Chapter 4: neural conduction and synaptic transmission 4.0.

Membrane Potential (a) recording membrane potential microelectrodes (b) the reting membrane potential resting potential ( c) the inonic basis of the resting potential ions random motion concentration graidients electrostatic pressure ion channels sodium-potassium pumps transporters 4.1. generation and conduction of postsynaptic potentials (a) neurotransmitters depolarize hyperpolarize (b) postsynaptic depolarization excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) inhibitory postsynaptic potentials graded responses decramental 4.2 Intergration of postsynaptic potentials and generation of action potentials axon hillock threshold of excitation action potential all-or-none response intergration spatial summation temporal summation 4.3 the ionic basis of action potential voltage- activated channels influx repolarization (a) Refactory Periodsodes

absolute refactory period relative period

(b) Axonal conduction of action potentinials noncremental antidromic conduction orthdromic conduction

(c ) conductionin myelinated axons nodes of ranvier salatory conduction neurodegeneration disease (d) the velocity of axonal conduction motor neurons (e) conduction in neurons without axons interneurons (f) the hodgkin-Huxley Model and the changing of dendnritic function dendritic spines compartmentalize (g) structure of synapapses axondendritic synapes dendritic spines axsomatic synapses dendrodendritic synapses axoaxonic synapses presynaptic facilitation and inhibition directed synapses nondirected synapses varicosities string-of-beads synapses

(h) synthesis, packaging, and transport of neurotransmitter molecules neuropeptides synaptic vesicles goli complex ribosomes microtubules coexistence (4.4) Release of neurotransmitter molecules

exocytosis voltage-activated calcium channels

(j) activation of receptors by neurotransmitter molecules receptors ligand receptor subtypes ionotropic receptors metabotropic receptors second messenger autoreceptors (k) reuptake, enzymatic degradation, and recycling enzymatic degredation enzymes acetylcholinesterase (l) Glial fucntion and synaptic transmission gap junction electrical synapses (4.5) the neurontransmitters (a) amino acids neurotransmitters amino acid neurotransmitters glumtamante asparate glycine gammaaminobutyric acid (4.6) monoamine neurotransmitters (a) monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine epinephrine nonrepinephrine serotonin catecholaminies indolamines (b) acetycholine (c ) unconventional neurotransmitters soluble-gas neurotransmitters nitric oxide carbon monoxide retrograde transmission

endocannabinoids (d) neuropeptides neuropeptide transmitters pituitary peptides hypothalamic peptides brain-gut peptides opioid peptides miscellaneous peptides 4.7 Pharmacology of synaptic transmission and behavior (a) how drugs influenece synaptic transmission receptor blockers (b) behaivioral pharmacology: three influential lines of reasearch wrinkles and darts: discovery of receptor subtypes nicotine muscarine atropine curare botox pleasure and pain: discovery of endogenous opioids periaqueductal gray endogenous enkephalins endorphins tremors and insanity: discovery of anti-schizophrenic drugs