Sunteți pe pagina 1din 40

Chapter 3

Wellhead Equipment and Flow Control Devices


James H. Foster, Foster Oil Field Equipment John Beson, Foster Oil Field Equipment Co. W.G. Boyle, Otis Engineering Corp.**
Co.*

Introduction
Wellhead equipment is a general term used to describe equipment attached to the top of the tubular goods used in a well-to support the tubular strings, provide seals between strings, and control production from the well. Since the American Petroleum Inst. (API) is an active organization set up to establish standards in sizes. grades, designs, dimensions, and quality, to provide safe interchangeable equipment for the industry, this section is conlined to equipment covered by API Spec. 6A for wellhead equipment. All manufacturers build safety factors into their product based on sound engineering and past experience, but stresses caused by vibration, impact loads, and temperature variations are impossible to predict. Equipment should never be subjected to pressures above the recommended working pressure. If, for any reason, the equipment is to be used at unusually high or extreme working pressure, manufacturers will insist that a disclaimer clause be written and properly worded to relieve them of legal responsibility. The disclaimer should state possible results that are expected because of equipment failure. Table 3.1 shows the standard API working pressure ratings and their respective body test pressures. Thread Limitation In view of the complex mechanics involved in sealing high-pressure threaded connections, it is recommended that field installations be adequately supervised and that API RP 5Cl be followed with regard to lubricants, makeup, etc., of API threads. The working pressure of a properly assembled threaded connection joining a wellhead or flowline component and a tubular member often is determined by the rating of the tubular element. In such a case, the maximum working pressure rating of the connection is taken as the internal yield pressure at minimum yield as stipulated in API Bull. SC2 for the particular size and type of thread and weight and grade of tubing or casing, reduced by a suitable factor of safety. However, this pressure rating shall not exceed the maximum working pressure rating shown in Table 3.2. In-plant hydrostatic test pressures of components using tubing or casing threads are shown in Table 3.1

API Flanged or Clamped Wellhead Equipment


Fig. 3.1 shows a typical wellhead assembly. Working- and Test-Pressure Terminology The maximum working pressure is the maximum operating pressure at which the equipment should be used. The hydrostatic test pressure is the static-body test pressure for ensuring a margin of safety above the rated working pressure. It is the test pressure imposed by the manufacturer to prove adequacy in design, materials, and workmanship of the body or shell member and should not be applied as a differential pressure across internal hanger-packer mechanisms or closure mechanisms. Occasionally wellhead equipment and valves are accidentally or purposely subjected to pressures in excess of design working pressures during high-pressure remedial work. Although the equipment often withstands the mistreatment, such practices should be avoided.
James ti Fosterwrote the orlglnal chapleron this loplc the 1962 edwn in W G Boyle isauthorof the SafetyShut-In Systems section th!s of chapter

3-2

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

Tubmg

When line pipe threads are used as end or outlet connections of wellhead or flowlinr components. the maximum working pressure rating of the assembled joint is stipulated in Table 3.2. The in-plant hydrostatic test pressure of components using line pipe threads is shown in Table 3.1. In many cases the OD of these female threaded members will be greater than API-tabulated coupling or joint diameter to ensure that the structural integrity of the threaded member will not be less than that of the compatible mating API male tubular member. In addition to the API threads listed in Specs. 5A and 5L, there are a number of proprietary threads available in the same sizes as the API tubing and casing threads. J.5 Some of the proprietary threads offer advantages over the API threads, such as maximum clearance for multiple completions, special corrosion protection from internal fluids, low torque requirements, superior internal and external pressure integrity, and high joint strength. Physical Properties API body and bonnet members are made from steel with properties equal to or exceeding these specified in Tables 3.3 and 3.4. Lowermost Casing Heads The lowermost casing head is a unit or housing attached to the top end of the surface pipe to provide a means for supporting the other strings of pipe, and sealing the annular space between the two strings of casing. It is composed of a casing-hanger bowl to receive the casing hanger necessary to support the next string of casing, a top flange for attaching blowout preventers (BOPs), other intermediate casing heads or tubing heads, and a lower connection.

Fig. 3.1-Typical

wellhead

assembly.

TABLE Flanges (14 in. 1355.6 mm] and smaller)

3.1-TEST

PRESSURE

Flanges
(16% In. 1425.5 mm]

Working Pressure

(Psi)
1,000 1,500 2,000 3,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

(bar)
69 103 138 207 345 690 1,035 1,380

(Psi)
2,000 4,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 22,500 30,000

(bar)
138 276 414 690 1,035 1,551 2,070

and larger) (Psi) (bar)


1,500 3,000 4,500 10,000 15,000 Casing 103 207 310 690 1,035 Threads*
l

Clamp-Type Connectors (Psi) 4,000 6,000 10,000 15,000 (bar) 276 414 690 1,035 -

Line Pipe and Tubing Threads (Psi) 2,000 0-W 138 276 414 690 1,035 -

4,000* 6.000* 10,000* 15,000* * l

4%- t0
[114.3(Psi) 2,000 4,000 6,000 7.500

l&%-in. to 273.1-mm] (bar) 138 276 414 517

11% to 13%in. [298.5-lo 339.7.mm] (Psi) 2,000 4,000 4,500 (bar) 138 276 310

16-to 2&n. [406.4- to 508.0-mm] (Psi) 2,000 2,250 (bar) 138 155 -

*Working pressureof lhread When threadsare used as end or outlet connectwns of wellheador flowllne components, the maximum sllpulated Table 3.2 and the test in pressureshall as tabulated Table 3 1 be !n

working pressureof the assembled low shall be

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND FLOW CONTROL

DEVICES

3-3

TABLE 3.2-API FOR WELLHEAD

MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE RATINGS MEMBERS HAVING FEMALE THREADED END OR OUTLET CONNECTIONS Maximum Working Pressure Rating

Thread Type Line Pipe (nominal sizes) (in.) 12 z/i to 2 2/2 to 6

Size

[mm1
12.7 19.1 to 50.8 63.5 to 152.4

(Psi)
-690 10,000 5,000 3,000

(bar)
345 207

Tubing, nonupset and external upset (API round thread) Casing (eight round, buttress and extreme line)

1,050

t0 4h

26.7

to

114.3

5,000

345

4% to 10% 11 s/4 to 13% 16to20

114.3 to 273.1 298.5 to 339.7 406.4 to 508.0

5,000 3,000 1,500

345 207 103

The lower connection may be a female or male thread or a slip-on socket for welding. Most common is the female-threaded lower connection, although the slip-on socket connection provides the strongest joint unless the surface casing is of such composition that welding causes serious weakening. The male lower thread is the weakest of the three connections because of the thin cross section necessary to provide full opening. It is used in most cases only to prevent removing the coupling on the surface pipe. The welded connection is most frequently used on deep wells to give the additional strength needed to suspend heavy casing loads without overstressing the threads on the surface pipe. A landing base is sometimes used with the lowermost casing head to provide additional support for extremely heavy casing strings. The landing base is a separate unit welded to the lowermost casing head and to the surface pipe with a lower flange or skirt to transfer part of the weight to conductor strings, pilings, or a concrete foundation. The lower connection is usually the weakest vertical load-supporting connection in an API wellhead assembly. The body-wall thickness of the lowestworking-pressure lowermost casing head is sufficient to support the most extreme casing loads. Therefore, it is not necessary to increase the working pressure of the head because heavy casing loads are anticipated.

Most lowermost casing heads are furnished with two 2-in. line-pipe threaded side outlets, although studded or extended flanged outlets are sometimes used to provide additional strength for attaching valves. Internal valveremoval threads should be included in the studded or extended flanged outlets to provide a means for seating a valve-removal plug to seal the outlet while installing or removing a valve under pressure. In the event a valve on the side outlet of a casing head cuts out or it is desirable to install or remove a valve under pressure, after the well is completed a special tool can be attached to the outlet or the valve and a valveremoval plug can be inserted into the valve-removal thread to seal the pressure while necessary adjustments are made. A full&opening valve must be used for this application to provide clearance for the plug. In case threaded outlets are used, a valve-removal nipple may be used to provide the same facility. Internal threads inside the valve-removal nipple provide a receptacle to seat the plug for removing, installing, or replacing the valve. Lowermost casing heads are available with or without lock screws in the top flange. Lock screws usually are used only to hold the casing hanger down against pressures that may occur during nipple-up operations or when casing-string weights are too light to effect an automatic seal and require a lockscrew to effect the seal.

TABLE

3.3-PHYSICAL

AND CHEMICAL Type 1 Type

PROPERTIES

Type 3 100,000 [690] 75,000 [517] 17 35 : t t

Type 4* 70,000 [483] 45,000 [31 O] 19 32 0.35 0.90 0.05 0.05

Tensile strength, minimum, psi [MPa] Yteld strength, minimum, psi [MPa] Elongation in 2 in., minimum, % Reduction In area, mimmum, % Carbon, maximum, % Manganese, maximum, % Sulfur, maximum, % Phosphorus, maximum, %

70,000 [483] 36,000 [246] 22 30 : :

90,000 [621] 60,000 [414] 18 35 : :

The des~~natw Type 1,Type 2 Type 3. and Type 4 ISa nomenclature selected the API Committee on Standarduatlon Valves by of and Wellhead Equlpmenl to ldentlfy material falling wllhm ihe ranges of tensile requ~remenls losted above Flanges made lrom Type 4 steel are recognlred readily as weldable, however,expeilencelndlcates thata moderate preheating 1s dewable under all condlllons and ISnecessaryII weldingISdone at amblent temperatures below 40F (4%) tChemlcal analysesof Types 1 2. and 3 materials purposely are omllled from lhls speclllcatlonorderto providethe manulaclurer m w,thcomplete freedom lo develop~leels mw.t sLxblelorthe mul,~pkQ of reqwemenls encountered Ilh,s cN,calservice

3-4

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 3.4--MATERIAL APPLICATION, API MATERIAL TYPES SHOWN (1,2,3, or 4) Pressure 1,000 2,000 [I381 3,000 [2071 2orl Ratings, 5,000 [3451 2orl psi (bar)
10,000 15,000 20,000

[691
Body (valve, Christmas tree or wellhead equipment) Integral end connection flanged threaded clamp type Bonnets Independently screwed equipment Loose pieces weld-neck flange blind flange threaded flange --2

[690] 2orl*

[1035] 3

[I3801 3

12
3,4

2 2

2 2

2
2

2 2

12
3,4 1,2 3,4 4 2 2

12
3,4

12
3,4

12
3,4

I,2 3,4

I,2 3,4

4 2 2

4 2

2 2

3 3

'Provld~ng end ~onne~ttons are Type 2 and weld!ng IS done accordmg to generally accepted welding practices

The bowl surface can be protected by the use of a bowl protector during the drilling operations. The bowl protector is then removed before the hanger is set. Sizes and Working Pressures. Lowermost casing heads range in size from 7x6 in. to nominal 21 Y4in. to support casing in sizes from 4% to 16 in. (Table 3.5). Table 3.5 shows the various casinghead sizes needed for common surface, intermediate, and production string sizes. The sizes of lowermost casing heads are designated by the nominal size of the API flanged-end connection and the nominal size of the lower connection. Since the wellhead equipment attached above tubular materials should be full-opening to pass full-sized downhole tools, the bore of the tubular materials below an equipment component determines the minimum nominal size of the flange providing access to that tube.

A wellhead component must have a minimum internal diameter approximately X2 in. larger than the drift diameter of the tube over which it is used in order to be considered full-opening. Tables 3.6 and 3.7 give the minimum nominal flange size to give full-opening access to each standard tube size. Because of the problems encountered in sealing large threaded connections at high pressures in field makeup, Table 3.2 gives the maximum recommended thread pressure ratings for various pipe sizes. Selection. In selecting a lowermost casing head for a particular application, the following factors should be considered. Design. The casing head should be designed to receive a casing hanger that will not damage the casing string to be suspended when supporting a full-joint-strength cas-

TABLE

3.5-API

CASINGHEAD

AND TUBING-HEAD

FLANGES
Second

(in.)

First Intermediate

IntermedIate Tubtng-Head To Support Flange Bottom 7x6 9 11 11 13% 11or9 ii or9 11 or9 11 llor9 11 13% or 11 11 or9 11 or9 11 11 11 11 13% Stze Top' 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7l& 7% 7x6 7 ',,,', 6 7% 6 7 I,,,: 6 7x6 7'h 6 7'/<, 7',,16 7'/I6 7',',6 7'& 11

Surface
Pipe Size 7 8% g5/8 10% 11% 1 1% 11% 13% 13% 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20 20

ToSupport Pipe Size 4%,5 4%,5.5'/2 4'/2,5.5'/2.65/8.7 5'/2,6=/,,7,7% 5'/2.6%.7.7% 7% 8% 0% 9 518 8 5/a 9='8 10% 10 3/a 13% 13% 13% 13% 16 16

API Stze.

Flanoe Lower

CasInghead

Flange

Size

Casing"

Nommal
Size 7x6 9 11 11 13% 135% 13% 13% 135% 16% 16% 16% 16 % 16% 16% 2 1 '14 21 'in 21 'I4 21 '/a Bottom Top -

ToSupport Pipe Size Bottom Top -

Casinghead 7x6 9 11 11 13%

Pipe se

13% 13% 13% 13% 16 % 16% 16% 16 % 16% 16% 21'1 21 '14 2 1 'I4 2 1 '/4 llor9 11or9 11 or9 11 11or9 11 1s5/B or 1 I 13% or 11 13% 13% 13% 13% 16% 2 1% 4Y2.5 4%,5,5'/2 4%.5,5X 5'/2.65/&7 41/2,5% 5'h.6%7 5%,6%,7,7% 75% 8% 9% 8 vi? 9 518 10% 13% 13% or 11 13% 11 or 9 11 or9 11 11 11 11 13% -

13%
13% 13% 13% 16% 16% 16% 16 s/i 16% 16% 21 '14 21'!4 21% 21%

4v2.5 4%,5'h 4%,5%.7 4%.5'h 4'/2,5'/2.7 S'h.7 85% ,9x3 * *

13% 13% 13% 163% 21%

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND FLOW CONTROL

DEVICES

3-5

TABLE 3.6-MATCHING TUBULAR GOODS SIZES FOR USE WITH 2,000., 3,000-, and 5,000-psi FLANGES OR 5,000-psi CLAMP-TYPE CONNECTORS Nominal Size and Bore of Flange* or Clamp Hub (in.) Old Nominal Size of Tubular Line Pipe, Nominal Material

Flange
Size

Tubing (in.) 1.660 and 1.900 1.600 through 2% 2% 3% 4 and 4% -

OD

Casing

OD

[mm1
46.0' 52.4 65.1 79.4 103.2 179.4 228.6 279.4 346.17 346.1$ 425.5 425.5$ 539.8$ 527.1

(in.)
1% 2 2/2 3 4 6 8 IO 12 13% 16 16% 20 20

(In.)
1% 2 2% 3 4 6 8 10 12 16 20 20

[mm1
42.2 and 48.3 42.2 through 60.3 73.0 88.9 101.6 and 114.3 -

(in.)
-

[mm1
-

13/16

WI6 Wl6
3'h 4%6 7%6 9 11 13% 135/s 16% 163/i 21% 20%

4% 4% through 7 7% and 8% 9% and 103/4 11 % and 13% 11 % and 13% 16 16 20 20

114.3 114.3 through 177.8 193.7 and 219.1 244.5 and 273.1 298.5 and 339.7 298.5 and 339.7 406.4 406.4 508.0 508.0

'Generally nonstocks,ze
Begmmng wih the eleventh edlflon API Spec 6A. the tradmonal flange of 66 nomlnalsue designation was changed 10 a through-bare deslgnalton Old normnafsizes wllbe retamed formformatlon unf~l mdusirybecomes accustomed tothenew through-bore deslgnatlons New nominalsizesi13/,& [46 0 mm] through11 m [279 4 mm] m replaceold nominalsues 1% in throughIO m The 5,000 PSI(345 bar)flanges the larger m sizes are 66X flanges, and the new 6B flange deslgnatlons the larger for S~?S applyonlyto 2.000and 3.000PSI(138 and 207 bar)68 flangesThe new 20%in 1527 i-mm] deslgnallon apples only103000 PSI(207 bar] flangesand fhe new 6B 21Va-fn,5396.mm1 deslgnatmnapplies only to 2,000-PSI (13%bar)6B flanges tThis66 flange1slimtted a maximum worktng-pressure 10 rallng 3,000 PSI(207 bar)when used Over 11%-ln [P98.5-mm]and 13Wn of *Type 6EX flanges are required 5,000.PSI for (345bar)maximum workmg pressureIthese sizes 1339 7.mm] casmg

ing load with a packoff pressure equal to the minimum yield of the supported casing or the working pressure of the casing head, whichever is smaller. Working Pressure. The minimum working pressure should be at least equal to the anticipated formation breakdown pressure at the bottom of the surface pipe. or equal to or greater than the internal pressure rating of the surface pipe. Maximum working pressure should be at least equal to the formation pressure at the bottom of the next smaller casing string. Lock Screws. Lock screws in the casinghead flange may be used as an added safety precaution if the annulus pressures are expected during nipple-up or if a very light casing load is to be suspended.

Size. Nominal flange size should normally be the smallest permissible size to provide full-opening access to the surface pipe (Tables 3.6 and 3.7) and should fit a standard out-of-stock intermediate head or tubing head and BOP. It should have the necessary size and type of lower connection to fit the surface pipe. Casing Hangers A casing hanger is a device that seats in the bowl of a lowermost casing head or an intermediate casing head to suspend the next smaller casing string securely and provide a seal between the suspended casing and the casinghead bowl.

TABLE 3.7--MATCHING TUBULAR GOODS SIZES FOR USE WITH lO,OOO- 15,000-, AND 20,000-psi FLANGES AND lO,OOO-psi CLAMP-TYPE Nominal Flange or Clamp Hub Size (in.) 1 A 6 * 1%

CONNECTORS

Size of Tubular Tubing OD

Material Casing OD

[mm1
42.9 46.0 52.4 65.1 77.8 103.2 179.4 228.6 279.4 346.1 425.5 476.3 539.8

(In.1
1.900 2.063 2% 2% 3'/3 4 and 41/z -

[mm1
48.3 52.4 60.3 73.0 88.9 101.6 and 114.3 -

(in.) 4% 4% through 7 7% and 8% 8% and 9% 10% and 11 a/4 16 18 20

lmml 114.3 114.3 through 177.8 193.7 and 219.7 219.7 and 244.5 273.1 and 298.5 406.4 473.1 508.0

WI6
29/l 6

3% 4x6 7x6 9** 11" 13vet 16Qf 183/h 21'/4

Th,sflangeIS~nacl~ve; available special on orderonly AvatlableI 10,000 and 15 000.PSI (690.and 1,035.bar) ratedflanges only tAvallable 10.000.psi I (690-b@ ratedflanges only

3-6

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

Sizes and Sizing. The size of a casing hanger is determined by the nominal OD. which is the same as the nominal size of the mating casinghead flange. The nominal inside diameter is the same as the nominal outside diameter of the casing it is designed to suspend. Sizes range from nominal 7x6 through 21 5/4in. to support 4%- through 16-in. casing. Popular sizes are nominal 9 in. for 4% through 5%-in. casing: nominal I I in. for 4%- through 75/s-in. casing: nominal 13% in. for 5% through 95/R-in. casing, as indicated in Table 3.5. Casing hangers are generally available for all casing sizes in the following types. Automatic (most popular type). The automatic casing hanger is a unitized assembly composed of a set of slips and a sealing mechanism. It can be latched around the casing and dropped through the BOPs to set and seal automatically when the casing is slacked off to set. This type is normally used when annulus pressures are expetted during nipple-up operations. Manual. The manual casing hanger is normally used in preference to the automatic type only as a matter of economics when pressure is not expected in the annulus during nipple-up. It is composed of a set of slips and a The slips can usually be separate packoff element. latched around the casing and dropped through the BOPs, but the packoff is installed after the preventers have been removed and the casing cut off. Slip-Weld. The slip-weld hanger usually is composed of a set of slips to support the casing weight and a spider or ring that can be welded to the casing to seal the hanger to the casing. The hanger usually is sealed in the head by a resilient compression-type seal. The hanger can be dropped through the BOPs to support casing weight. but the final seal is made by welding after the preventers have been removed and the casing cut off. Particular care must be taken in preheating the casing and the casing head to ensure an adequate weld. Some casing is permanently damaged by improper welding. Boll-Weevil. The boll-weevil casing hanger is a simple mandrel-type hanger which screws onto the casing to be supported and seats in the casinghead bowl. This type of hanger is not recommended if there is any question about getting the casing to bottom and obtaining the accurate spacing required. Casing hangers are rated by their capacity to support casing weight rather than by working pressure. Some manufacturers furnish actual pull curves showing the deformation that can be expected in the slip area, for any casing load, up to joint strength, for all standard casing sizes, weights, and grades. Fig. 3.2 shows acceptable pull curves for a heavy-duty casing hanger with a 5.000-psi pressure on the packoff. Selection. In selecting a casing hanger, after establishing which type of hanger is most practical, the following factors should be considered. 1. The hanger should be capable of hanging the full joint strength of the casing to be used without sufficient reduction in diameter to obstruct full-sized downhole tools.

2. The packoff or primary seal should be of such construction that well pressure. flange test pressure, or fracture pressure cannot force the packoff down and reduce the casing-hanger capacity. 3. The hanger should be of the proper design and size to fit the mating casinghead bowl, and properly sized to support the casing to be used. Intermediate Casing Heads

An intermediate casing head is a spool-type unit or housing attached to the top flange of the underlying casing head to provide a means of supporting the next smaller casing string and sealing the annular space between the two casing strings. It is composed of a lower flange, one or two side outlets, and a top flange with an internal casing-hanger bowl. The lower flange of an intermediate casing head is counterbored with a recess to accommodate a removable bit guide, or a bit guide and secondary-seal assembly. The purpose of the bit guide is to protect the top end of the intermediate casing string from damage by bits and tools going into the hole. The counterbore is usually constructed to provide a fixed internal bit guide for the largest-sized intermediate casing string that can be suspended beneath that particular flange size. A removable bit guide must be used to protect smallersized intermediate casing. A removable bit guide and secondary-seal assembly may also be used in place of a removable bit guide to seal the annular space between the intermediate casing and the lower flange of the intermediate casing head. By using a secondary seal, well fluids are confined to the body of the intermediate casing head and not allowed to contact the ring gasket or the packoff on the casing hanger below. If the well fluids are corrosive. use of a dependable secondary seal is particularly important to protect the ring gasket. Use of a secondary seal and confining well fluids to a diameter approximately equal to the intermediate casing OD greatly reduces piston load or thrust on the flanges and flange studs. This permits use of an intermediate casing head with a top flange one working pressure rating higher than the lower flange. Of course, the body, the top flange, and the outlets must be sized for the higher pressure rating. Available secondary seals are generally of three types: (I) unitized pressure-energized, (2) plastic-packed, and (3) externally adjustable. The externally adjustable type offers the advantage of being adjustable to stop a leak at any time during the life of a well. A leak in the pressureenergized type or the plastic-packed type may be scaled by injecting a plugging material into the seal under pressure or by replacement. Intermediate casing heads are available with one or two side outlets, which may be threaded, studded, or extended flanged, depending on the working pressure and particular application. The side outlets should be equipped with valve-removal provisions as discussed in connection with the lowermost casing heads. Like a lowermost casing head, the top flange of an intermediate casing head may be equipped with lock screws if needed because of expected annulus pressures during nipple-up or very light suspended casing loads.

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND FLOW CONTROL

DEVICES

3-7

LCNG rOUPLlNG 7 _ -0 0

JCINT STRENGTHS 84 24

LONG COUPLING

JOINT SlAENGTHS

,010 PIPE (INCHES

I ,020 030 COLLAPSE ON DIAMETER)

cl0 PIPF (INCHES

020 030 COI I APSE ON DlAMi TER)

LONG COUPLING

JOINT STRENGTHS so 1

LONG 8Z 2% IO

z J if a

250 7 -200 150 100 50 0

9$-40*
CASlbG

010 DDF II L IINCHES


I

020 030 rOLLAPSE UC 0 N DIAMETER)

L-L 020 030 L. ?nLLAPSE (INCHES ON DIAMETER) 010 DIDC 8, L

Fig.

3.2-Casing-hanger

pull curves

The design features for an intermediate casinghead bowl are identical to those discussed for a lowermost casinghead bowl. The bowl should be designed to receive a casing hanger which will suspend the next smaller casing string without damage to the pipe. When a relatively short intermediate casing string is used, it is sometimes desirable to use a less-expensive casing hanger with a lower load capacity for support. but a high-capacity casing hanger may be required to suspend the next smaller casing string. Sizes and Working Pressures. The lower and upper flanges on intermediate casing heads may range in size from nominal 7X6 in. to nominal 2 1 l/4 in. to support casing in sizes from 4% to 13 3/s in. Table 3.5 shows the various intermediate head sizes required for standard casing sizes. Tables 3.6 and 3.7 give the minimum nominal flange size to give full-opening access to standard casing. Intermediate casing heads are available in working pressures of 1,000. 2,000, 3,000. 5,000, and 10,000 psi. Generally, the minimum working pressure of the intermediate head should be equal to or greater than the

maximum surface pressure required to break down the formation at the bottom of the intermediate casing string suspended below the intermediate casing head. The maximum working pressure should at least equal the shut-in formation pressure at the bottom of the casing string to be suspended in the intermediate casing head.

Selection. In selecting an intermediate casing head. the following factors should be considered. I. Lower flange must be of the proper size and working pressure to fit the uppermost flange on the casing head below, or the crossover flange attached to the casinghead flange if one is used (Tables 3.5 through 3.7). 2. It must have a properly sized bit guide. or bit guide and secondary-seal assembly, to fit the casing suspended beneath it. 3. Top flange must be of the proper size and working pressure to suspend the next smaller casing string and fit the mating flange to be installed above (see workingpressure discussion and Tables 3.5 through 3.7). 4. It should have the proper size, type. and working pressure side outlets.

3-8

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

5. It must include a casing-hanger bowl designed to receive a casing hanger with an effective packoff mechanism that will support joint strength of the casing to be suspended without damage to the casing. Intermediate Casing Hangers Intermediate casing hangers are identical in every respect to casing hangers used in lowermost casing heads and are used to suspend the next smaller casing string in the intermediate casing head. These hangers are selected on the same basis as casing hangers used in lowermost casing heads, as previously discussed. Sizes are specified by the nominal diameter of the flange in which the hanger is to be used and the nominal size of the casing to be supported. Tubing Heads A tubing head is a spool-type unit or housing attached to the top flange of the uppermost casing head to provide a support for the tubing string and to seal the annular space between the tubing string and production casing string. It also provides access to the casing/tubing annulus through side outlets. It is composed of a lower flange, one or two side outlets, and a top flange with an internal tubing hanger bowl. Tubing heads are generally of two types: (1) a unit with flanged top and bottom and (2) one with flanged top and threaded bottom. The unit with the threaded bottom is usually screwed directly on the production casing string, and the top flange is used for the same purpose as the double-flanged head. The lower flange, on the double-flanged type, is constructed in much the same way as the lower flange on an intermediate casing head in that a recess is provided to accommodate a bit guide or a bit guide and secondary seal. The design, purpose, types, and application of bit guides and secondary seals are explained in the discussion of the intermediate casing head. Lock screws normally are included in the top flange to hold the tubing hanger in place and/or to compress the tubing hanger seal, which seals the annular space between the tubing and the casing. Tubing heads are available with one or two side outlets, which may be threaded, studded, or extended flanged. Usually studded-side outlets are used on units with a body working pressure of 3,000 psi and higher. Threaded side outlets are commonly used on units of 2,000-psi working pressure and lower. Extended flanged outlets are used when large-size side outlets are desired. All outlets should be equipped for valve-removal service, as explained in the discussion of the lowermost casing head. The top flange of a tubing head must be equipped with an internal bowl of the proper design to receive the required tubing hanger. Most available tubing heads will receive any of the various types of single-completion tubing hangers of the same manufacturer. If multiple tubing strings are to be installed, a tubing head with a special bowl may be required. This subject is explained in greater detail under the discussion on multiple completion. Sizes and Working Pressures. The lower flange on a tubing head may range in size from a nominal 7x6 in. to 13% in. The upper flange may vary from nominal 7x6

in. to 11 in. for installation over production strings vatying in size from 4% to 9% in. Table 3.5 gives the various standard tubing-head sizes used over common casing sizes. Tubing heads are available in working pressures of 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 5,000, 10,000, 15,000, and 20,000 psi. By using a secondary seal in the lower flange to reduce the piston area exposed to well pressure, a top flange may be used with a working pressure one rating above the lower flange, provided the body and outlet dimensions also correspond to the higher rating. The working pressure of a tubing head for particular application should be at least equal to the anticipated surface shut-in pressure of the well. In most cases, it is considered more economical to install a tubing head with a working pressure equal to the formation breakdown rather than to replace the tubing head with higher pressure equipment during high-pressure treatment. A standard tubing head with a 7X,-in. top flange has a minimum bore of approximately 6%. in., which is considered full-opening for a 7-in. or smaller production string. If a 7%in. production string is used, special care should be taken to select a full-opening tubing head for 75/s-in. casing. Special tubing heads are available for this purpose. Backpressure Valves Selection. In selecting a tubing head, the following factors should be considered to maintain positive control over the well at all times. 1. The lower flange must be of the proper size and working pressure to fit the uppermost flange on the casing head below or the crossover flange attached to the casinghead flange, if one is used (Table 3.5). 2. The bit guide, or bit guide and secondary-seal assembly, must be sized to fit the production casing string. 3. The size outlets must be of the proper design, size, and working pressure. 4. The working pressure of the unit must be equal to or greater than the anticipated shut-in surface pressure. 5. The top flange must be sized to receive the required tubing hanger, and of the correct working pressure to fit the adapter flange on the Christmas-tree assembly. Lock screws should also be included in the top flange. 6. The tubing head should be full-opening to provide full-sized access to the production casing string below and be adaptable to future remedial operations as well as to artificial lift. Tubing Hangers A tubing hanger is a device used to provide a seal between the tubing and the tubing head, or to support the tubing and to seal between the tubing and tubing head. Types. Several types of tubing hangers are available, and each has a particular application. A brief discussion of the most popular types follows. Wrap-Around. The popular wrap-around hanger is composed of two hinged halves, which include a resilient sealing element between two steel mandrels or plates. The hanger can be latched around the tubing, dropped into the tubing-head bowl, and secured in place

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND FLOW CONTROL

DEVICES

3-9

by the tubing-head lock screws. The lock screws force the top steel mandrel or plate down to compress the sealing element and form a seal between the tubing and tubing head. Full tubing weight can be temporarily supported on the tubing hanger, but permanent support is provided by threading the top tubing thread into the adapter flange on top of the tubing head. The hanger then acts as a seal only. The tubing can be stripped through the hanger, between upsets, under pressure. After the Christmas-tree assembly has been attached to the adapter flange, the well can be circulated and a packer set under full control. This type of hanger is frequently used as a BOP when running tubing in a low-pressure well loaded with mud. If the well kicks, the tubing hanger can be latched alound the tubing and lowered into the tubing-head bowl. A seal is made by tubing weight and by use of the lock screws. After circulation, it can be lifted out of the bowl with the first upset below the hanger. Polished-Joint. This type of hanger is slipped over or assembled around the top tubing joint, and the internal seals are adjusted to provide a seal on the tubing body. The hanger is sealed against the tubing head with a resilient seal. After the hanger is set, the Christmas tree can be attached to the top tubing thread and the well circulated under full control. The top tubing joint can be stripped through the hanger, between upsets, under pressure. Boll-Weevil. This is a doughnut- or mandrel-type hanger attached to the top tubing thread and supported in the tubing-head bowl. A seal between the mandrel and tubing head is provided by hydraulic packing or 0 rings. It is the only hanger designed to support the tubing weight permanently. Stripper Rubber. A stripper rubber is a pressureactuated sealing element used to control annulus pressures while running or pulling tubing in a lowpressure well. Tubing weight is supported by the adapter flange, a boll-weevil hanger, or slips located above the stripper rubber. In most cases, the stripper rubber should be used in conjunction with a BOP and is not intended to replace the BOP. Selection. In selecting a tubing hanger, the particular application should dictate the type required. In general, the hanger should provide an adequate seal between the tubing and tubing head and should be of standard size suitable for lowering through full-opening drilling equipment. A backpressure valve is a check valve that is installed in the vertical run of the Christmas tree, usually in the tubing hanger or tubing head adapter. A backpressure valve serves two main purposes: (1) to seal the bore of the tubing when removing the BOP and installing the Christmas tree when completing a well and (2) to seal the bore of the tubing when removing the Christmas tree or doing remedial work on the lower master valve. For the backpressure to pass through the Christmas tree the valves and other vertical-run fittings must be fullopening. AvaIlable backpressure valves are generally of two types. One type is secured in place with threads, the other is secured in place with an expanding-lock mechanism.

Adapter An adapter is a unit used to join connections of different dimensions. The adapter may be used to connect two flanges of different dimensions or connect a flange to a thread. An adapter used to connect two flanges with different dimensions may be studded and grooved on one side for a certain flange size, and studded and grooved on the other side for a different flange size. A unit of this type is called a double-studded adapter. Crossover Flange A crossover flange is an intermediate flange used to connect flanges of different working pressures. Crossover flanges are usually available in two types. 1. A double-studded crossover flange is studded and grooved on one side for one working pressure, and studded and grooved on the other side for the next higher working-pressure rating. The flange must also include a seal around the inner string of pipe to prevent pressure from the higher-working-pressure side reaching the lower-working-pressure side. The seal may be of the resilient type, plastic-packed type, or welded type. 2. Another type of crossover flange includes a restricted-ring groove in the top side of the flange to fit a corresponding restricted-ring groove in the mating head. The restricted-ring groove and the seal between the flange and the inner casing string act to restrict the pressure to a smaller area, thereby allowing a higher pressure rating. Christmas-Tree Assembly

A Christmas tree is an assembly of valves and fittings used to control production and provide access to the producing tubing string. It includes all equipment above the tubing-head top flange. A typical Christmas tree is shown in Fig. 3.3. Many variations in arrangement of wellhead and Christmas-tree assemblies are available to satisfy the needs of any particular application. Fig. 3.4 shows several typical assemblies. Tubing-Head Adapter Flange

The tubing-head adapter flange is an intermediate flange used to connect the top tubing-head flange to the master valve and provide a support for the tubing. Standard adapter flanges of the following three types are available. Studded Type. This unit consists of a lower flange with a ring groove and bolt holes to fit the top tubing-head flange, an internal thread in the bottom of the flange to receive and support the tubing weight, and a studded top connection to accommodate a flanged master valve. Spool Type. This type is similar to the studded type except that the top connection is a flange to accommodate the master valve, and a top internal thread may be provided to act as a tubing landing or lift thread. It is also available with internal provisions for a backpressurevalve mandrel. Threaded Adapter Flange. This type of adapter flange is used to connect the top tubing-head flange to a threaded master valve. It is composed of a lower flange with a

3-10

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

GAUGE

VALVE

FLOWLINE

VALVE)

& (FLOWLINE VALVE)

jgiqz$

VALVE (FLOWLINE VALVE)

I wwc

CHOKE

hIASTER ULE (FLOWLINE VALVE)

Fig. 3.3-Typical

Christmas

tree

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND FLOW CONTROL

DEVICES

Y W ING VALVE TEE

TEE

INTERMEDIAT CASING HEAD

SINGLE WING - SINGLE COMPLETION THREADED MANIFOLD

HIGH

SINGLE WING - SINGLE COMPLETION

PRESSURE SINGLE SINGLE COMPLETION

WING-

DUAL TUBIN HANGER DUAL TUBING

HEAD

THREADED PARPLLEL STRING DUAL (OR TRIPLE) COMPLETION

ALL

FLANGED PARALLEL DUAL COhlPLETlON

STRING

THREADED INDEPENDENT WELLHEAD

Fig. X4-Typical

Christmas

tree assemblies.

ring groove and bolt holes to fit the top tubing-head flange, an internal thread in the bottom to support the tubing string, and a male thread on top to connect the threaded master valve. The top male thread is usually an upset thread to give added strength. A tubing-head adapter flange is described by specifying the lower flange size and working pressure, the bottom internal thread size and type, and the top-connection type, size. and working pressure. The lower flange must be of the same size and working pressure as the tubinghead top flange. The top connection must be of the same size and working pressure as the master valve. The top

flange on the adapter and the vertical run of the Christmas tree must be sized to provide full-opening access to the tubing. Tables 3.6 and 3.7 show the flange sizes that will provide full-opening bores for tubular goods. Valves API valves, like API wellhead equipment, are made of high-strength alloy steels to give safe dependable service. ASA valves are made of carbon steel and should not be used for wellhead service. Valves used on wellheads are basically of two types-gate valves and plug valves.

3-12

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 3.8-FLANGED 2,000-psi

AND CLAMPED PLUG AND GATE VALVES, MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE End-to-End, Flowline Valves, ( * A6in.) [r 1.6 mm] Full-Bore Flowline Valves Full-Bore Gate Valves (in.) --~ 11% 11% 13% 141~ 17% 22% 22% 26%~ [mm] 295.3 295.3 333.4 358.8 435.0 562.0 562.0 663.6 Plug Valves Reg. and Venturi (in.) ~ 11% 11% 13% 141~ 17% 22% [mm] 295.3 295.3 333.4 358.8 435.0 562.0 -

Nominal Size (in.) [mm1 52.4 x 46.0 52.4 65.1 79.4 103.2 130.2 179.4x 152.4 179.4

Old Nominal Size (in.) 2x13/4 2 2% 3 4 5 6 6x7

(+/a ] +0.60, (in.) -1%

-0) - 01 [mm] 46.0 52.4 65.1 79.4 103.2 130.2 152.4 179.4

Drift Diameter (in.)


1 Y32

Full-Bore (in.] 13h 15h 1751~ 2Oh 25h 28% 29% [mm] T 333.4 384.2 447.7 511.2 638.2 727.1 739.8

[mm1
45.20 51.60 64.30 78.60 102.40 129.40 151.60 178.60

2h.x 13/16 2%
2%6

wl6
2s/16

w32
2%2

3% 4x6* 5% 7/BX6** 7%6*


l l

3% 4h,j 5/8 6 7/15

3%

4%
5% 53% 7x2

138 bar maximum workmg pressure. Maxnun throughboresof33h6, 4h,and 7% tn. [81.0, 106 0.and 161 0 mm] arepermissible nominalSizes3%. 4Ks, and 71& in. for 179.4, 103.2, and 179 4 mm]-flanged end connection9 only

TABLE 3.9-FLANGED 3,000-psi

AND CLAMPED PLUG AND GATE VALVES, MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE End-to-End, Flowline Valves, (+A6 in.) [kl.S mm] Full-Bore Flowline Valves Full-Bore Gate Valves (in.) ~14% 14% 16% 17% 20% 24% 24% 28% [mm] 371.5 371.5 422.3 435.0 511.2 612.8 612.8 714.4 Plug Valves Reg. and Venturi (in.) -14% 145/a 16% 15% 18% 24% [mm] 371.5 371.5 422.3 384.2 460.4 612.8 -

Nominal Size (in.)


2%6x 2x6 29h I%6

Old Nominal Size

Bore (+ %. -0) [+0.80, -01 (in.) [mm] ~

Drift Diameter (in.) [mm] 45.20 51.60 64.30 78.60 102.40 129.40 151.60 178.60

Full-Bore (in.) -15% 17% 18% 22% 26% 30% 31% [mm] 384.2 435.0 473.1 562.0 663.6 765.2 803.3

[mm1
52.4 x 46.0 52.4 65.1 79.4 103.2 130.2 179.4x 152.4 179.4

(in.) 2x13/4 2 2% 3 4 5 6 6x7

3% * * 4x6* * 5h 7h6x6
7x6**

13/16 - 46.0 wl6 52.4 2% 65.1 3% 79.4 4h6 103.2 5 /a 130.2 6 152.4 7/j6 179.4

1732 w32
2 %2

3% 4x2 5% 53% 7%

207 bar Maxrnum throughboresofW6, 4/4, 7% m 1810, 06 0.and 181.0mm] arepermlsslble nommalsizes 3%. 4A., and for and 7%, in. [79 4. 03 2,and 173 4 mm]-flanged end connect~ns only

TABLE 3.1 O-FLANGED AND CLAMPED PLUG AND GATE VALVES, 5,000-psi MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE End-to-End, Flowline Valves, (& 1/l6 in.) [ + 1.6 mm] Full-Bore Nominal Size (in.) Old Nos-nn;al Bore (+%2, -0) [+0.80. -01 (in.) I%6 [mm] -46.0 52.4 65.1 79.4 103.2 130.2 152.4 179.4 Flowline Valves Full-Bore Gate Valves (in.) 14% 14% 16% 18% 21% 28% 28 32 [mm] 371.5 371.5 422.3 473.1 549.3 727.1 711.2 812.8 Plug Valves Reg. and Venturi (in.) 14% 14% 16% 18% 21% 28 [mm] 371.5 371.5 422.3 473.1 549.3 711.2 -

Drift Diameter (in.) 1%


a2

Full-Bore (in.) 15% 18 20% 24% 31% 36% 38% [mm] 393.7 457.2 527.1 628.7 790.6 917.6 968.4

[mm1
52.4 x 46.0 52.4 65.1 79.4 103.2 130.2 179.4x 152.4 179.4

(in.) 2x1-Y 2 2% 3 4 5 6 6x7

2%6XI%6
2x6 2%6

wl6
2%6

2 %2
3?&2

3% 4x6** 5% 7/,sx6 7x6*

l l

3% 4h6 5% 6 7/18

4%
53/x 53h 7x2

-- [mm] 45.20 51.60 64.30 78.60 102.40 129.40 151.60 178.60

345 bar Mawmum throughboresof33& 4%. and 7% in. [El.O, 106 0,and 161 0 mm] are permeable for nominalsizes 3/s.4& and 71/cin [79 4, 103 2,and 179 4 mm]-flanged and connectlon9 only

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND FLOW CONTROL

DEVICES

3-13

Both are available with flanged end connections. Gate valves can be divided into lubricated and nonlubricated, wedging and nonwedging types. Full-opening valves must be used in the vertical run of the Christmas-tree assembly to provide access to the tubing. Full-opening valves must also be used on tubinghead outlets and casing-head outlets equipped for valveremoval service. Restricted-opening valves are sometimes used as wing valves, without loss of efficiency or utility, to effect an economic saving. Threaded valves are available in sizes from I /4 to 4 in.. with working pressures from 1,000 through 5,000 psi. Upset tubing threads are usually used on valves in the vertical run of a Christmas tree to provide maximum strength. Valves with line-pipe threads are used on tubing wings, threaded tubing-head side outlets, and threaded casinghead side outlets. Most users prefer flanged valves on applications of 3.000-psi working pressure and above. Flanged valves are available in sizes from 1x6 through 7!,J6 in. with working pressure ratings from 2,000 to 20.000 psi as shown in Tables 3.8 through 3.14. Christmas-Tree Fittings

TABLE 3.1 l-FLANGED GATE VALVES, iO,OOO-psi

AND CLAMPED PLUG AND MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE Flow Line Valves Drift Diameter (in.) I=/& 2%2 2h2 3/32 4,& [mm] End-to-End (+ %rJ[ t (in.)

Full-Bore Bore

Nominal
Size (in.) 1%6 [mm] 46.0 52.4 65.1 77.8 103.2

(+/32. -0)
[+OBO, (in.) 13& 2/,6 29h6 3%~ 4/j6 -01 [mm] 46.0 52.4 65.1 77.8 103.2

1.61
[mm]

2%6 29%
wl6 4lA.5
690

45.20181/4 51.60 20% 64.30 22% 77.00 24% 102.20 26%

463.6 520.7 565.2 619.1 669.9

bar

setting or raising the Christmas tree and tubing. It is available in sizes from 2%, to 4x6 in. and in working pressures from 1,000 to 20,000 psi. Multiple-Completion Equipment

Other Christmas-tree fittings include tees, crosses. and other connections necessary to provide the most desirable arrangement for the particular application. The size of the vertical run may vary from 2x6 to 4N6 in. but must be consistent with the master-valve and tubing-head adapter-flange size to give full-opening access to the tubing for wireline tools and instruments. The outlet on the tee or cross and wing assembly must be of sufficient size to handle the production requirements without undue restriction. Outlets vary in size from I I&, to 4x6 in., although the 2x;,-in. size is normally adequate and is most commonly used in the U.S. All Christmas-tree assemblies should be assembled, pressure-tested to hydrostatic test pressure, and checked with a drift mandrel to ensure full opening before installation. Table 3.15 shows the through-bores and drift diameter for each standard tubing size. Bottomhole Test Adapter A bottomhole test adapter is a device attached to the top of a Christmas-tree assembly to provide fast and safe adaptation of a lubricator for swabbing or testing. It may also include an internal thread to act as a lift thread for

Multiple completions or multiple-tubing-string completions require the same lowermost casing head, intermediate casing head, and tubing-head equipment as single-tubing-string completions with one exception. The tubing-head bowl must be designed and sized to accommodate the required size and number of tubing strings and provide a means for properly orienting the tubing strings. Fig. 3.4 illustrates two types of dual parallel-string installations, and Tables 3.16 and 3. I7 give a listing of common multiple-string applications and specifications. The following equations, used with Fig. 3.5, may be used to determine the minimum casing size necessary for any combination of multiple-paralleltubing-string completions. Duals and quadruples: dc(m;n)A+d,. Triples: d&i,,) =2(Lt9, . .......... . .... ... (I)

where d,.(,,;,) = minimum casing size, d, = tubing diameter, L = distance (A, B, or C, whichever is greatest, see Fig. 3.5).

TABLE 3.12-FLANGED PLUG AND GATE VALVES, 15,000-psi MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE Full-Bore Flow

Line Valves
End-to-End (~/1d~1.61

Bore Nominal Size (in.) ,13,,6 [mm] 46.0 52.4 65.1 (+,& [+0.80, -0) -01 Drift Diameter (in.) - 12%~ [mm] ~ 45.20 2h2 51.60 21%2 64.30

Short Pattern (in.) - 18 19 21 [mm] -457.2 482.6 533.4

Long Pattern (in.) - 23% 25 [mm] - 596.9 635.0

2h 2%6
*1.035 bar

(in.) [mm] - 13/1~ ~46.0 wl6 52.4 wl6 65.1

3-14

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

@-.

pt~R;~oE dc ---b

DUAL

TRIPLE

QUADRUPLE

Fig. 3.5-Multiple-parallel

tubing

strings

(see Eqs. 1 and 2).

TABLE 3.13-FLANGED GATE VALVES, 15,000-psi MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE RATING Full-Bore Bore Nominal Size (in.) ~-3% 4/6 [mm] 77.8 103.2 (+ %23 - 0) [ +0.80, -01 (in.) 3/, 4%6 [mm] 77.8 103.2 Drift Diameter (in.) 3/3, 4%~ [mm] 77.00 102.4 End-to-End Flowline Valves

(~%~,)[+1.61 (in.) Imml


23% 6 29 598.5 736.6

*1,035 bar Alldlmenslonsin in [mm]

Tubing Heads. In selecting a tubing head for multiple parallel-tubing-string service, the same factors should be considered as previously suggested for selecting a singlecompletion tubing head, with the following additions. The tubing-head bowl should (1) be of the required size and internal design to receive the desired tubing hanger, (2) have the necessary nonrestrictive positioning or indexing devices to orient the tubing hanger accurately, (3) be designed to receive an available tubing hanger, which will suspend the desired number of tubing strings or a single tubing string, and (4) be so designed that removal of the BOPs is not necessary until all tubing strings have been landed and sealed. Tubing Hangers. Multiple-completion tubing hangers perform the same function as single-completion tubing hangers, and as many types and variations in design are available. A brief description of common available types and designs follows. Multiple-Bore Mandrel. This type of hanger consists of a large mandrel or doughnut with a separate bore for each tubing string. The individual tubing strings are landed in the large mandrel on landing collars. Backpressure valves can be installed in the individual

TABLE 3.14-FLANGED GATE VALVES, 20,000-psi MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE RATING Full-Bore Bore Nominal Size (in.) [mm] (+/a. [+0.80, (in.) 2%~ -0) -01 [mm] 46.0 52.4 65.1 77.8 Drift Diameter ~-(in.) 12%2 2/32 2%2 3/32 [mm] 45.20 51.60 64.30 77.00 End-to-End ( k /d + I.61 - (in.) 21 23 26% 30% ~[mm] 533.4 584.2 673.1 774.7 Flowline Valves

13/1646.0113/lswl6 52.4 WI 6 65.1 3x6 77.8


1,380bar

WI6
3/6

TABLE 3.15-THROUGH-BORES OF CHRISTMAS-TREE End Flange or Clamp Hub Nominal Stze and Bore (in.) 1%6 [mm] 46.0 52.4 65.1 79.4 103.2 42.9 46.0 52.4 65.1 77.8 103.2 Old Nominal Size (in.) Workinq-Pressure Rating (Psi) (bar)

AND MANDREL EQUIPMENT Minimum Vertical ThrouqhBore

SIZE

Tubing OD (in.) [mm]

Size Weight (Iblft) 2.42.9 4.7 6.5 9.3 11 .o 12.75 2.9 3.25 4.7 6.5 9.3 12.75

Drift Mandrel Diameter (in.) 1.286 1.516 1.901 2.347 2.867 3.351 3.833 1.516 1.657 1.901 2.347 2.867 3.833

l l

2% 846
3% 4x6 lh I%6
256 29/,6

2.. 2-, 2-, 2-, 3-, 3-, 3-, 3-, and and and and 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 138, 138, 138, 138,

207, 207, 207, 207, and and and and 345 345 345 345

(in.)

[mm]

[mm1
32.72 3852 48.22 59.62 72.82 85.12 97.32 38.52 42.12 48.22 59.62 72.82 97.32

42.9 52.4 651 79.4 -

TiG1.900 2% 2% 3% 4 4% 1.900 2.063 23% 2% 3/2 4%

1% 2 2% 3 4 l%S I%6
2x6 2% 3x6 6

1/6 2h6 29h6 3% 41/1@


I/16

3x6
4%6

4%

2-. 3-, and 5,000 lo- and 15,000 IO- and 15,000 lo- and 15,000 IO- and 15,000 IO- and 15,000 10,000

138, 207, and 345 690 and 1035 690 and 1035 690and1035 690 and 1035 690 and 1035 690

1%

2x6 2?46
3x16 4%

103.2 42.9 46.0 52.4 65.1 77.8 103.2

42.2 48.3 60.3 73.0 88.9 101.6 114.3 48.3 52.4 60.3 73.0 88.9 114.3

Bar = 100 kPa **Dribmandrel dnmeters conform totherequrements for drifi mandrelsfor external upsettubing specified API Spec.5A: Casmg Tubingand DnN Rpe, excepl2.063 as in in. 152 4 mm] tubmg. which ISintegral-lolnt. internal upsetwth 1% EUE threads.

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND FLOW CONTROL

DEVICES

3-15

TABLE 3.16-CENTER DISTANCES OF CONDUIT FOR DUAL PARALLEL BORE VALVES

BORES

Nominal Size and Minimum Bore (in.) [mm1 42.9 46.0 52.4 65.1 x 52.4 65.1 x 52.4 65.1 65.1 79.4 x 52.4 79.4x65.1 79.4

Basic Casing OD Weight

Sizet Bore to Bore

Large Bore to Flange Center [mm1 Maximum 35.319 35.319 45.047 41.910 47.625 50.800 57.150 51.003 64.097 64.097 Pressure 35.319 45.047 41.910 47.625 50.800 57.150 64.097

Small Bore to Flange Center (in.) Working 1.3905 1.3905 1.7735 I .a97 2.125 2.000 2.250 2.570 2.5235 2.5235 Preure 35.319 35.319 45.047 48.184 53.975 50.800 57.150 65.278 64.097 64.097 [mm]

Basic End Flange Size and Bore (in.) [mm]

(in.) [mm] (Ibmlft) ---2,000-, 3,000-, and 5,000-psi 5% 139.7 139.7 177.8 177.8 193.7 193.7 219.1 219.1 244.5 244.5 23 17 38 29 39 29.7 49 49 53.5 53.5

(in.) [mm] (in.) -~ [138-, 207-, and 345bar]

l%s

wi2
1 v32

70.64 70.64 90.09 90 09 101 60 101.60 114.30 i 16.28 126.19 128.19 Maximum 70.64 90.09 90.09 101.60 101.60 114.30 128.19

1.3905 1.3905 1.7735 1.650 1.875 2.000 2.250 2.008 2.5235 2.5235 Working 1.3905 1.7735 1.650 1.875 2,000 2.250 2.5235

7/j, 7$ 7h6 7hG 9 9 9 9 11 11

179.4 179.4 179.4 179.4 228.6 228.6 228.6 228.6 279.4 279.4

3=/&l 33% 4 4 4% 43~~ 5% 53/s,

lO,OOO-psi [690-bar]

a16
29/,6x 2& 236x2h6

46.0 52.4 65.1 x 52.4 65.1 x52.4 65.1 65.1 77.8

5% 7 7 7% 7% 8% 9%

139.7 177.8 177.8 193.7 193.7 219.1 244.5

17 38 29 39 29.7 49 53.5

w32

33% 33% 4 4

1.3905 1.7735 I ,897 2.125 2.000 2.250 2.5235

35.319 45.047 48.184 53.975 50.800 57.150 64.097

7,,6 7/16 7/16 9 9 9 11

179.4 179.4 179.4 228.6 228.6 228.6 279.4

Wl6 WI6
3%

4%
5%

!&.s,c end connecton s,zeISdeterm,nedby the s,zeof tubmg-head top conect~on, which suspends the several tub,ngstrmgs. an adaplerllangeISused, a If smaller valveend flangeISsometvnes permtlted. Center distances based on 2% [52.4mm] OD tubing. tCAUTION: Due tothe permwble tolerance theOD lmmedtately on behind thetubingupset, the user iscautioned that dlfflculties occur It recommended may is thatthe user select the lmnt of tubingto be mstalled the top of the tubingstring at NoteDrift sizeforthe 111/,6 1429 mm] nomlnalsizeis1% m in. [42 1 mm]

TABLE 3.17-CENTER DISTANCES OF CONDUIT BORES FOR TRIPLE, QUADRUPLE, AND QUINTUPLE PARALLEL BORE VALVES Nominal Basic End Flange Size and Bore - (in.) - [mm] Pressure 7hlj 9 9 11 11 11 11 11 13% 11 179.4 228.6 228.6 279.4 279.4 279.4 279.4 279.4 346.1 279.4

Nominal Size and Minimum Bore (in.)

Basic Casing OD

Size7 Weight

Radii to Bores

(in.) [mm] (Ibm/ft) (in.) [mm1 ~ 2,000-, 3,000-, and 5,000-psi [13a-, 207-, and 345bar] Maximum Working

[mm1
46.0 52.4 52.4 65.1

Triple Valve

13/,f,

2x6 2% 2%
1 13/16 I%6
l

168.3 177.8 193.7 244.5 219.1 244.5 244.5 273.1 298.5 244.5

24 26 39 53.5 36 All 53.5 55.5 54 53.5

1% I%6 2%

47.63 49.21 53.98 71.44 73.03 77.79 77.79 87.31 101.60 77.79 Pressure 47.63 49.21 53.98 71.44 87.31

2s
2%
3x6

Quadruple Valve

46.0 46.0 52.4 65.1 65.1 52.4

2% W6 T/16
Quintuple Valve

3X6
3736

4 3% Working 1% 176 2%

2x6
l?&
2/16

lO,OOO-psi [6SO-bar] Maximum Triple Valve 46.0 52.4 52.4 65.1 65.1 65% 7 7% 9% 103/4 168.3 177.8 193.7 244.5 273.1 24 26 39 53.5 55.5

7hfj 9 9 11 11

179.4 228.6 228.6 279.4 279.4

2x6
2% 6 6

2%6
3%6

Quadruple Valve

2%

Basicend connecbon SG% isdetermned by the sizeof tubing-head connecbon,whach suspends the sweral tubingstrings an top If adapterflangeISused. a smaller valveend flangeissometimes permitted. Center distances based on Z&-in. 1524.mm] OD tubmg. tCAUTION Due tothe permwble tolerance the OD lmmedlately on behlndthetubmg upset. user iscautioned the that dlfficuttles may occur.It recommended that IS the user select the jomtof tubing be installed the top of the iub!ngstring to at

3-16

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 3.18-API
Bax Nommal Size and __~ Bore of of Flange ) [mm1 Old Nommal SW3 Of Flange 11n/ OD of Flange On) 6 18 6% 7'!z 8 14 10% 13 I4 16% 20 22 27 29% 32 [mm1 156 165 191 210 273 330 356 419 508 559 686 743 813

TYPE 6B FLANGES

FOR P,OOO-psi MAXIMUM

WORKING

PRESSURE

Flange Dlmensmns Total Thickness of Flange BaSlC Thtckness of Flanqe Diameter of Hub Diameter of Bolt ClrCk Diameter Number Diameter of Bolts of Bolts Of Bolt Holes Ring Length of Number Stud Bolts R or RX

-460 ** IS/?/16 52 4 2!46

(1n.l [mm1 118 266


l%f, 1% B 1v,6 11%~ 2516 33.3 36 5 397 46 52 55 63 71 74 84 90 98 0 4 6 5 4 6 1 5 4 1 254 1'/B 286 1 '14 31 a I'iz 136 I '/8 231,~ 2% 2% 3 3'h 3 '12 38 1 445 476 55 6 63 5 66 7 76.2 a2 6 88 9

IIn 1

lmml

(in )
4%

(mm1
1143 1270 1492 1683 2159 2667 292.1 349.3 431.8 489.0 603.3 6541 7239 4 8 6 8 8 8 I2 12 16 20 20 20 24 314 M 314 34 7/B 1 I 1/a 1 '14 1 '14 I'!> I5% I5%

On ) Imml On1 Imml


088 075 088 088 100 112 112 1 25 138 138 162 1 75 175 23 20 23 23 26 29 29 32 35 35 42 45 45 4% 4% 5 5'/4 6' 6 1% 7 a 8% 9 10% 11 IIU 108 114 127 133 I52 17 I I78 203 222 229 260 279 298 20 23 26 31 37 41 45 49 53 57 65 69 73

2%
3% 4'/;8 ' * 5% 7%6 9 II 13% 16% "17U 21%

651 79 4 1032 1302 1794 2286 279.4 346 1 425.5 4509 539 8

2% 69 9 3iA6 84 1 3'5/,6 100 0 4 V8 1175 6 152.4

2%
2% 2'3& 2'5As 3% 39/M 3%

10% 13% 15% 19% 2l'h 24

273 1 342 9 400 1 495 3 5461 609 6

RING MUST

GROOVE BE CONCENTdlC

WITH BORE WITHIN 0010 TOTAL INDICATOR RUNOUT

DETAIL

L SEE

DETAIL

00 T AOLE CEN TEPLINE LOCATED WITHIN 0.03 OF THEORETICAL a.C. AND EGUA SPAC,NG

TOP

VIEW

landing collars. This is the most simple and easily installed hanger but is limited to applications where gas-lift valves or tubing accessories with external diameters greater than tubing-joint diameters are not needed. Multiple-Segment. This type of hanger is composed of an individual hanger segment for each tubing string. Each segment seats in and occupies a part of the bowl when landed. Gas-lift valves and other tubing accessories may be installed on the tubing string. Each hanger segment may be equipped with provisions for backpressure valves. Combination Mandrel and Boll-Weevil. This type of hanger is similar to the multiple-bore mandrel hanger except that one string of tubing is supported by threading into the large mandrel.

Tension-Type. This type of hanger is constructed similar to the multiple-bore mandrel hanger and consists of a landing collar for each individual tubing string. The individual landing collars may be lowered through and lifted back up into the hanger mandrel, enabling the tubing strings to be set in tension through the BOPs. Backpressure valves may be installed in the landing collars.

Selection. In selecting a multiple-completion tubing hanger, the following factors should be considered. 1. Seals on the individual hangers should not be exposed to damage by successive running of remaining tubing strings.

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND

FLOW

CONTROL

DEVICES

3-l 7

TABLE

3.18-API

TYPE 6B FLANGES

FOR 2,000-psi

MAXIMUM

WORKING

PRESSURE

(continued)

Ring-Joml Groove and Flange Facrng Dimensrons Nommal Size and Bore of Flanae Pitch Drameter of Tvoe R Wrdth of Death of Dtameter of Raised Face Hub Length Threaded Lrne-Prpe Flanqe Hub Lenqih Threaded Casmg Flanae

Hub and Bore Drmenstons Hub Length Weldin&Neck Lme-Pipe Flange On ) Neck Drameler Welding-Neck Line-Prpe Flange Maximum Bore of Welding Neck Flanae

~___
W.1 Imml
68 26 a2 55 101 60 i23.83 149.23 180.98 211.14 269 88 12% 15 18% 21 23 323.85 381 .oo 469.90 533.40 584 20 46 0 52 4 65 1 79.4 ''h '?32 '5% '%2 '%2 '%2 '%2 '732 '%2 %2 '%> 7;; '732 a 11 II 11 73 91 91 91 'I4 %e % 6 % 6 % 6 % 6 % 6 %6 % 6 %6 % 6 ?/,e % 6 35 7.94 794 7.94 7.94 7 94 7.94 7 94 7 94 794 7 94 7 94 9 53

m )

lmml

[mm1 (In ) __-__ (1n.1 [mm1 On I


3%6 4 'A 5 5 34

lmml
90 108 127 146

(ln 1 [mm1 ____-__


1% 1% 1'V,6 2% 38 44 49 54

0n 1
3% 4 4% 5 5 J/4 31% 4 '12 415& 5 318

lmml
89 102 114 127 133 100 114 125 137

Imml
76 2 81.0 87 3 90 5 109 5 122 2 1254 141 3 1603

On)
1.90 238 2.88 3.50 4.50 5.56 6.63 a.63 1075

[mm1
48 60 73 88 3 5 2 9

(ln ) GE---2.067 2.469 3.068 4.026 4.813 5.761 7813 9750

[mm1
40.89 52.50 62 71 77 93 102.26 122 25 146 33 19845 24765

103.2 1302 179 4 228 6 11 13% 16% "17% 21% 279 4 346 1 425 5 4509 539 8

11 9 1 11 91 11 91 11 91 11.91 11.91 11.91 11.91 1349

175 0% 210 9 '12 241 11 I/B 302 14 16% 20 225/s 25 356 413 508 575 635

6%

2x6 2"/16 2'5,& 35/,, 31%6 31% 4 'h 4'51% 5%

62 68 75 84 94 100 114 125 137

114.3 141.2 168.4 2192 2731

138 Dar -'These 51zesavailable spec,ai on orderOnly

THREADED

FLANGE

LINE

WELD PlPE

NECK FLANGE

REQUIREMENTS

FOR TABLE 3.16

1 The contourof the flange face wtsrde the d, diameterISoptronal wrththe manulacturer unlessratsed full or face ISspecrfied the purchase order on 2 Rmg-groove radrus shall %z rn [0 79 mm] forgroove wrdthsll& 18.73 r,l be mm] and '% [11 91 mm] 'A.in [I59 mm] forwidth'%. [I 49 mm] 3 3 The bore d, 01weldmg-neck flanges shall as speofredon thepurchase order be NOTE Bore drameter shouldbe the same as ID of prpeto be used,but. because theseflangeS are constructed Type 4 m&l& Of the bore shall not exceed valws ofd, 4 The wallthrckness weldmg-neck flanges ot shall not lessthan 87'!2% of the n0mlrW.l be wallthrckness the pope to whrch the flangeISto be attached Of 5 The weldmg end ofweldrng-neck flanges shall cylrndrrcalshall be or have a maximum draft 7' The length at shall Sufficientensure a sound weld,but rnno case shall be to be lessthan $14 164 mm] rn

2. Positive packoff elements or seals should be provided. 3. Design should allow passage of gas-lift valves if needed. 4. Center lines should be provided to suspend tubing in the casing without spreading at the top. 5. The hanger should be constructed to accommodate positive seating of backpressure valves that do not require an oversize vertical run. 6. The hanger should be constructed for accurate, dependable pressure testing after tubing strings have been landed and sealed.

Christmas-Tree Assembly. The Christmas-tree assembly for a multiple-parallel-string wellhead includes

all fittings above the tubing-head top flange. Threaded, welded, independently flanged, and integrally flanged Christmas-tree assemblies are available for the installation of multiple tubing strings. Threaded, welded, and independently flanged assemblies are furnished in working pressures of 2,000 and 3,000 psi, although threaded assemblies are rarely recommended for 3,000-psi applications. Welded assemblies are recommended for 3,000-psi service only on noncorrosive applications when pressures are expected to decline rapidly and economy is of great importance. Integrally flanged assemblies are available in 2,000-, 3,000-, 5,000-. and lO,OOO-psi working pressures. These assemblies are preferred on severe or corrosive 2.000- and 3,000-psi service, and recommended for 5,000- and lO,OOO-psi applications.

3-18

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE
&SIC Nominal Size and Bore of Flange (In.) t I%6 mm1 46.0 524 65.1 79.4 103.2 130.2 1794 228.6 279.4 346.1 425.5 450.9 527.1 Old Nommal Size of Flange (In.) 1% 2 2% 3 4 5 6 8 IO 12 16 18 20

3.19-API
Flange

TYPE 6B FLANGES

FOR 3,000-psi

MAXIMUM

WORKING
Bolting

PRESSURE

Dlmensrons

Dlmenslons

Outside Diameter of Flange (in) 7 w/2 9% 9% 1 I/2 13% 15 18% 21% 24 27% 31 33% [mm] 178 216 244 241 292 349 381 470 546 610 705 787 857

Total Thickness of Flange (rn.) 1% 1%6 ls/,6 1% 2/,6 p/,6 2% 23/16 3%~ 3/,6 35/ls 4% 4% [mm] 38.1 46 0 49.2 46.0 52.4 58.7 63.5 71.4 77.8 87.3 100.0 114.3 120.7

Basic Thrckness of Flanae (In.) 1 A 1% 1 5/a 1 /2 1% 2 [mm] 31.8 38.1 41.3 38.1 44.5 50.8 55.6 63.5 69.9 79.4 88.9 101 6 108.0 Diameter of Hub (in.) --__2% 4/8 4% 5 6A 7% 9% 11% 14% 16% 20 22% 24% [mm] 69.9 104.8 123.8 127.0 158.8 190.5 235.0 298.5 368.3 419.1 508.0 565.2 622.3

Diameter Of Bolt Circle (rn.) 4~0 6% 7% 71% 9% 11 12h 15% 18% 21 24% 27 29% [mm] 123.8 165.1 190.5 190.5 235.0 279.4 317.5 393.7 469.9 533.4 616.0 685.8 749.3 0 0 12 12 16 20 20 20 20 ?h Diameter of Bolts (In.) Of Bolt Holes

Length of Stud Bolts Ring Number

Number of Bolts

(in.) (In.) mm1 __1.12 1.00 1.12 1.00 1.25 .38 1.25 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.12 29 26 29 26 32 35 32 39 39 39 45 51 54 5h 6 6% 6 7 7%

[mm]
140 152 165 152 178 197 203 229 241 260 296 349 368

R or RX
20 24 27 31 37 41 45 49 53 57 66 70 74

P/l, WI6
3% 4%6 5% 71/x 9 11 13% 16% t17Y4 20% t

WI6
2/2 2% 3% 3% 4 4 /4

a
9 9% 10% 11% 13% 14%

207 bar See Table 3 le sketch tThese SIZE. ~nactwe. wallable

on special order Only

Nomenclature
b, b, b, = width = width = width

for Tables 3.18 through 3.29


of flat of octagonal of groove, in. of ring, in. of bolt circle, of bolt holes, in. in. flange, in. ring, in.

d,, = diameter d bh = diameter d hCmaxj= maximum dt d, d, d,

bore of welding-neck in.

= diameter of flat, in. = pitch diameter of groove, = hole size, in. = diameter of hub, in. of hub, in. of hub, in.

presently standardizing flanges for 30,000-psi working pressure. API has recently standardized a line of clamptype connectors in sizes 2x6 through 21% in. in the 5,000 and lO,OOO-psi working pressure ranges. The design criteria and detailed dimensional data for these clamp-type connectors are given in API Spec. 6A. Details for API ring-joint gaskets for API flanges and clamp-type connectors are shown in Tables 3.27 through 3.29.

d,, = large diameter dHs = small diameter d, d, d z d, d,g D, h,


h,

Flow Control Devices: Safety Shut-In Systems


line-pipe

= neck diameter flange, in.

of welding-neck

= OD of flange, in. = groove OD, in. = OD of ring, in. = diameter of raised face, in. in.

= pitch diameter of ring and groove, = depth of groove, in. = height


= height

of outside
of ring, in.

bevel,

in., or basic in. in. casing line-pipe flange, flange, in. in.

thickness

of flange,

h, = total thickness Lc L, L, L, L

of flange,

= hub length of threaded = length of hub, in. = hub length = hub length in. = length of threaded

of welding-neck in.

line-pipe

flange,

of stud bolts,

Lb, = hub length of tubing flange, in. = radius in groove, in. fg rH = radius of hub or radius at hub, in.
rr = radius in octagonal ring, in.

Flange Data Tables 3,18 through 3.26 show API standard flanges and arc reproduced with permission of API. These tables cover working pressures of 2,000 to 20,000 psi. API is

Since the consequences of uncontrolled well flow are so severe, especially offshore, automatic well shut-in safety systems are important enough that they are sometimes mandated by law. 6 Safety systems must be failsafe. Failure of the energy source or any component must cause the system to go to the safe mode. Usually safe mode means the wells are shut in at one or more points. Safety systems sense conditions on the lease or platform and shut in the well or wells when conditions deviate from the preset limits. Shutting in the well averts further danger due to (1) uncontrolled flow from ruptured pressure vessels, (2) fueling any fire that has started or may start, or (3) overfilling vessels with fluid and/or pressure. The systems consist of fail-safe valves (safety valves), sensors, logic control valving and indicators, and a power source. Some systems may be contained in a single valve or they may be very large multiwell, multivalve, multiparameter, multilogic systems integrated into a production control system with telemetry. Severity of consequences usually dictates how elaborate the safety system should be. Safety valves may be located in the tubing string [subsurface safety valve (SSSV)], on the Christmas tree, or downstream of the well in the process train (surface safety valve) (Figs. 3.6 and 3.7). Most safety valves are controlled with externally applied fluid pressure. Release of the control pressure allows the valve to close.

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND FLOW

CONTROL

DEVICES

3-19

TABLE

3.19-API

TYPE 69 FLANGES

FOR 3,000-psi

MAXIMUM

WORKING

PRESSURE

(continued)

Ring-Joint Groove and Flange Facmg Dlmenslons


Pitch Diameter Hub Hub Length Threaded Casmg Flange (In) 3'/2 4 4'/2 5 5% 45/,6 5x'?/,, 6% 63/4 [mm] 89 102 114 127 133 125 144 16517,

Hub and Bore Dlmenslons Hub Length Hub Length Tubing Flange (in) 2 [mm] ___~ 51 6.5 71 75 69 _ Welding Neck Line-Pipe Flange (in.) 3% 4%~ 4/,6 4%6 4's~ 5%e' 5'j/,s S"/,, 7%~ _ [mm] 88.9 1095 112 7 109.5 122 2 134.9 147.9 169.9 192.1 Neck Diameter Welding Neck Line-Pipe Flange (in.) 1.90 2.38 2.813 3.50 4.50 5.56 6.63 8.63 10.75 _ [mm] 48 3 60.5 73.2 88 9 114.3 141.2 1684 219.2 273 1 -

Maximum Bore of Welding Neck Flange (in.) 1.500 1.939 2 323 2 900 3 826 4.813 5.761 7 439 9.314 ~ [mm] 38.10 4925 59.00 73.66 97.18 122.25 146.33 188.95 236 56 _ ~ :

Nominal
Size and Bore of Flange (in.) ** I=/,,6 [mm] 46.0 52.4 65.1 79.4 103.2 130.2 179.4 226.6 279.4 3461 425.5 450.9 527.1

of Type R Ring

Diameter
Of

and
Groove (in.) 2/,6 3% 4% 4% 5% 7% 10% [mm] 68.26 95 25 107.95 123.83 14923 18098

Width of
Groove (in.) /& [mm] 0.73

Depth of Groove (in.) /4 5& %G S/q6 s/,6 Y 6 Y,6 % 6 s/,6 %6 %G A! l/z [mm] 6.35 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 11.11 12.70 12.70

Raised Face (In.) 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 12% 14% 16% 20% 23% 25% [mm] 92 124 137 156 181 216 241 308 362 419 524 594 648

Length Threaded Lme-Pipe Flange (in.) 2 29/,6 213h6 2"/,6 3% 3%, 31x6 45/j6 43/,6 45h6 5'1/,, 6/2 6% [mm] 51 65 71 62 76 a7 94 110 116 125 144 165 171

wl.5 WI6
3% 4x6 * * 5% 7x6 9 11 13% 16% 17% 20%

s/x* 11.91 11.91 %2 S/52 11.91 s/32 %> %* %z S/3* & 2'/,2 25/3* 11.91 11.91 11 91 11.91 11.91 11.91 16.67 19.84

2%
23/6 2'5/& 3% _

f3?,8211 14 269.88 323 05 361 00 469 90 533.40 564.20

12% 15 18% 21 23

z/32 19.84

207 bar See Table 3 18 sketch tThese s,zes,nact,ve wallablean special orderonly.

RECXJIREMENTS

FOR TABLE 3.19

1.3, 4, and 5 See Table 3 18 2 Rmg-groove radius shall A2I. T.~ be IO.79 mm] forgroove wdlhs & and % [873 and 1 I 91 mm] and 1/,6 [1.59 I mm] for widths2/32 z:& ]I6 67 and 19 84 mm] and ,,s with [345-bar] flanges Table 3.20 I 6 Excepl forbore of weldmg neck flanges, dlmerwons forsizes11%6 10 Z9/ tn [460 10 65.1 mm]. inclusive, are ldentlcal S.OOO-PSI 7 MaxImum throughbores of 33/,6. and 716 [El0. 108.0, 4X, I and 181 0 mm] are permwble fornommal sws 3%. 4/ls. 71,~ and [79.4, 103 2, and 179 4 mm]. respectiveiy 8. Flangedend connections some casingand tubing of heads may have entry bevelrecesses and/or counterbores greater thand, maximum 10receive packer mechanism The a s,~esand shapes of these bevels. recesses, and/orcounterbores are prapriefary are 01 covered by this and speclflcatlon

Llqud

Regulator

Fus,hle

Manual

IF

Emergency ShuGOown Valve a, Boat Landmo \ ControlPanel ./ Pressure Sensors

(ESD)

Lx-

I,

t
SurfaceControlled Subsurface Safety Valve

Fig. 3.6-Production

platform

safety

shut-in

system.

3-20

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE3.20-API
Basic Nominal Size and Bore of Flange (in.) -46.0 .._ t I% [mm] Old Nominal Size of Flange (in.) 1% 52.4 65.1 79.4 103.2 130.2 179 4 228.6 346.1 279.4 425.5 2 2% Outside Diameter of Flange (in.) 7 8% 9% 10% 12% 14% 15% 19 23 [mm] 178 216 244 267 311 375 394 483 584 Flange

TYPE 68 FLANGES
Dimensions

FOR 5,000~psi

MAXIMUM

WORKING
Boltmg

PRESSURE

Dimensions

Total Thvzkness of Flange (m) 1% 13,s l5/,16 2% [mm]

Basic Thickness of Flange (In.) 1 /4 1% 1% 1% 2% 27/e 31% 35/a 4% [mm] 31 8 38 1 41.3 47.6 54.0 73 0 82.6 92.1 108.0 Diameter of Hub (in.) 2% 4% 4% 5% 6% 7% 9 11% 14% [mm] --~ 69.9 104.3 123.8 133.4 161.9 196.9 228.6 292.1 368.3 -

~ (in.)

Diameter of Bolt Circle [mm] 123.8 165.1 190.5 203.2 241.3 292.1 317.5 393.7 482.6 _ -

Olameter Diameter Number of Bolts 4 8 8 8 of Bolts On.1 1 V8 1 1 /B of Bolt Holes (in.) 1.12 1.00 1.12 1 25 1 38 1.62 1 50 1.75 200 [mm] 29 26 29 32 35 42 39 45 51

Length of Stud Bolts (In.) 5% 6 6% 7% 8 10 10% 12 13% [mm] 140 152 165 184 203 254 273 305 349 Rtng Number R or RX 20 24 27 35 39 44 46 50 54

38.1
46.0 49.2

WE 2% 6
3/s

4% 6% 7% 8 91/z 11% 12% 15% 19 -

3
4 5 6 8 ,35/8 10 ,lj3/4

55.6
61 .9 81 0 92.1 103.2 119 1 -

4% 5% 7% 9

256
33/jG 3% 4%~ 41%~ -

: 12 12 12 -

1 /r /2 1 3/a 1% 1 /s -

&h $163/q

345 bar. *See Table 3 18 sketch +These sues ,nactwe, wallableon spectal orderonly *See Table 3 22 fordtmenslondetails these sizes. an

Fusible Plug

Pneumatic -

Surface

Safety Valve Control Panel

Hydraulic Safety

Surface Valve c1

Surface

Controlled Safety

Subsurface Valve

Fig. 3.7-Safety

shut-in

system

with

hydraulic

valves

and

pneumatic

valves

WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT AND FLOW CONTROL DEVICES

3-21

TABLE 3.20API TYPE 6B FLANGES FOR 5,000-psi* MAXIMUM WORKING PRESSURE (continued)
Ring-Joint Groove and Flange Facing Dimensions Pitch Diameter of Type R Ring and Groove (in.) Hub Length Threaded Line-Pipe Flange Hub Length Threaded Casing Flange (In.) [mm] __~ 3% 4x6 5x6 Hub and Bore Dimensions** Hub Length Welding Neck Line-Pipe Flange Neck Diameter Welding Neck Line-Pipe Flange Maximum Bore of Welding Neck Flange

Nominal Size and Bore of Flange (in.) t 1%6 2/,, 3% 4116 t 518 7%6 9 11 $135/E [mm] 46.0 52 4 65 1 79.4 1032 1302 179.4 228.6 279 4

Width of Groove

Depth of Groove

Diameter of Raised Face

Hub Length Tubing Flange

24,

(in.) [mm] ~211/,, 68 26 /zz 3% 9 5 2 5 % 4% 107.95 Sk* 5% 136.53 1%

[mm] (m) [mm] (in.) [mm] (in.) [mm] -__8.73 /4 6 35 3% 92 2 51 11.91 %f 7 94 4 % 124 2%~ 65 11.91 %6 7 94 5 a/a 137 213/16 71 11 91 %6 7.94 6% 168 33/16 81 11.91 11.91 1349 16.67 16.67 %6 %6 3/s /I 6 %6 _ 7 94 7.94 9.53 11 11 11 11 _ 7s/, 9 9% 12% 14% 194 229 248 318 371 98 113 129 154 6%6 170 _ 3% 4%6 5x6

On.) Imml -~
2 29~~ 23/16 33/16 51 65 71 81

bn)

lmml

0n)

lmml

t(n)

~ [mm1
33 42 53 66 96 90 98 65

3 /2 889 45/j6 109 5 47/,6 1 1 2 7 415/]6 125 4

1.904831337 2.38 605 1 689 2 88 73.2 2.125 3 50 889 2624

$163/q

346.1 4255

6% 7% 85/j6 10% 12% -

161.93 193.68 211.14 269.88 323.85 -

1%~ 1Yz2 /zz *l/x2 2/~2 -

WI,

98 53/,6 131 8 3% 98 450 1143 3438 87 33 113 556 141 2 4313 10955 6/,6 163 5 129 7% 181 0 663 1684 5189 131 80 154 83/>~ 223 8 863 2192 6.813 17305 6/,6 170 lOY,e 265 1 1 0 7 5 2 7 3 1 8 5 0 0 2 1 5 9 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -

wl6

345 bar See Table 3 16 skerch

REQUIREMENTS FOR TABLE 3.20 ,,3,4,and5 SeeTable 2 R1n9.groove radius r,g shall Ye jhz m (0 79 mm] for 9roove widths & and s/S2 m [8 73 and 11 91 mm]. 1/,6 1. (1 59 mm] for wdths Xz and 2& [13 49 and 16 67 mm] 6 Except for bore of welding-neck flanges, dtmenslons for suxs 11%6 III to 23/,5 !n [46 0 to 65 1 mm]. mclus~ve, are ldentlcal with 3,000.PSI [207-bar] flanges I Table 3 19 7 and 8 See Table 3 19

Surface Safety Valves (SSVs) An SSV on the Christmas tree is usually the second valve in the flow stream. Hence it is the second master valve, if it is in the vertical run, otherwise it is a wing valve. SSVs can be located downstream of the well in the process train at such places as (1) flowline headers, (2) suction, discharge, and bypass on a compressor (the bypass safety valve safe mode is open instead of closed), or (3) at the entrance to the sales pipeline or the pipeline leaving a platform. Most SSVs are reverse-acting production-gate valves with piston-type actuators (Fig. 3.8). Valve-body pressure against the lower stem area moves the gate to the up/closed position. Control pressure applied to the piston pushes the gate to the down/open position. Usual-

ly a spring is used to close the valve if valve-body pressure is not present. Valve-body pressure and piston/stem area ratio determine the control pressure required. Large-ratio pneumatic actuators are used because the larger ratio permits use of lower control pressure. Lower-pressure control-system valves can be simpler and more reliable. Compressed air or produced gas are the usual control fluids. Control pressures are generally 250 psi or less. Low-ratio hydraulic actuators are used where the SSV is to be controlled by the same system that controls the SSSV, or where limited space is available on the Christmas tree (Fig. 3.9). Control pressures are generally slightly greater than the shut-in pressure of the well.

Fig. 3.8Pneumatic-powered ratio-piston surface safety valve.

Fig. 3.9Pneumatic and hydraulic surface safety valves

3-22

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE

3.21-API

TYPE 6BX INTEGRAL

FLANGES

FOR 5,000-AND
Bmc

lO,OOO-psi

MAXIMUM

WORKING

PRESSURE

Flange Dlmerwons Large Diameter of Hub Small Diameter of Hub Length of Hub Radus at Hub

Nommal Sue and Bore (in1 2.000 PSI(138 bar) 3.000 PSI (207 bar) 5,000 PSI (345 bar) 26% 26% 13% 716% 18% 2 1% '*I"& I'%16 2%6

OutsIde Diameter

Total Thickness

lmml
6795 6795 346.1 425.5 476.3 539.8 429 46.0 52.4 65.1 77 8 1032 1302 1794 2286 2794

On)
41 43% 26% 30% 35% 39 7%6 7% 7% 9 'h 10% 12',$6 14'/IS 18% 21% 25%

[mm1 -__ bn)

bml

W )
34%

Imml
835.8 870.0 481 0 5556 674 7 7588 a4 1 08 9 1000

(in)
29% 30%, 16"/,6 20% 23%, 26%

bml
743 0 7763 423 9 527 1 598 5 679.5

(ln)
75& 4% 3 6 6%

lmml (ln 1 lmml


vu 518 ve 74 % "AS ve % K V8 3% W 3/s 5% s/s 5/s 159 15 9 159 19 1 159 175 9.5 9 5 9 5 9.5 9 5 95 9 5 159 15.9 15.9 186 114 76 152 165 47 48 52 57 64 73 81 95 94 103 114 76 156 165

1041 4='/2>126 2 322%~ 1102 6"/>, 161 1 673 772 905 991 183 187 200

73/,6 166

4x6 1127 la'%, 5% 1302 21% 6'7/,21659 26%~ 7% 181.0 29% 1% 12%~ 14%4 42.1 42 1 44.1 51.2 563 702 79.4 1032 1238 141 3 3% 3% 3'%.

10,000 ps, (690 bar)

2'3/>2 61.1 12y32 2% 65.1 1% 2'5& 746 2% 3% 92.1 2M 4"/32 110.3 2% 5% 1461 2% 7'& 182.6 3% IO 12% 15% 254.0 327.0 400.1 3% 3'Xs 4vj6 4% 3 6% 6%

232 2%. 270 2'Ysq 316 2-/s, 357 31/s 479 552 654 4%. 4% 5%6

120 7 4% 5'9,& 142.1 73/,e 1826 813/,,2238 11% 14% 17% 21% 25'%a 29% 33% 3016 374.7 450 9 5525 6556 752.5 8477

346 1 30% 768 425 5 345ie 872 476 3 40'5/,, 1040 5398 45 1143 Boltmg Dlmensms Nominal Sam and Bore w 2.000 MI (138 bar) 3.000 psr (207 bar) 5,000 ps; (345 bar1 1 [mm] 679.5 6795 346.1 425.5 476.3 539.8 429 46 0 524 65 1 77 6 1032 1302 1794 2286 2794 346 1 4255 4763 5396 Diameter of Bolt Circle (m) 37% 39% 23% 26% 31% 34% [mm] 9525 10001 590.6 676.3 603.3 885.8
6

6% 1683 6% 1683 Sz5/,z 223 0 9% 2413

lS'/z 4953 23'1/,6 601.7 21?/~ 674 7 30 762 0

=/s 15.9 19.1 % 15.9 % 13/,rj 206

Facing andGroove Diameter of Bolt H&S Lenath of Siud Bolts (in.) [mm] 13% 17 12% 14% 17% 18% 5 5 5% 6 6% 8 8% 11% 13 15 17% 17% 22% 24'h 349 432 318 368 445 476 127 127 133 152 171 203 222 286 330 381 438 445 572 622 Raised Face Diameter (ln ) [mm] Gr0CW? OD (1n.1 /mm]

Dimensions Width of GKPSe (in) [mm] 22.91 Depth of GrCO!e (in.) [mm] 2',3221.43 25'3221.43 V,s 1429 *'kn 6.33 '3& 18.26 % 19 05 '& ?& '%a 5 56 5 56 5 95

Diameter Number 01 Bolls of Bolts (117 ) (m ) [mm] 20 24 16 16 20 24 8 8 8 I3 6 8 12 12 16 16 20 24 24 24 ~ 1% 2 178 1% 2 2 u 3'4 % '/s 1 1'/a 1'/a 1'h 1'h 1% 1w 1% 2% 2% 1.88 2.12 1.75 2.00 2.12 2.12 088 088 0.88 100 112 125 125 162 1 62 1 88 200 200 238 262 48 54 45 51 54 54 23 23 23 26 29 32 32 42 42 48 51 51 61 67

t3ng Number BX-167 8X-168 BX-160 8X-162 8X.163 BX-165 EX-150 8X-151 8X-152 8X-153 8X-154 BX-155 8X-169 8X-156 BX-157 BX-158 6X-159 6X-162 EX-164 BX~l66

26% 26% 13% t16% 18% 2 1% * *11% 6 1'%6

31"',,,804 9 30.249 768.32 0902 32% I8 21%~ 24"& 27% 4 4% 4% 5% 6 7% 6'%s 11% 14% 16%

831.9 30.481 774.22 1.018 25.86 4572 535 0 627.1 701.7 16063 16.832 22.185 24.904 408.00 478.33 563.50 63256 0786 0.705 1.006 1.071 1996 1791 25 55 27 20

10,000 ps, (690bar)

5%
5% 6%

2h 2%
3%6

141.3 146 1 1586

101 6 2.893 104 8 3062 111.1 3395 131 8 152.4 184 9

73.48 0.450 11 43 77.77 0.466 11 84 8628 0.498 12 65

4',& 5% 71:s 9 11 13% 16% 18% 21%

7% 184 2 8% 2159 1O3/,6 2588 ll'Y,s 15% 18% 22% 26% 30% 36% 40% 3000 4032 4763 5652 6731 7763 9255 10224

4.046 10277 0.554 14 07 4685 11900 0.606 1539 5.930 150.62 0.698 17 73 17666 0666 241 83 0.921 29906 1039 35723 1.149 43264 1279 478 33 0 705 57790 1290 64788 1373 1692 23 39 26 39 2918

'%a 6 75 's,64 7 54 ?%a 8 33 3/s 9 53 %6 11 11 'h 1270 %h 1429

220.7 6.955 301.6 9.521 358.8 11 774 428.6 14064 17.033 18.832 22752 25.507

20% 517.5 22"/,,576.3 27'A6 696.9 30% 781.1

5/s 15 88 3249 8 33 17.91 z'& 32 77 23& 18 26 % 19 05 3487

'345and 690 bar '.ThlS flange InaCtIve 14 avaIlable s&x?clal only on Older +Thts tlangewasadopledJ"ne 1969and shall markedwth boththeworking be ,xessure (50OOWP)and thetest ~ressure,10,000TPI ,nadd,l,on ,aalher mark,nS requwemenfs

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND

FLOW CONTROL

DEVICES

3-23

TABLE

3.22-API

TYPE 68X WELDING-NECK

FLANGES

FOR lO,OOO- AND 15,000-psi


Basic Flange Dlmenslons

MAXIMUM

WORKING

PRESSURE

Nominal Size and Bore

OutsIde Diameter

Total Thickness

Large Dlametet of Hub (in) [mm]

S"Mll Diameter of Hub (in.) [mm] 2'Y32 29/~6 2'7,6 61.1 65 1 74.6

Length of Hub (tn.) [mm] 12x2 47 129/,1 48 2%2 52 2'14 2'/2 2'ls 57 64 73

R&us at Hub (m ) [mm] I % ?/8 3/s =/a 318 3h 5/a 78 s/s s/a % ?/s 3/a k % Vs Ye VI3 9 5 95 9 5 95 9 5 9 5 9.5 159 159 159 159 19.1 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 95 95 159

bml
10.000 psi (690 bar) 429 460 524 651 778 1032 1302 1794 2286 2794 346 1 425 5 15,000 PSI (1035 bar) **1/j6 1'3/.. , 42 9 46 0 524 651 778 103 2 1794

On.) lmml (ln)


7%6 7% 7% 183 187 200 lvx 1v3* I'%4 2'/64 2's& PS&

Imml
42 1 42 1 44 1 51 2 58.3 70 2

3%6 84 1 3'/2 88.9 3'Yje 1000 4% 120 7 5f=/32 142 1 73/,6 182.6 6"/,vj2236 11R 301.6 14% 374.7 17% 4509 21% 5525 2513/,5 6556 3"/18 32'/w 4%51/15 6%, 7"/js 12'3h6 937 97.6 111.1 128.6 1540 195.3 3254

9% 232 lO~/n 270 12%6 316 14%6 357 18v.. 479 21% 552 25% 30'14 34%, 75/e 8%. . 6% IO ll%e 143/,, 19vn 654 768 872 194 208 222 254 287 360 505

35/e 92.1 4"/s2 110 3 5% 1461 7x6 1826 10 254.0 127/n 327.0 15% 19'h 23'%6 400.1 495.3 601 7

31% 794 4'/16 1032 47/s 1238 5Y6 141 3 65/s 1683 65/s 1683 1% 12%.2 2% 2'/;, 33/32 4"& 44 5 45 2 50 8 57 2 64.3 786 119 1

3Y,e 81 3% 95 3('/(6 94 4'& 4'h 3 178 1% 2Vs 2'14 2'12 27/e 35/s 108 114 76 48 48 54 57 64 73 92

2% 6 244 6

3% 6 4x5 7'/< 6

21Y,6 68 3 2'3h. 71 4 , 3'/4 82 6 31%6 100 0 4'3/16 122 2 6'/4 158 8 10% 2762 Facmg

BoltingDlmensons Nominal SIX and B0te (1"1 10.000 DSI (690 ba;) . f1',< c 1 '% 6 [mm] 42 9 46.0 524 Diameter of Bolt Circle (in) 5%. 5%6% [mm] Dlametet of Bolt Holes Length of Stud Bolts (in) [mm] 5 127 127 133 152 171 203 222 286 330 381 438 445 133 140 152 171 191 235 324 Ralsed Face Dwneter (in.) [mm]

and Groove Dlmenslons Width of Groove Depth of GVXNe (tn.) [mm] '/w 556 :i; 5 56 's/h4 5 95 '!/64 6 75 754 2'ka 8 33

Diameter Number of Bolts (1") [mm] of Bolts (1"1 8 a 8 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 24 a 8 8 8 8 % % % 7/s 1 1'/s 1'ia 1'/2 1'h 1% 1'/a 1 '/a % % xl 1 1'18 068 088 088 100 112 125 125 1.62 162 1.88 200 200 0.88 100 1.00 1.12 125 1.50 1.62 23 23 23 26 29 32 32 42 42 48 51 51 23 26 26 29 32 39 42

G"JOVt? 00 (in.) 2.893 3.062 3395 [mm]

(1)

[mm] 11 43 11 84 1265 1407 1539 1773

mng Number BX-151 BX-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX-169 BX-156 BX-157 8X-158 8X-159 6X-162 BX-150 BX-151 6X-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX-156

2%6

141 8 146 1 1588

4 101 6 4?e 104.8 43/a 111 1 5%~ 6 7%, 131 8 1524 184 9

73.48 0.450 77.77 0.466 8623 0498

291,s 65 1 3'& 778 4'& 1032 5'18 1302 7'h. 1794 .I 9 2286 11 135/a 16% 15,000 PSI (1035 bar) 2794 346 1 425 5

7'/s 184 2 a','* 215 9 lOz& 2588 11'v,/,6 3000 15'/s 4032 18% 4763 221/n 5652 26% 6731 30%~ 7763 6 1524 65/16 1603 6% 174.6 7'/s 2000 9% 2302

4.046 102.77 0554 4685 11900 0606 5.930 150.62 0.698

%4

8"h 220 7 6.955 176.66 0.666 16 92 IlVe 301 6 9.521 241.83 0.921 2339 14'/s 358 8 11.774 299.06 1.039 2639 1678 428 6 14.064 357.23 1.149 29 18 203/s 517 5 17.033 432.64 1.279 32 49 22'%8 576.3 18.832 476.33 0.705 17.91 3'3A, 96.8 43/,6 106.4' 4% 114.3 5'/4 133.4 6'/,, 154.0 7Vs 193.7 12 304.8 2.893 3.062 3.395 4.046 4.685 5.930 9.521 73.48 77.77 66.23 102.77 119.00 150.62 241.83 0.450 11 43 0.466 11 84 0 498 12 65 0.554 14.07 0.606 15 39 0 698 1773 0.921 23.39

3/s 9 53 '/,e 11 11 '/2 12 70

91.
5/E =h4

14 29 15 66 8.33

* *1 'j/,6 429 I?/,6 46 0 52 4 2%6 65 1 3% I 77 8

2%6

',& 5.56 "32 5.56 '%4 5 95 '%A 675 '?& 7.54 VM 8 33 '/I/(6 11 11

REQUlREMENTSFORTABLES3.22ANO3.24 1 Dueto thed~ff~cuity offteld weldingAPI Types 2 and 3 material from which theseilangesare made,atransjt~on p~ecemay beshopwelded tothebase flange and theweld properly heattreatedThisfrans~t~on pieceshall made from the same or smlar matenalas the pipetowhich II Lobewelded by the cusfomer Trans~t~on be IS prxe ID and OD al the heldweid~ngend. and 11s maternal. shall speclfled the purchase order be on 2 The lengthof the lransit~on pwe shall greatenough thalthe near from fleid be weldmg will not affect metallurgIcal the properws of the shop weld 3 The API monogram shall apphed lo the weldmg-neck flange(solld be outl~nej The API monogram does "at applyto the shop weld or the trans,tion p,ece 4 D~mensianh,,may be omltted onstudded connections

3-24

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 3.23-API

TYPE 68X INTEGRAL

FLANGES

FOR 15,000-AND

20,000-psi

MAXIMUM

WORKING

PRESSURE

Basic Flange Dimensions Nominal sze and Bore OutsIde Dtameter (in) 7% 83/,6 8% 10 115/?6 143/,6 [mm] 194 206 222 254 267 360 Total Thtckness (In.) [mm] 1% 44.5 12=& 45 2 2 50.6 2'14 57.2 2'%, 64.3 33h2 76.6 41& 119.1 5% 146.1 7% 167.3 Large Diameter of Hub (in.) [mm] 3"/,6 93.7 3zYz2 97.6 4% 111.1 5'/,s 126.6 6%~ 154.0 7"/,6 195.3 12'%8 325.4 17 431.0 23 564.2 Small Ofameter of Hub (In) [mm] Length of Hub (in.) [mm] 46 46 54 57 64 73 92 124 236 49 52 59 64 73 97 Radius at Hub (In.)[mm] Ys 9.5 318 95 318 9 5 % 9 5 l/s 9 5 =/P. 95 i/s 159 V8 159 5% 159 % "h 318 Ye % % 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 95 159

(In )
15,000 psi (1035 bar) W'%s 1 '%s

[mm]

WI6

429 460 524 2% 6 651 3%, 77.6 4'116 1032

7'116 1794 9 2266 11 2794 20,000 psf (1360 bar) 136 460 524 2% e 65 1 3x5 778 4x6 1032 7s/16 1794

19s 505 25'/z 646 32 813 lo'/8 257 llYjs 267 12'3/,6 325 14'/,, 357 17%~ 446 25'3& 656

211/,,,66.3 1% 2'=A6 71.4 1% 3s 62.6 2'18 3'%6 100.0 214 4'%, 122.2 2'12 6'/4 156.6 2'/8 lo'/8 276.2 3Vx0 13% 349.3 47/8 161J/(64270 9%~

2%6

2'12 63.5 5% 2'Y,6 71.4 6%~ 3'18 79.4 6'3& 3s 05.7 79h6 43/,s 106.4 9%~ 6'/2 165.1 153hb

133.4 4%~ 109.5 l'%s 154.0 5 127.0 2'/,6 173 0 5"/,6 144.5 2%~ 192.1 65/,, 1603 2% 242.9 Et'/8206.4 2'/s 365.6 13%6 338.1 3'%6

Bolting Drmensrons Nommal Stze and Bore fin ) 15,000 PSI -42.96 t l"A6 (1035bar) 1s [mm] 46.0 52 4 65 1 77 8 103 2 1794 2266 2794 46 0 52 4 65 1 77 8 103.2 1794 Dtameter of Bolt Circle (m.) 6%~ 67/a 7s 9x6 11x6 16% 21% 26 [mm] Diameter of Bolt IdOleS (fn) [mm] 088 1 00 00 12 125 1 50 1 62 200 212 ll2 125 136 150 1 66 212 23 26 26 29 32 39 42 51 54 29 32 35 39 46 54 Length of Stud Bolts (in.)[mm] 5'/4 5% 6 6% 7'/2 9% 12% 15% 19'/4 7% a'/4 9% 10 12% 17% 133 140 152 171 191 235 324 400 489 191 210 235 254 311 445 Ratsed Face Drameter

Facing and Groove Drmensrons Groove OD (in) 2.893 3.062 3 395 4.046 4.665 5 930 9.521 11 774 14064 3.062 3395 4.046 4665 5.930 9 521 [mm] 73.46 77.77 66 23 102 77 119 00 150 62 241.63 299.06 35723 77 77 86 23 102 77 11900 150 62 24163 Wldlh of Groove (In) 0.450 0.466 0 496 0 554 0.606 0.696 0921 1039 1149 [mm] 11.43 11.64 12.65 14.07 15.39 17.73 23.39 26.39 29.16 Depth of GVXXe (In.) [mm] %, 5 56 %z 5 56 's/s4 5 95 '%a 6 75 'g& 7 54 2/k4 a 33 /,6 11 11 Vz 12 70 q/~6 1429

Diameter Number of Bolts of Bolts on I 78 '/s 1 1l/a 1 3/s 1'12 1% 2 1 15% 1'/a 1% 1% 2

(lo.) [mm] 3'%r 96.8 43/16106.4 1143 133.4 154.0 193.7 304.8 361.0 454.0 117.5 131.6 150.8 171.5 219.1 3524

Rfng Number 6X-150 BX-151 BX-152 6X-153 6X-154 BX-155 BX-156 BX-157 BX-156 BX-151 6X-152 BX-153 0x-154 BX-155 BX-156

152.4 -3148 160 3 8 1746 8 2000 a 230.2 8 290.5 6 426.6 16 552.5 16 711.2 20 8 8 6 6 6 16

__

8 203.2 9'/,6 230.2 10%~ 261.9 11%~ 267.3 14'/,6 3572 21'3/,,6 5540

0 466 11.84 'h2 5 0 496 12.65 '%a 5 0 554 14.07 '7/6. 6 0606 15.39 '%a 7 0 698 17.73 "kn 0 0921 2339 '/,6 11

56 95 75 54 33 11

'1035and 1380 bar .'See Table321 sketch +Th,sIlange ,nact,ve. IS available spew1 order 0" only

TABLE 3.24-API

TYPE 6BX WELDING-NECK

FLANGES

FOR 20,000-psi

MAXIMUM

WORKING

PRESSURE

Basic Flange Nominal Size and Bore (in.) l% [mm] 46.0 52.4 65.1 77.6 103.2 179.4 Outside Diameter (in.) lo'/8 lls/,,j 123/la 14/le [mm] 257 287 325 357 Total Thtckness (In.) 2'12 23/,6 3/n 3 V8 43/,6 612 [mm] 63.5 71.4 79.4 65.7 106.4 165.1

Dimensions Large Small Diameter of Hub (in.) -4%5 5 5/,, 6%~ 818 13%6 ]mm] 109.5 127.0 144.5 160.3 206.4 338.1 Facina Length of Hub (In.) [mm] ls/,6 2/,6 2s/,, 2/2 27/a 33/,,6 49 52 59 64 73 97 Radius at Hub (In.) ]mm] 3/a % Ya 3% 3/s % 9.5 9.5 9.5 9 5 9.5 15.9

Diameter of Hub (in.) __~ 5'/4 6/,, 63/la 7%5 9%s 153/1k (mm] 133.4 154.0 173.0 192.1 242.9 385.8

2%6
2% 6 3x6 4%~ 7%6

179/,6 446 25'3/16 656

Bolttng Dimensions Nominal Size and Bore (in.) ~1s [mm] 46.0 52.4 65.1 77.0 103.2 179.4 Diameter of Bolt Circle (m) 8 9/,, lO%s lls/,a 14%~ 21+,6 [mm] 203.2 230.2 261.9 2873 357.2 554.0 Number of Bolts El El 6 8 8 16 Diameter of Bolts (in.) 1 1 /a 1 I4 1 a/a 1% 2 Diameter of Bolt Holes Length of Stud Bolts lmm] 191 210 235 254 311 445 Raised Face Diameter (in.) --~ 45/s 5a/18 5%6 6% 8% 1376

and Groove

Dimensions

Groove OD (in.) 3 062 3.395 4.046 4 685 5 930 9 521 [mm] -~ 77.77 66.23 102.77 119.00 150.62 241.83

Width

of

Depth

of Ring Number BX-151 BX-152 8X-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX-156

Groove (in.) 0.466 0.498 0.554 0.606 0.698 0.921 [mm] ~-11.84 12.65 14.07 15.39 17.73 23.39

(In.) [mm1 (in.) -1.12 1.25 1.36 1.50 1.88 2.12 29 32 35 39 46 54 7/2 w/4 9% 10 12/4 17/2

[mm] 117.5 131.6 150.6 171.5 219.1 352.4

Groove _________ (In.) [mm] r/s2 5/64 764 a/& */64 /,e 5.56 5.95 6.75 7.54 6.33 11.11

WI6 wl6
3x6 4/,a 7lyta

'1360 bar. '*See Table 322 sketch

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND FLOW CONTROL

DEVICES

3-25

TABLE 3.25-API

TYPE 6BX BLIND AND TEST FLANGES

FOR lO,OOO- AND 15,000-psi

MAXIMUM

WORKING

PRESSURE

Basic Flange Dimensions Nommal Size and Bore (I.) [mm] 10,000 psi (690 bar) 11% 11%,+ 42.9 46.0 52.4 Outside Diameter (I.) [mm] 7%$ 7% 7Vs 183 187 200 Total Thickness (1) [mm] -1/3? 42.1 1% 42.1 14/64 44.1 21,&a 51.2 219h, 58.3 Z-164 70.2 1% I=,& 2 2% 2/32 33/52 44.5 45.2 50.8 57.2 64.3 78.6 Large Diameter of Hub (in.) [mm] 3sj& 84.1 3% 68.9 3%, 100.0 4% 5& 7%5 3J& 32%2 4% 5/,6 6%~ 71%~ 120.7 142.1 182.6 93.7 97.6 111.1 128.6 154.0 195.3 Small Dlameler of Hub (in.) [mm] -61.1 65.1 74.6 Length of Hub (in.) [mm] --47 48 52 2% 2% 27/s 17/ 17/s 2% 2% 2% 2% 57 64 73 48 48 54 57 64 73 Radus al Hub (m ) [mm] % % M 3/s % 3/s % % 3/s % H % 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5

wl, 2%

23/32 2%. 2S/,,

.-

1*%2 1%. 21/,

65.1 3x6 77.8 4/,5 103.2 15,000 psi f1Y16 (1035 bar) I%s 42.9 46 0

918 232 270 10% 12%~ 316

3% 4,&, 5% 2/la 213/,,

92.1 110.3 146.1 60.3 71.4

194 7% 8y16 208 222 52.4 6% 254 651 10 3%6 77.8 11%~ 287 4116 103.2 14%~ 360

wl6 2%

82.6 3% 37,s 100.0 43/,e 120.7 6/4 158.8

BoltingDimensions Nominal Size and Bore (I.) 10,000 DSI (690 b;r) 1%6 VW; [mm] 42.9 46.0 52.4 Dwneter of Bolt Orcle (in.) [mm] 5%. 5%. 6V4 141 3 146 1 158.6 Diameter of Bolt Holes (in) [mm] 0.88 0.88 0 88 1 00 1.12 1.25 0.88 100 1.00 1.12 1.25 1.50 23 23 23 26 29 32 23 26 26 29 32 39 Length of Stud Bolts (in.)[mm] 5 127 5 127 5/1 133 6 6% 8 5% 5% 6 6% 7% 9h 152 171 203 133 140 152 171 191 235 Raised Face Diameter

Facing and Groove Dimensions Groove OD (in.) Width of Groove Depth of GK?OW (in) [mm] %, -_ 5.56 h> 5.56 5/s4 5 95 I/& 6.75 ?/~a 7.54 2& 8.33 /32 5.56 x2 5.56 1% 5 95 1/., 6.75 ?& 7.54 z/s4 8.33

Diameter Number of Bolts of Bolts (in) 8 8 8 6 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 % % % 78 1 1/a % T/e 78 1 1l/s 1%

(tn.) [mm] 4 4/8 4% 5% 6 79/z

WI6 2%
31x6 41x6

101.6 2.893 104.6 3.062 111 .I 3.395 131.8 4.046 152.4 4.685 184.9 5.930

[mm] (in.) [mm] -~ --~ 73.48 0.450 11 43 77.77 0.466 11 84 86.23 0.498 1265 102.77 0.554 1407 119.00 0.606 1539 150.62 0.698 1773 73.48 0.450 11 43 77.77 0.466 11.84 86.23 102.77 119.00 150.62 0.498 0.554 0.606 0.698 12.65 14 07 15 39 17.73

Ring Number BX-150 BX-151 8X-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX.150 BX-151 BX-152 BX-153 BX-154 6X-155

,65.1 71/n 184.2 77.8 5% 215.9 103.2 lOY,e 258.6 42.9 4.6.0 52.4 65.1 77.8 103.2 6 6%~ 67/e 7/0 9% 11%~ 152.4 160.3 174.6 200.0 230.2 290.5

15,000 psi 1VW (1035 bar) ls/,6

WI6
29h 3x6 41x15

3%6 96.8 2.893 4%/16 106.4 3.062 4% 114.3 3.395 5/4 133.4 4.046 6x6 154.0 4.685 7% 193.7 5.930

690and 1035 bar. Type BX blind flanges mus1 be provided witha prolong therear on face, described thelarge by and small dwwters and length thehub. of

B TO RlNG GROOYE ,YUST GE CONCENTR,C WmflN O.Q10TOTAL lNOfCATOR RNOT

I-----dol

FdbCl

LOCATED WITHIN 0.03 OF THEOffETICAL E.C AND EOUAL SPACING TOP VfEW h ,NE PlPE THffEADS

all2

;::,I; h,

;y=be may be omlted

3.29)

FLANGE

SECTION

on studded flanges

3-26

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

Pressure

Difference

Sensing

Types

Ambient Sensing

Pressure Type

Balanced

Piston, Lines

Single (Flapper

Control Valve)

Line

Two Control (Ball Valve)

LOW-Pressure ControlLlrE

1 3-way Block and Bleed Valve

K Low-Pressure A,,or Gas Source

Emergency Shul-Down Valve

M W,reluwRelrlevable Tubmg SaletyValve N Cas,nglTublng AllJS iclr ConlrolFlwd Tub,ng Retrievable Tubng SafetyVatve Ram Latch Hanger System scoop Head LocatorHead Hydraulk Set Hangar

Hydraulic ControlMamlold

D0

Surface-ConiroUed SaletyValve Hydrauhc Surface SaletyValve Pneumal~c Surface SafetyValve

a R S

General

Schematic

Dual Installation To Tubing Hangar and Retrievable Valves

Annular Control Line

Single Line, Parallel

Control Small Line

Fig. 3.10-Types

of subsurface safety valves and completions

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND FLOW CONTROL

DEVICES

3-27

TABLE 3.26-API

TYPE 6BX BLIND AND TEST FLANGES


Basic Flanae Nommal Size and BOW Outside Diameter Total Thickness [mm] 635 71.4 79.4 85.7 1064

FOR 20,000-psi

MAXIMUM

WORKING

PRESSURE

Dimensions Large Small Dlametert of Hub Lengtht of Hub Radius at Hub

Diametert of Hub

-~(in ) 11%

lmml 46.0 52.4 65.1 77.8 103.2

On 1
lO/e 115/,6 123/6

lmml (in.)
257 287 325 2% ZS6 3% 3% 43/lF,

On.) -__
5%

@ml
1334 154.0 1730 192.1 242.9

W
45/,6 5 5/,6

[mm1 W
109.5 127.0 144.5 160.3 206.4 15/rs

WI6 PA6
3%, 4%s

6%~
63/,6 7%5 9%6

WI,
8%

VI6 2%
2% 2%

Imml (IN l/s 49 52 V8


59 64 73 3/a 318 3/a

Imml 9 5
9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5

Bolting Nominal Size and Bore (In.) ~1?/16 [mm] 46.0 52.4 65.1 77.8 103.2 Diameter of Bolt Circle (in.) 8 9/,6 105-G 115h6 14%~ [mm] 203.2 230.2 261 9 2873 357.2

Dimensions Diameter Diameter of Bolts (in.) ~ 8 8 8 8 1 1 ve 1 /4 1% 1 314 of Bolt Holes (in.) 1.12 1.25 1.38 1.50 1.88 [mm] 29 32 35 39 48 Length of Stud Bolts (in) 7% 8% 9% 10 12/4 [mm] 191 210 235 254 311 Raised Face Diameter (m) 4% 53/16 55% 6% 8% [mm] 117.5 131.8 150.6 171.5 219.1

Basic Flange

Dimensmns*

Groove OD (in.) 3.062 3.395 4.046 4.685 5.930 [mm] 77.77 86.23 102.77 119.00 150.62

Width

of

Depth

of Ring Number Bx-151 6X-152 6X-153 5X-154 BX-155

Number of Bolts 8

Groove (in.) 0.466 0.498 0.554 0.606 0.698 [mm] 11.84 12.85 14.07 15.39 17.73

Groove (1~) /zz s/s4 /~a ?& 2/64 [mm] 5.56 5.95 6.75 7.54 8.33

2/16
2%6 31x6 4x5

1380 bar See Table 325sketch +Type 68X blind flanges must be provided wth a prolong on the rear lace, described by Ihe large and small diameters and length of the hub

SSVs usually have a stem protruding from a threaded boss on the actuator cylinder head for several reasons. 1, Stem position gives a visual position indication. 2. A position-indicator switch can be attached to provide telemetry feedback information. 3. A manually operated mechanical or hydraulic jack can be attached to open a closed safety valve where the control pressure source is downstream of the safety valve or where system failure makes control pressure unavailable. 4. A lockout cap, or heat-sensitive lockout cap, can be attached to hold the valve open while wireline work is being done through the valve or when the control system is out of service for maintenance. Special Designs. Special designs of SSVs may have various modifications. 1. Extra-strong springs for cutting wireline, should an emergency occur while wireline work is in progress. Special hardened gates are used for these valves. 2. Extra extension of the cylinder from the valve for nesting of two pneumatic actuators on a dual valve or tree where there is not enough space for the large cylinders to be mounted side-by-side. 3. Cover sleeve or cylinder over the bonnet bolting to protect the bolts from tire. 4. Integral pressure sensors to monitor flowline pressure and control the safety valve. Selection. When ordering an SSV the entire system should be considered. The size of the valve is determined by the flowstream in which it is installed. If it is to be in the vertical run of the tree, it should be the same size as the lower master valve. Pressure, temperature, and service ratings should be the same as for the lower master valve. Actuator specifications should consider control system pressure that is available. Valve body pressure. ratio, and control pressure are related by
2(Pvh) Pcl =

where pcl = control pressure, p,+, = valve body pressure, and F,,,. = actuator ratio. Materials for the actuator parts that contact flowline fluids should be consistent with the service and valve body. Subsurface Safety Valves (SSSVs) SSSVs are used because they are located in the wellbore and isolated from possible damage by fire, collision, or sabotage. They are designed to be operational when needed most-in catastrophies. but they are more difficult to maintain. SSSVs are recommended for use with an SSV. Control circuit logic should be designed to close the SSV for routine alarm conditions. Under catastrophic conditions both valves close. SSSVs are either subsurface- or surface-controlled (Fig, 3.10). Selection. Various features should be considered selecting an SSSV (Fig. 3.11).
Tubing-Retrievable vs. Wireline-Retrievable.
in

F,,,

, ..

. ..

(3)

Tubing-retrievable valves have larger bores through the valve for less flowing pressure drop and allow wireline work through the valve without having to retrieve the valve. Since the tubing-retrievable valve is a part of the tubing string and requires a workover rig for retrieval. maintenance is more expensive. Wireline-retrievable valves are located in special landing nipples that are part of the tubing string, and they can be retrieved for maintenance with lower cost wireline methods (Fig. 3.12). Valve Type. The most common type of valves are rotating ball and flapper. Single-Control Line vs. Balance Line. Permafrost, paraffin problems or other equipment such as centrifugal or hydraulic pumps may require setting the safety valve deep, and thus require a balance line (two-control-line system).

3-28

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE X27-API

TYPE R RING-JOINT

GASKET

Ring Number R20 R23 R24 R26 R27 R31 R35 R37 R39 R41 R44 R45 R46 R47 R49 R50 R53 R.54 R57 R63 R65 R66 R69 R70 R73 R74 R82 R84 R85 Ra6 R87 Raa R89 R90 R91 R99

Pitch Diameter of Ring andGroove

Width of Ring (in.) [mm]

Height of Ring Oval (in.) -9/,6 "/,8 "A6 "A6 "A6 "/,5 '& "A6 "A6 "A5 "/16 "A6 3/i 1 "As 7/s "As 7% "/,6 15/ls 1%~ % 'l/16 1
3/4

Octagonal (in.)
12

Width of Flal of Octagonal Ring (in.) ~0.206 0.305 o.xl5 0.305 0.305 0.305 0.305 0.305 0.305 0.305 0.305 0.305 0.341 0.485 0.305 0.413 0.305 0.413 0.305 0.681 0.305 0.413 0.305 0.485 0.341 0.485 0.305 0.305 0.341 0.413 0.413 0.485 0.485 0.583 0.879 0.305 [mm] 5.23 7.75 7.75 7.75 7.75 7.75 7.75 7.75 7.75 7.75 7.75 7.75 a.66 12.32 7.75 10.49 7.75 10.49 7.75 17.30 7.75 10.49 7.75 12.32 a.66 12.32 7.75 7.75 a.66 10.49 10.49 12.32 12.32 14.81 22.33 7.75

--

(in.)

Mm1
68.26 82.55 95.25 101.60 107.95 123.83 136.53 149.23 161.93

[mm] 14.29 17.46 17.46 17.46 17.46 17.46 17.46 17.46 17.46 17.46 17.46 17.46 19.05 25.40 17.46 22.23 17.46 22.23 17.46 33.34 17.46 22.23 17.46 25.40 19.05 25.40 -

[mm]

2%s
3% 3% 4 4% 4% 5% 5% 6% 7% 7% as6 8%6 9 10%

%6 7.94 7/16 11.11 11.11 11.11 11.11 7h6 11.11 y,e 11.11 T/j6 11.11 '/js 11.11 %6 11.11 '/js 11.11 '/j6 11.11 % 12.70 54 19.05 T/,6 11.11 5/e 15.88 T/j6 11.11 % is.88 7,s 11.11 1 25.40 y,s 11.11 =/s 15.88 'he 11.11 v4 19.05 '/z 12.70 % 19.05 56 11.11 5s 11.11 'h 12.70 v8 15.88 5/8 15.88 vi 19.05 3/4 19.05 7/a 22.23 1% 31.75 y,s 11.11 'hs 'A6 7,6

180.98 I 93.68
211.14 211.14 228.60

10%
12% 12% 15 16% 18% i 8% 21 21 23 23 2% 2% 3% 3%
35h6

269.88 269.88
323.85 323.85 381.00 419.10 469.90 469.90 533.40 533.40 584.20 584.20 57.15 63.50 79.38 90.49 100.01 123.83 114.30 155.58 260.35 234.95

4% 4% 6% 10% 9%

1 -

12.70 =/s 15.88 % 15.88 =/0 15.88 % 15.88 5/s 15.88 % 15.88 51% 15.88 xl 15.88 v8 15.88 S/8 15.88 s/s 15.88 "h,j 17.46 'S/16 23.81 73 15.88 '3h6 20.64 5% 15.88 'se 20.64 va 15.88 1% 31.75 %I 15.88 's6 20.64 =/a 15.88 's6 23.81 1%~ 17.46 '%s 23.81 5/a 15.88 =I8 15.88 "/,s 17.46 '3/ls 20.64 '3/ls 20.64 's6 23.81 '%6 23.81 1'/,6 26.99 1% 38.10 5/a 15.88

TOLERANCES (In I -.

Imml
+ 0.20 to39 to20 +039.-O f 0.20 f0.17 *0.12 t 0.39 max + ho

(wdth of ring, see Note 3)

g:
b,D d,{ ,, ,O 23O (width groove) of (averagepitch diameter01 rmg) ( average pitchdiameterof groove) (radius rmgs) m (radius groove, I (angle).

+oooe + l/64 *0008 +1/64,-O ~0008 10007 *0.005 -fl/64 -

Cc--,--i
OCTAGONAL OVAL GROOVE

1.The 23 suriaces both grooves and octagonal on rings shall have a surface finish rougherthan 63 RMS no 2.A smallbead on the centerof e,ther ova,or oclagonalrmgs. located that,t so w,ll not enterthe groove,IS permwible 3 A plustolerance % in [l 19 mm] on rmg heightISpermitted, of prowded the varlataon height any given m of rmg does not exceed X4 I 1039 mm] throughout the entire clrcumterence

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND FLOW CONTROL

DEVICES

3-29

TABLE

3.27-API

TYPER RING-JOINT GASKET(continued)


Approximate Distance Between Made Up Flanges (in.) 732 %6 3/16 3il 6 3h Yils 3/l 6 %6 3/16 %6 3/'5 %6 '/a
6i32

Rwt Number -~~ R20 R23 R24 R26 R27 R31 R35 R37 R39 R41 R44 FM5 R46 R47 R49 R50 R53 R54 R57 R63 R65 R66 R69 R70 R73 R74 Ra2 R04 R85 R86 R87 R08 R89 R90 R91 R99

Radius in Octagonal Ring (in.) /j6 '/I 6


% 6

Depth of Groove (in.)


14

Width of Groove (in.) ' %2 'S/3* '5/s* '5/s* '5/s* '5/s* '5/s* 'S/3* 'S/32 '5/z* 'S/32 '5/z* "/a* 25& 'S/s2 21/s* 'S/3* 2'/32 'S/32 l'hij '5/a* 2& 'S/3* 25/32 '%2 25& 'S/3* '5/a* "/S> 21/32 Q2 =/32 *5& =/x2 15/E
732

Radius in Groove (in.) ~J/32 '/& j/31 [mm]

[mm] 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 2.38 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 2.38 1.59

[mm] 6.35 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 9.53

[mm] 8.73 11.91 11.91 11.91 11.91 11.91 11.91 11.91 11.91 11.91 11.91 11.91 13.49 19.84 11.91 16.67 11.91 16.67 11.91 26.99 11.91 16.67 11.91 19.84 13.49 19.84 11.91 11.91 13.49 16.67 16.67 19.84 19.84 23.02 33.34 11.91

[mm1
4.0 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 3.2 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.8 4.0 4.8 5.6 4.8 4.0 4.8 4.8 3.2 4.8 4.8 4.8 3.2 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 4.8 7.9 4.8

%6 %6 '/l6 %6 %6 %6 'il6 %6 %6 %6 %6 %6 %6 %6 %6 'A 6 y3p 'il6 '/I 6


'A6

%6 Y's Yl6 %6 %6 Ys %6 %6 %6 %6 %6 w % s/l 6 y'6 %6 y'6 %6 =/a %6 y'6 %6

0.79 0.79 0.79 /32 0.79 0.79 '/a2 /32 0.79 0.79 y& 0.79 '/32 0.79 '/aa 0.79 '/3* 1132 0.79 T/z2 0.79 1.59 'A 6 1.59 0.79 1.59 0.79 1.59 0.79 2.38 0.79 1.59 0.79 1.59 1.59 1.59 0.79 0.79 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 2.38 0.79

%6
%6

'/I 6 'il6 %6 %6 '/l6


% 6

'il6
% 6

%6 3& 'i 6

12.70 7.94 11.11 7.94 11.11 7.94 15.88 7.94 11.11 7.94 12.70 12 9.53 "/s 12.70 '/2 7.94 %6 7.94 % 6 9.53 3/s % 6 11.11 '/I 6 11.11 12.70 % 12.70 '/2 Yi6 14.29 1x16 17.46 7.94 =i 6

'A 6 7132 'i 6 l/32 'i 6 '/x2 3/32 '/a* 'A 6 '/& 'i 6 'As 'A 6 '/a* '/32 '/16 'A 6 'i 6 'A 6 ',I 6

3/16 Y32 %6 %2 3/'6

'i2
Yl6
%2

3/16 3/6 '/a 3il6 Yl.9 %6 '/a


%2

%2
3/6

3/1 6
/16

56
3/Z '/a2

%6
3h6

Equalizing Valves. For equalizing pressure differentials across the closed valve rather than equalizing from an external source. Soft Seat vs. Lapped-Metal Seat. Soft seats can have less minor leakage, but are more susceptible to damage, especially at higher pressure.

the Christmas tree exists ahead of the choke. Caution must be exercised that the well is capable of closing the valve at the setting used. Surface-Controlled Subsurface Safety Valves (SCSSVs). These valves are normally controlled by pressure maintained by a unit at the surface in response to a pilot system. Pressure is transmitted to the safety valve through a small-diameter parallel-tube control line in the annulus or through the tubing/casing annulus in conjunction with a packer below the safety valve (Fig. 3.10). Volumetric compression and expansion of the control fluid usually makes the small tubing system preferable to the annulus conduit even though it is not as rugged. However, the small tubing will convey higher control pressures more economically. When the control pressure is released, a spring and well pressure on the control piston will close the valve. Since well pressure is not always assumed dependable, some valves have a second line, or balance line, to the surface, which is filled with control liquid. This provides a hydrostatic pressure to the back side of the piston for closure. Single control-line valves have depth failsafe

Subsurface-Controlled Subsurface Safety Valves (SSCSVs). These valves sense flow conditions in the well at the valve and close when the flow exceeds a preset limit. They are usually located in a landing nipple in the tubing. There are two main types. Excess flow valves sense the pressure drop across an orifice in the valve and close the valve when the increased flow rate causes the pressure drop to increase past a preset limit. Low-pressure valves have a stored reference pressure in the valve. The valve closes when tubing pressure at the valve draws down below the reference pressure due to restriction of the formation. Both types of valves depend on a flow rate substantially in excess of normal maximum. The presumption is that essentially a complete structural failure (opening) of

3-30

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERINGHANDBOOK

TABLE3.28-APITYPERXPRESSUREENERGlZEDRING-JOINTGASKETS

Ring Number RX20 RX23 RX24 RX25 RX26 RX27 RX31 RX35 RX37 RX39 RX41 RX44 RX45 RX46 RX47 RX49 RX50 RX53 RX54 RX57 RX63 RX65 RX66 RX69 RX70 RX73 RX74 RX82 RX84 RX85 RX86 RX87 RX08 RX89 RX90 RX91 RX99 RX201 RX205 RX210 RX215

Outside Diameter of Ring (In.) 3 34%4 41x4 4% 4% 42%2 5% 55%

Total Width of Ring (in.) -8.73 "A '5& '% ' %2 '%2 '%2 '% '%2 '%2 '5/x* '% '%2 '% ' %2 %2 '%2 %2 %2 vi2 '%2 1h %2 v32 ' x2 %2 '%2 %2
%2

Width of Flat (in.) [mm]

Height of Outside Bevel (in.) [mm] 4.24 4.24 3.18 4.24 4.24 4.24 4.24 4.24 4.24 4.24 4.24 4.24 4.78 6.88 4.24 5.28 4.24 5.28 4.24 8.46 4.24 5.28 4.24 6.88 5.28 6.88 4.24 4.24 4.24 4.78 4.70 5.28 5.28 7.42 7.54 4.24 1.45* 1.83' 3.18* 4.24'

Height of Ring (in.) 3/h 1 1 Y4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1% 1 =/s 1 1 h 1 1 '/4 1 2 1 1 7/4 1 1% 1 'I4 1% 1 1 1 1% 1 '/a 1'/4 1 '/4 1% 12% 1 0.445 0.437 0.750 1.000 [mm] 19.05 25.40 25.40 19.05 25.40 25.40 25.40 25.40 25.40 25.40 25.40 25.40 25.40 28.58 41.28 25.40 31.75 25.40 31.75 25.40 50.80 25.40 31.75 25.40 41.28 31.75 41.28 25.40 25.40 25.40 28.58 28.58 31.75 31.75 44.45 45.24 25.40 11.30 11.10 19.05 25.40

[mm1

[mm] 11.91 11.91 8.73 11.91 11.91 11.91 11.91 11.91 11.91 11.91 11.91 11.91 13.49 19.84 11.91 16.67 11.91 16.67 11.91 26.99 11.91 16.67 11.91 19.84 13.49 19.84 11.91 11.91 13.49 15.08 15.08 17.46 18.26 19.84 30.16 11.91 5.74 5.56 9.53 11.91
[co

76.20 93.27 105.97 109.54 111.92 118.27 134.54 147.24 W& 159.94 W& 172.64 7%4 191.69 Vs4 204.39 84%4 221.85 8% 222.25 w32 245.27 11%4 280.59 11% 283.37 13"/& 334.57 13% 337.34 152'/G4 391.72 1725h4 441.72 185%4 480.62 1Q%2 483.39 21%4 544.12 213?!32 550.07 231%~ 596.11 232x2 600.87 2?& 67.87 wm 74.22 3% 90.09 4% 103.58 w&4 113.11 5% 139.30 57/w 129.78 6% 174.63 11 'Ym 286.94 w64 245.67 2.026 51.46 2% 62.31 3=/x 97.63 53% 140.89

'%2 '%2 '%2 '%2 A 6 2%~ %2 1% '% 0.226 %2 3/e ' %2


-0 015 m

0.1824.620.1253.18 0.254 6.45 0.167 0.167 0.254 6.45 0.182 4.62 0.125 0.167 0.254 6.45 0.167 0.254 6.45 0.167 0.254 6.45 0.254 6.45 0.167 0.167 0.254 6.45 0.254 6.45 0.167 0.254 6.45 0.167 0.167 0.254 6.45 0.254 6.45 0.167 0.188 0.263 6.68 0.271 0.407 10.34 0.254 6.45 0.167 0.335 8.51 0.208 0.254 6.45 0.167 0.335 8.51 0.208 0.167 0.254 6.45 0.582 14.78 0.333 0.167 0.254 6.45 0.335 8.51 0.208 0.167 0.254 6.45 0.271 0.407 10.34 0.263 6.66 0.208 0.407 10.34 0.271 0.254 6.45 0.167 0.167 0.254 6.45 0.167 0.263 6.68 0.335 8.51 0.188 0.188 0.335 8.51 0.208 0.407 10.34 0.407 10.34 0.208 0.292 0.479 12.17 0.297 0.780 19.81 0.254 6.45 0.167 0.057 0.126 3.20 0.072 0.120 3.05 0.213 5.41 0.125 0.167 0.210 5.33
-0 38 mm]

Tolerance fhese dmens~ons is +0 an

TOLERANCES on I (wdlh of rmg) (wdth of flat) (helghl chamfer) of (depth of groove) lwldth aroavel of iheIght ring) oi fOD of rlnal +0008,-0000 +0006,-0000 +oooo,-003 +002.-o + 0 008 lmml +020.-000 i-0 15 -000 +ooo -079 +039.-o + 0 20

+0008.~0000
+0020.-0000 10005 * 0 02 max +

A plustolerance 0 006 I ior and h, ISpermeted provided vanalion wdfh of b, Ihe in or helghl any rung of does nofexceed 0 004 m throughout entire 11s wcumference

NOTE 1 The pressurepassage hole ,llustrated ,nthe RX nng crosssecl,on reqwed Irings IS RX-82 through RX-91 only Cenlerlmeofholeshall located mldpolnl dlmenslonb, Hole diameter be a! of shall ;s be I [l6 mm] forrings RX-82through RX-65.?Izz [24 mm] for I rmgs RX-86 and RXG37.and 1s in 13 2 mm] iorringsRX-68 lhrough RX-91 NOTE 2 The 23O surfaces both rungs on and grooves shall have a surfacefimshno roughe:than 63 RMS

WELLHEADEQUIPMENTAND

FLOWCONTROL

DEVICES

3-31

TABLE 3.28-API

TYPE RX PRESSURE

ENERGIZED RING-JOINT GASKETS(continued)


Approximate Distance Between Made Up

-z--.-u RX20

Ring Number RX23 RX24 RX25 RX26 RX27 RX31 RX35 RX37 RX39 RX41 RX44 RX45 RX46 RX47 RX49 RX50 RX53 RX54 RX57 RX63 RX65 RX66 RX69 RX70 RX73 RX74 RX82 RX84 RX85 RX86 RX87 RX86 RX89 RX90 RX91 RX99 RX201 RX205 RX210 RX215

Radius in Ring (in.) 'A6 '/'6 'A6 '/16 '/'6 '/'lj '/'6 'h '/s '/16 '/Is '/16 'Alj 'As 3/32 '/'#j l/16 '/I@? 1/,, '/'6 ?/a2 'A6 '/,6 %6 Z/32 '/16 ys2 '/'6 '/16 '/'6 '/16 '/'#j '/16 '/'+j s2 Ys2 '/'6 '/& '/& 'h2 '/,6 [mm) 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 2.38 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 2.30 1.59 1.59 1.59 2.38 1.59 2.38 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 2.38 2.38 1.59 0.40" 0.40" 0.79" 1.59"

Depth of Groove (in.) '/4 %6 %6 l/4 7' 6 %6 %6 %6 7' 6 %6 %6 %6 %6 3/s [mm]


-u

Width of Groove (in.)


%2

Pitch Diameter of Groove (in.) [mm]

Radius in In Groove (in.) -%2 'h2 %2 [mm] 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 1.59 1.59 0.79 1.59 0.79 1.59 0.79 2.38 0.79 1.59 0.79 1.59 1.59 1.59 0.79 0.79 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 2.38 0.79 0.79 0.40 0.79 0.79

lmml

6.35 7.94 7.94 6.35 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94 9.53 12 12.70 %6 7.94 7,s 11.11 =/IR 7.94 7/1; 11.11 %6 7.94 %! 15.88 %6 7.94 56 11.11 =/I16 7.94 '/2 12.70 3/a 9.53 /2 12.70 %6 7.94 %6 7.94 va 9.53 7/16 11.11 7/16 11.11 '/2 12.70 /2 12.70 %6 14.29

732
732 /4 %6

3.97 3.97 6.35 7.94

8.73 '5/a* 11.91 '5% 11.91 "h 8.73 'S/32 11.91 'S/a2 11.91 'S/32 11.91 'S/a2 11.91 '5/m 11.91 'S/32 11.91 'S/16 11.91 'y'6 11.91 'S/32 11.91 "/3* 13.49 25/x2 19.84 'S/a2 11.91 *'/22 16.67 '5/x2 11.91 2%~ 16.67 5/32 11.91 l'/,E 26.99 S/3211.91 Q2 16.67 'S/32 11.91 25& 19.84 "/a2 13.49 =/32 19.84 '5/32 11.91 'S/3* 11.91 "/32 13.49 2%~ 16 67 Q2 16.67 25& 19 84 2542 19.84 2& 23.02 15/ls 33.34 '$ 11 91 732 5.56 %2 5.56 3/s 9.53 '5/a* 11.91

211/1668.26 3% 82.55 3% 95.25 101.60 107.95 i; 123.83 5% 136.53 5% 149.23 6% 161.93 7% 180.98 7% 193.68 as/,, 211.14 85/16 211.14 9 228.60 105/ 269.88 10% 269.88 12% 323.85 123I4 323.85 381.00 :s,* 419.10 18% 469.90 18% 469.90 21 533.40 21 533.40 23 584.20 23 584.20 2% 57.15 2% 63.50 3% 79.38 90.49 3%6 3'5/,6 100.01 4% 123.83 4'/2 114.30 6% 155.58 lo'/4 260.35 9% 234.95 4

(In.) Imml -9.5 3/s


%2 732

h
'I.32 'Lx2 552

15/32 X2 5/32 732

11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 18.3 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 21.4 11.9 11.9 11.9 18.3 15.1 18.3 11.9 11.9 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 18.3 19.1 11.9 -

h
'Lx2
Ii2 %2

'%2
%2

'L32

752
A6

%6
%2 '/I3

' %2 ' %2 ' %2 ' %2 2g/32 ' %2 .-

%2
%6
%2

732 ' %2

%2 'h 'A 6

%2 ' %2 2%
%2

h
A3 A6 'A6 'h x2
%6

1% ' Y32 2% ' %2 23/32 ' %2 ' 5/32 3%


3/s

/l6
%6

V8
3/a

'A 6 'A 6 'A6


3,i2

310
23/32

'h2
%2

%I ' =I32 -

/64
%2

/32

limitations. The limit is determined by the ability of the spring to overcome friction and the force of the hydrostatic pressure against the piston without help from well pressure. A depth limitation of the two-control-line system may be the time for closure due to control liquid expansion and flow restriction in the small-diameter long control line. Control System The control system is the interface system between the power source, the sensors, and the safety valves. The design of the control system depends on several factors: (1) type of power source available-compressed air, produced gas, or electricity: (2) pressure and volume requirements of the safety valves; (3) number and types of sensors (pneumatic-twoor three-way valves-or electric); (4) power requirements and limitations of the pilots; (5) number and type of indicators (position status.

pressure status, first-out sensor): (6) telemetry interface: and (7) logic required. (Will any pilot shut all the safety valves or should certain sensors close certain valves or combinations of valves?) We recommend a time delay after SSVs close before the SSSVs close, and that SSSVs open first. Most systems are pneumatically powered because compressed air or gas is usually available. The power needed by most pilots and safety valves is pneumatic or hydraulic. Power is consumed only when a valve is being opened; most of the time the system is static. Most electrically powered sensors continuously consume power and are sensitive to short-duration power transients. Electra-hydraulic systems arc well suited to cold environments. The air or gas supply should be kept clean and dry. Electrical power should be protected from transient disruptions, especially in the sensor circuitry. Such precautions greatly enhance reliability.

3-32

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE

3.29-API

TYPE BX PRESSURE Outside Diameter of Ring (in.) [mm]

ENERGIZED

RING-JOINT Total Width of Ring (in.) 0.379 0.403 0.448 0.488 0.580 0.733 0.826 0.911 1.012 0.541 0.638 0.560 0.684 0.968 0.728 1.029 0.516 0.632 0.509 0.560 0.560 0.560 [mm] 9.63 10.24 11.38 12.40 14.22 18.62 20.98 23.14 25.70 13.74 16.21 14.22 17.37 24.59 18.49 26.14 13.11 16.05 12.93 14.22 14.22 14.22

GASKETS

Ring Number BX-150


BX-151

Nominal Size (in.) -42.9 1%6 I%6 [mm] 46.0 52.4 65.1 77.8 103.2 179.4 228.6 279.4 346.1 346.1 425.5 425.5 476.3 476.3 539.8 539.8 679.5 679.5 130.2 228.6 279.4 346.1

Height of Ring (in.) [mm]

Diameter of Flat (in,) [mm]

8X-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-I 55 BX-156 8X-157 BX-158 BX-159 BX-160 BX-161 BX-162 BX-163 BX-164 BX-165 BX-166 BX-167 BX-168 BX-169 BX-170 BX-171 BX-172

wl6 2%6
3% 4/,6 71/16 9
11

2.84272.190.3669.300.3669.30 3.008 76.40 0.379 9.63 3.334 84.68 0.403 10.24 3.974 4.600 5.825 9.367 11.593 13.860 16.800 15.850 19.347 18.720 21.896 22.463 24.595 25.198 29.896 30.128 6.831 8.584 10.529 13.113 100.94 116.84 147.96 237.92 294.46 352.04 426.72 402.59 491.41 475.49 556.16 570.56 624.71 640.03 759.36 765.25 173.52 218.03 267.44 333.07 0.448 0.488 0.560 0.733 0.826 0.911 1.012 0.938 1.105 0.560 1.185 1.185 1.261 1.261 1.412 1.412 0.624 0.560 0.560 0.560 11.38 12.40 14.22 18.62 20.98 23.14 25.70 23.83 28.07 14.22 30.10 30.10 32.03 32.03 35.86 35.86 15.84 14.22 14.22 14.22

2.79070.87 2.954 75.03 3.277 83.24 3.910 4.531 5.746 9.263 11.476 13.731 16.657 15.717 19.191 18.641 21.728 22.295 24.417 25.020 29.696 29.928 6.743 8.505 10.450 13.034 99.31 115.09 145.95 235.28 291.49 348.77 423.09 399.21 487.45 473.48 551.89 566.29 620.19 635.51 754.28 760.17 171.27 216.03 265.43 331.06

13%
13%

163/4 16% 18% 18% 21% 21% 26% 26% 5% 9 11 13%

Ring Number BX-150 BX-151 BX-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX-156 BX-I 57 BX-158 BX-159 BX-160 BX-161 BX-162 BX-I 63 BX-164 0X-165 8X-166 BX-167 BX-168 BX-169 BX-170 BX-171 BX-172

Width of Flat (in.) -7.98 0.314 0.325 0.346 0.385 0.419 0.481 0.629 0.709 0 782 0 869 0.408 0.482 0.481 0.516 0.800 0.550 0.851 0.316 0.432 0.421 0.481 0.481 0.481 [mm] 8.26 8.79 9.78 10.64 12.22 15.98 18.01 19.86 22.07 10.36 12.24 12.22 13.11 20.32 13.97 21.62 8.03 10.97 10.69 12.22 12.22 12.22 (in.)

Hole Size [mm] 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 1.6 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

Depth of Groove (in.) -5.56 %2 %2 %4 /A gh4 v64 VI.5 12 g/l 6 =/s %6 43/& %4 *a/3* 23/22 vi vi 2/~ 2%~ V6 vi4 %4 v64 [mm] 5.56 5.95 6.75 7.54 8.33 11.11 12.70 14.29 15.88 14.29 17.07 8.33 18.26 18.26 19.05 19.05 21.43 21.43 9.5 8.33 8.33 8.33

Outside Diameter of Groove (in.) [mm]

Width of Groove (in.) [mm]

%6 %6 %6 A 6 %6 %6 1 /a /a /a /a /a %a /a /a /a /a A 6 %6 X6 A6 %s X6

2.89373.48 3.062 77.77 3.395 86.23 4.046 4.685 5.930 9.521 11.774 14.064 17.033 16.063 19.604 18.832 22.185 22.752 24.904 25.507 30.249 30.481 6.955 8.926 10.641 13.225 102.77 119.00 150.62 241.83 299.06 357.23 432.64 408.00 497.94 478.33 563.50 577.90 632.56 647.88 768.32 774.22 176.66 220.88 270.28 335.92

0.45011.43 0.466 11.84 0.498 12.65 0.554 0.606 0.698 0.921 1.039 1.149 1.279 0.786 0.930 0.705 1.006 1.290 1.071 1.373 0.902 1 ,018 0.666 0.705 0.705 0.705 14.07 15.39 17.73 23.39 26.39 29.18 32.49 19.96 23.62 17.91 25.55 32.77 27.20 34.87 22.91 25.86 16.92 17.91 17.91 17.91

TOLERANCES

(in 1

b,
b, 3 dg h;

(widthof ring) (width Ilat) of (hole we) (depth 01 groove) (00 Of groove) !heigM PI ring)
(wldt Of grOOe,

+ 0 008,-0.000
+0006,-00w One +o 02, -0 +0004.-0000

Imml tom-000
to 15.-000 DW +o 39.-o +o lO,-000 +o.zo.-000

0,
d,

d, L=

(00 of ring) (OD of flat) (rad,usI 9) mw

+ 0.008. 000 -0 +0004.-0000 + 0 000.- 0.006 too02

A plusfolerance 0 006 ,n fo,b, and h, ISpermlUed providedIhe ariall~ of IwidthDI height any r,ng of does notexceed 0 004 I throughout entire 11s cw cumference

SHARP CORNER

NOTE

,, shall 6 10 12% of the gaskelh, be

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND FLOW CONTROL

DEVICES

3-33

Tubing Retrievable

13 in. Wireline Retrievable h

I Single ContrDl

I
Two Control

in. surface-

Fig. 3.1 l-Subsurface

safety valve design

options

Fig. 3.12-Tubing-retrievable and wireline-retrievable controlled subsurface safety valves.

Hydraulically powered safety valves require a pump/control unit in the system (Fig. 3.13). The preferred type of pump is the ratio-piston pneumatic-overhydraulic pump. These pumps have pneumatic pressure operating on a relatively large piston to push a relatively small pump plunger. Low pneumatic pressure can thus develop high hydraulic pressure. The output pressure is easily controlled by the pressure of the input power gas, which can be controlled by a simple demand-pressure regulator. Pressure maintenance is automatic and continuous. Care should be taken to select a pump that is free of continuous bleeding of gas and that will not stall in its reciprocating motion at the end of a stroke. Valve control and system logic is performed by pneumatic/hydraulic or pneumatic/pneumatic relays. These relays permit the use of either bleed (two-way) or block and bleed (three-way) sensors (Figs. 3.14 and 3.15). Relays are reset manually to put the system back in service after a closure. This safety feature ensures that a person is present to determine that the cause for closure has been corrected and that reopening would not be hazardous.

Circuit design determines the hierarchy of closure. All surface and subsurface safety valves should close in case of fire, collision, and manual actuation of the emergency shutdown system (ESD). Many systems close only the SSV of a single well when sensors on a single well actuate because of high liquid level, high pressure resulting from freezing or valve malfunction downstream, or low pressure resulting from flowline rupture or backpressure

Filter Supply Gas


n

Regulators

Pneumatic

Relay

Ire
Tank

lsolatlon Valve Fig 3.13-Basic

Strainer hydraulic control

Relief Valve circuit

Hydraulic Relay

3-34

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

Fig. 3.14-Single branched system for two hierarchies trol (bleed-type sensors).

of con-

valve failure. Sometimes several wells on a platform or lease will be closed as a group if they are high vs. low pressure, oil vs. gas wells, etc. Every system should be designed to suit the characteristics of the wells and the severity of consequences of malfunctions. Platforms and compact land leases may have all the control system in a cabinet or console. Communication between the cabinet and well should be with control system media. If well pressure is piped to sensors in the cabinet, the well fluids may freeze and prevent proper operation. There is also the danger of high-pressure, high-volume flow from a ruptured line and leakage of toxic or flammable fluids to an enclosed area. Electric devices and lines usually need to be explosion proof. Requirements for the designation explosion proof are explained in the Nat]. Electrical Code. s API RP14F9 defines which installation areas require explosion-proof equipment. Sensors Sensors monitor conditions that indicate production system hazards or malfunctions. The sensor then actuates an integral pilot valve or switch to activate a control valve. The pilot valve and/or control valve may

bleed (two-way) or block-and-bleed (three-way). Electric sensors interface with pneumatic systems with solenoid valves. Conditions that are usually monitored include (Fig. 3.16): (1) pressure-high or low because of flowline or pressure vessel blockage or rupture: (2) level-high or low in separator or storage tank resulting from control valve system malfunction; (3) fire-heat is sensed by fusible plugs or fusible control line, flames are sensed by ultraviolet detectors, and temperature is detected by infrared detectors; (4) toxic or flammable gas mixtures-detectors located at four or more locations around the perimeter or in enclosures; (5) manual control-ESD system valves at boat landings, living quarters, and other critical locations. Pressure sensors should be located at any point in the production system where sections of the system can be isolated by a check valve or block valve, or where there is a change in pressure due to a choke or pressure reducing valve. lo Pressure sensors may have a moving-seal sensing element or an elastic element such as a Bourdon tube. Moving-seal sensors have poorer repeatability but are considerably less susceptible to damage by abuse and overpressure. Regulations Governmental regulations control the design and operation of some safety shut-in systems. For example, the Minerals Management Service of the U.S. government controls installations in the outer continental shelf (OCS) waters of the U.S. The rules are published in the OCS Order No. 5. 6 The OCS orders require that safety valves installed in or on wells in the federally controlled waters be made according to the ANSIIASME SPPE-1 specification and API Specs. 14Ai2 and 14D.7 ANSIIASME SPPE-1 is an extensive quality-assurance specification. API Specs. 14A and 14D are performance and design specifications for SSSVs and SSVs.

Other Flow-Control Devices


Most flow-control functions are described in this chapter in the sections on Wellheads and Safety Shut-In Systems, and in Chaps. 11 through 16. Some valves and controls are discussed in Chaps. 4 (Production Packers) and 5 (Gas Lift). Other flow-control devices are discussed in the following.

Valve

Actuator

4Lir
SUPPlY Pressure Sensors Level Sensors Relay Valve kManual (ESD) Electric Solenoid (Computer Control) controlled SSV system

Fire (Heat) Sensors

Valve

On Pilot Line Fig. 3.15-Single branched system trol (block-and-bleed-type for two hierarchies sensors). of conFig. 3.16--Remote

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND FLOW

CONTROL

DEVICES

Landing Nipple ProfIle Klckover TOOI

Nipple

__

Male Packing Adapter Spht Ring 0.Rng Female Packing Adapter

R
Fig. 3.18-Side pocket mandrel.

Valve or Plug

c1

___

L 1

V-Packing 0.Rng

Female Packing Adapter

they do not obstruct flow up through the tubing. Sidepocket-mandrel valves can be removed by wireline for redressing the seals, which are subject to damage when the circulation path is first opened. Sliding-sleeve valves can be provided with landing-nipple profiles for isolation with a wireline lock mandrel in case of sealing failure. Sliding-sleeve valves can be incorporated in safety-valve nipples to isolate the control line when the safety valve is removed. Tubing Plug The tubing should be plugged to prevent flow or loss of control when the tree and/or master valve is to be removed. Plugs are available for landing nipples in the wellhead and for nipples in the tubing string. Tubing plugs are set and retrieved with wireline methods. Chemical Injection Valves

Fig. 3.17-Sliding

sleeve

valve

Input Safety Valves (ISVs) Injection wells can be protected by the safety shut-in systems discussed earlier in this chapter. The ISV is a lower-cost safety valve that can be used for wells where there is only flow downward into the well. It is basically a check valve mounted on a wireline-retrievable mandrel located in a landing nipple. Upward flow closes the valve. Circulating Devices Circulating devices are wireline-operable valves or devices used to permit selective communication between the tubing and the tubing/casing annulus. Variations include (1) sliding-sleeve valve (Fig. 3.17), (2) sidepocket mandrel and inserted dummy valve (Fig. 3.18). and (3) potted nipple and lock mandrel. Sliding-sleeve valves and side-pocket mandrels permit wireline operations to be performed through them, and

Some wells require frequent or continuous injection of small quantities of chemicals, such as methanol, for protection from freezing or as inhibitors for corrosion control. The chemicals can be injected down through a small-diameter parallel tubing or through the tubing/casing annulus. Chemical injection valves can be installed in a circulating device to better control the injection rate and to provide backflow protection.

Corrosion
Wellhead Corrosion Aspects Corrosion has often been defined as the destruction of a metal by reactions with its environment. The attack may be internal or external and may result from chemical or electrochemical action. Internal attack usually results from weight loss corrosion (sweet corrosion) caused by the presence of CO* and organic acids, or sulfide or chloride stress cracking

3-36

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

corrosion (sour corrosion) caused by the presence of HzS. chlorides, or a combination of these elements. External attack usually results from oxygen corrosion caused by exposure to atmospheric oxygen, electrochemical corrosion caused by the flow of electric currents, or a combination of the two. One or more methods may be employed to control corrosion in wellhead equipment, depending on the type of corrosion present and the economics involved: (1) use of special corrosion-resistant alloys, (2) injection of an effective inhibitor, (3) application of effective coatings, and/or (4) properly applied and maintained cathodic protection. Although a detailed discussion of corrosion is not the purpose of this section, it is necessary to describe briefly the various types of corrosion encountered in wellhead equipment to explain the various methods of control. Internal and external corrosion are controlled differently and are discussed separately. Internal Corrosion Weight Loss Corrosion. Weight loss corrosion is usually defined as corrosion occurring in oil or gas wells where no iron sulfide corrosion product or H 1 S odor exists. Corrosion of this type in gas-condensate wells is often attributed to CO2 and organic acids. Although noncorrosive in the absence of moisture, when moisture is present, CO? dissolves and forms carbonic acid. Carbonic acid with the organic acids contributes to corrosion. The quantity of CO2 dissolved in the corroding fluid determines the severity of corrosion. Generally, corrosion can be expected when the partial pressure of the CO?, at bottomhole conditions, exceeds 30 psi. The partial pressure of COZ can be easily determined: partial pressure equals (total pressure) times (percent CO*). Wellhead Protection Methods. Wellhead protection methods for weight loss corrosion may take two forms. 1. An effective inhibitor, protective coatings. or special-alloy equipment is generally required when the CO? partial pressure, at bottomhole conditions, exceeds 30 psi. 2. Special-alloy equipment is generally required when the CO1 partial pressure, at bottomhole conditions, exceeds 100 psi. Sulfide or Chloride Stress Cracking Corrosion. Sulfide or chloride stress cracking corrosion is defined as corrosion occurring in oil or gas wells when hydrogen sulfide or chlorides are present. Iron sulfide appears as a black powder or scale. Hydrogen sulfide, like COz, is not corrosive in the absence of moisture. If moisture is present. the gas becomes corrosive. If CO? is also present, the gas is more severely corrosive. Attack by H?S causes the formation of iron sulfide. and the adherence of the iron sulfide to steel surfaces creates an electrolytic cell. The iron sulfide is cathodic to the steel and accelerates local corrosion. Hydrogen sulfide also causes hydrogen embrittlement by releasing hydrogen into the steel grain structure to reduce ductility and cause extreme brittleness.
Wellhead Protection Methods for Sulfide or Chloride Stress Cracking. These protection methods take three

1. Special alloy equipment is generally required when pressures exceed 65 psia and the partial pressure of H 1S exceeds 0.05 psia. 2. Proper injection of an effective inhibitor. 3. Carbon and low alloy steels that should not exceed a hardness level of HRC 22. Extreme Sour Senfice. This is sometimes referred to as critical service. An extreme sour condition exists when both CO1 and HIS are present in the well fluids. In this case, protection is required for both sulfide stress cracking and metal loss. In general, stainless steel, Monel*, or other nonferrous materials are used for this service. API Spec. 6A refers to NACE Standard MR-01-75 as the governing standard for materials to resist sulfide stress cracking. I3 External Corrosion Oxygen Corrosion. Oxygen corrosion is caused by the oxidation or rusting of steel due to exposure to atmospheric oxygen or a corrosive atmosphere. The severity of corrosion depends on temperature, erosion of the metal surface, property of corrosion product, surface films, and the availability and type of electrolyte. Salt water causes a very rapid increase in corrosion rate. On offshore installations, wellhead equipment is often subjected to one or more of three zones of attack: (I) the underwater or submerged zone, (2) the splash zone (most severe), and (3) the spray zone.
Wellhead Protection Methods for Oxygen Corrosion.

The protection methods for oxygen corrosion include (1) use of special-alloy equipment, (2) application of effective external protective coatings of metallic or nonmetallic materials, and (3) use of cathodic protection for the underwater zone. Electrochemical Corrosion. There are two major types of electrochemical corrosion. One type is somewhat of a reverse plating reaction caused by stray direct electric currents flowing from the steel anode to a cathode. Another type of electrochemical corrosion occurs when pipe or a wellhead is exposed to certain types of moist soil. Bimetallic corrosion, another form of electrochemical corrosion aggravated by use of dissimilar metals, is often called galvanic corrosion.
Wellhead Protection Methods for Electrochemical Corrosion. There are four protection methods for elec-

trochemical corrosion: (1) use of properly applied and maintained cathodic protection, (2) application of effective external surface coatings, (3) avoiding use of dissimilar metals, and (4) use of electrical insulation of surface lines from wellhead assembly. Material Selection Table 3.30 shows the general accepted materials for various wellhead services.

Special Application
High Pressure Seals Flange connections for pressures through 20,000 psi have been standardized by API and the specifications for these flanges are given in API Spec. 6A. However, other pressure-sealing elements in wellhead equipment

forms

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND FLOW CONTROL

DEVICES

3-37

TABLE

3.30-ENVIRONMENTS

AND APPLICATIONS Gas/Gas-Condensate Wells


LOW-TemDerature

Part 1. Casing 2. Casing heads hangers body housing slips pack-off gasket bolts nuts* body Item Item Item Item Item

General Service Al A J K H M N,N2 Al -

H,S/ H,S A3 A J K H M,Ml ,M2 N,Nl,NZ A3 co2 A3 A J K F,G M N,N2 A3 Al ,B 1 Al Al K Cl Cl Cl Cl F,G M Cl Cl c, c2 S T c2 Bl co2 A3 A J K F,G Ml,M2 Nl,N2 A3 Al,Bl A3 A3 K c2 c2 c2 c2 F.G Ml,M2 c2 c2 D c2 c2 S T c2 82

General Service Al ,A2 A J KL H M,M2.M3 N3 Al ,A2 Al ,Bl Al Al KL Al Al Al Al ,A2 ,A2 ,A2 ,A2

H,S A3 A J K,L H M,Ml M2,M3 Nl,N2 A3 A1,Bl A3 A3 K,L A3,P A3,P A3,P A3,P H.G M,Ml M2,M3 A3 A3 D A3 A3 S T A3 R

CO, Al,A2 A J K.L F,G M.M3 N3 Al,A2 AI,Bl Al Al K,L P P P P F.G M,MS Cl Cl E C2 C2 S T C2 R

H,S/ CO, A3 A J K,L F,G M,Ml M2.M3 Nl,N2 A3

Waterflood

F,G M N,N2

3. None 4. None 5. None 6. Intermediate casing heads 7. Casing hangers 8. Gaskets 9 Bolts 10. Nuts 11 Tubing heads 12. Tubing hangers

see see see see see

2 3 4 5 1

Al,Bl A3 A3 K,L Al Al G M F F E Al Al S T -

housing top bottom pack-off

Al,61 Al Al K Al Al Al Al H M A,Bl A,Bl R Al Al R R Al Bl

A1,Bl A3 A3 K A3 A3 A3 A3 H,G Ml .M2 A3,B2 A3,BZ D A3 A3 s T A3 82

13. Tubing head adapters 14. Tees and crosses 15. Valves

body body body


bonnet

L P P F,G M,Ml M2,M3 C2 C2 D C2 C2 S T C2 R

16. Adjustable

chokes

17. Positive

chokes

bonnet gasket bonnet bolts gates seats stems body bonnet stem seat body bull plug

H M3 Al Al R Al Al R R Al R

A A, A2 A3 61 62 Cl C2 0 E F G H J K L M Ml M2 M3 N N, N2 N3 P R S T

AlSl4130 or ASTM A487-9 (normalized) AISI4130 or ASTM A467-90 (quenched 8 tempered) AlSl4130 or ASTM A467-90 modriled mckel by AISI4130 or ASTM A407-90 or 90 modriied controlled hardness HRC 22 Carbon sleel such as AISI 1020, 1030, 1040 Carbon steel. controlled hardness HRC 22 max AlSt410 S S or ASTM A217-CA15 AlSt410 S S or ASTM A217-CA15 controlled hardness HRC 22 r,,ax K-500 Monel, HRC 36 max 17.4PH. CondltrOn 150 (final Hi heat-treating temperature) AISI316 S S annealed AISI304 S S annealed Softll0 AlSl8620 carbonrtrrded Elastomer, Hycar Elastomer, Hydrl Bolts, ASTM A19387 Bolts. ASTM A193B7M GiRC 22 max) Bolts. ASTM A453grade 660 Bolts, A320.L7 Nuts,ASTM A194-2H Nuts,ASTM A194GHM (HRC 22 max) Nuts.ASTM A194-2 Nuts:AsTM A194, grade 4 or 7 ASTM A487-CA6NM S S AlSl 4140 low alloy K-500 Monel withcarblde trrm AtSl4140 wth carbrdetrrm MR 01-75

Ballsand nuts must not be burredor covered I accordance wllh NACE

3-38

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE

3.31-CHARPY

V NOTCH

IMPACT

REQUIREMENTS

Size of

Specimen
(in.) -3.93 2.95 1.97 0.98
NOTE

Minimum Impact Value Required for Average of Each Set of Three Specimens (ft-lbm) 15.020 12.5 10.0 5.0 [J] 17 14 7

Minimum impact Value Permitted for One Specimen Only Per Set (ft-lbm) lo.014 8.5 7.0 3.5 [J] 12 9 5

[mm] 100 75 50 25

Purchasersare cautioned thatthe energy valuestabulated above have been selected 10 cow a broad range 01 possible physical properues, and care should be exercwd ln energy value ~nterpretahons the higherstrengthTypes 2 and 3 matemls where for mlnlmum energy valueshave no, been clearly estabkhed

such as valve seat, valve stem, fittings, hanger-packer, casing secondary seals, lockscrews, etc., have not been standardized and are subject to agreement between purchaser and manufacturer. Seals other than flange seals for 20,000 psi and higher working pressures require special consideration because of the difficulty in sealing these high pressures, which are usually encountered in combination with hostile fluids and are subject to agreement between purchaser and manufacturer. Low- and High-Temperature Application

practice fire test for valves. I4 The fire test is conducted in a flame with a temperature of 1,400 to 1,600F for a 30-minute test period. Subsea Applications Although subsea wellhead and Christmas-tree equipment has been available for a number of years and a number of installations have been made, most of the installations have been made in relatively shallow water. Equipment is now being designed for use in water depths of several thousand feet. Various methods for installing. operating, repairing, or replacing subsea equipment are being utilized such as by remote operation, the use of divers. or the use of submarines or robots. At this time, subsea equipment is proprietary, with each manufacturer pmviding his own design. Subsea installations are designed for specific projects and are agreed on by the manufacturer and the customer. Offshore wells can be broadly classified as those drilled from a fixed or bottom-supported platform or from a floating platform. Floating platforms are either of the semisubmersible or floating-ship type. Fixed Platform Drilling. Offshore wells drilled from a fixed platform normally are drilled with the wellhead and the BOPs on the platform. The well is completed with the Christmas tree attached to the wellhead on the platform. Wells drilled using a bottom-supported drilling rig (jackup rig) normally utilize mudline-suspension wellheads. The wellhead is installed on the ocean floor, with riser pipe extending from the wellhead to the rig floor. The well is drilled with BOPs attached to the riser

Unless otherwise specified, API Spec. 6A for wellhead equipment is designed to operate in temperatures from -20 to 250F. Low Temperature. API Spec. 6A also provides specifications for materials to operate in temperatures below -20F. Materials operating in extremely low temperatures become brittle and have low impact resistance. API Spec. 6A specifies minimum impact values at -25F, -5OF, and -75F test temperatures. The specified impact values are shown in Table 3.31. High Temperature. As the temperature rises, the strength of steel decreases. Table 3.32 shows the working pressure-temperature relationship of wellhead steel pressure containing parts at temperatures from -20 to 650F. There are some applications where valves with fireresistance capability are required, particularly on offshore platforms where a fire on one well endangers the other wells. API provides API RP 6F, a recommended

TABLE

3.32-PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE

RATINGS Maximum Workinq

OF STEEL Pressure

PARTS

Temperature

(OF)
- 20 to 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

ICl
- 29 to 121 149 177 204 232 260 228 316 343

(Psi)
2ooo1955 1905 1860 1810 1735 1635 1540 1430

(bar)
138 134.8 131.4 128.2 124.8 119.6 112.7 106.2 98.6

(Psi)
3ooo2930 2860 2785 2715 2605 2455 2310 2145

(bar)
207 202 197.2 192 187.2 179.5 169.3 159.3 147.9

(Psi)
-iiGi---4880 4765 4645 4525 4340 4090 3850 3575

(bar)
345 336.5 328.5 320.3 312 299.2 282 265.5 246.5

WELLHEAD

EQUIPMENT

AND FLOW

CONTROL

DEVICES

3-39

pipe and the completion is made at the top of the riser pipe. above water, usually on a fixed platform that is installed for the completion. Floating Drilling Vessels. Wells drilled utilizing floating drilling vessels normally utilize remote subsea equipment. The wellhead equipment is installed on the ocean floor. The BOPs are installed on the wellhead on the ocean floor. Riser pipes connect the equipment on the ocean floor with the vessel. Guidelines extending from the wellhead to the vessel are used for guiding equipment to the wellhead. For water depths too deep to utilize guidelines, guidelineless drilling systems are available. The guidelineless systems are normally used with dynamically positioned vessels. Guidance is accomplished by the use of acoustics, sonar, or TV. The completion (installation of the Christmas tree) on remote subsea equipment can be made either on the ocean floor or on a platform by utilizing tieback equipment. A variety of completion systems can be utilized for the production of oil and gas in various subsea environments. Some of these include single-well (diverassisted or diverless) satellite, platform, template, production riser, caisson or capsule (wet or dry), or combinations of the various basic systems. SPPElOCS Equipment. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with API and ASME. has established rules and regulations for safety and pollution prevention equi ment (SPPE) used in offshore oil and gas operations. 8 As described under Surface Safety Valve, the USGS rules and regulations require an SSV on each Christmas tree installed in federal offshore waters. The specification governing SSVs is API Spec. 14D. To qualify as a manufacturer and/or an assembler of SPPE equipment, a company must become an SPPE certificate holder. To become an SPPE certificate holder, a company must be qualified by ASME to certify compliance with ANSIlASME SPPE-1 standard on quality assurance and certification of safety and pollution prevention equipment used in offshore oil and gas operations. An SPPE certificate holder certifies his equipment by marking it with an authorized OCS symbol.

Casing Hanger. The casing-hanger slip segments are wrap-around type with a lower capacity than API casing hangers. The slips can be dropped through the BOPs to support the casing, but the seal must be placed around the suspended casing after the cutoff has been made. Intermediate Casing Heads. Intermediate casing heads in this class are identical in design to lowermost casing heads. If an intermediate-casing string is used, it is usually suspended in the lower-casing head with a thread positioned just above the lower-casing head to permit easy installation of the intermediate-casing head. If proper spacing is impractical, the intermediate casing may be cut off a few inches above the lower-casing head and a socket-type nipple with a top thread welded to the intermediate casing. Then the intermediate casing head can be attached to the thread. Tubing Heads. A tubing head threads onto the top thread of the production string to support and seal the tubing string. The tubing may be supported with a set of slips and sealed with a sealing element compressed with a cap screwed down on top of the tubing head. Maximum capacity of the slip-type tubing hanger is about 125,000 Ibm of tubing weight. A mandrel or doughnut tubing hanger may be used to support the tubing if desirable. Maximum weight-supporting capacity of this type of tubing hanger is limited only to the weightsupporting strength of the tubing head. A BOP can be attached to the tubing head with a companion flange for protection while running tubing. A stripper rubber may also be used to strip the tubing in or out of the hole under pressure, if needed. If a stripper rubber is used, it can be placed in the tubing-head bowl and a separate bowl can be attached to the tubing head to support the slip assembly or mandrel hanger. Casing heads arc available in all standard sizes with working pressures of 1,000 psi and lower. Tubmg heads are available in working pressures of 1,000 and 2,000 psi. Both units are usually furnished with two 2-in. linepipe outlets, although 3-in. outlets are available. Christmas-Tree Assembly. Christmas-tree assemblies for this type of equipment are usually very simple. If the well is expected to flow, a master valve is screwed onto the top tubing thread, a nipple and tee are screwed into the master valve, and a wing valve and choke are screwed into the tee. Selection. In selecting this class of equipment, the following factors should be considered. 1. Casinghead and tubing-head components should be constructed of cast steel or forged steel and should be full-opening. 2. Casing-hanger slips should be of drop-through type. 3. Caps used to hold down the suspension members and provide a seal should have hammer lugs for easy effective installation. 4. Both casing heads and tubing heads should be easily adaptable, with a full-opening adapter, to a standard BOP.

Independent Screwed Wellhead


API Independently Screwed Wellhead Equipment This section covers casing and tubing heads having upper-body connections other than API flanges or clamps, in l,OOO- and 2,000-psi working pressures. A typical arrangement of this equipment is shown in Fig. 3.4. Lowermost Casing Heads. Lowermost casing heads are furnished with a lower thread, which is threaded onto the surface pipe. Usually the top of the casing head is equipped with an external thread to receive a threaded cap used to compress the packing to make a seal and hold the slips down. The top thread can also be used to support a companion flange with an API ring groove and bolt holes for attaching standard BOPs.

3-40

PETROLEUM

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

References
1. S/w;ficcrrion.s fi,r t+c//hetrd (r!rr/ C/trr.cirrrcr.c Tree Eqrr;pwrrf. API Spec. 6A. 15th edition. API. Dallas (April I. 19861. 2. Reu~mmmdd Prucricr for Cart fmd lJsc of Cmrny cd Tuhui,q. API RP SCl, 12th editjon. APl. Dalla (March 19X1). 3. Bulletin on Performance Propcntca of Casing. Tubing and Drill Ptpe. 18th edition, API Bull. 5CZ. API, Dallas (March 1982). 4. Spr~~iJjmf~vr.~ fhr Cusiq Tuhip ad DrYi/ Pipc~ API Spec. 5A. 36th edition, API. Dallas (March 1982). 5. SpeciJkarions for Line Pipe. API Spec. 5L. 33rd e&ton. API. Dallas (March 1983). 6. Prdutrion Sa~?r~ Swrrrrts. OCS Order No. 5. U.S. Dept. of the lntenor (Jan. 197.5). 12. 13.

14. IS.

, , ~-- -r-.---. -. ANSliASME SPPE-I-82 and Addendum SPPE-lh-19X.3. ANSIIASME. New York City. Sprc~jfjuilim fiw Suhsur/ia P .Sojer~ Vo/w Equipmwl, API Spec. 14A. fifth edition, API. Dallas (March 1981). Muiericrl Reyuiwmrt~~\ , Sulfide S/r-c, t.5 Crtrdiu~ Rei.c rum M~~rnlli~~ Mtrlrricrl fiw Oi!fir/ci Eyrrii,nxvrr. N ACE Standard MR-01-75, NACE. Houston (1978). Rrc~ommcndcd Pwricc,for Fit-c, Tc\tj/r Vu/w.s. API RP 6F. third edition. API, Dallas (Jan. 1982). Fowler. E.D. and Rhodes. A.E.: Checklist Can Help Specify Proper Wellhead Material. Oil and Gus J (Jan. 1977) 59-6 I,

S-ar putea să vă placă și