Physic Form 5

Physical Quantities
Card 1: What are physical quantities?
Physical Quantities
1. 2. A physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured. A physical quantity can be divided into base quantity and derived
quantity.
Card 2: What are base quantities?
Base Quantities
Base quantities are quantities that cannot be defined in term of other physical quantities.
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Card 3: State the 5 base quantities and their SI unit
5 Base Quantites
Quantity Length Time Temperature Mass Current Name of Unit metre second Kelvin kilogram Ampere Symbol of Unit m s K kg A
Card 4: What is derived quantities?
Derived Quantities
A derived quantity is a Physics quantity that is not a base quantity. It is the quantities which derived from the base quantities through multiplying and/or dividing them.
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Card 5: What is derived unit?
Derived Unit
The derived unit is a combination of base units through multiplying and/or dividing them.
Card 6: What are prefixes?
Prefixes
Prefixes are the preceding factor used to represent very small and very large physical quantities in SI units.
Prefixes Tera Giga Mega kilo desi centi mili micro nano pico fento
Card 7: What are scalar quantities?
Symbol T G M k d c m n p f
Value 1012 109 106 103 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15
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Scalar Quantities
1. 2. Scalars are quantities which are fully described by a magnitude alone. Examples of scalar quantities are distance, speed, mass, volume,
temperature, density and energy.

Card 8: What are vector quantities?
Vector Quantities
1. Vectors are quantities which are fully described by both a magnitude
and a direction.
2.
Examples of vector quantities are displacement, velocity, acceleration,
force, momentum, and magnetic field.
Error analysis
Card 1: What is error?
Error
Error is the difference between the actual value of a quantity and the value obtained in measurement.
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Card 2: What is systematic error?
Systematic Error
Systematic errors are errors which tend to shift all measurements in a systematic way so their mean value is displaced. Systematic errors can be compensated if the errors are known.
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Card 3: State 3 sources of systematic error.
Sources of Systematic Error

1. 2. 3. zero error, which cause by an incorrect position of the zero point, an incorrect calibration of the measuring instrument. consistently improper use of equipment.
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Card 4: State 2 precaution steps to reduce systematic error.
Steps to reduce Systematic Error

1. 2. Conducting the experiment with care. Repeating the experiment by using different instruments.
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Card 5: What is meant by zero error?
Zero Error
1. 2. 3. A zero error arises when the measuring instrument does not start from Zero errors are consistently present in every reading of a measurement. The zero error can be positive or negative.
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exactly zero.
Card 6: Define random Error
Random Error
1. 2. Random errors arise from unknown and unpredictable variations in It changes from one measurement to the next.
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condition.
Card 7: State the causes of random error
Causes of Random Error

Random errors are caused by factors that are beyond the control of the observers. Random error can cause by: 1. 2. 3. 4. personal errors such as human limitations of sight and touch. lack of sensitivity of the instrument: the instrument fail to respond to the natural errors such as changes in temperature or wind, while the wrong technique of measurement.
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small change. experiment is in progress.
Card 8: How random error can be avoided or reduced?
How to avoid random error

1. 2. Taking repeat readings Find the average value of the reading.
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Card 9: What is parallax error?
Parallax Error
A parallax error is an error in reading an instrument due to the eye of the observer and pointer are not in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale.
Card 1: What is meant by precision?
Precision
Precision is the ability of an instrument in measuring a quantity in a consistent manner with only a small relative deviation between readings.
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Card 2: How to measure the precision of a measurement?
Relative Deviation
The precision of a reading can be indicated by its relative deviation. The relative deviation is the percentage of mean deviation for a set of measurements and it is defined by the following formula:
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Card 3: Define accuracy.
Accuracy
The accuracy of a measurement is the approximation of the measurement to the actual value for a certain quantity of Physics.
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Card 4: How the accuracy of a measurement can be increased?
How to Increase Accuracy

1. taking a number of repeat readings to calculate the mean value of the
reading.
2. 3. 4.
avoiding the end errors or zero errors. taking into account the zero and parallax errors. using more sensitive equipment such as a vernier caliper to replace a
ruler.
Card 5: What is meant by sensitivity of a measuring instrument?
Sensitivity
1. 2. 3.
4.
The sensitivity of an instrument is its ability to detect small changes in Thus, a sensitive instrument can quickly detect a small change in Measuring instruments that have smaller scale parts are more Sensitive instruments need not necessarily be accurate.
the quantity that is being measured. measurement. sensitive.
Card 6: Describe how a micrometer is used to make a measurement.
Micrometer Screw Gauge

1. 2. 3. Turn the thimble until the object is gripped gently between the anvil and Turn the ratchet knob until a "click" sound is heard. This is to prevent Take the reading.
spindle. exerting too much pressure on the object measured.
Reading of main scale = 5.5mm Reading of thimble scale = 0.27mm Actual Reading = 5.5mm + 0.27mm = 5.77mm
Scientific Investigation
Card 1: Scientific Report
Scientific Report
A report of the investigation must include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Objective of the experiment, Inference, Hypothesis, Three types of variables: manipulated variable, responding variable and Defined operational variables, List of apparatus, Procedure, Tabulation of data, Analysis of data,
fixed variable,
10. Conclusion.
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Card 2: What is meant by inference?
Inference
Inference is a statement to state the relationship between two visible quantities observed in a diagram or picture.
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Card 3: What is meant by hypothesis?
Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a statement to state the relationship between two measurable variables that can be investigated in a lab.
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Card 4: State the 3 variables that need to be control in a scientific investigation?
Variables
A variable is a quantity that can vary in value. There are 3 types of variable: 1. 2. 3. Manipulated Variables: Manipulated variables are factors which Responding Variables: Responding variables are factors which depend Constant Variables: Constant variables are factors which are kept the
changed for the experiment. on the manipulated variables. same throughout the experiment.
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Card 5: Tabulating Data
Tabulating Data
A proper way of tabulating data should include the following: 1. The name or the symbols of the variables must be labelled with
respective units.
2. 3.
All measurements must be consistent with the sensitivity of the All the values must be consistent to the same number of decimal
instruments used. places.

Card 6: Drawing graph.
Drawing Graph
Graphs are used to make a relationship between variables. Gradient value and extrapolation of a graph are used to analyse a graph. A well-plotted must contain the following features: 1. 2. 3.
4.
A title to show the two variables under investigation, two axes labelled with the correct variables and their respective units, the graph drawn is greater than 50 % of the graph paper, appropriate scales (1:1 x 10 , 1:2 x 10 and 1:5 x 10 )
x x x
5. 6.
all the points are correctly plotted, a best fit line is drawn
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2 Force and Motion

Linear Motion
Card 1: Linear Motion
Linear Motion
Linear motion is the movement of an object along a straight line.
Card 2: What is distance?
Distance
The distance traveled by an object is the total length that is traveled by that object. Unit: metre (m)
Type of Quantity: Scalar quantity

Card 3: What is Displacement?
Displacement
Displacement of an object from a point of reference, O is the shortest distance of the object from point O in a specific direction. Unit: metre (m) Type of Quantity: Vector quantity
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Card 4: What is the difference between distance and displacement?
Distance vs Displacement
Distance travelled = 200m Displacement = 120 m, in the direction of Northeast Distance is a scalar quantity, Displacement is a vector quantity
Card 5: What is speed
Speed
Speed is the rate of change in distance. Formula:
Unit: ms-1 Type of quantity: Scalar quantity

Card 6: What is velocity
Velocity
Velocity is the rate of change in displacement. Formula:
Unit: ms-1 Type of quantity: Vector quantity

Card 7: What is acceleration?
Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of velocity change.Acceleration is a vector quantity
Formula:
Unit: ms-2 Type of quantity: Vector quantity

Card 8: Notes - Acceleration
Notes - Acceleration
An object moves with a constant velocity if An object experiences changes in velocity if

o o
themagnitude and direction of the motion is always constant.
the magnitude of velocity changes the direction of the motion changes.
An object that experiences changes in velocityis said to An object traveling with a constant acceleration,a, if the velocity
have acceleration.
changes at a constant rate.

Card 9: 4 Equations for Uniform Acceleration Motion
4 Equations of Uniform Acceleration
The above equation is for solving numerical problems involving uniform acceleration.
Card 10: Summary of the equation
Summary
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Ticker Tape
Card 1: Ticker Timer
Ticker Timer
A ticker-timer consists of an electrical vibrator which vibrates 50 times This enables it to make 50 dots per second on a ticker-tape being The time interval between two adjacent dots on the ticker-tape is called One tick is equal to 1/50 s or 0.02 s.
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per second.
pulled through it.
one tick.
Card 2: Analysing Ticker Tape 1 - Uniform Velocity
Uniform Velocity
The distance of the dots is equally distributed.
All lengths of tape in the chart are of equal length. The object is moving at a uniform velocity.
Card 3: Analysing Ticker Tape 1 - Uniform Acceleration
Uniform Acceleration
The distance between the dots increases uniformly. The length of the strips of tape in the chart increase uniformly. The velocity of the object is increasing uniformly, i.e. the object is
moving at a constant acceleration.

Card 4: Analysing Ticker Tape 1 - Uniform Deceleration
Uniform Deceleration
The distance between the dots decreases uniformly. The length of the strips of tape in the chart decreases uniformly. The velocity of the object is decreasing uniformly, i.e. the object is
decelerating uniformly.
Card 5: Finding velocity from ticker tape
Finding Velocity
Velocity of a motion can be determined by using ticker tape through the following equation:
Caution!: t is time taken from the first dot to the last dot of the distance measured.
Example 1
Diagram 2.4 shows a strip of ticker tape that was pulled through a ticker tape timer that vibrated at 50 times a second. What is the a. time taken from the first dot to the last dot? b. average velocity of the object that is represented by the ticker tape? Answer: a. There are 15 ticks from the first dot to the last dot, hence Time taken = 15 0.02s = 0.3s b. Distance travelled = 15cm $\begin{gathered} v = \frac{s} {t} \hfill \\ v = \frac{{15cm}} {{0.3s}} = 50cms^{ - 1} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $
Card 6: Findng acceleration
Finding Acceleration
Acceleration of a motion can be determined by using ticker tape through the following equation:
Caution!: t is time taken from the initial velocity to the final velocity.
Example 2
The ticker-tape in figure above was produced by a toy car moving down a tilted runway. If the ticker-tape timer produced 50 dots per second, find the acceleration of the toy car. Answer: In order to find the acceleration, we need to determine the initial velocity, the final velocity and the time taken for the velocity change. Initial velocity, u = \frac{s} {t} = \frac{{3cm}} {{0.02s}} = 150cms^{ - 1} v = \frac{s} {t} = \frac{{0.5cm}} {{0.02s}} = 25cms^{ - 1}
Time taken for the velocity change, t = (0.5 + 4 + 0.5) ticks = 5 ticks t = 5 0.02s = 0.1s Acceleration, a = \frac{{v - u}} {t} = \frac{{25 - 150}} {{0.1}} = - 1250cms^{ - 1}
Example 3
A trolley is pushed up a slope. Diagram above shows ticker tape chart that show the movement of the trolley. Every section of the tape contains 5 ticks. If the ticker-tape timer produced 50 dots per second, determine the acceleration of the trolley. Answer: In order to find the acceleration, we need to determine the initial velocity, the final velocity and the time taken for the velocity change. Initial velocity, u = \frac{s} {t} = \frac{{5cm}} {{5 0.02s}} = 50cms^{ - 1} v = \frac{s} {t} = \frac{{1cm}} {{5 0.02s}} = 10cms^{ - 1}
Time taken for the velocity change, t = (2.5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 2.5) ticks = 40 ticks t = 40 0.02s = 0.8s Acceleration, a = \frac{{v - u}} {t} = \frac{{10 - 50}} {{0.8}} = - 50cms^{ - 1}
Graph of Motion
Card 1: Displacement - Time Graph
Displacement - Time Graph
In a Displacement-Time Graph, the gradient of the graph is equal to the velocity of motion.
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Card 2: Analysign Displacement - Time Graph
Analysing Displacement - Time Graph
Gradient = 0 Hence, velocity = 0
Gradient is constant, hence, velocity is Uniform
Gradient is negative and constant, hence velocity is uniform and in opposite direction
Gradient is increasing, hence velocity is increasing.
Gradient is decreasing, hence velocity is decreasing.

Card 3: Velocity - Time Graph
Velocity - Time Graph
The gradient of the velocity-time gradient gives a value of the changing The area below the velocity-time graph gives a value of the
rate in velocity, which is theacceleration of the object.
object's displacement.
Card 4: Analysing Velocity - Time graph
Analysing Velocity - Time Graph
Uniform velocity
Uniform acceleration
Uniform deceleration
Increasing acceleration
Increasing deceleration
Card 5: Converting a Velocity-Time graph to Acceleration-Time graph
Converting a Velocity-Time graph to Acceleration-Time graph

In order to convert a velocity-time graph to acceleration time graph, we need to find the gradient of the velocity time graph and plot it in the acceleration-time graph.
Card 6: Graph of free falling 1-Dropping an object from high place
Dropping an object from high place
Velocity - Time Graph
Acceleration - Time Graph
Card 7: Graph of free falling 2 - Launching obejct upward
Launching Object Upward
Velocity-Time Graph
Acceleration-Time Graph
Card 8: Graph of free falling 3 - Object moving upward and fall back to the ground
Object moving upward and fall back to the ground
Velocity-Time Graph
Card 9: Graph of free falling 4 - Object falling and bounces back
Object falling and bounces back
Velocity-Time Graph
Mass and Inertia
Card 1: What is mass?
Mass
Mass is the amount of matter. Unit: kilogram (kg) Type of quantity: Scalar quantity
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Card 2: What is inertia?
Inertia
Inertia is the property of a body that tends to maintain its state of motion.
Card 3: State Newton's First Law
Newton's First Law

In the absence of external forces, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motioncontinues in motion with a constant velocity(that is, with a constant speed in a straight line).
Card 4: Situation Involving Inertia 1 - Jerking a Card
Jerking a Card
When the cardboard is jerked quickly, the coin will fall into the glass. Explanation:
The inertia of the coin resists the change of its initial state, which is As a result, the coin does not move with the cardboard and falls into the
stationary.
glass because of gravity.

Card 5: Situation Involving Inertia 2 - Pulling a Book
Pulling a Book
When the book is pulled out, the books on top will fall downwards.
Explanation: Inertia tries to oppose the change to the stationary situation, that is, when the book is pulled out, the books on top do not follow suit.
Card 6: Situation Involving Inertia 3 - Pulling a Thread
Pulling a Thread
Pull slowly - Thread A will snap. Explanation: Tension of thread A is higher than string B. Tension at A = Weight of the load + Pulling Force Yank quickly - Thread B will snap. Explanation: The inertia of the load prevents the force from being transmitted to thread A, hence causing thread B to snap.
Card 7: Relation ship between mass and inertia
Larger Mass - Greater Inertia
Bucket filled with sand is more difficult to be moved. It's also more difficult to be stoppedfrom swinging. Explanation: Object with more mass offers a greater resistance to change from its state of motion. Object with larger mass has larger inertia to resist the attempt to change the state of motion.
Card 8: Empty Cart is easier to be moved
Empty cart is easier to be moved
An empty cart is easier to be moved compare with a cart full with load. This is because a cart withlarger mass has larger inertia to resist the attempt to change the state of motion.
Momentum
Card 1:What is momentum?
Momentum
Momentum is defined as the product of mass and velocity. Formula:
Unit: kgms
-1
Type of quantity: Vector

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Example 1
A student releases a ball with mass of 2 kg from a height of 5 m from the ground. What would be the momentum of the ball just before it hits the ground?
Answer: In order to find the momentum, we need to know the mass and the velocity of the ball right before it hits the ground. It's given that the mass, m = 2kg. The velocity is not given directly. However, we can determine the velocity, v, by using the linear equation of uniform acceleration. This is a free falling motion, The initial velocity, u = 0 The acceleration, a = gravirational acceleration, g = 10ms-2 The dispacement, s = high = 50m. The final velocity = ? From the equation v2 = u2 + 2as v2 = (0)2 + 2(10)(5) v = 10ms-1 The momentum, p = mv =(2)(10) = 20 kgms-1
Card 2: Principle of Conservation of Momentum
Principle of Conservation of Momentum

The principle of conservation of momentum states that in a system make out of objects that react (collide or explode), the total momentum is constant if no external force is acted upon the system. Sum of Momentum Before Reaction = Sum of Momentum After Reaction
Card 3: Formula of Principle of Conservation of Momentum
Formula
Example 2: Both objects are in same direction before collision.
A Car A of mass 600 kg moving at 40 ms-1 collides with a car B of mass 800 kg moving at 20 ms-1 in the same direction. If car B moves forwards at 30 ms-1 by the impact, what is the velocity, v, of the car A immediately after the crash? Answer: m1 = 600kg m2 = 800kg u1 = 40 ms-1 u2 = 20 ms-1 v1 = ? v2 = 30 ms-1 According to the principle of conservation of momentum, m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 (600)(40) + (800)(20) = (600)v1 + (800)(30) 40000 = 600v1 + 24000 600v1 = 16000 v1 = 26.67 ms-1
Example 3: Both objects are in opposite direction before collision.
A 0.50kg ball traveling at 6.0 ms-1 collides head-on with a 1.0 kg ball moving in the opposite direction at a speed of 12.0 ms-1. The 0.50kg ball moves backward at 14.0 ms-1 after the collision. Find the velocity of the second ball after collision. Answer: m1 = 0.5 kg m2 = 1.0 kg u1 = 6.0 ms-1 u2 = -12.0 ms-1 v1 = -14.0 ms-1 v2 = ? (IMPORTANT: velocity is negative when the object move in opposite siredtion) According to the principle of conservation of momentum, m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 (0.5)(6) + (1.0)(-12) = (0.5)(-14) + (1.0)v2 -9 = - 7 + 1v2 v2 = -2 ms-1
Card 4: What is elastic collision?
Elastic Collision
Elastic collision is the collision where the kinetic energy is conserved after the collision. Total Kinetic Energy before Collision = Total Kinetic Energy after Collision Additional notes: -In an elastic collision, the 2 objects seperated right after the collision, and -the momentum is conserved after the collision.
Card 5: What is inelastic collision?
Inelastic Collision
Inelastic collision is the collision where the kinetic energy is not conserved after the collision. Additional notes: -In a perfectly elastic collision, the 2 objects attach together after the collision, and -the momentum is also conserved after the collision.
Example 4: Perfectly Inelastic Collision
A lorry of mass 8000kg is moving with a velocity of 30 ms-1. The lorry is then accidentally collides with a car of mass 1500kg moving in the same direction with a velocity of 20 ms-1. After the collision, both the vehicles attach together and move with a speed of velocity v. Find the value of v. Answer: (IMPORTANT: When 2 object attach together, they move with same speed.) m1 = 8000kg m2 = 1500kg u1 = 30 ms-1 u2 = 20 ms-1 v1 = v v2 = v According to the principle of conservation of momentum, m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 (8,000)(30) + (1,500)(20) = (8,000)v+ (1,500)v 270,000 = 9500v v = 28.42 ms-1
Card 6: Application of conservation of momentum 1 - Rocket
Rocket
1. 2. 3. Mixture of hydrogen and oxygen fuels burn in the combustion chamber. Hot gases are expelled through the exhausts at very high speed . The high-speed hot gas produce a high momentum backwards.
4.
By conservation of momentum, an equal and opposite momentum is
produced and acted on the rocket, pushing the rocket upwards.

Card 7: Application of conservation of momentum 1 - Jet Engine
Jet Engine
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Air is taken in from the front and is compressed by the compressor. Fuel is injected and burnt with the compressed air in the combustion The hot gas is forced through the engine to turn the turbine blade, High-speed hot gases are ejected from the back with high momentum. This produces an equal and opposite momentum to push the jet plane
chamber. which turns the compressor.
forward.
Effects of Force
Card 1: Newton's Second Law
Newton's Second Law

The rate of change of momentum of a body isdirectly proportional to the resultant force acting on the body and is in the same direction. Implication: When there is resultant force acting on an object, the object will accelerate (moving faster, moving slower or change direction).
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Card 2: Force
Force
A
force is push or pull exerted on an object. is a vector quantity that has magnitude and direction.
-2
Force The
unit of force is Newton ( or kgms ).

Card 3: Formula of Force
Formula of Force
From Newton's Second Law, we can derived the equation
(IMPORTANT: F Must be the net force)

Card 4: Summary of Newton's 1st Law and 2nd Law
Summary of Newton's 1st Law and 2nd Law

Newton's First Law: When there is no net force acting on an object, the object is either stationary or move with constant speed in a straight line. Newton's Second Law: When there is a net force acting on an object, the object will accelerate.
Example 1
A box of mass 150kg is placed on a horizontal floor with a smooth surface; find the acceleration of the box when a 300N force is acting on the box horizontally. Answer: F = ma (300) = (150)a a = 2 ms-2
Example 2
A object of mass 50kg is placed on a horizontal floor with a smooth surface. If the velocity of the object changes from stationary to 25.0 m/s in 5 seconds when is acted by a force, find the magnitude of the force that is acting? Answer:
We know that we can find the magnitude of a force by using the formula F = ma. The mass m is already given in the question, but the acceleration is not give directly. We can determine the acceleration from the formula \begin{gathered} a = \frac{{v - u}} {t} \hfill \\ a = \frac{{25 - 0}} {5} = 5ms^{ - 2} \end{gathered} \hfill \\
From the formula F = ma = (50)(5) = 250N The force acting on the box is 250N.
Card 5: Effects of Force
Effects of Force
When a force acts on an object, the effect can change the
size, shape, stationary speed
state,
and of the object.

direction

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Physical Quantities

Card 1: What are physical quantities?

Card 3: State the 5 base quantities and their SI unit

Card 4: What is derived quantities?

Card 5: What is derived unit?

Card 6: What are prefixes?

temperature, density and energy.

Examples of vector quantities are displacement, velocity, acceleration,

force, momentum, and magnetic field.

Card 2: What is systematic error?

Card 3: State 3 sources of systematic error.

Sources of Systematic Error

Card 4: State 2 precaution steps to reduce systematic error.

Steps to reduce Systematic Error

Card 5: What is meant by zero error?

Card 6: Define random Error

Card 7: State the causes of random error

Causes of Random Error

small change. experiment is in progress.

Card 8: How random error can be avoided or reduced?

How to avoid random error

Card 9: What is parallax error?

Card 2: How to measure the precision of a measurement?

Card 3: Define accuracy.

Card 4: How the accuracy of a measurement can be increased?

How to Increase Accuracy

the quantity that is being measured. measurement. sensitive.

Card 6: Describe how a micrometer is used to make a measurement.

Micrometer Screw Gauge

spindle. exerting too much pressure on the object measured.

Card 2: What is meant by inference?

Card 3: What is meant by hypothesis?

Card 4: State the 3 variables that need to be control in a scientific investigation?

Card 5: Tabulating Data

instruments used. places.

2 Force and Motion

Type of Quantity: Scalar quantity

Card 4: What is the difference between distance and displacement?

Card 5: What is speed

Unit: ms-1 Type of quantity: Scalar quantity

Card 6: What is velocity

Unit: ms-1 Type of quantity: Vector quantity

Card 7: What is acceleration?

Unit: ms-2 Type of quantity: Vector quantity

Card 8: Notes - Acceleration

An object moves with a constant velocity if An object experiences changes in velocity if

themagnitude and direction of the motion is always constant.

the magnitude of velocity changes the direction of the motion changes.

changes at a constant rate.

Card 9: 4 Equations for Uniform Acceleration Motion

4 Equations of Uniform Acceleration

Card 10: Summary of the equation

pulled through it.

Card 2: Analysing Ticker Tape 1 - Uniform Velocity

The distance of the dots is equally distributed.

Card 3: Analysing Ticker Tape 1 - Uniform Acceleration

moving at a constant acceleration.

Card 4: Analysing Ticker Tape 1 - Uniform Deceleration

Card 5: Finding velocity from ticker tape

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Card 1: Displacement - Time Graph

Displacement - Time Graph

Card 2: Analysign Displacement - Time Graph