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Oral Communication CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNICATION: 1. Schema driven - depend on background knowledge 2. Interpretative act - guess; conclude; hypothesize; theorize 3. Does not give an automatic or direct link between two minds 4. Dynamic / active - it changes 5. Symbolic 6. Always results into something 7. Irreversible 8. Contextual (situational) - factor of person in communication 9. Developmental / progressive 10. Process 11. Influenced by media and technology 12. Ethical

Etymology of "communication": - from communical = share Two General Classification of Communication: Verbal - letters and words Non-verbal - sign language; body language; signal; facial expressions; gestures Levels of Communication: (according to the number of people involved) Intrapersonal - with 1 person (with self) Interpersonal - between 2 people Group - groups of people involved (25 or more) Organizational - within business, administration Public - involves large group, usu. one speaker to an audience Mass - special media directed to a large audience International - involving cross cultures Models of Communication: Linear model / Transmission / Box and arrow Transactional model Socio-cultural model Interactional model / Sawtooth Berlo's model / SMCRM 7 Stages of Communication 1. Conceptualizing - process of ideation 2. Encoding - one who initiates (speaker) 3. Transmitting - process of transferring the idea 4. Receiving - receiving of the transferred data / idea 5. Decoding - process of understanding of the receiver

6. Responding - answer 7. Verifying NOISE: Internal - psychological noise (emotions; ex. hunger; stress; depression) External - physiological noise (physical, physiological noise: sickness; injuries and semantic noise: word meaning) On Language: Phonology - sound Syntax - technique of putting together words Semantic - meaning Other Types of Communication: Visual - drawings, illustrations Intrapersonal - with self Interpersonal - between two (2) people 1. Diad - 2 people 2. Small Group Discussion (SGD) - small groups Formal - public speaking activity Informal - casual (slang) Mass media - different medium to the mass (TV, radio, computer) 1. Print media - journal, comics, newspaper Facilitated - make it easier to use (for handicapped people), ex. Braille system Non-violent communication (NVC) - involves social workers, guidance counselors to students Science - in nature Technical - involves engineering; architecture; and the like Animal - between animals Strategic - happens in organizations (ex. In AFP, companies) Superluminal (Faster than Light - FTL) - speedy way of communicating or talking Levels of Communication; I. Frozen / Phatic Communication II. Formal / Evaluative Comm. - (thinking) argumentation III. Consultative / Gut-Level - ex. Patient and doctor; needs to be frank and honest; allows openess and courage to be done IV. Casual / Factual - everyday V. Intimate / Peak - ex. Sweetheart **Clich / stereotyped - repeated expressions Ex. Nice to meet you. Searle's Speech Act Theory I. Locutionary force II. Illocutionary force - what intend to do III. Perlocutionary force - reaction / response; effect; or from other party

Ex. "I want to go home, I'll cut the next class." I. "No, wait we'll have a quiz later." II. "Oh geez, I forgot about that." III.

ELEMENTS / COMPONENTS 1. sender / speaker / addresser / encoder 2. receiver / listener / addressee / decoder 3. message 4. channel / medium / code 5. context 6. contact

FUNCTIONS OF EACH ELEMENT Cognitive (think) Connotative (guess the meaning with the help of schemata) Poetic (you think well on what you send) Metalingual (application on experience in life) Referential (all factors of communication = noise, time, place, content, etc.) Phatic (connection = feelings, emotions of a party)

Symbols of Communication VERBAL SYMBOLS (Language) - oral and writings a. Phonology b. Syntax c. Semantic - meaning d. Morphology - syllables that mean anything; unit of sound that gives meaning **discourse / rhetoric - speaking paragraph / longer forms / with more sense.

NON VERBAL SYMBOLS I. Body Action (bigger) or Movements (smaller) a. Gestures - movement of fingers or hands b. Facial expressions c. Eye contact d. Posture **Kinesics - science that deals with bodily movements in relation with communication II. Tactile / Touch **Haptics III. Time **Chronemics IV. Space **Proxemics V. Smell **Olfactory VI. Symbols ** Iconics VII. Physical Appearance

VIII. Variation in speed, pitch, volume, and pauses **Paralinguistics IX. Silence - fear; reflective thinking; introvert X. Artifacts - things that mean special "Language gets its meaning from culture. Language speaks or mirrors culture / practices."

1. eye contact US - sincerity; honesty PHILIPPINES - disrespect KOREA - competition SAUDI ARABIA - honesty CHINA - neutral, longer duration is bad 2. slouching on chair GERMANY - rudeness; ill-mannered US - relaxed; casual; neutral PHILIPPINES - laziness; boredom 3. index finger US - silence PHILIPPINES - warning; silence JAPAN - money (OK sign - wherein the thumb and index finger is in circle) GERMANY - to kill GREECE - friendship ETHIOPIA - 1 finger (to children) 4 fingers (to adults) - also means silence 4. nod US / PHILIPPINES - yes GREECE - bizarre; no(upward way) / yes (nod, downward) 5. swine US - dirty PHILIPPINES - neutral (animal) 6. waving hand (up and down) US - driving me away PHILIPPINES - goodbye 7. pointed foot or toes THAILAND - not allowed 8. noodles (slurping / sipping) JAPAN - appreciation PHILIPPINES - ill-mannered 9. pepper and salt / seasoning (when asking these in a restaurant) ITALY - insult PHILIPPINES - okay

ON MOUTH

4 MACRO SKILLS IN COMMUNICATION Listening = 70% Speaking Reading Writing

30%

THE PROCESS OF LISTENING Stage 1 - receive = is to hear, not yet listening 2 - understand = attach meaning of what you heard (relate to background knowledge) 3 - remember = goes with selecting to register it in your mind 4 - evaluate = criticize, judge whether bad or good, weigh what you hear and evealuate and must come with a decision 5 - respond = with a right decision one will come up with a response TYPES OF LISTENING 1. discriminative - given instruction; educational 2. attentive - 100% focus 3. selective - choose what you want 4. therapeutic - relief / free 5. marginal - minorities or squatters (don't give much attention) 6. critical 7. comprehensive - using all levels of thinking (1. Literal 2. Interpretative (at least thinking / guess) 3. Critical (judge)4. Application 5. Creative ) 8. empathy - sympathize / feel 9. appreciative BARRIERS: 1. Physical barrier - distance; block / objects (physical barrier); things affecting 5 senses; example light, temperature 2. Physiological barrier - illness / sickness (can be witnessed); conditions (hungry, intoxicated and the like) 3. Psychological barrier - stress (intangible, depends on attitude or behavior) - nervousness, tension, depression, fear 4. Semantic - difficulty / complexity of vocabulary and jargons 5. Language barrier - pronunciation / grammar 6. Mental / Subject matter - know very little / no schemata or background knowledge. 7. Cultural barrier STRATEGIES: (technique) Method (patterned) - fixed Strategy (technique) - depends on one's style (own way or fashion) 1. DIRECT - depend on listening only, signs observed i) Memory strategy - there are 3 memory stores * sensory memory - happens in one second / not long * short term memory - attach meaning to something; lasts 15 secs. * long term memory - in depth study of one subject (i.e. schemata used for reasoning, etc.)

ii) Cognitive strategy - intellectual personality / thinking abilities. (all levels of thinking) iii) Compensatory strategy - make-up, pay-off (compensate); ask question , recommend to explain more, observe non-verbal language 2) INDIRECT - depend on feelings too / subjective i) Metacognitive strategy (think aloud) - most modern way of thinking; talk or whisper to yourself ii) Affective strategy - use feelings or emotions iii) Social strategy - relationship with others (i.e. ask questions, group tasking / sharing of ideas) 3) 4 PNCR i) Purpose ii) Purpose of speaker iii) Points - ideas major / minor that you pay attention to iv) Positive verbal response - also with positive non-verbal response v) Note taking vi) Conclusion vii) Recall and recite 4) TQLR i) Topic ii) Questions iii) Listen intently iv) Respond (verbally or non-verbally) THINGS TO AVOID IN COMMUNICATION: 1) Pre-judging 2) Assuming 3) Entertaining private agenda 4) Being a selective listener 5) Focusing on details 6) Giving passive physical response 7) Giving defensive physical response Ethical speaking: Suspend judging Assess / evaluate Respond verbally or non-verbally

1) Why do you have to study intrapersonal communication? Improves performance Improves intrapersonal relationship Improves personality 2) How do you create your self-concept? Biological endowment Environment 3) Difference of self-image and self-esteem? a) Self esteem i) Thoughts / feelings toward self

ii) How you love / like / hate of yourself b) Self-image i) Mental picture ii) What you think of yourself iii) You that representation in your brain "I think, therefore I am." -- Rene Descartes 4) Essence or value of ethos in intrapersonal communication? Ethos - 'soul'; character - what emerge from your self will emerge outside 5) Enumerate several types of group communication? Panel discussion Symposium Round table discussion Etc.. WHORFIAN - language controls your mind INTERPERSONAL a) Interactional - exchange views b) Transactional - in relation to business i) Form (1) Panel discussion (2) Symposium (3) Round table discussion ii) Purpose (1) Learning (2) Pleasure (3) Decision making (4) Problem solving iii) Focus (1) Inner focus (2) Audience focus INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION 1) Elements of intercultural communication: a) Culture b) Communication c) Context d) Power 2) Problems of intercultural communication: a) Ethnocentrism b) Stereotyping c) Prejudices

SPEECH: Parts of speech: 1) Introduction a) Opening technique b) State your purpose c) Three important points (preview of body) 2) Body a) Chronological order b) Space / distance - interior or exterior c) Arrange according to understanding d) Arrange based on similarity / differences e) Use inductive - simple to complex form f) Arrange using cause and effect 3) Conclusion a) Short as introduction b) To finish it CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH: Listener center Conversational / be natural Be aware of non-verbal clues (i.e. proxemics / space)