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Australian Aboriginal Timber Quick Search

Johan Kamminga National Heritage Consultants 34 Simpson St, Watson ACT 2602 Phone: +61 (02) 6242 0418 Fax: +61 (02) 6242 0418 E-mail: nhc@iimetro.com.au Honorary Associate NWG Macintosh Centre for Quaternary Dating The University of Sydney Research Office fax +61 (02) 9351 4499 Phone +61 (02) 9351 3993 Copyright Johan Kamminga 1978, 1988, 2002 Third Edition, 53 pages (272KB), January 2002 CONTENTS 1. 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 Introduction Woodworking Wedging and Splitting Wood Seasoning of Wood Stone Tool Usage Use of Fire

1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.3 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Culture History and Change Culture Contact Trade in Wood Artefacts Ethnographic Overview Explanatory Notes for the Database Historical and Ethnographic Sources Scientific Names Common Names Wood Density Identification of Artefact Types and Classes Locality of Observation List of Species List of Key Words for Artefact Categories or Types Database of Australian Aboriginal Timbers (spreadsheet) Notes for the Database Entries References Acknowledgments

INTRODUCTION

While the properties of Aboriginal artefactual materials are normally fundamental to the performance they are often poorly understood in material culture studies. Not uncommonly, what is seen to be variation in style is really more fundamentally a response to material constraint, or design features that take advantage of a raw material's mechanical properties. The group of plants that have woody tissue, in particular shrubs and trees, provide the materials for most Aboriginal artefacts and structures. They are useful not only for their wood but for their bark, their various exudates (such as resin and gum), and their leaves, fruits and seeds. Bark is especially useful as material for a wide range of artefacts, such as bindings, apparel and body ornaments, canoes, carrying bowls, shields, handles, and for structures such as huts, shelters and hunting blinds. The bark of trees from one genus in particular, Melaleuca, was used with little or no modification to make a whole range of diverse utilitarian objects, such as mats, blankets, burial shrouds, wrappings, dishes, carrying vessels and shelters (see Kamminga 1978:78-79). While there is still much research to be done on bark and other tree products, this database provides information about Aboriginal use of wood for artefacts. Wood includes woody vines, bamboo, shrubs and, most importantly, trees. The use of reeds such as Phragmites and Typha are not dealt with in this study (see Palmer 1884; Crawford 1982:40). The vast majority of woody plants utilised were angiosperms - mostly dicotyledonous trees and a small number of monocotyledonous plants, such as palms, bamboo, and rattan ('lawyer vine'). A few gymnosperms, such as Callitris and Araucaria were also utilised. About 240 woody plant species are listed in the original compilation which was published as Wood artefacts: a checklist of plant species utilised by the Australian Aborigines, Australian Aboriginal Studies, 1988/2:26-59. The species list embodies most of the utilised species referred to by scientific name in the literature. One purpose of the publication was to encourage other researchers to add further entries and corrections to the record. Readers were invited to contribute to this on-going project by sending information about Aboriginal utilisation of wood to the file in the AIAS Library entitled Checklist of plant species utilised for wood artefacts, File No. 1.2. This database has relevance in a number of different research fields in archaeology, anthropology, material culture studies, forestry and wood technology. Its usefulness may be seen more particularly in the management of museum collections. The compilation may be of assistance in identifying the plant species from which artefacts are made and in planning their conservation (see Robins 1980; Walston 1978). The identification of different woods and knowledge of their distributions can also be of value in assessing the reliability of the documentation of particular artefacts (Robins 1980).

Identifications of species are also necessary to evaluate the physical properties and performance of wood artefacts. These kinds of data allow for more informative classifications of artefacts to be made. For example, some of the most important functional attributes of boomerangs and spears are density, flexibility and strength attributes; yet such functional attributes are never used as the basis for museum displays of these artefacts. Density and mechanical properties of wood, such as flexibility and hardness, are known to be important criteria for selecting wood for particular kinds of artefacts (Cotterell and Kamminga, 1990; Moore 1884:16; Warner 1958:152). Obviously, certain types of fighting spears need to be reasonably dense, while it is essential that fish and turtle spear be able to float (Bennett 1834/I:263, 275; Creed 1878:266-67), and similarly the wood for rafts and dugout canoes (Maiden 1889:427; Roth 1910a:14). In different parts of Australia shields were made of timber that could either absorb the impact of a spear or deflect a club or boomerang. Thus for reasons or functional fit or work performance there is a difference in air dried density of between about 125 and 1350 kilograms per cubic metre across the range of Aboriginal wood artefacts. The mechanical properties of wood are usually expressed in terms of resistance to compression, tension and bending loads. In general there is a linear relationship between wood density and a constellation of strength properties, such as maximum compression strength, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture. Thus the density values for air-dried wood which I provide in this database can be used as a rough guide for estimating overall strength. However, a major strength attribute for which density is not an indicator is resistance to splitting. 1.1 WOODWORKING

This database on woody species was originally commenced to support a research programme on the use of stone tools in woodworking and to provide baseline data for identifying microscopic wear and residues on prehistoric and ethnographic tools (Kamminga 1982). At least in historic times in Australia a large proportion of retouched stone tools was used to make and maintain wooden artefacts. The importance of woodworking is especially marked in the ethnography for the arid region of the Australian continent and for Tasmania (Hayden 1976:270; Jones 1971:460; Long 1971:269). 1.1.1 Wedging and Splitting Wood

The ability of wood to resist mechanical failure will vary according to the orientation of the grain. Wood has a distinct tendency to split along the grain, and variation in density is not normally linked to its resistance to splitting lengthways. However, the presence of interlocking grain, which normally also has nothing to do with density, will increase the overall toughness of the wood and its resistance to splitting. Wedging was an extremely important method of procuring and shaping wood, not only in Australia but worldwide. For instance, in the Western Desert wood for

spearthrowers was wedged from the living tree (De Graaf 1968:86; Hayden 1976:209; Thomson 1964:413), while on the central east coast the wood for large lightweight shields was split off the tree and subsequently shaped by splitting with small ground stone wedges (Goddard 1934:193). Aborigines preferred some tree species, such as Acacia harpophylla, Avicennia marina (Dick 1915:285) and Ceriops tagal, because the wood could be shaped by splitting. Conversely, other species, like some of the arid region acacias, were preferred because they were highly resistant to splitting after being seasoned. 1.1.2 Seasoning of Wood

Timber is a hygroscopic material, readily absorbing or giving up water. The density of timber is most stable when the wood's moisture content is in equilibrium with the surrounding atmosphere. As soon as living wood is exposed to the atmosphere it begins to lose moisture and ultimately a considerable quantity of 'free' water in the cell cavities evaporates. This phenomenon does not cause a significant change in the strength of the wood. Wood tissue still retains about 20-30% of its weight as moisture when it is thus exposed and still in its unseasoned or green condition, and about 1015% when it is seasoned by air drying. Seasoned wood exhibits increases in nearly all its strength properties, though its resistance to impact (shock loading) may remain unchanged, or may even be reduced. Aborigines most often fashioned artefacts from green wood, for the obvious reason that it was easier to work (see Beveridge 1889:59; Horne and Aiston 1924:87-88; Roth 1904:1; Thomson 1964; Gould 1970:12). Roth observed that with particular kinds of wood if the artefact was not completely shaped in a short time it would be soaked in water for two or three days before an attempt was made to continue the working it. Similarly, partly shaped bowls, spearthrowers and spears were buried overnight in wet sand before adzing was commenced (Love 1942:216; Hayden, pers. comm.), or even for up to two to three months (Roth 1909:197). Wood artefacts were sometimes greased with animal fat, and this may have been a method of slowly seasoning the wood or retaining the moisture so that it would not warp or split. 1.1.3 Stone Tool Usage

Some wood artefacts were made with little or no use of flaked stone tools. A minimal use of tools would probably have been the case for artefacts like the boys' play spears made from the herbaceous shrub, Sida virgata. However, in the instances where flaked stone tools were required, the predominance of medium and dense wood (Figure 1) had a strong influence on the character of prehistoric stone assemblages. For adzing the dense acacias of Australia's arid region a specially designed flake of fine-grained stone was needed that had both a convex cutting edge profile and a convex underside (Kamminga 1982:76; 1985; Mulvaney and Kamminga 1999:24849; Sheridan 1979); this implement is called a tula. In the arid region, the difficulties presented by dense wood was also overcome in other practical ways, such as making dense wood bowls from termite-hollowed tree limbs.

1.1.4

Use of Fire

The roughing out of piece of wood with stone tools was often not an easy task and considerable use was made of fire in the preliminary shaping of an artefact (Aiston 1928:125; Cawthorne 1885; Gould 1968:45-46; Helms 1896:401; Taunton 1903:82). In the arid country east of Lake Eyre, fire appears to have been at least as important as stone tools for fashioning wood artefacts (Kamminga 1982:60). In other regions of Australia, bowls and dugout canoes were shaped primarily by charring the wood. In such cases the wood might be seasoned for periods of time before it was dry enough to burn properly (see Roth 1909:26). Charring was especially useful for sharpening or hardening the wooden points of spears and digging sticks which needed constant maintenance (cf. Taunton 1903:82). 1.2 CULTURE HISTORY AND CHANGE

Knowing how wooden artefacts are made and the specifics of how they work provides information that assists in reconstructing Aboriginal culture history. Such information also allows more reasoned conjecture about some of the major issues in archaeology and material culture studies, such as cultural adaptation to different environments and the processes of culture change (see Cotterell and Kamminga 1990). One of the current issues in Australian archaeology is the prehistoric settlement of the arid interior of continent. While there is good evidence for early colonisation of the arid zone, a population density approaching that of the nineteenth century appears to have occurred only in recent prehistoric times (Mulvaney and Kamminga 1999:31314). I have suggested that the changes in Central Australian stone artefact assemblages and woodworking technology may well reflect an increased efficiency of extractive and maintenance tools and a broadening of the resource base (see Kamminga 1985; Mulvaney and Kamminga 1999:249). An example of the kinds of insight that can be gained about adaptation in the arid region is provided by the woomera-cast spear. If the natural frequency of transverse vibrations of the spear matches the length of the spearthrower and the speed of the cast, then there will be very little tumbling force imparted to the butt end of the spear when it leaves the spearthrower. If the spear were rigid or had the wrong natural frequency then there would be a downwards force imparted to the butt end of the spear at the moment of detachment, which would cause the spear to tumble in flight (Cotterell and Kamminga, 1990). Therefore for woomera spears it is essential that the shaft be suitably flexible. The Pintupi favoured the flexible roots of Acacia notabilis as a source of wood for woomera spears (Thomson 1964; Latz 1982:41). In other desert areas Acacia dictyophleba provided flexible wood and Aboriginal men were prepared to travel distances of up to 60 km to obtain it (Cane 1984:99). In the Central and Western Deserts the Wonga-wonga vine (Pandorea pandorana) was regarded as the best wood for woomera-cast spears because of its high flexibility. In fact, the mechanical properties of this woody vine were so suitable that short pieces were spliced together if long ones were not available (Cleland and Tindale 1959:139). It was such an important species that a group of mythological women, who had slender and flexible bodies, was named after it (Strehlow 1971:469). Since the mechanical properties of Pandorea pandorana match the requirements of the woomera so well

and as it appears to have no other value for artefacts it can be argued, at least tentatively, that the exploitation of this species began when spearthrowers came into common use in the desert. In the case of each class of artefact the selection of the wood depended to a greater or lesser degree on its physical and chemical properties. Spear wood is just one example. Another is the use of the spurred mangrove (Ceriops tagal) which, because of the wood's durability when exposed to weather and salt water, was used to make canoe paddles. It is used today for constructing bridges and wharves for the same reasons (Keating and Bolza 1982). While some species were highly preferred for artefacts others were decidedly of secondary importance. For instance the lighweight wood of the desert kurrajong (Brachychiton gregorii) was used as an inferior alternative to the preferred Erythrina vespertilio for making shields and bowls (Latz 1982:59). Similarly, in the Western Desert Acacia cowleana was used for spears when the more flexible Acacia dictyophleba was not available (Cane 1984:99). 1.2.1 Culture Contact

Of course, the most profound cultural change that occurred during the more than 40,000 years of Aboriginal history began only 200 years ago. Over much of the continent contact with white settlers swept away traditional material culture. However, in regions where traditional artefacts continued to be made, the adoption of European materials and artefacts such as iron tools led to changes in the selection of wood for artefacts and in the manufacturing methods. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries Aboriginal people occasionally used introduced and imported timber for making artefacts, some of which have survived and are now in museum collections (McBryde 1978:145-46; Robins, 1980). The range of utilised woods also probably increased because the limitations of flaked and ground stone had been overcome by iron. For example, in the Western Desert, during historic times, certain spears were made by splitting the branches of Eucalyptus oleosa and E. salmonophloia lengthways into three or four pieces. Since these pieces were still very thick they were notched with a steel hatchet and further split. It is probable that this technique postdates the introduction of steel hatchets (Gould 1970:15). The question remains as to whether the selection of these two species for making spears is also a post-contact phenomenon. In the Kimberley region the Red Wattle (Acacia monticola) has largely been replaced as a preferred spear wood because steel wire is now used to arm spears of lighter wood (Smith and Kalotas 1985:337). 1.2.2 Trade in Wood Artefacts

Often species of woody plants regarded as best for making particular kinds of artefacts could only be found in limited areas. Artefacts made from these kinds of wood entered the trade and exchange networks, and were used in regions far distant from their source. This was especially the case in the arid interior of the continent, which was crisscrossed by long-distance exchange networks. One of the most preferred woods for the spear trade in the arid interior was Acacia dictyophleba (Latz

1982:25). Bowls and shields made from grey corkwood (Erythrina vespertilio) were traded long distances in Central Australia (Spencer and Gillen 1899:586-87). Akerman (pers. comm.) has interpreted a drawing from the journal of the explorer Carnegie to indicate that that the trade in this timber also extended from Central Australia into the Western Desert. 1.3 ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW

Within the range of woody plants known to have been exploited for wood, certain tree species stand out as especially notable. These are the Kapok tree (Bombax ceiba), Grey Corkwood (Erythrina vespertilio), Mulga (Acacia aneura), Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla), Cooktown Ironwood (Erythrophleum chlorostachys), Darwin Stringybark (Eucalyptus tetrodonta) and, in the southwest of the continent, Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), which is an important commercial timber today. In terms of numbers of ethnographic citations three species are most prominent. The most lightweight timber is Erythrina vespertilio, a conspicuous tree with cork-like bark, bright red or orange flowers and gracefully winged leaves. This tree is found across tropical and subtropical Australia, from the Pacific coast to the Kimberley region and as far south as Lake Eyre. Its timber is highly suitable for making carrying vessels and shields, which were important trade items. At the other end of the density scale is the all-purpose Mulga (Acacia aneura) which is found across the breadth of the inland region. This timber is very hard and close textured. It has the advantage of being easy to work when green but becomes strong on drying and rarely splits (Latz 1982:17; Thomson 1964:410). The third and heaviest timber is Cooktown Ironwood (Erythrophleum chlorostachys), which is very close-grained and durable and thus particularly suitable for artefacts such as digging sticks. It also has a very low moisture content which means that it is extremely stable. The timber weighs more than 1220 kilograms per cubic metre and is one of the hardest and densest timber's in the world. Because the leaves of this tree are poisonous to stock it has been cleared from grazing land. Acacias comprise about 35% of woody species known to have been used for making artefacts. This figure represents 49 of the approximately 830 species of Acacia in Australia. While acacias are often the dominant tree in the drier inland regions of the continent and were the major source of artefact wood in the arid zone, this genus was exploited in all the continent's major environmental zones, from the rainforests of North Queensland to the most arid parts of the interior. What emerges from the ethnographic record is the versatility of acacias. Certain species are particularly suitable for spears, not only because they have suitable density and strength properties, but because the wood will not crack when the point is resharpened by charring and scraping (see Thomson 1964:410). Eucalypts are next in importance, totalling almost 30% of known utilised woody plants. This figure represents only about 40 of the approximately 560 species that dominate the forests and woodlands of Australia and form the mallee scrub of the arid zone. Together these two genera make up the majority of woods used by Australian Aborigines. Other genera, like Hakea, Casuarina, Ficus, Melaleuca, each comprise less than 5% of known utilised timber species. In all, more than three-quarters of

known species are from these six genera. If the overall numbers of tree species in Australia was used as a guide then certain genera like Melaleuca, which is represented by only four species of the approximately 150 that occur in Australia, appear to have been generally unsuitable for making artefacts. However, the inadequacies of the historical and ethnographic record are great and, if the gaps were filled, certain poorly represented genera may prove to have been very important.

EXPLANATORY NOTES FOR THE DATABASE

The purpose of this compilation is to provide only the essentials and references for further information. Other information about the taxonomy and physical and chemical properties of the plants may be obtained from contemporary botanical works. 2.1 Historical and Ethnographic Sources

The reliability of species identifications in the literature varies considerably and errors are not always easy to detect. The entries derive from a diverse range of sources, such as historical works, ethnographies, ethnobotanical studies, and studies of excavated artefacts and museum specimens (Buhmann 1974; Robins 1980). Serious problems in botanical identification are discussed in the notes indicated in the list. The first identification of plant species used for wood artefacts dates from the 1830s when the settler Tom Petrie wrote his book, Reminiscences of Aboriginal life in the Brisbane district of Queensland, a work that was not published for another hundred years (see Akerman 1988). A large number of woody species used by the Aborigines were reported by the ethnologist Walter E. Roth in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century (1897; 1904; 1909; 1910a). Roth himself knew very little about botanical identification and sent plant specimens to the government botanist F.M. Bailey (Robins 1980). To a certain extent the reliability of Bailey's identifications would have depended on the samples that Roth provided. Nearly all the tree species named in Roth's publications are presented as reliable identifications and one must marvel at Bailey's ability to make sense of specimens that may not have included important diagnostic parts of the plant, such as flowers and fruits. Ignoring subsequent taxonomic revisions, none of Bailey's identifications for Roth has yet been shown to be wrong. In the last four decades there have been a number of other ethnobotanical lists that have added a significant number of species to the present compilation (e.g. Specht 1948; Johnston and Cleland 1942; 1943; Latz 1982; O'Connell et al. 1983; Smith and Kalotas, 1985). As these lists have been based on field inspections with Aboriginal informants and on professional botanical assessments, their reliability is high. A recent and most welcome development has been the microscopic identification of woods from which museum specimens are made. A larger number of such identifications would be possible if comprehensive anatomical data on noncommercial timbers and tree parts such as roots, branches and immature stem woods became available (Robins, 1980). 2.2 Scientific Names

In the anthropological and ethnobotanical literature plants are referred to by their Aboriginal, common or scientific names. To a large extent Aboriginal categories are not equivalent to those that are scientifically defined. For this reason recorded local Aboriginal names for plants were not used as a basis for the original compilation. Similarly, it is unwise to derive scientific names from local common names without the support of sound botanical evidence. One attempt has been made at identifying species from common names (Buhmann 1984). This endeavour has met with limited success in that the identifications are at the possible and probable level.

The organisation of the plant list is strictly alphabetical on the basis of genus and species. The list includes references to a small number of plants identified only to the genus level. Such entries were only made when there was no species identification in that genus. Botanical taxonomy is in the process of continual revision, and this is particularly so for Australian flora. Species names in the list follow current nomenclature as far as possible. There have been four stages in the revision of the list - in 1971, 1978, 1988 and 2001. In most cases I have corrected scientific names misspelled in the original sources without specifically noting these changes in the text. I add here some explanatory comments on botanical terminology: A synonym is a validly published name that has been superseded by another name. I have included synonyms in instances where the name was cited in the original source, and when it was otherwise of value. Sometimes during taxonomic revisions, certain species are shown to be varieties of another species and thereby lose their separate status. In such cases the variety is included (incl.) in another species. Occasionally a botanical name was incorrectly applied to a species and is not validly published according to the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. As these names are not valid they cannot be termed synonyms. In instances where such names have been derived from the historical or anthropological literature the current identification is given and the invalid species are preceded by formerly, as is normal botanical practice. The term auctt. austral. is used when a species name has been published by Australian botanists but when the same species was already known by a different but legitimate name overseas. Sens. lat. means in the broad sense and signifies a grouping under a single name of a variable species, which in the future may be shown to represent more than one species. The term nomen nudum is a naked name that appeared in the botanical literature without proper botanical description or diagnosis. 2.3 Common Names

In most cases standard trade common names are given in the list (Standards Association of Australia 1970). There are various lists of preferred trade names that are additional to the compendium of standard trade names but in most cases I have not incorporated these names in the species list. Standard names are available only for commercial timbers (though some may be quite rare) and since many of the timbers utilised by Aborigines are not of a commercial nature the majority of species in my compilation are only identified by scientific name. In a few cases the standard common name is not species specific and may be denote a number of different species having similar timber. 2.4 Wood Density

In this paper I have quantified density in terms of kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m ); an alternative method of presentation is grams per cubic centimetre (divide by 1000 to determine g/cc ). Because density values are more commonly available for air-dried wood I have cited these rather than the higher values for green wood. Air-dried density refers to a 12% moisture content, which corresponds to Australian in-service conditions (Cause et al. 1974:5). However, in normal weather conditions the moisture content of wooden artefacts can vary between about 5% in some desert areas and about 20% in the damper climate of the southeastern part of the continent and Tasmania.
3 3

The values for air dried density in the compilation are based on information currently available and are averages for the species. These values were derived from a number of published and unpublished sources and were taken to the nearest 10 kg (Bolza and Kloot 1963; Bugden 1981; Cause et al. 1974; Forestry Commission of NSW 1960; Keating and Bolza 1982; Kingston and Ridson 1961; and the files of the Division of Wood Technology and Forest Research, Forestry Commission of NSW). Published density figures for the same species may vary by up to 50 kg or more. Irrespective of how fast a woody plant grows, a lightweight wood like that of Erythrina vespertilio has thin-walled cells, while a dense wood like mulga has thickwalled cells. Variation in density within a species can vary by as much as 25%. If growth is slow the wood tends to be heavier. Density of wood can also vary according to the part of the plant. For instance, for some species wood tends to be lighter nearest the heart of the tree and tree roots are often less dense than the trunk or branches. The concentration of lignified cells around the base of a branch creates higher density wood that has greater strength in localised areas of the trunk. Other factors that can affect density are abnormal growth such as compression wood, and the presence of large amounts of extractives, which adds weight but does not increase strength. Many Australian trees secrete large quantities of extractives, such as jarrah, which contains a large amount of polyphenols. Since wooden artefacts were made from different parts of woody plants their density will accordingly vary from the average. 2.5 Identification of Artefact Types and Classes

Generally what is specified in the list is a class or category of artefact, such as a spear or shield. The wood may have been used for a number of types of artefacts within this class. Sometimes the particular type of artefact is specified, such as barbed hunting spear. In many cases more detailed information about the artefact type is available in the original source and it is hoped that this information can be included in revisions of the database. Artefacts not systematically listed here include structures like windbreaks and shelters, and simple or ephemeral artefacts that are minimally modified pieces of wood, like probes and firesticks, which involve no significant shaping with tools. Much ephemeral material culture of the Aborigines has been lost because European observers seldom noted it.

2.6

Locality of Observation

The larger part of the information about Aboriginal selection of wood for artefacts relates to the northern and arid interior regions of Australia (Figure 2). There is relatively little information about wood utilisation in other regions, such as Tasmania and southeastern Australia, where traditional Aboriginal culture was replaced at an early date. The locality indicated in the compilation refers to the place, locality or region where Aboriginal use of the wood was observed. In many cases more specific or detailed information about the area of exploitation is available in the original source. There need be no correspondence between the recorded localities and the geographic area over which the species were exploited. A case in point is the long-fruited bloodwood (E. polycarpa) which is reported by Specht (1948:496) to have been exploited in Arnhem Land for making a wide range of artefacts. The high density and wavy grain of the wood gives it strength and it is possible that the species was exploited throughout its area of natural distribution, from the Kimberley coast through northern Australia to the east coast. Another cautionary example is provided by Robins (1980), who reports that an early twentieth-century collection of spearthrowers from Kamma settlement near Cairns represented wood from ten different tree species. Half of these species had not previously been recorded in the literature for that artefact or district (Robins 1980; Kamminga 1978:447-48). Robins noted that the collection had been sold to the Queensland museum by the owner of an agricultural research station, and he further noted that Aboriginal people from a large area of northern Queensland had been resettled at Kamma. Thus, as Robins postulated, the collection need not be representative of only the Cairns district. Similarly a collection of spearthrowers from Mapoon Mission on the western coast of Cape York, representing three different tree species, may include some that had been brought from the interior of the peninsula (Robins 1980). The geographic distribution of plant species in the list is the subject of ongoing revision and up-to-date information can be found in the recent botanical works including the Flora of Australia.

LIST OF SPECIES Botanical Name Acacia acradenia Acacia acuminata Acacia adsurgens Acacia aneura Acacia arcuata Acacia arcuata Acacia aulacocarpa Acacia calciola Acacia calyculata Acacia cambagei Acacia coriacea Acacia cowleana Acacia cyperophylla Acacia dealbata Acacia dictyophleba Acacia doratoxylon Acacia estrophiolata Acacia excelsa Acacia farnesiana Acacia georginae Acacia gonocarpa Acacia harpophylla Acacia holosericea Acacia homalophylla Acacia homalphylla Acacia kempeana Acacia leiophylla Acacia leptocarpa Acacia leucophylla Acacia lysiphloia Acacia macdonnelliensis Acacia maitlandii Acacia mearnsii Acacia melanoxylon Acacia melanoxylon Acacia monticola Acacia notabilis Acacia oswaldii Acacia pachycarpa Acacia pellita Acacia pendula Acacia pruinocarpa Acacia rhodophloia Acacia rhodoxylon Acacia rigens Acacia rothii Acacia salicina Authority F. Muell. Benth. Maiden and Blakely F. Muell. ex Benth. Sieb. ex Spreng. Sieb. ex Spreng. A. Cunn. ex Benth. N. Forde and E.H. Ising A. Cunn. ex Benth. R.T. Bak. DC. Tate F. Muell. ex. Benth. Link F. Muell. A. Cunn. F. Muell. Benth. (L.) Willd. F.M. Bail. F. Muell. F. Muell. ex Benth. Cunn. ex G. Don A. Cunn. F. Muell. F. Muell. Benth. A. Cunn. ex Benth. Lindl. F. Muell. ex Benth. Maconochie F. Muell. de Willd. R. Br. R. Br. J.M. Black F. Muell. F. Muell. F. Muell. ex Benth. O. Schwarz A. Cunn. ex. G. Don. Tindale Maslin Maiden A. Cunn. ex Don. F.M. Bail. Lindl.

Acacia sentis Acacia seriocarpa. Acacia sowdenii Acacia stigmatophylla Acacia tetragonophylla Acacia torulosa Acacia tumida Acacia victoriae Aglaia elaeagnoidea Albizia basaltica Alstonia actinophlia Alstonia verticillosa Araucaria cunninghamii Archontophoenix alexandrae Argyrodendron peralatum Atalaya hemiglauca Austromyrtus exaltata Austromyrtus leuhmanni Avicennia marina Avicennia officinalis Backhousia bancroftii Backhousia hughesii Bombax ceiba Bombax malabaricum Brachychiton gregorii Bruguiera gymnorhiza. Bruguiera parviflora Bruguiera rheedii Buchanania obovata Bursaria spinosa Callitris glaucophylla Callitris intratropica Calytrix exstipulata Calytrix microphylla Camptostemon shultzii Masters Canarium australasicum (FM. Bail.) Canarium australianum F. Muell. Carapa moluccensis Carissa lanceolata R. Br. Cassia eremophila Castanospermum australe Casuarina decaisneana Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarina littoralis Casuarina stricta Casuarina suberosa Ceriops candolleana Ceriops tagal Clerodendrum floribundum Clerodendrum inerme

F. Muell. W.V. Fitzg Maiden F. Muell. F. Muell. Benth. F. Muell. Benth. Benth. Benth. (A. Cunn.) K. Schum. F. Muell. Ait. ex D. Don. (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. and Drude (Bailey) Edlin ex 1.H. Boas (F. Muell.) F Muell. (F. Bailey) (F. Muell.) L. Johnston (Forst. f) Vierh. auctt. austral. F.M. Bail. and F. Muell. C.T. White L. DC. F. Muell. (L) Savigny. (Roxb.) Wight and Arn. ex Griffith Blume. Engl. Cav. Thompson and Johnson R.T. Baker and H.G. Smith DC. A. Cunn.

Lam. A. Cunn. ex Vogel Cunn. ex C Fraser ex Hook F. Muell. L. Salisb. Ait. Otto et Dietr. Arn. ex Wight. (Perr.) C.B. Robinson R. Br. R. Br.

Clochidion sp. Cordia subcordata Crotalaria cunninghamii Croton triacros Cryptocarya sp. Dendrocnide excelsa Desmodium umbellatum Desmos wardiana Dillenia alata Diospyros ferrea Dodonaea lanceolata Dodonaea triquetra Dolichandrone filiformis Drymophloeus normanbyi Drymophloeus normanbyi Duboisia myoporoides Eremophila longifolia Erythrina variegata Erythrina vespertilio Erythrophleum chlorostachys Erythrophleum laboucheria Eucalyptus abergiana Eucalyptus apodophylla Eucalyptus brownii Eucalyptus camaldulensis Eucalyptus citriodora Eucalyptus crebra Eucalyptus cymbaliformis Eucalyptus dichromophloia Eucalyptus doratoxylon Eucalyptus drepanophylla Eucalyptus dumosa Eucalyptus elata Eucalyptus eremophila Eucalyptus erythrophloia Eucalyptus exserta Eucalyptus flocktoniae Eucalyptus foecunda Eucalyptus gamophylla Eucalyptus gomphocephala Eucalyptus grandiflora Eucalyptus incrassata Eucalyptus intermedia Eucalyptus leptophylla Eucalyptus leucoxylon Eucalyptus macrocarpa Eucalyptus marginata Eucalyptus microcarpa Eucalyptus microtheca Eucalyptus miniata

Lamk. R. Br. F Muell. (Wedd.) Chew (L.) DC. (F.M. Bail.) Jessup (R. Br. ex DC.) Martelli (Willd.) Bakh. F. Muell. Wendl. F. Muell. F. Muell. F. Muell. R. Br. (R. Br.) F. Muell. L. Benth. (F. Muell.) Hennings ex Taub. F. Muell. F. Muell. Blakely and Jacobs Maiden and Cambage Dehnh. Hook F. Muell. Blakely and Jacobs F. Muell. F. Muell. F. Muell. ex Benth. A. Cunn. ex Schau. Benth. Maiden (Diels) Blakely. F. Muell. (Maiden) Maiden Schauer F. Muell. A. DC. Maiden Labill. R.T. Baker F. Muell. ex Miq F. Muell. J.E. Brown Donn ex Smith Maiden F. Muell. A. Cunn. ex Schauer

Eucalyptus obliqua Eucalyptus oleosa Eucalyptus pachyphylla Eucalyptus paniculata Eucalyptus papuana Eucalyptus pellita Eucalyptus polycarpa Eucalyptus pyriformis Eucalyptus redunca Eucalyptus resinifera Eucalyptus rostrata Eucalyptus salmonophloia Eucalyptus setosa Eucalyptus sideroxylon Eucalyptus terminalis Eucalyptus tessellaris Eucalyptus tetrodonta Eucalyptus viminalis Eucalyptus wandoo Eugenia carissoides Eugenia reinwardiana Eugenia suborbicularis Eupomatia laurina Excocaria agallocha Exocarpos cupressiformis Exocarpos latifolius Ficus collosea Ficus ehretioides Ficus indecora Ficus opposita Ficus sublanceolata Ficus virens Flagellaria indica Flindersia ifflaiana Gardenia arborea Gardenia megasperma Gmelina dalrympleana Gmelina macrophylla Grevillia striata Grewia pleiostigma Gyrocarpus acuminatus Gyrocarpus americanus. Gyrocarpus jacquinii Gyrostemon ramulosus Hakea aborescens Hakea cunninghamii Hakea leucoptera Hakea lorea Hakea macrocarpa Hakea macroptera

Lherit F. Muell. ex Miq. F. Muell. Smith F. Muell F. Muell. F. Muell. Turcz. Schauer Smith Schlecht. F. Muell. Schauer A. Cunn. ex Wools. F. Muell. F. Muell. F. Muell. Labill. Blakely F. Muell. (Blume) DC. Benth. R. Br. L. Labill. R. Br. F. Muell. ex Benth F. Muell. (A. Cunn. ex Miq.) E.J.H. Corner Miq. (Miq.) Corner Aiton L. F. Muell. A.J. Ewart F. Muell. (F. Muell.) H.J. Lam (R. Br.) Benth. R. Br. F. Muell. Meissn. Jacq. Gaertn. Desf. R. Br. R. Br. R. Br. R. Br. A. Cunn. ex R. Br. A. Cunn.

Halfordia scleroxyla Halfordia scleroxyla Heterodendrum oleifolium Hibiscus brachysiphonius Hibiscus tiliaceus Intsia bijuga Jacksonia sp. Kunzia ericoides Kunzia peduncularis Laboucheria chlorostachys Laportea gigas Leptospermum lanigerum Livistona decipiens Lophostemon grandiflorus Lophostemon suaveolens Lumnitzera racemosa Lysicarpus angustifolius Lysiphyllum cunninghamii Lysiphyllum gilvum Maba humilis Macaranga tanarius Malaisia scandens Maytenus cunninghamii Melaleuca glomerata Melaleuca leucadendron Melaleuca linophylla Melaleuca minutifolia Melicope australasica Melicope octandra Mimusops elengi Mimusops parvifolia Morinda citrifolia Myristica insipida Myrtus exaltata Nauclea coadunatus Nauclea orientalis Neonauclea sp. Normanbya normanbyi . Nuytsia floribunda Pandorea doratoxylon Pandorea pandorana Pemphis acidula Persoona falcata Petalostigma quadriloculare Pittosporum bicolor Pittosporum phillyreoides Planchonella australis Pluchea indica

F. Muell. F. Muell. Desf. F. Muell. L. (Colebr.) O. Ktze Kwila (A. Rich.) J. Thompson F. Muell. F. Muell. Wedd. (Ait.) Smith s. lat. Becc (Benth.) Peter G. Wilson and J.T. Waterhouse (Soland. ex Gaertn.) Peter G. Wilson and J.T. Waterhouse Willd. (Hook.) Druce H.C.D. de Wit (Bailey) Pedley R. Br. (L.) F. Muell. Arg. Lour. (Planch.) (Hook.) Loesener F. Muell. (L.) F. Muell. F. Muell. F. Muell. (F. Muell.) Druce L. R. Br. L. R. Br. Bail. (Smith) Druce (L.) L. (W. Hill et F. Muell.) L.H. Bail. (Labill.) R. Br. ex Frenzl (J.M. Black) J.M. Black (Andr.) Steen. Forst. and Forst. f R. Br. F. Muell. Hook. DC. (F. Muell.) Pierre. (L.) Less.

Polyalthia holtzeana Pongamia pinnata Premna acuminata Premna dalachyana Premna obtusifolia Premna serratifolia Pseudoweinmannia lachnocarpa Ptychosperma elegans Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophora stylosa Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa Santalum acuminatum Santalum lanceolatum Sarcocephalus cordatus Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Sesbania aegyptiaca Sesbania sesban Sida virgata Sonneratia acida Sonneratia alba Syncarpia glomulifera Syncarpia laurifolia Syzygium suborbiculare Tecoma doratoxylon Terminalia grandiflora Thespesia populnea Thespesia populneoides Thryptomene oligandra Tristania suaveolens Unona wardiana Ventilago viminalis Verticordia cunninghamii Verticordia cunninghamii Wedelia biflora Wrightia saligna Xanthorrhoea spp. Xanthostemon whitei Xylocarpus moluccensis Xylomelum pyrifome

F. Muell. (L.) Pierre. R. Br. Benth. R. Br. L. (F. Muell.) Engl. (R. Br.) Blume (Lamk) Merr. Griffith Benth. (R. Br.) A. DC. R. Br. Miq. Gaertn. Persoon (L) Merr. Hook L. J. Smith (Smith) Niedenzu Ten. (Benth.) T. Hartley and Perry J.M. Black Benth. Corr. (Roxb.) Kostel F. Muell. (Soland ex Gaertn.) Smith F.M. Bail. Hook. Schau. Schau. DC. F. Muell. ex Benth. Gugerii (Lam.) M. Roem. (Gaertn.) Knight

LIST OF KEY WORDS FOR ARTEFACT CATEGORIES OR TYPES boomerang boys spear bullroarer canoe paddle carrying container carved figurines for tourist trade ceremonial artefacts ceremonial board ceremonial objects ceremonial pole ceremonial stick (small) childrens boomerang clap sticks clap sticks club coffin didgeridoo (didjeridu) digging bowl (scoop) digging stick dugout canoe dugout canoe European smoking pipe fire drill fishing boomerang food pounder grave post gunwale overcast for bark canoe hair ornament hand pick handle for edge-ground stone adze handle for flaked stone adze handle for hafted stone flake handle for hatchet handle for pounding stone handle for stone hatchet head handle for stone implement (prehistoric) harpoon head band hollow cylindrical drum knife handle log raft mallet man's fighting pole mast of dugout canoe mesh stick mesh stick message stick nose peg

nose peg nose-ring ornament for hair raft paddle raft peg sandal shield smoothing board spear spear barb spear point spear prong spear shaft spearhead barb spearthrower spearthrower peg stem of European smoking pipe sword throwing stick unspecified artefacts various weapons walking stick woman's fighting stick wooden axe

DATABASE OF AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL TIMBERS

Standard Trade Common Name Raspberry jam Raspberry jam Air Dried Density (kg/m3) 1040 1040 Artefact Type spear (from trunk) boomerang various weapons club digging stick spear (hunting spear) Mulga 1090 spear (many varieties) Reference Latz 1982:12 Bates n.d.:16 Maiden 1889:349 Cane 1985:98 Cane 1985:98 Cane 1985:98 Basedow 1914:63; Cane 1985:98; Gould 1970:10; Johnston and Cleland 1942:98; 1943:164; Maiden 1889:349; O'Connell et al. 1983:104; Roth 1897:147; Schulze 1891:227; Stirling 1896.87; Thomson 1964:407 Cane 1985:98; Cleland and Johnston 1939:24; Hayden 1979:59; Mountford 1941:312; De Graaf 1968:86; Johnston and Cleland 1942:98; O'Connell et al. 1983:98 Basedow 1914:63; Johnston and Cleland 1943:164; Maiden 1889:349 Cleland 1957:161; Johnston and Cleland 1942:98; 1943:161, 164; Maiden 1889:349; Thomson 1964:407 Cane 1985:98; Johnston and Cleland 1942:98; 1943:16364, 170; Thomson 1964:407; Maiden 1889:349; Roth 1897:42 Locality/area/region Central Australia SW corner of WA Unspecified ? Western Desert, WA Western Desert, WA Western Desert, WA Arid and semi-arid Australia

Botanical Name Acacia acradenia F. Muell. Acacia acuminata Benth. Acacia acuminata Benth. Acacia adsurgens Maiden and Blakely Acacia adsurgens Maiden and Blakely Acacia adsurgens Maiden and Blakely Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth.

Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth.

Mulga

1090

spearthrower (desert type)

Arid and semi-arid Australia

Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth.

Mulga Mulga

1090 1090

spear point digging stick

Arid and semi-arid Australia Arid and semi-arid Australia

Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth.

Mulga

1090

boomerang

Arid and semi-arid Australia

Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search

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Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth.

Mulga Mulga Mulga Mulga Mulga

1090 1090 1090 1090 1090

throwing stick woman's fighting stick death pointer handle for stone hatchet head club

Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth. Acacia aulacocarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. Acacia calciola N. Forde and E.H. Ising Acacia calyculata A. Cunn. ex Benth. (Acacia holcocarpa auctt. non Benth. misapplied) Acacia cambagei R.T. Bak. Acacia cambagei R.T. Bak. Acacia cambagei R.T. Bak. Acacia cambagei R.T. Bak. Acacia cambagei R.T. Bak. Acacia coriacea DC. Acacia coriacea DC.

Mulga Mulga Mulga Mulga Mulga Brown salwood

1090 1090 1090 1090 1090 690

handle for flaked stone adze nose peg ornament for hair ceremonial board shield (parrying shield) boomerang spear (from root) and other unspecified artefacts spear shaft (distal section)

Hayden (pers. comm.); O'Connell et al. 1983:98 Hayden (pers. comm.); Cane 1985:98 Hayden (pers. comm.) Hayden (pers. comm.); Johnston and Cleland 1943:164 Cane 1985:98; Johnston and Cleland 1942:98; 1943:164; Maiden 1889:349; OConnell et al. 1983:98; Spencer and Gillen 1899:603; Worms 1949:35 Basedow 1904:26; Latz 1982:17; O'Connell et al. 1983:98 Basedow 1914:63 Basedow 1914:63 Cane 1985:98; Latz 1982:17; Spencer and Gillen 1899:144 Cane 1985:98; Latz 1982:17 Woolston 1973:100 Kalotas 1983:A30; Latz 1982:21 Roth 1909:104, 192 Johnston and Cleland 1943:170 Robins 1980 Johnston and Cleland 1943:170 Johnston and Cleland 1943:170 Johnston and Cleland 1943:170 Cane 1985:98; Kalotas 1983:A37 Cane 1985:98; Kalotas 1983:A37 Cane 1985:Table 4.15 Johnston and Cleland

Arid and semi-arid Australia Arid and semi-arid Australia Arid and semi-arid Australia Arid and semi-arid Australia Arid and semi-arid Australia

Arid and semi-arid Australia Arid and semi-arid Australia Arid and semi-arid Australia Arid and semi-arid Australia Arid and semi-arid Australia Wellesley Islands, Nth Qld Central Aust Nth Qld NE of SA Idamere, Qld NE of SA NE of SA NE of SA Western Desert, WA Western Desert, WA Western Desert, WA NE of SA

Gidgee Gidgee Gidgee Gidgee Gidgee

1260 1260 1260 1260 1260

spear spearthrower (ovate type) boomerang club message stick boomerang spear spear (hunting spear) spear

Acacia cowleana Tate Acacia cyperophylla F. Muell. ex. Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search

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Benth. Acacia cyperophylla F. Muell. ex. Benth. Acacia cyperophylla F. Muell. ex. Benth. Acacia dealbata Link Acacia dictyophleba F. Muell. Acacia dictyophleba F. Muell. Acacia doratoxylon A. Cunn. Acacia estrophiolata F. Muell. Acacia excelsa Benth. Acacia excelsa Benth. Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Acacia georginae F.M. Bail. Acacia georginae F.M. Bail. Acacia gonocarpa F. Muell. Acacia gonocarpa F. Muell. Acacia gonocarpa F. Muell. Acacia gonocarpa F. Muell. Acacia gonocarpa F. Muell. Acacia gonocarpa F. Muell. Acacia gonocarpa F. Muell. Acacia gonocarpa F. Muell.

boomerang ceremonial board Silver wattle 710 handle for stone hatchet head spear (one piece and barbed) digging stick spear unspecified heavy artefacts spearthrower (linear lath type) boomerang spear point hatchet handle clap sticks boomerang throwing stick spear shaft spear point digging stick boomerang club wooden axe food pounder hand pick 1040 1040 1040 handle for flaked stone adze club spearthrower

1943:170; Kalotas 1983:A36 Johnston and Cleland 1943:170 Johnston and Cleland 1943:170 Smyth 1878:387 Cane 1985:99; Gould 1969:207; 1970:10; Kimber 1976:147; Latz 1982:96 Latz 1982:25 Bates n.d.: 16; Maiden 1889:354; Stirling 1896:88 Meggitt 1962:5 Robins 1980; Roth 1897:149 Lumholtz 1908:49 Roth 1897:146 Latz 1982:28 Latz 1982:28 Latz 1982:29 O'Connell et al. 1983:105 Crawford 1982:51 Woolston 1973:100 Woolston 1973:100 Woolston 1973:100 Woolston 1973:100 Woolston 1973:100 Woolston 1973:100 Woolston 1973:100 Roth 1904 Boland et al. 1984:160 Boland et al. 1984:160

NE of SA NE of SA Vic (unspecified) Central and Western Deserts Central and Western Deserts Central Aust, SW of WA NE of SA; Warlpiri territory, Central Aust Kamma, Nth Qld Kamma, Nth Qld Nth Qld, Central Aust Central Aust Central Aust Sandover River drainage, Central Aust Central Aust King Edward River, Nth Kimberley region, WA Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria Rockhampton and Dawson regions, Nth Qld unspecified ? unspecified ?

Brown lancewood Ironwood wattle Ironwood wattle Ironwood wattle Mimosa bush Mimosa bush Mimosa bush Georgina gidgee Georgina gidgee

920

1150 1150

Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. ex Brigalow Benth. Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. ex Brigalow Benth. Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. ex Brigalow Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search Page 24

Benth. Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. ex Benth. Acacia holosericea Cunn. ex G. Don Acacia homalphylla F. Muell. incl. A. homalophylla A. Cunn. Acacia homalphylla F. Muell. incl. A. homalophylla A. Cunn. Acacia homalphylla F. Muell. incl. A. homalophylla A. Cunn. Acacia homalphylla F. Muell. incl. A. homalophylla A. Cunn. Acacia homalphylla F. Muell. incl. A. homalophylla A. Cunn. Acacia homalphylla F. Muell. incl. A. homalophylla A. Cunn. Acacia homalphylla F. Muell. incl. A. homalophylla A. Cunn. Acacia kempeana F. Muell. Acacia kempeana F. Muell. Acacia leiophylla [?] Benth. (1) Acacia leiophylla [?] Benth. (1) Acacia leptocarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. Acacia leptocarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. Acacia leptocarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. Acacia leptocarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. Acacia lysiphloia F. Muell. ex Benth.

Brigalow Candelabra wattle Yarran

1040

spear shaft spear

Boland et al. 1984:160 Smith and Kalotas 1985:350 Gould 1969:210; Maiden 1889:357, Palmer 1883:108; 1884:323; Roth 1897:146, 147 Roth 1897:148, 149 Beveridge 1889:59; Palmer 1883:59; 1884:323; Roth 1897:142, 145 Roth 1897:146, 147; 1904:34 Roth 1904:20; 1909:207 Roth 1904:20 Spencer 1915:58 Hayden 1979:29 Schulze 1891:227 Cleland and Johnston 1938:329 Cleland and Johnston 1938:329 Specht 1958:490 Woolston 1973:100 Specht 1958:490 Specht 1958:490 Clement 1905:17; Roth 1909:194 Latz 1982:36 Latz 1982:37 Hardman 1888.62; Maiden 1889:353

unspecified ? Dampierland, WA Gibson Desert; Central and Nth Qld; Central Aust to Swan Hill, Vic Central Qld Central and Nth Qld; Swan Hill, Vic Central Qld Central Qld Central Qld Central Aust Cundeelee WA Finke River, Central Aust Frazer Range Central Aust Frazer Range Central Aust Arnhem Land Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Fortescue and Fitzroy rivers region, WA; Endeavour, Normanby and Palmer Rivers, Nth Qld Central Aust NW of SA Kimberley region, WA; Vic (unspecified)

1350

spear

Yarran Yarran Yarran Yarran Yarran Yarran

1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350

spearthrower boomerang club throwing stick handle for flaked stone adze mesh stick spearthrower (Western Desert type) spear point hair ornament message stick spear boomerang handle for stone hatchet head digging stick spear spear (fighting spear)

Acacia macdonnelliensis Maconochie Acacia maitlandii F. Muell. Acacia mearnsii de Willd. formerly Black wattle A. mollissima auctt. austral. Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search Page 25

750

spear (from root) spear

Acacia mearnsii de Willd. formerly A. mollissima auctt. austral. Acacia mearnsii de Willd. formerly A. mollissima auctt. austral. Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. Syn. A. arcuata Sieb. ex Spreng. Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. Syn. A. arcuata Sieb. ex Spreng. Acacia monticola J.M. Black Acacia monticola J.M. Black Acacia monticola J.M. Black Acacia monticola J.M. Black Acacia monticola J.M. Black Acacia monticola J.M. Black Acacia notabilis F. Muell. Acacia oswaldii F. Muell. Acacia oswaldii F. Muell. Acacia pachycarpa F. Muell. ex Benth. Acacia pellita O. Schwarz Acacia pendula A. Cunn. ex. G. Don. Syn. A. leucophylla Lindl. Acacia pruinocarpa Tindale Acacia pruinocarpa Tindale Acacia rhodophloia Maslin Acacia rhodoxylon Maiden

Black wattle Black wattle

750 750 640 640

boomerang shield spearthrower shield spearhead barb boomerang digging stick raft peg spearthrower hook spear spear boomerang club boomerang

Maiden 1889:353 Blackmann 1904:178; Maiden 1889:353; Smyth 1878:330 Smyth 1878:310, 314 Maiden 1889:359 Thomson 1964:406, 415 Smith and Kalotas 1985:337 Smith and Kalotas 1985:337 Smith and Kalotas 1985:337, 345 Thomson 1964:415 Smith and Kalotas 1985:337; Thomson 1964:415 Gould 1970:10; Meggitt 1962:5; Thomson 1964:410 Johnston and Cleland 1942:98 Maiden 1889:363 Cane 1985:99 Smith and Kalotas 1985:350 Bennett 1860:289; Lumholtz 1908:49; Maiden 1889:363 Cane 1985:98 Kalotas 1983:A32; Latz 1982:41, 96 Cane 1985:98 Robins 1980 Maiden 1889:365 Roth 1909:190

Vic (unspecified) Kimberley region, WA; Vic (unspecified) Vic (unspecified) Vic (unspecified) Lake Mackay, Rawlinson Range and Walter James Ranges in Central West Australia Dampierland, WA Dampierland, WA Dampierland, WA Lake Mackay, Rawlinson Range and Walter James Ranges in Central West Australia Lake Mackay, Rawlinson Range and Walter James Ranges in Central West Australia; Dampierland, W Central Australia and WA Central Aust Central Aust Western Desert, WA Dampierland, WA Nth Qld; unspecified locality Western Desert, WA Central Australia Western Desert, WA Boulia, SW Qld Unspecified Nth Qld

Myall

1120

spear boomerang boomerang spear (from root) hooked fighting boomerang spearthrower (linear lath type) unspecified artefacts spear

Spear wattle

1280

Acacia rigens A. Cunn. ex Don. Acacia rothii F.M. Bail. Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search

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Acacia rothii F.M. Bail. Acacia rothii F.M. Bail. Acacia rothii F.M. Bail. Acacia salicina Lindl. (2) Acacia seriocarpa W.V. Fitzg. Acacia sowdenii Maiden Acacia sowdenii Maiden Acacia sowdenii Maiden Acacia sowdenii Maiden Acacia stigmatophylla F. Muell. Acacia stigmatophylla F. Muell. Acacia tetragonophylla F. Muell. Acacia tetragonophylla F. Muell. Acacia tetragonophylla F. Muell. Acacia tetragonophylla F. Muell. Acacia torulosa Benth. Acacia tumida F. Muell. Acacia tumida F. Muell.

Cooba

770

spear point spearthrower digging stick boomerang spear shaft spear spearthrower boomerang club spear shaft spearthrower hook spear spearthrower boomerang ceremonial stick (small) spear boomerang spear (from young trunk) knife handle spear point

Thomson 1939a:210 Roth 1909:197 Roth 1904:24 Maiden 1889:365 Smyth and von Stumer 1981:12 Johnston and Cleland 1942:97 Johnston and Cleland 1942:97 Johnston and Cleland 1942:97 Johnston and Cleland 1942:97 Crawford 1982:51 Crawford 1982:51 Johnston and Cleland 1943:152, 154 Johnston and Cleland 1943:152, 154 Johnston and Cleland 1943:152, 154; Parker 1980:41 Johnston and Cleland 1942:99; 1943:164 Specht 1958:490 Smith and Kalotas 1985:352 Smith and Kalotas 1985:334, 352 Etheridge 1891:31 Latz 1982:49 Roth 1909:197 Roth 1897 Roth 1910a:11; Specht 1958:498 Armstrong 1974; Specht 1958:498 Smyth and von Sturmer 1981:12

Nth Qld Nth Qld Nth Qld Unspecified western Arnhem Land Ooldea, SA Ooldea, SA Ooldea, SA Ooldea, SA King Edward River, Nth Kimberley region, WA King Edward River, Nth Kimberley region, WA NE of SA NE of SA NE of SA; Western Desert, WA NE of SA Arnhem Land Dampierland, WA Dampierland, WA Nth Qld Central Aust Nth Qld North, west and central Qld Endeavour River, Nth Qld; Arnhem Land Nth Qld; Arnhem Land western Arnhem Land

Acacia victoriae Benth. Syn. A. sentis F. Muell. Acacia victoriae Benth. Syn. A. sentis F. Muell. Aglaia elaeagnoidea Benth. Albizia basaltica Benth. Red lancewood Alstonia actinophlia (A. Cunn.) K. White cheesewood Schum. Syn. A. verticillosa F. Muell. Alstonia actinophlia (A. Cunn.) K. White cheesewood Schum. Syn. A. verticillosa F. Muell. Alstonia actinophlia (A. Cunn.) K. White cheesewood Schum. Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search Page 27

1200 400 400 400

spearthrower spear dugout canoe ceremonial pole carved figurines for tourist trade

Syn. A. verticillosa F. Muell. Araucaria cunninghamii Ait. ex D. Don. Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. and Drude Argyrodendron peralatum (Bailey) Edlin ex 1.H. Boas Argyrodendron peralatum (Bailey) Edlin ex 1.H. Boas Atalaya hemiglauca (F. Muell.) F Muell. Austromyrtus leuhmanni (F. Muell.) L. Johnston Syn. Myrtus exaltata Bail. Syn. Austromyrtus exaltata (F. Bailey) Austromyrtus leuhmanni (F. Muell.) L. Johnston Syn. Myrtus exaltata Bail. Syn. Austromyrtus exaltata (F. Bailey) Avicennia marina (Forst. f) Vierh. var. australiasica (Walp.) Moldenke (3) Syn. A. officinalis auctt. austral. Avicennia marina (Forst. f) Vierh. var. australiasica (Walp.) Moldenke (3) Syn. A. officinalis auctt. austral. Backhousia bancroftii F.M. Bail. and F. Muell. Backhousia bancroftii F.M. Bail. and F. Muell. Backhousia hughesii C.T. White Bombax ceiba L. Syn. B. malabaricum DC. Bombax ceiba L. Syn. B. malabaricum DC.

Hoop pine

580 960

spearthrower spear shaft (distal section) sword spearthrower ceremony ornaments spear

Robins 1980 Roth 1901:9; 1909:195 Cosgrove 1980 see Robins 1980 Latz 1982:49; Stirling 1896:105 Roth 1909:195

Cardwell, Nth Qld Lower Tully River, Nth Qld Rainforest region of Nth Qld Rainforest region of Nth Qld Central Aust Tully River, Nth Qld

Red tulip oak Red tulip oak Whitewood Burrett

780 780 770 710

Burrett

710

sword

Roth 1909:210

Tully River, Nth Qld

Grey mangrove

880

shield

Dick 1915:282; Goddard 1934:192 Dawson 1935:13, 22

Port Macquarie, NSW

Grey mangrove

880

boomerang

Clarence River, northern NSW

Johnstone River hardwood Johnstone River hardwood Stony backhousia Kapok tree Kapok tree

960 960 1010 420 420

sword spearthrower spearthrower spearthrower dugout canoe carrying container shield canoe paddle spearthrower (linear

Cosgrove 1980 Robins 1980 Dick 1974; Robins 1980 Robins 1980 Jones 1980; Roth 1910a:11; 1910b:40; Woolston 1973:100 Latz 1982:59 Kalotas 1982:59 White 1949:55 Robins 1980

Rainforest region of Nth Qld Rainforest region of Nth Qld Central coast of NSW; Cardwell and Cooktown, Nth Qld Boolman, NW Qld; Darwin, Daly River, Melville Islands, NT Arnhem Land, Batavia River, Endeavour River; Wellesley Islands, Nth Qld Central Aust Central Aust Arnhem Land Gulf Coast of Nth Qld, Arnhem Land

Brachychiton gregorii F. Muell. Desert kurrajong Brachychiton gregorii F. Muell. Desert kurrajong Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight and Arn. ex Griffith Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L) Savigny. Black mangrove Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search Page 28

900

Syn. Bruguiera rheedii Blume. Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L) Savigny. Syn. Bruguiera rheedii Blume. Buchanania obovata Engl. Bursaria spinosa Cav. Callitris glaucophylla Thompson and Johnson (4) Callitris glaucophylla Thompson and Johnson (4) Callitris intratropica R.T. Baker and H.G. Smith Callitris intratropica R.T. Baker and H.G. Smith Callitris intratropica R.T. Baker and H.G. Smith Callitris intratropica R.T. Baker and H.G. Smith Callitris intratropica R.T. Baker and H.G. Smith Callitris intratropica R.T. Baker and H.G. Smith Calytrix exstipulata DC. Syn. Calytrix microphylla A. Cunn. Camptostemon shultzii Masters Canarium australianum F. Muell. Canarium australianum F. Muell. Canarium australasicum (FM. Bail.) Carissa lanceolata R. Br. Cassia eremophila A. Cunn. ex Vogel Castanospermum australe Cunn. ex C Fraser ex Hook Casuarina decaisneana F. Muell. Casuarina decaisneana F. Muell.

Black mangrove

notched spatulate type) canoe paddle shield

Roth 1910a:9 Crawford 1982:55 Ling Roth 1899:71 Spencer and Gillen 1899:144 Meggitt 1962:6 Tindale 1925:99 White 1967:96 Robins 1980; Tindale 1925:99 White 1967:96 Specht 1958:483; Tindale 1925:89 Tindale 1925:99 Akerman, pers. comm.; Crawford 1982:66 Smith and Kalotas 1985:336 Crawford 1982:54; Jones 1980 Smith and Kalotas 1985:334 Roth 1910a:11 Meggitt 1962:6 Stirling 1896:87 Robins 1980 Spencer and Gillen 1899:578; Stirling 1896:89 Kalotas 1983:A35; Meggitt 1962:6 Specht 1958:487 Ling Roth 1899:71 Robins 1980

Yirrkala, NT King Edward River, Nth Kimberley region, WA Tas Central Aust Central Aust Groote Eylandt and of the west coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria western Arnhem Land Nth Qld; Groote Eylandt and of the west coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria western Arnhem Land Arnhem Land; Groote Eylandt and of the west coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria Groote Eylandt and of the west coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria Nth Kimberley region, WA Dampierland, WA Nth Kimberley region, WA; eastern Arnhem Land Nth Kimberley region Cape Bedford, Nth Qld Warlpiri territory, Central Aust Central Aust NE Qld Central Aust Central Aust Arnhem Land Tas NT (no locality)

Sweet bursaria White cypress pine White cypress pine Northern cypress pine Northern cypress pine Northern cypress pine Northern cypress pine Northern cypress pine Northern cypress pine

690 690 577 577 577 577 577 577

club ceremonial board unspecified artefacts (implements) spear spear point spearthrower message stick canoe paddle ceremonial artefacts pressure flaker (for making stone Kimberley points) log raft dugout canoe shield dugout canoe spear point spear barb

Kapok mangrove Scrub turpentine Scrub turpentine Leenhouts Brown cudgerie

660 660 570

Black bean Desert sheoak Desert sheoak

760

spearthrower (linear lath type) spear unspecified artefacts (including weapons) spear club spearthrower (linear

Casuarina equisetifolia L. Beach sheoak Casuarina littoralis Salisb. Black sheoak Syn. C. suberosa Otto et Dietr. Casuarina littoralis Salisb. Black sheoak Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search Page 29

960 720 720

Syn. C. suberosa Otto et Dietr. Casuarina stricta Ait. Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Robinson Syn. Ceriops candolleana Arn. ex Wight. Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Robinson Syn. Ceriops candolleana Arn. ex Wight. Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Robinson Syn. Ceriops candolleana Arn. ex Wight. Clerodendrum floribundum R. Br. Clerodendrum inerme R. Br. Clerodendrum inerme R. Br. Cordia subcordata Lamk. Crotalaria cunninghamii R. Br. Croton triacros F Muell. Cryptocarya sp.

Drooping sheoak Spurred mangrove Spurred mangrove Spurred mangrove

930 1020 1020 1020

notched spatulate type) boomerang (ancient archaeological find) canoe paddle Fishing boomerang spear fire drill spear shaft segment (proximal part of death spear) spearthrower peg spear shaft segment sandal spear spearthrower carrying container carrying container spear digging stick

Luebbers 1975:39 Roth 1910a:9 Smith and Kalotas 1985:343 Smith and Kalotas 1985:343 Palmer 1883; Roth 1904 Roth 1909:193 Meehan 1974 Roth 1909:192 Gould 1969:210 Roth 1909:191 Robins 1980 Australian Museum catalogue registration number E5051 McBryde 1978:163 Roth 1909:191 Roth 1904:24 Specht 1958:494 Smith and Kalotas 1985:332; Specht 1958:498 Smith and Kalotas 1985:342 Smith and Kalotas 1985:342 Smith and Kalotas 1985:342 Watkins 1891:46 Smyth and von Sturmer

SE of SA Gulf Coast of Qld Dampierland, WA Dampierland, WA Cloncurry River, Nth Qld Palmer River, Nth Qld eastern Arnhem Land Pennyfather River, Nth Qld Gibson Desert Nth Qld Burketown, NW Qld and Yirrkala, Arnhem Land Tambo, Qld Richmond River district, NSW Nth Qld Pennefather River, Nth Qld Arnhem Land, NT Dampierland, WA; Groote Eylandt, NT Dampierland, WA Dampierland, WA Dampierland, WA Stradbroke and Morton Islands, Qld western Arnhem Land

460 Spear birch 240

Dendrocnide excelsa (Wedd.) Giant stinging tree Chew Syn. Laportea gigas Wedd. Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) W.L. Chew Syn. Laportea moroides Wedd. Desmodium umbellatum (L.) DC. Desmos wardiana (F.M. Bail.) Jessup Syn. Unona wardiana F.M. Bail. Dillenia alata (R. Br. ex DC.) Red beech Martelli Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh. var. Australian ebony humilis Syn. Maba humilis R. Br. Dodonaea lanceolata F. Muell. var. lanceolata Dodonaea lanceolata F. Muell. var. lanceolata Dodonaea lanceolata F. Muell. var. lanceolata Dodonaea triquetra Wendl. Dolichandrone filiformis F. Muell. Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search Page 30

640 130

dugout canoe European smoking pipe boomerang digging stick walking stick spear spearthrower

Drymophloeus normanbyi F. Muell. Duboisia myoporoides R. Br. Eremophila longifolia (R. Br.) F. Muell. Eremophila longifolia (R. Br.) F. Muell. Eremophila longifolia (R. Br.) F. Muell. Erythrina variegata L. Erythrina vespertilio Benth.

Black palm Duboisia 450

handle for stone hatchet head spear shaft (sections) spearthrower nose peg stick for tooth evulsion

1981:18 Smyth and von Sturmer 1981:18 Roth 1909 Robins 1980 Johnston and Cleland 1943:158 Johnston and Cleland 1943:158 Jones 1980 Roth 1897:147

western Arnhem Land Princess Charlotte Bay, Nth Qld Mornington Islands, NW Qld NE of SA NE of SA Coastal Arnhem Land Widely reported for northern and interior Aust Widely reported for northern and interior Aust

Grey corkwood (also Bat's wing coral tree, Bean tree) Grey corkwood (also Bat's wing coral tree, Bean tree)

190

dugout canoe spear shaft (butt section)

Erythrina vespertilio Benth.

190

shield

Erythrina vespertilio Benth.

Grey corkwood (also Bat's wing coral tree, Bean tree)

190

Carrying vessel (womans bowl)

Erythrina vespertilio Benth.

Grey corkwood (also Bat's wing coral tree, Bean tree)

190

spearthrower

Blackman 1904:178; Cane 1985:99; Cleland and Johnston 1939:24; Crawford 1982:34; Hayden 1979:52; Johnston and Cleland 1943:166; Lumholtz 1908:332; O'Connell et al. 1983:106; Palmer 1883:109; Roth 1909:204-5; Schulze 1891:228; Spencer and Gillen 1899.586 Akerman and Bindon 1984:361; Cane 1985:99; Cleland 1957:161; Hayden 1979:114; O'Connell et al. 1983:106; Roth 1897:149; 1904:29; Spencer 1915:42; Spencer and Gillen 1899:586 Akerman and Bindon 1984:361; Crawford 1982:34; Robins 1980 Palmer 1883:109; Roth 1909:193, 197

Widely reported for northern and interior Aust

Widely reported for northern and interior Aust Nth Qld

Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Cooktown ironwood Muell.) Hennings ex Taub. Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F. Muell. Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell. Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Cooktown ironwood Muell.) Hennings ex Taub. Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F. Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search Page 31

1220

spear

1220

spear point and spear prong

Armstrong 1974; Basedow 1907:25; Palmer 1883:109; 1884:323; Tindale 1925:90

Arnhem Land, Victoria River, NT; Kimberley region WA; Nth Qld

Muell. Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell. Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Cooktown ironwood Muell.) Hennings ex Taub. Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F. Muell. Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell. Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Cooktown ironwood Muell.) Hennings ex Taub. Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F. Muell. Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell. Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Cooktown ironwood Muell.) Hennings ex Taub. Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F. Muell. Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell. Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Cooktown ironwood Muell.) Hennings ex Taub. Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F. Muell. Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell. Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Cooktown ironwood Muell.) Hennings ex Taub. Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F. Muell. Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell. Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Cooktown ironwood Muell.) Hennings ex Taub. Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F. Muell. Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell. Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Cooktown ironwood Muell.) Hennings ex Taub. Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F. Muell. Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell. Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Cooktown ironwood Muell.) Hennings ex Taub. Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F. Muell. Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell. Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Cooktown ironwood Muell.) Hennings ex Taub. Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F. Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search Page 32

1220

spearthrower

Palmer 1883:109; 1884:323; Robins 1980; Roth 1909:193, 197 Thomson 1939a:plate 12

Nth Qld

1220

digging stick

Arnhem Land, Victoria River, NT; Kimberley region WA; Nth Qld

1220

club

Armstrong 1974; Blackman 1904:185; Spencer 1928:490

Arnhem Land, Victoria River, NT; Kimberley region WA; Nth Qld

1220

mallet

Thomson 1936:490

Nth Qld

1220

handle for hafted stone flake (archaeological find)

Setzler and McCarthy 1950:72

western Arnhem Land

1220

throwing stick

Palmer 1884:323

Nth Qld

1220

fighting pole

Blundell 1974:537; Smith and Kalotas 1985:336

Victoria River, NT; Kimberley region WA

1220

clap sticks

Basedow 1907:47; Lister n.d. (for modern Aboriginal craft manufacture) Thomson 1939b:4

widely reported in Arnhem Land, Victoria River, NT; Kimberley region WA; Nth Qld Arnhem Land

1220

smoking pipe

Muell. Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell. Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Muell.) Hennings ex Taub. Syn. Laboucheria chlorostachys F. Muell. Syn. E. laboucheria F. Muell. Eucalyptus ?abergiana F. Muell. [Eucalyptus abergiana F. Muell] Eucalyptus ?apodophylla Blakely and Jacobs [Eucalyptus apodophylla Blakely and Jacobs] Eucalyptus brownii Maiden and Cambage (5) Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Syn. E. rostrata Schlecht. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Syn. E. rostrata Schlecht. Eucalyptus ?citriodora Hook(6) [Eucalyptus citriodora Hook] Eucalyptus crebra F. Muell. Eucalyptus crebra F. Muell.

Cooktown ironwood

1220

didgeridoo [didjeridu] (modern Aboriginal craft manufacture) spearthrower (linear lath type) spear carrying container

Lister n.d.

Unspecified

Range bloodwood Whitebark Broad-leaved box Red river gum Red river gum Lemon-scented gum Narrow-leaved red ironbark Narrow-leaved red ironbark Gum-topped bloodwood

1010

Robins 1980 Cleland and Johnston 1939:25 Roth 1904:31 Smyth I878:299 Love 1942:215; Kalotas 1983:A31; Spencer and Gillen 1899:608 Robins 1980 Petrie 1932:102; Roth 1909:195 Petrie 1932:102 Robins 1980 Maiden 1889:447 Robins 1980

Cardwell, Nth Qld The Granites, Central Aust Nth Qld Yarra River, Vic Central Aust NW Qld/NT Brisbane, Qld Brisbane, Qld Atherton, Cardwell and Mapoon, Nth Qld SE of WA Barambah and California Creek, Nth Qld Swan Hill, Vic Swan Hill, Vic Swan Hill, Vic Swan Hill, Vic Swan Hill, Vic Cundeelee, WA

930 930 1010 1090 1090 1040 1110

club carrying container spearthrower (linear lath type) spear club spearthrower spear spearthrower (linear lath type) spear shield boomerang club carrying container spear

Eucalyptus dichromophloia F. Muell. incl. E. erythrophloia Blakely Eucalyptus doratoxylon F. Muell. Eucalyptus ?drepanophylla F. Grey ironbark Muell. ex Benth. [Eucalyptus drepanophylla F. Muell. ex Benth.] Eucalyptus dumosa A. Cunn. ex White mallee Schau. Eucalyptus dumosa A. Cunn. ex White mallee Schau. Eucalyptus dumosa A. Cunn. ex White mallee Schau. Eucalyptus dumosa A. Cunn. ex White mallee Schau. Eucalyptus dumosa A. Cunn. ex White mallee Schau. Eucalyptus eremophila (Diels) Maiden var. E. grandiflora Maiden Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search Page 33

1110 1110 1110 1110 1110

Beveridge 1889:59 Beveridge 1889:66 Beveridge 1889:59 Beveridge 1889:59-60 Beveridge 1889:59-60 Hayden 1971:10

Eucalyptus exserta F. Muell. Eucalyptus flocktoniae (Maiden) Maiden Eucalyptus foecunda Schauer Syn. Eucalyptus leptophylla F. Muell. ex Miq Eucalyptus gamophylla F. Muell. Eucalyptus gomphocephala A. DC. Eucalyptus incrassata Labill. Eucalyptus incrassata Labill. Eucalyptus incrassata Labill. Eucalyptus ?intermedia R.T. Baker [Eucalyptus intermedia] (7) Eucalyptus ?intermedia R.T. Baker [Eucalyptus intermedia] (7) Eucalyptus leucoxylon F. Muell. var. E. macrocarpa J.E. Brown Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith Eucalyptus microcarpa Maiden (8)

Queensland peppermint Merrit

1010

club digging bowl (scoop) spear unspecified artefacts carrying container spear spearthrower digging stick

Blackman 1904:186; Lumholtz 1908:332 Hayden 1979:39 Maiden 1889:448 Meggitt 1962:7 Spencer 1915:42 Johnston and Cleland 1942:99 Johnston and Cleland 1942:100 Johnston and Cleland 1942:99 Hey 1911 Hey 1911 Smyth 1878:314, 330; Spencer 1915:12 Bates n.d.:16 Spencer 1915:58 Spencer 1915:42 Johnston and Cleland 1943:160 Dunbar 1944:175 O'Connell et al. 1983:107 Cane 1985:99; O'Connell et al. 1983:107 Smith and Kalotas 1985:347 Smith and Kalotas 1985:347 Smith and Kalotas 1985:347 Smyth 1878:304

Central coast of Qld Cundeelee, WA SW of WA Warlpiri territory, Central Aust WA Ooldea, SA Ooldea, SA Ooldea, SA Mapoon mission, Nth Qld Mapoon mission, Nth Qld Vic (no locality) SW of WA SW of WA SW of WA NE of SA Central Darling River, NSW Sandover River drainage, Central Aust Western Desert, WA; Central Australia Dampierland, WA Dampierland, WA Dampierland, WA Vic (no locality)

Tuart Yellow mallee Yellow mallee Yellow mallee Red bloodwood Red bloodwood Yellow gum Jarrah Jarrah Jarrah Grey box

1040

1010 1010 1010 870 870 870 1110 1110 1110 1110 1090 1090 1090 990

smoothing board spearthrower spearthrower spearthrower mesh stick carrying container digging stick emu decoy horn carrying container digging bowl boomerang harpoon (from young tree trunk) shield spear

Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell. Coolibah var. E. cymbaliformis Blakely and Jacobs Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell. Coolibah var. E. cymbaliformis Blakely and Jacobs Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell. Coolibah var. E. cymbaliformis Blakely and Jacobs Eucalyptus miniata A. Cunn. ex Darwin woollybutt Schauer Eucalyptus miniata A. Cunn. ex Darwin woollybutt Schauer Eucalyptus miniata A. Cunn. ex Darwin woollybutt Schauer Eucalyptus ?obliqua Lherit (9) Messmate Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search Page 34

[Eucalyptus obliqua] Eucalyptus ?obliqua Lherit (9) [Eucalyptus obliqua] Eucalyptus oleosa F. Muell. ex Miq. Eucalyptus oleosa F. Muell. ex Miq. Eucalyptus oleosa F. Muell. ex Miq. Eucalyptus oleosa F. Muell. ex Miq. Eucalyptus ?pachyphylla F. Muell. [Eucalyptus pachyphylla] Eucalyptus paniculata Smith Eucalyptus papuana F. Muell. Eucalyptus papuana F. Muell. Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. Eucalyptus polycarpa F. Muell. Eucalyptus polycarpa F. Muell. Eucalyptus polycarpa F. Muell. Eucalyptus polycarpa F. Muell. Eucalyptus polycarpa F. Muell. Eucalyptus pyriformis Turcz. Eucalyptus pyriformis Turcz. Eucalyptus pyriformis Turcz. Eucalyptus pyriformis Turcz. Eucalyptus resinifera Smith Eucalyptus salmonophloia F. Muell. Eucalyptus setosa Schauer Eucalyptus setosa Schauer

Messmate Red mallee Red mallee Red mallee Red mallee Thick-leaved mallee Grey ironbark Ghost gum Ghost gum Red mahogany Red mahogany Red bloodwood Red bloodwood Red bloodwood Red bloodwood Red bloodwood

990 1190 1190 1190 1190

shield spear (one-piece digging stick club carrying container unspecified artefacts

Oldfield 1864:263 Gould 1970:7, 15; Johnston and Cleland 1942:99 Johnston and Cleland 1942:99 Johnston and Cleland 1942:99 Johnston and Cleland 1942:99 Meggitt 1962:7 Robins 1980 Thomson 1964:407 Kalotas 1983:A31; Meggitt 1962:7 Roth 1909:209 Robins 1980 Specht 1958:496 Specht 1958:496 Specht 1958:496 Armstrong 1974; Specht 1958:496 Specht 1958:496 Johnston and Cleland 1942:99 Johnston and Cleland 1942:99 Johnston and Cleland 1942:99 Johnston and Cleland 1942:99 Robins 1980 Gould 1970:7, 15 Woolston 1973:101 Smyth and von Sturmer 1981:20 Smyth 1878:330 Roth 1909:197 Cane 1985:99 Meggitt 1962:7 Roth 1909:192; Robins 1980

Twofold Bay, NSW Western Desert, WA; Ooldea, SA Ooldea, SA Ooldea, SA Ooldea, SA Warlpiri territory, Central Aust Mapoon, Nth Qld Western Desert, WA Central Desert Middle Palmer River, Nth Qld Kamma Settlement, Nth Qld Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Ooldea, SA Ooldea, SA Ooldea, SA Ooldea, SA Magoura, Qld Western Desert Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria western Arnhem Land Vic (no locality) Nth Qld Western Desert Central Desert Nth Qld

1120 1010 1010

spearthrower carrying container unspecified artefacts man's fighting pole spearthrower spear spearthrower peg canoe paddle clap sticks didgeridoo (didjeridu) spear digging stick club carrying container

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Eucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Wools. Eucalyptus terminalis F. Muell. Pale bloodwood Eucalyptus terminalis F. Muell. Pale bloodwood Eucalyptus terminalis F. Muell. Pale bloodwood Eucalyptus tessellaris F. Muell. Carbeen Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search Page 35

Red mahogany Salmon gum Rough-leaved bloodwood Rough-leaved bloodwood Red ironbark

1000 1070

spearthrower spear childrens boomerang didgeridoo (didjeridu)

1130 960 960 960 1040

shield. spearthrower digging bowl unspecified artefacts spear

Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell. Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell. Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell. Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell. Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell. Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell. Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell. Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell. Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell. Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell. Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. Eucalyptus wandoo Blakely Syn. E. redunca Schauer var. elata Benth. Eucalyptus wandoo Blakely Syn. E. redunca Schauer var. elata Benth. Eugenia reinwardiana (Blume) DC. Syn. Eugenia carissoides F. Muell. Eupomatia laurina R. Br. Excocaria agallocha L. Excocaria agallocha L. Exocarpos cupressiformis Labill. Exocarpos latifolius R. Br. Ficus collosea F. Muell. ex Benth Ficus ehretioides F. Muell. Ficus ehretioides F. Muell. Ficus opposita Miq. var. indecora (A. Cunn. ex Miq.) E.J.H. Corner Ficus virens Aiton var. sublanceolata (Miq.) Corner Flagellaria indica L. Flagellaria indica L. Flagellaria indica L. Flindersia ifflaiana F. Muell.

Darwin stringybark Darwin stringybark Darwin stringybark Darwin stringybark Darwin stringybark Darwin stringybark Darwin stringybark Darwin stringybark Darwin stringybark Darwin stringybark Manna gum Wandoo Wandoo

1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 730 1100 1100 c. 760

spear spear point ? grave post canoe paddle clap sticks didgeridoo (didjeridu) stem of European smoking pipe hollow cylindrical drum coffin bullroarer shield digging stick boomerang club spear shaft (promixal section) dugout canoe shield spearthrower boomerang shield shield boomerang (cross type) shield shield

Armstrong 1974; Specht 1958:497 White 1967:96 Specht 1958:497 Specht 1958:497 Specht 19,58:497 Specht 1958:497 Specht 1958:497 Specht 1958:497 Specht 1958:497; Warner 1937:502-3 Specht 1957:497, Warner 1937:492 Smyth 1878:332 Bates n.d.:16 Bates n.d.:16 Roth 1904:33 Roth 1909:195 Roth 1910a:11 Smith and Kalotas 1985:335 Maiden 1889:534; Smyth 1878:310 Smith and Kalotas 1985:334 Meston 1889 Roth 1901:13; 1909:204 Kennedy 1949:21 Smith and Kalotas 1985:350 Smith and Kalotas 1985:329 Roth 1910a:17 Smith and Kalotas 1985:330 Smith and Kalotas 1985:330 Robins 1980 Smyth and von Sturmer

Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Vic (no locality) SW of WA SW of WA Pennefather River, Nth Qld Lower Tully River, Nth Qld Endeavour River, Nth Qld Dampierland, WA Yarra River, Vic Dampierland, WA Mt Bartle Frere, Nth Qld Lower Tully River, Nth Qld Cardwell and Mossman Rivers, Nth Qld Dampierland, WA Dampierland, WA Brisbane, Qld: Dampierland, WA Dampierland, WA Kamma, Nth Qld western Arnhem Land

Milky mangrove Milky mangrove Native cherry Broad-leaved cherry

400 400 900 1010 350

580

Lawyer vine (a rattan) Lawyer vine (a rattan) Lawyer vine (a rattan) Hickory ash

980

Gardenia megasperma F. Muell. Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search

gunwale overcast for bark canoe head band spear spearthrower (linear lath type) smoking pipe

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var. arborea A.J. Ewart Clochidion sp. Gmelina macrophylla (R. Br.) Benth. Syn. Gmelina dalrympleana (F. Muell.) H.J. Lam Grevillia striata R. Br. Grewia sp. Grewia pleiostigma F. Muell. Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. Syn. G. acuminatus Meissn. Syn. G. jacquinii Gaertn. Gyrostemon ramulosus Desf. Gyrostemon ramulosus Desf. Hakea aborescens R. Br. Hakea cunninghamii R. Br. Hakea leucoptera R. Br. Hakea lorea R. Br. Hakea macrocarpa A. Cunn. ex R. Br. Hakea macroptera A. Cunn. Halfordia scleroxyla F. Muell. Halfordia scleroxyla F. Muell. Halfordia scleroxyla F. Muell. Heterodendrum oleifolium Desf. Heterodendrum oleifolium Desf. Heterodendrum oleifolium Desf. Hibiscus brachysiphonius F. Muell. Hibiscus tiliaceus L.

White beech

520

spearthrower dugout canoe

1981:26 Robins 1980 Roth 1910a:11

Gulf of Carpentaria Cape Bedford, Nth Qld

Beefwood

880

unspecified artefacts spear shaft log raft carrying container unspecified artefacts (traditional) carved animal figurines (for tourists trade) boomerang boomerang

Meggitt 1962:8 Crawford 1982:57 Roth 1910a:5 Petheram and Kok 1983:473; Smith and Kalotas 1985:331 Latz 1982:146 Latz 1982:146 Smith and Kalotas 1985:344 Cleland and Johnston 1939:23 Johnston and Cleland 1943:165 Cleland and Johnston 1939:23 Smith and Kalotas 1985:334 Cleland and Johnston 1939:23 Mjoberg 1918:55 Mjoberg 1918-.55 Cosgrove 1980 Johnston and Cleland 1942:99 Johnston and Cleland 1942:99 Latz 1982:146:99 Hey 1911; Roth 1909:191 Armstrong 1974; Jones 1980; Smyth and von Sturmer 1981:23; Roth 1909:192; Specht 1958:494; Woolston 1973:101 Dick 1974 Robins 1980

Gyro damson

Warlpiri territory, Central Aust King Edward River, Nth Kimberley region, WA Tully River, Nth Qld Kimberley region, WA Central Aust Central Aust Dampierland, WA The Granites, Central Aust NE of SA The Granites, Central Aust Dampierland, WA The Granites, Central Aust Nth Qld rainforest region Nth Qld rainforest region Nth Qld rainforest region Ooldea, SA Ooldea, SA Aranda territory, Central Aust Nth Qld Arnhem Land; Nth Qld

Yellow hakea Needlewood Needlewood 880

spear point boomerang boomerang boomerang

Saffronheart Saffronheart Saffronheart Inland rosewood Inland rosewood Inland rosewood Coast cottonwood

1110 1110 1110 1020 1020 1020 500

clap sticks spear sword boomerang shield club spear spear

Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) O. Ktze Kwila Jacksonia sp. Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search

960

spearthrower spearthrower

Cooktown District, Nth Qld NT (no locality)

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Kunzia ericoides (A. Rich.) J. Thompson Syn. Kunzia peduncularis F. Muell. Kunzia ericoides (A. Rich.) J. Thompson Syn. Kunzia peduncularis F. Muell. Kunzia ericoides (A. Rich.) J. Thompson Syn. Kunzia peduncularis F. Muell. Leptospermum lanigerum (Ait.) Smith s. lat. Leptospermum lanigerum (Ait.) Smith s. lat. Livistona decipiens Becc (10) Lophostemon grandiflorus (Benth.) Peter G. Wilson and J.T. Waterhouse Lophostemon suaveolens (Soland. ex Gaertn.) Peter G. Wilson and J.T. Waterhouse Syn. Tristania suaveolens (Soland ex Gaertn.) Smith Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Lysicarpus angustifolius (Hook.) Druce Lysiphyllum cunninghamii H.C.D. de Wit Lysiphyllum gilvum (Bailey) Pedley (11) Macaranga tanarius (L.) F. Muell. Arg. Macaranga tanarius (L.) F. Muell. Arg. Malaisia scandens Lour. (Planch.) (12) [a woody vine] Maytenus cunninghamii (Hook.) Loesener Melaleuca glomerata F. Muell. Melaleuca glomerata F. Muell. Melaleuca leucadendron (L.)

Burgan Burgan Burgan Woolly tea-tree Woolly tea-tree Cabbage-tree palm

spear boomerang club spear club spear point carrying container

Maiden 1889:560 Maiden 1889:560 Maiden 1889:560; Smyth 1878:299 Ling Roth 1899:69, 70; Maiden 1889:561; Smyth 1878:304 Ling Roth 1899:69, 70 Palmer 1883:108, 109; 1884:323 Smith and Kalotas 1985:345 Roth 1909:192

Vic (no locality) Vic (no locality) Vic (no locality) Tas; Vic; Port Lincoln, SA Tas Endeavour and Normanby Rivers, Nth Qld Beagle Bay, WA Nth Qld

Swamp box

730

spear shaft (proximal section)

690 800

spearthrower peg spearthrower (ovate lath type) handle for edge-ground stone adze shield spear shaft (butt section) spear shaft bark canoe gunwale runner spear boys spear

Meehan 1974 Robins 1980 Akerman and Bindon 1984:360 Johnston and Cleland 1943:162 Specht 1958:492; Roth 1909:191 Armstrong 1974; Jones 1980 Roth 1910a:16 Smith and Kalotas 1985:342 Cleland and Johnston 1937:208 Latz 1982:167 Specht 1958:497; Tindale 1925:103; Warner 1937:4912

Arnhem Land Qld (no locality) Kimberley region, WA NE of SA (traded from western Qld) Arnhem Land; Nth Qld Arnhem Land Brisbane, Qld Dampierland, WA

Blush macaranga Blush macaranga

560 560

Broad-leaved tea-tree

750

unspecified artefacts dugout canoe

Musgrave Ranges, Central Aust Arnhem Land

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Melaleuca linophylla F. Muell. Melaleuca minutifolia F. Muell. Melicope octandra (F. Muell.) Druce Syn. M. australasica F. Muell. Mimusops elengi L. sens lat. incl. M. parvifolia R. Br. Morinda citrifolia L. Morinda citrifolia L. Myristica insipida R. Br. Myristica insipida R. Br. Nauclea coadunatus (Smith) Druce Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. Syn. Sarcocephalus cordatus Miq. Neonauclea sp. Normanbya normanbyi (W. Hill et F. Muell.) L.H. Bail. Syn. Drymophloeus normanbyi F. Muell. Nuytsia floribunda (Labill.) R. Br. ex Frenzl Pandorea pandorana (Andr.) Steen. var. doratoxylon (J.M. Black) J.M. Black Syn. Tecoma doratoxylon J.M. Black Doughwood (or Silver aspen) Red coondoo 640 1010

boys spear spear point spear spearthrower nose-ring smoking pipe spearthrower canoe paddle dugout canoe dugout canoe spearthrower spear

Cleland and Johnston 1937:208 Smyth and von Sturmer 1981:26 Roth 1909:195 Meehan 1974; Robins 1980; Roth 1909:197 Tindale 1925:102 Jones 1980 Specht 1958:490 Specht 1958:490 Crawford 1982:73 Tindale 1925:103; see the documentary film Wiril Canoe Robins 1980 Roth 1909:192

Musgrave Ranges, Central Aust western Arnhem Land Mt Mackay, Nth Qld Nth Qld, Arnhem Land Groote Eylandt; Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Arnhem Land Arnhem Land King Edward River, Nth Kimberley region, WA Arnhem Land Riversleigh, Nth Qld SE Cape York

Nutmeg Nutmeg Cheesewood

560 560 560

1030

Christmas tree Wonga-wonga vine or Pandora vine (a woody climber)

shield spear (one piece and other varieties)

Chauncey 1878:215 Basedow 1904:24-25; 1925:195; Cleland 1957:161; Cleland and Johnston 1937:211; Cleland and Tindale 1954:85; 1959:139; Gould 1970:10; Hamilton 1980:6; Shulze 1891:227; Silverbauer 1971:35; Spencer and Gillen 1899:577; Stirling 1896:87; Tindale 1972:253 Specht 1958:495 White 1978:44 Roth 1909:199 Ling Roth 1899:70-71; Maiden 1889:588 Hayden 1979:29 McBryde 1977:661

Nth of Perth, WA Central and Western Deserts

Pemphis acidula Forst. and Forst. f Persoona falcata R. Br. Petalostigma quadriloculare F. Muell. Pittosporum bicolor Hook.

Forest quinine Pittosporum

1100

digging stick spearthrower peg spearthrower peg club

Arnhem Land NE Arnhem Land Cape Bedford, Endeavour and Bloomfield Rivers, Nth Qld Tas Cundeelee, W.A. Clarence River, NSW

Pittosporum phillyreoides DC. Pittosporum Planchonella sp. ? Black apple Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search Page 39

? 890

shield boomerang

[most probably P. australis (F. Muell.) Pierre.] Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Polyalthia holtzeana F. Muell. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. (13) Premna acuminata R. Br. Premna dalachyana Benth. Premna serratifolia L. Syn. Premna obtusifolia R. Br. Pseudoweinmannia lachnocarpa (F. Muell.) Engl. Ptychosperma elegans (R. Br.) Blume Rhizophora mucronata (Lamk) Merr. Rhizophora stylosa Griffith Rhizophora stylosa Griffith Rhizophora stylosa Griffith Rhizophora stylosa Griffith Rhizophora stylosa Griffith Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa Benth. Santalum acuminatum (R. Br.) A. DC. Santalum acuminatum (R. Br.) A. DC. Santalum lanceolatum R. Br.

Canary beech

710

spear handle for stone implement (prehistoric) handle for pounding stone spear spear shaft (proximal section of death spear) spear spearthrower spear shaft

Roth 1909:191 White 1967:97 Thomson 1936:71 Smith and Kalotas 1985:348 Roth 1909:193 Roth 1909:192 Robins 1980 Roth 1909:195 Roth 1904:24; Warner 1937:489 Woolston 1973:102 Smith and Kalotas 1985:352 Smith and Kalotas 1985:332 Smith and Kalotas 1985:352 Smith and Kalotas 1985:332 Roth 1909:201 Kalotas 1983:A35 Kalotas 1983:A35 Robins 1980 Roth 1904:24 Palmer 1883; 1884:334 Silverbauer 1971:35 Roth 1910a:11 Smith and Kalotas 1985:335 Maiden 1889:18 Maiden 1889:532

Pennefather River, Nth Qld Oenpelli, Arnhem land NW Qld Dampierland, WA Princess Charlotte Bay, Nth Qld Nth Qld Central Qld (no locality) Tully River, Nth Qld Arnhem Land; Batavia, Embley and Pennefather Rivers Nth Qld Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria Dampierland, WA Dampierland, WA Dampierland, WA Dampierland, WA Tully River, Nth Qld NW of SA NW of SA Gulf of Carpentaria, Nth Qld Endeavour River, Nth Qld Endeavour, Normanby and Cloncurry Rivers, Nth Qld Ernabella, Central Aust Endeavour River, Nth Qld Dampierland, WA Wild Bay, Qld Arnhem Land; Johnston River, Nth

Mararie

880

Red mangrove Spotted-leaved red mangrove Spotted-leaved red mangrove Spotted-leaved red mangrove Spotted-leaved red mangrove Spotted-leaved red mangrove

900 900 900 900 900 900

club raft paddle ceremonial objects fishing boomerang shield spear boomerang carrying container (bowl) unspecified artefacts

Northern sandalwood

930

Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. Sesbania sesban (L) Merr. Syn. Sesbania aegyptiaca Persoon Sida virgata Hook Sonneratia acida L. Sonneratia alba J. Smith Syncarpia glomulifera (Smith) Turpentine Niedenzu Syn. Syncarpia laurifolia Ten. Syzygium suborbiculare (Benth.) T. Forest satinash Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search Page 40

spearthrower (linear lath type) digging stick spear shaft (proximal portion of reed spear) boy's spear dugout canoe shield canoe dugout canoe

650 930 760

Hartley and Perry Syn. Eugenia suborbicularis Benth. Syzygium suborbiculare (Benth.) T. Hartley and Perry Syn. Eugenia suborbicularis Benth. Terminalia grandiflora Benth. Thespesia populnea Corr. Thespesia populneoides (Roxb.) Kostel Thespesia populneoides (Roxb.) Kostel Thryptomene oligandra F. Muell. Thryptomene oligandra F. Muell. Ventilago viminalis Hook. Ventilago viminalis Hook. Verticordia cunninghamii Schau. Verticordia cunninghamii Schau. Wedelia biflora DC. Wrightia saligna F. Muell. ex Benth. Xanthorrhoea spp. Xanthostemon whitei Gugerii Xanthostemon whitei Gugerii Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roem. Syn. Carapa moluccensis Lam. Xylomelum pyrifome (Gaertn.) Knight

Qld Forest satinash 760 650 mast of dugout canoe spearthrower spear spear shaft handle for hatchet spear point (for reed spear) spear shaft (proximal section) boomerang unspecified artefacts digging stick club spear shaft (portion) fire drill spear shaft 1120 1120 610 spearthrower (linear lath type) sword spear shaft (proximal portion) canoe paddle Tindale 1925:109 Smyth and von Stunner 1981:31 Roth 1909:192 Crawford 1982:58 Smith and Kalotas 1985:346 Roth 1909:190 Palmer 1883:110; 1884:323 Pertheram and Kok 1983:553, Smith and Kalotas 1985:330 Meggitt 1962:9 Crawford 1982:66 Crawford 1982:66 Roth 1909:192 Smith and Kalotas 1985:334 e.g. Roth 1909:193 Robins 1980 Cosgrove 1980 Roth 1909:192 Enright 1932 Arnhem Land; Johnston River, Nth Qld western Arnhem Land Nth Qld Nth Kimberley region, WA Nth Kimberley region, WA Mitchell and Gilbert Rivers, North Queensland NW Cape York, Cooktown to Saxby River, Qld Kimberley region, WA, Warlpiri territory, Central Aust Central Aust King Edward River Nth Kimberley region, WA King Edward River Nth Kimberley region, WA Pennyfather River, Nth Qld Dampierland, WA Widespread within area of species distribution Rainforest area of NE Qld Nth Qld Nth Qld Myall Lakes, NSW

Supplejack Supplejack

Grass tree Red penda Red penda Cedar mangrove Woody pear

Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search

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6 1. 2. 3. 4.

NOTES FOR THE DATABASE ENTRIES This identification is probably incorrect as the species is not known to occur in Central Australia. Although Acacia salicina Lindl., is closely allied to Acacia ligulata A. Cunn., it is definitely not synonymous as Maiden believed. Both Goddard and Dick use the superseded botanical name Avicennia officinalis Linn., misspelling the genus name as Avecennia. Meggitt lists Callitris hugelii (Carr.) Franco, and Callitris glauca R. Br. & H.G. Smith, which are both illegal nomenclature. These species refer to the southern species of the native cypress pine C. glaucophylla. Until recently the taxonomy of Callitris was very confused (see Thompson and Johnson 1986). E. brownii is more probable than the species identification given by Roth, Eucalyptus bicolor A. Cunn. (now E. largiflorens F. Muell; black box), which is known to occur only in southeastern Australia (see Boland, et al. 1984:498). The known distribution of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. is eastern Queensland (Boland, et al. 1984:232). The species was originally identified as Eucalyptus corymbosa Sm. which is now known as E. gummifera (Sol. ex Gaertner) Hochr. However, the latter species is found further to the south and is usually only confused with E. intermedia R.T. Baker (Boland, et al. 1984:218, 222). Robins (1980) has suggested that Hey's E. corymbosa Sm. could be E. polycarpa F. Muell. or possibly E. dichromophloia F. Muell). This species identification is probably incorrect as the known distribution of Eucalyptus microcarpa Maiden is far to the east of where Johnston and Cleland made their observation. The original attribution in the ethnohistorical literature is to Eucalyptus fissilis F. Muell. The name is not valid and has not been published. It is presumably a manuscript name or a nomen nudum. The NSW Herbarium staff attributed the name to Eucalyptus obliqua in 1971 when I submitted a preliminary list for revision. Palmer had identified the species as Corypha australis R. Br. (see also Roth 1909:194) which is now a synonym for Livistona australis (R. Br.) Mart. (Cabbage tree palm). However, the northern limit of the main L. australis distribution is about 25 degrees S., and it can be assumed that Palmer observed the use of a closely related species L. decipiens Becc. which is common in north Queensland. The original identification was Bauhinia carronii F. Muell., now known as Lysiphyllum carronii. However this designation must be incorrect as the species does not occur in South Australia.

5.

6. 7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Australian Aboriginal Timbers Quick Search

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12. 13.

This species of woody vine, which is the only representative of its genus in Australia, refers to Malaisia tortuosa Blanco, the name given by Roth. Thompson cites the illegitimate name Pongamia glabra.

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REFERENCES

Aiston, G. 1928. Chipped stone tools of the Aboriginal tribes east and north-east of Lake Eyre, South Australia, Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 123-31. Akerman, K. 1988. A brief resume of ethnobotany in Australia, Paper presented to the Workshop on Ethnobotany 'The human dimension in the Great Forest of Tane, Botany Division, NZ Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rehua Maroe, Christchurch, Feb 22-26, 1988. Akerman, K. and Bindon, P. 1984. The edge-ground stone adze and modern counterparts in the Kimberley region, Western Australia, Records of the Western Australian Museum, 11:357-73. Armstrong, G. 1974. Queensland Museum correspondence files E67119 and E67121. Basedow, H. 1904. Anthropological notes made on the South Australian Government Expedition. 1903, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 28:1251. Basedow, H. 1907. Anthropological notes on the western coastal tribes of the Northern Territory of South Australia, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 31:1-62. Basedow, H. 1914. Journal of the Government North-West Expedition, (1903), Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, 15:57-242. Basedow, H. 1925. The Australian Aboriginal. Preece, Adelaide. Bates, D. M. n.d. Stone implements, weapons, etc. of Western Australia. National Library of Australia, Ms. 365/31/126. Bennett, G. 1860. Wanderings in New South Wales, Batavia, Pedir Coast, Singapore and China: being a journal of a naturalist in those countries, during 1832, 1833 and 1834. Bentley, London. Beveridge, P. 1889. The Aborigines of Victoria and Riverina as seen by by P. B. Hutchinson, Melbourne. Blackman, L. C. 1904. Aboriginal wooden implements of Australia; illustrative of the collection in the B. P. B. Museum, Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 2:173-91. Blundell, V. 1975. Aboriginal adaptation in northwest Australia. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin. Boland, D. J., Brooker, M. I. H, Chippendale, G. M., Hall, N., Hyland, B. P. M., Johnston, R. D., Kleinig, D. A., and Turner, J. D. 1984. Forest trees of Australia. Nelson Wadsworth and CSIRO, Melbourne (fourth edition).

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Bolza, E. and Keating, W. G. 1982. Characteristics, properties and uses of timbers. Volume 1. Southeast Asia, northern Australia and the Pacific. Division of Chemical Technology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Inkata Press, Melbourne. Bolza, E. and Kloot, N. H. 1963. The mechanical properties of 174 Australian timbers. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No.25. Bugden, B. 1981. Shrinkage and density of some Australian and South-east Asian timbers. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization, Division of Building Research Technical Paper (Second Series) No.38. Buhmann, J. 1974. Plants utilised in some wooden implements and weapons (Queensland-Northern Territory). Unpublished manuscript, Queensland Museum. Cane, S. 1984. Desert camps. A case study of stone artefacts and Aboriginal behaviour in the Western Desert. Unpublished PhD thesis, Australian National University. Cause, M. L., Weatherhead, T. F. and Kynaston 1974. The nomenclature, density and lyctus-susceptibility of Queensland timbers. Queensland Department of Forestry Pamphlet No. 13. Cawthorne, W.A. 1885. Sketch of the Aborigines of South Australia: their manners, customs, ceremonies, etc., with thirty illustrations taken upon the spot. Mitchell Library Ms A1447. Chauncy, P. 1878. Notes and anecdotes of the Aborigines of Australia, in Smyth, W. D., The Aborigines of Victoria. Vol. II, pp. 991-84. Cleland, J. B. 1957. Our natives and the vegetation of southern Australia, Mankind, 5:149-62. Cleland, J. B. and Johnston, T. H. 1937. Notes on native names and uses of plants in the Musgrave Ranges region, Oceania, 8:208-15. Cleland, J. B. and Johnston, T. H. 1939. Aboriginal names and uses of plants at the Granites, Central Australia, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 63:22-26. Cleland, J. B. and Tindale, N. B. 1954. The ecological surroundings of the Ngalia natives in Central Australia and native names and uses for plants, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 56:36-38. Cleland, J. B. and Tindale, N. B. 1959. The native names and uses of plants at Haasts Bluff, Central Australia, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 82:123-40.

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Clement, E. 1904. Ethnographical notes on the Western Australian Aborigines (with a descriptive catalogue of a collection of ethnographical objects from Western Australia by J. D. E. Schmeltz, International Archives fr Ethnographie, 16:129. Cosgrove, R. 1980. Ground-edge artefacts from the rainforest area, Northeast Queensland a preliminary review. Report to the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra. Cotterell, B. and Kamminga J. 1990. Mechanics of pre-industrial technology. An introduction to the mechanics of ancient and traditional material culture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Crawford, I. M. 1982. Traditional Aboriginal plant resources in the Kalumburu area; aspects of ethno-economics, Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement No.15. Dawson, R. L. 1935. Australian Aboriginal words and names. W. C. Penfold and Co., Sydney. De Graaf, M. 1968. The Ngadadjara at Warburton Ranges. Typescript, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra. Dick, T. 1915. Origin of the heliman or shield of the New South Wales coast Aborigines, Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 49:282-88. Dunbar, G. K. 1944. Notes on the Ngembu tribe of the central Darling River, western New South Wales, Mankind, 3:172-80. Enright, W. J. 1932. An old Aboriginal paddle, Mankind, 1:103. Etheridge, R. 1891. Notes on Australian Aboriginal stone weapons and implements, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, (second series) 16:31-43. Forestry Commission of New South Wales, 1960. Weights New South Wales timbers. Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Division of Wood Technology Pamphlet No.2. Goddard, R. H. 1934. Notes on certain massive flaked implements found in the Point Stephens district, Mankind, 1:191-93. Gould, R. A. 1968. Chipping stones in the outback, Natural History, 77(2):42-48. Gould, R. A. 1969. Yiwara: Foragers of the Australian desert. Collins, Melbourne. Gould, R. A. 1970. Spears and spear-throwers of the Western Desert Aborigines of Australia, American Museum Novitates, No.2403.

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Hamilton, A. 1980. Dual systems: Technology, labour and women's secret rites in the eastern Western Desert of Australia, Oceania, 51:4-19. Hardman, E. T. 1889. Notes on a collection of native weapons and implements from tropical Western Australia (Kimberley District), Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, (series 3) 1:57-69. Hayden, B. 1971. Reconnaissance report: 1971. South edge of the Great Victorian Desert, Part I and II, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Ms., Canberra. Hayden, B. 1976. Australian Western Desert technology: An ethno- archaeological study of variability in material culture. Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto. Hayden, B. 1979. Palaeolithic reflections. Lithic technology and ethnographic excavations among Australian Aborigines. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra. Helms, R. 1896. Anthropological notes, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, (second series) 2:387-WS. Hey, N. 1911. Queensland Museum correspondence files E11/156 and E11/471. Johnstone, J. H. and Cleland, J. B. 1942. Aboriginal names and uses of plants in the Ooldea region, South Australia, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 66:93-103. Johnstone, J. H. and Cleland, J. B. 1943. Native names and uses of plants in the Ooldea region, South Australia, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 67:143-73. Jones, R. 1971. Rocky Cape and the problem of the Tasmanians. Doctoral thesis, University of Sydney. Jones, R. M. 1980. Hunters of the Australian coastal savanna, in D. Harris (ed.), Human ecology in savanna environments. Academic Press, London. Kalotas, A. C. 1983. Appendix 8. Botanical information from A. C. Kalotas, in A certain heritage. Programs for and by Aboriginal families in Australia. CRES Monograph 9, Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, pp. A23-AS2. (Based on the manuscript 'Central Australian Aboriginal plant usage' by P. Latz). Kamminga, J. 1971. Microscopic and experimental studies of Australian Aboriginal stone tools. B.A. Honours thesis, University of Sydney, Sydney. Kamminga, J. 1978. Journey into the microcosms. A functional study of certain classes of prehistoric Australian stone tools, PhD thesis, University of Sydney, Sydney.

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Kamminga, J. 1982. Over the edge. Functional analysis of Australian stone tools. Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. 12, Anthropology Museum, University of Queensland, Queensland. Kamminga, J. 1985. The pirri graver, Australian Aboriginal Studies, 1985/2:2-25. Keating, W. G. and Bolza, G. 1982. Characteristics, properties and uses of timbers. Vol. 1. Southeast Asia, northern Australia and the Pacific. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Kennedy, K. 1949. An Aboriginal implement of sport, North Queensland Naturalist, 16(90):21. Kimber, R. H. 1976. Beginning of farming? Some man-plant-animal relationships in Central Australia, Mankind, 10:142-50. Kingston, R. S. T. and Ridson, C. J. E. 1961. Shrinkage and density of Australian and other south-west Pacific woods. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization, Division of Forest Products Technical Paper No.13. Latz, P. K. 1982. Bushfires and bushtucker. Aborigines and plants in Central Australia. M.A. thesis, University of New England. Ling Roth, H. 1899. The Aborigines of Tasmania (second edition). F. King and Sons, Halifax. Lister, P. n.d. Traditional Botanical Knowledge. Ethnobotany (TBK, ABK). HTML Document. http://www.uws.edu.au/vip/listerp/tbot.htm Long, J. P. M. 1971. Arid region Aborigines: The Pintubi. In D. J. Mulvaney and J. Golson (eds), Aboriginal man and environment in Australia. Australian National University Press, Canberra, pp. 262-70. Love, J. R. B. 1942. A primitive method of making a wooden dish by native women of the Musgrave Ranges, South Australia, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 66:215-17. Luebbers, R. A. 1975. Ancient boomerangs discovered in South Australia, Nature, 253:39. Lumholtz, C. 1908. Among cannibals. An account of four years travel in Australia and of camp life with the Aborigines of Queensland. Translated by R. B. Anderson. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Maiden, J. H. 1889. The useful native plants of Australia (including Tasmania). Turner and Henderson, Sydney. McBryde, I. 1977. Some wooden artefacts from the north coast of NSW; new archaeological and ethnographic data, Records of the Australian Museum 31:660-71.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am grateful to the staff of the Herbarium, Australian National Botanic Gardens, Canberra, and in particular to Estelle Canning and I. R. Telford, for advice in updating scientific names. Staff of the National Herbarium of NSW and Ken Groves, then of the Forestry Department ANU, also helped in a range of botanical topics such as wood density and wood anatomy. Kim Akerman, Isabel McBryde and Richard Robins provided information about Aboriginal use of wood, and Peter Latz kindly permitted the inclusion of some of his unpublished data. John Banks, Ken Groves, David Horton and Bob Layton reviewed an earlier draft of this work. Graeme Ward volunteered his time in scanning an earlier edition published by AIATSIS in the journal Australian Aboriginal Studies. The NWG Macintosh Centre for Quaternary Dating, University of Sydney, provided the facilities for my work on this current edition. I thank the Director Mike Barbetti for his longstanding support and encouragement. I am responsible for factual errors or omissions. \id ASEDA doc 0729 End of file

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