm xu byte trong b
nh
16 T [=address] [value] Trace Cho ch-ng trnh chy
tng lnh
17 U [range] Unassembl
e
Dch ng-c
18 W [address] [drive]
[1sector] [number]
Write Ghi ln a
19 ? Help Tr gip

1. Lnh R
Cng dng:
Dng 1: Cho php xem ni dung tt c cc thanh ghi ca
CPU.
Dng 2: Xem v sa ni dung thanh ghi -c lit k tn.
V d:
1. Xem ni dung tt c cc thanh ghi:
R Q
2. RAX
S hin:AX 00D2
:
53
Hin gi tr ca AX v ch ng-i s dng hiu chnh.
Nu khng mun hiu chnh, n Enter.
2. Lnh A:
Cng dng: Cho php nhp ch th ti mi a ch. Nu sau
A khng c offset th Offset bng 100 (nu khi mi khi ng ch-ng
trnh DEBUG) cn khng th tip nhn offset hin hnh
V d: A 100 Q
xxxx:0100 mov dl,04
xxxx:0102 mov ah,02
xxxx: 0104 int21
xxxx: 0106 int 20
Q
G Q
- Ngt 20h ca DOS kt thc ch-ng trnh
- Ngt NT 21 ca DOS vi cc hm:
n=2: n k t ra mn hnh vi d liu ly t thanh ghi DL
n=9: n xu k t ra mn hnh, trong :
a ch ca u dy k t: DS:DX
Kt thc dy k t bng k t $
Cu lnh y c dng: AH= n
NT 21
3. Lnh G (Go) G [=address1][address2]
Cng dng: Thc hin on ch-ng trnh trong b nh bt u
ti a ch address1 v kt thc ti a ch address2.
Nu khng c a ch address1 th ch-ng trnh s bt u
ti a ch xc nh bi CS:P. (Code Segment v nstruction
Pointer)
Nu khng c a ch address2 th ch-ng trnh s thc hin
cho n khi gp lnh kt thc ch-ng trnh.
4. Lnh U (UnASMBLR) U [Address]
Cng dng: n 32 byte m my ca ch-ng trnh trong b nh
ra mn hnh d-i dng lnh gi nh.
54
- Nu l lnh U khng c tham s th lnh U hin th 32 byte
m my ti a ch CS:100. Cc lnh U sau s hin th cc m my
tip theo.
- Nu trong lnh U khng ch r a ch on th DEBUG
s ly on -c ch bi CS.
V d: U 100 124
S in ra mn hnh lnh m my d-i dng t gi t a ch
CS:100 n CS:124.
5. Lnh D (Dump) D [address] D [range]
Cng dng: Lit k ni dung b nh ra mn hnh d-i dng thp
lc phn.
- Dng 1: in ni dung vng nh gm 128 byte bt u ti a ch
do address qui nh.
- Dng 2 in ton b ni dung vng nh do range qui nh.
- Khng c tham s:
+ Nu l lnh D u tin th DEBUG in ni dung vng nh
di 128 byte bt u ti a ch DS:100.
+ Cc lnh D tip theo DEBUG in tip cc vng nh th-ng
ng tip theo
V d:
- D Q, -D Q
- D 100 Q
- D CS:100 120 Xem ni dung b nh a ch CS:100 n
CS:120
- D F000:100 L7 Xem ni dung 7 byte


6. Lnh N (Name) N Filename [Arglist]
Cng dng: Xc nh tn tp tin cn c hay cn ghi tr-c khi
dng lnh L hay w
V d:
- N c:\Autoexec.bat
- l Q
55
- d Q
Np v hin th d-i dng m tp Autoexec.bat.

7. Lnh L (Load) L [Address] hoc L Address drive
fistsector number
Cng dng:
- Dng 1: Np ni dung tp tin c tn xc nh bi lnh N vo b
nh ti a ch address. Cp thanh ghi bx:cx s cha kch th-c tp
tin. Nu khng c address th tp tin -c np bt u ti a ch
CS:100.
-Dng 2: Np ni dung cc sector trn a vo b nh bt u ti
a ch do address qui nh. sector u tin trn a cn c xc
nh trong FistSector. Number l s sector cn c.
V d: -L ds:0 0 1 5

8. Lnh W (Write) W [address] hoc W address dive
firstSector Number
Cng dng:
- Dng 1: Ghi 1 vng nh c a ch bt u do address
qui nh c chiu di -c cho trong cp thanh ghi BX:CX ln 1 tp
tin c tn xc nh bi N. Nu khng ghi a ch th tp tin -c ghi
bt u t a ch CS:100.
- Dng 2: Ghi ni dung cc sector trong b nh bt u ti
a ch qui nh bi address ln a. FirstSector xc nh sector
u tin trn a s -c ghi. Numberc nh s cc sector cn ghi.
Ch : Nu khng c a ch on th a ch -c xc nh
bi CS.
V d 1: Ghi 8 sector trong b nh bt u ti a ch CS:0
vo sector th 200 ca a A.
-W 0 0 200 8

9. Lnh E address [list]
ngha: Thay i ni dung b nh. Danh sch -c nu Litst s
-c thay vo vng nh ti a ch -c xc nh bi address.
56
Nu khng c tham s list, debug s hin a ch v ni dung
ca nh ra mn hnh, ch ng-i s dng nhp tr cn i vo.
Mun i nh tip n Space, mun sa tr-c, n -, v mun kt
thc n Enter.
V d: - E 100 "bcdefg" -> i 6 byte thnh bcdefg
-E xxxx:100 40 41 42 43 -> thay 4 byte thnh 40 41 42 43
- E xxxx:200 "abcd", 50,51,52,53
10. Lnh I (Input) Port
ngha: c gi tr 8 bit t cng vo c a ch cng n
nh bi Port.
V d: 3FF
Nu ti a ch 3FF c ni dung l 5A th ni dung 5A s -c
hin th ra mn hnh.
11. Lnh O (Output) O Port byte
ngha: Xut gi tr byte ra cng a ch Port
V d: Xut gi tr 00 ra cng 61
- o 61 00.

12. Lnh M (move) M range address
ngha: Dng sao chp ni dung vng nh ngun (range)
sang vng nh ch (address).
Nu trong range hay address khng qui nh a ch on
th debug s ly on -c ch bi DS.
V d: M 100 L100 4000:000 thc hin chp vng nh t a ch
DS:100 vi di 100 byte sang vng nh 4000:000
13. Lnh % (trace) v P (Procced) T [=address] [value] P [=address]
[value]
ngha: Dng thc hin tng b-c mt hay nhiu lnh bt
u ti a ch do a//ress qui nh. Sau mi lnh ni dung ca tt
c cc thanh ghi u hin ra mn hnh. Value xc nh s cc lnh
cn thc hin.
Nu khng c A//ress th lnh P hay T thc hin t a ch
CS:P.
Nu khng c Value th thc hin 1 lnh.
57
V d: T =100 5

Ngt IN% 21 vi cc hm
AH = 2 ; n k t ra mn hnh vi d liu ly t thanh ghi DL
AH = 9
; n xu k t ra mn hnh, trong :
a ch ca u dy k t: DS:DX
Kt thc dy k t bng k t $
AH = 4C
h
; Thot tr v DOS
AH = 01 ; Nhn mt k t t bn phm v hin n ra mn hnh.
AH = 08 ; Nhn mt k t t bn phm t m ASC ca n
trong Al
AH = 0A h ; Nhp chui di ti a 255 k t t bn phm, phm
Enter kt thc chui

Ngt IN% 10 vi cc hm
AH = 00 ; t ch Video. AH = 00, Al = ch
AH = 01; ; Xc lp dng trn cng v dng d-i cng ca con tr.
Khi Ch v Cl cha dng bt u v kt thc ca
con tr.
AH = 2 ; t v tr con tr, Dh hng, Dl ct
AH = 3 ; Xc nh v tr hin thi ca con tr (Dh: hng, Dl:
ct)
AH = 06 ; Xo mn hnh (cun mn hnh t 1 im c to Cl
= ct, Ch = dng n 1 im mi c to Dl = ct v
Dh = hng)
AH = 09 ; Ghi k t c thuc tnh trong Bl v m ASCC trong Al
ra mn hnh.
BH: Trang mn hnh; CX: S ln vit k t .
AH = 11 h ; Vi Al = 30h, Bh = 06: Xc nh bng nh ngh k t
AH = 0E h ; Ghi k t c m ASCC trong Al ra mn hnh ti v tr
hin thi ca con tr v dch con tr sang v tr tip
theo.
AH = 13 h ; Hin th xu k t m ASCC c a ch u ti ES:
BP
Vi:
AL = 0: BL cha thuc tnh, khng cp nht v tr con
tr
AL = 1: BL cha thuc tnh, c cp nht v tr con tr
AL = 2: Xu cha c k t v thuc tnh. Byte sau k t
l bye thuc tnh, khng cp nht v tr con tr.
AL = 3: Xu cha c k t v thuc tnh. Byte sau k t
l bye thuc tnh, v tr con tr -c cp nht.
58
BH: S trang; CX: di xu; DH: Ta hng; DL:
Ta ct.
Ngt IN% 16 vi cc hm
AH = 00 ; c 1 k t. Ah cha m qut, Al cha m ASC
AH = 01; ; c 1 k t. Ah cha m qut, Al cha m ASC. C ZF
= 0
AH = 2 ; Al s cha byte trng thi bn phm hin hnh
AH = 10 ; c 1 k t c trn bn phm m rng. Ah cha m
qut, Al cha m ASC
AH = 11 ; c 1 k t c trn bn phm m rng. Ah cha m
qut, Al cha m ASC. C ZF = 0
AH = 12 ; Al s cha byte trng thi bn phm hin hnh k c
trn bn phm m rng
Bi tp.
1. Vit ch-ng trnh hp ng in ra mn hnh ln l-t 4 k t sau:
E. Gia cc k t cch nhau hai khong trng.
Bi gii:
code segment
assume cs:code, ds:code, ss: code
org 100h
begin:
;t ch hin th (AH = 00, AL = ch ) int 10h
mov ax,0002h
int 10h
;Hin th k t cch nhau 2 khong trng
mov bl, 03h ; m ASC ca k t
mov cx, 04h
mov ah, 02h
lap: mov dl, 00 ; Dng hm ah = 02h ngt int 21h
int 21h ; to 2 khong trng
int 21h ;
mov dl, bl ;
int 21h ; Hin mt k t
inc bl ; Tng bl ln 1
59
loop lap
int 20h ; Thot v DOS
code ends
end begin








2. Vit ch-ng trnh in ra 20 k t lin tip bt u l k t B.
Bi gii:
code segment
assume cs:code, ds:code
org 100h
begin:
;t ch video
mov ax,0002h ; ch nh (al = 02), ch to (al = 00)
int 10h
mov ah,02h ; Ngat 21h voi ah = 02
mov dl,"B"
mov cl,13h
lap: int 21h
inc dl
loop lap
int 20h
code ends
end begin

3. Vit ch-ng trnh in ra mn hnh dng ch "Chao tat ca cac ban.
Bi gii
code segment
60
assume cs:code, ds:code
org 100h
begin:
mov ah, 09h
mov dx, offset mess
int 21h
int 20h
mess db'Chao tat ca cac ban. $'
code ends
end begin


4. Vit ch-ng trnh hin ra mn hnh dng ch "Cho nm
mi, n phm Enter hin th ch nh.
Bi gii
code segment
assume cs:code, ds:code
org 100h
begin:
; t ch video
mov ax,0000h ; ch nh (al = 02), ch to (al = 00)
int 10h
call print ; gi ch-ng trnh con hin dy k t
;n phm Enter: Ch nh
mov ah,01h ; Ch nhn mt phm
lap: int 21h ;
cmp al,0dh ; so snh phm va nhn vi Enter
jnz lap
mov ax,0002h ; Hin th ch nh
int 10h
call print ; Gi ch-ng trnh con hin dy k t
61
int 20h ; Thot v DOS
; Ch-ng trnh con hin dy k t
print proc near ; Chuong trinh con hien thi
mov ah,09h
mov dx,offset mess
int 21h
ret
print endp
mess db 'chao nam moi. $'
code ends
end begin