Viscosity Measurement

Viscosity Measurement
Aim: To determine the viscosity of glycerine. Apparatus: Steel ball (16 mm diameter), guinea-and-feathers apparatus, glycerine (99%,
250 ml), counter P, holding magnet with clamp, low-voltage power supply (3, 6, 9, 12 V), morse key, stand base (V-shape), stand rod (100 cm), Leybold multiclamp, clamp with jaw clamp, steel tape measure (2 m), pair of magnets (cylindrical), connection leads.

Theory:
A body moving in a fluid is acted on by a frictional force in the opposite direction of its velocity. The magnitude of this force depends on the geometry of the body, its velocity, and the internal friction of the fluid. A measure for the internal friction is given by the dynamic viscosity . For a sphere of radius r moving at velocity v in an infinitely extended fluid of dynamic viscosity , G. G. Stokes derived the frictional force

F1 = 6 r v ---------------------------------------------------- (I).
If the sphere falls down vertically in the fluid, it will move at a constant velocity v after a certain time, and there will be equilibrium between all forces acting on the sphere: the frictional force F1, which acts upward, the buoyancy force which acts upward too,
F2 = 4 3 r 1 g --------------------------------------------------3

(2) and the downward acting gravitational force

F3 = 4 3 r 2 g --------------------------------------------------3

(3)

1: Density of the fluid 2: Density of the sphere

g: Acceleration of free fall These forces fulfill the relation F1 + F2 = F3 -----------------------------------------------------(4) Figure: 1

The viscosity can, therefore, be determined by measuring the rate of fall v.

2 2 ( 2 1 ) g r 9 v

Procedure:
Arrange the experimental setup as illustrated in Figure. 2 Set the counter P to zero by pressing the key 0. Trigger off the morse key, and observe the falling ball. As soon as the ball has reached the mark (c), release the morse key. Read the time of fall t from the counter P and record it.

Observation:
Distance of fall: s = 66.6 cm diameter of the ball: d = 16.0 mm Diameter of the guinea-and-feather apparatus: D = 44 mm Mass of the 100ml of glycerin: m1 = 125.4 g Mass of the ball: m2 = 16.7 g Density of the glycerin = 1260 kg m-3 Density of the sphere = 7790 kg m-3 Figure: 2

Observation Table:
Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Times of fall (n) Time (t), in ms

Calculations:
The viscosity can be determined by using following expression,

Where, r: radius of the sphere 1: density of the fluid 2: density of the sphere g: acceleration due to gravity t: time of fall s: distance covered by the ball % error can then be calculated using following expression,
Observed value Actual value Actual value X 100 %

Where,

= 1.480 kg/ms

Result: The viscosity of glycerin is (unit) and the percentage error is

%.

Conclusion:
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Precautions:
1. Proper connections should be made. 2. Low voltage should be chosen for holding magnet. 3. Observations should be made carefully.

Viva-voce:
1. What is viscosity? 2. What is the unit of viscosity? 3. What will happen if the water is filled in place of glycerine? Time of fall will increase or decrease? 4. What will happen if the mass of the ball is increased by one tenth of its present value? Time of fall will increase or decrease? 5. What will happen if copper ball of same diameter is places in place of steel ball?