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GEOLOGICAL BRANCHES ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES
Branches of Geology Economic geology 1-Mining geology 2-Petroleum geology Engineering geology Geochemistry Geomorphology Physical Geology Geotectonics
Branches of Geology
Geophysics Hydrogeology Mineralogy Paleontology Petrology Stratigraphy Structural geology Crystallography
Economic Geology
It Deals with Study of Mineral Deposits, their mode of formation, Occurrence and Distribution
Engineering Geology
It Deals with Application of Geological Knowledge in the Field of Engineering.
Geochemistry
It Deals with chemical constitution of Earth, the distribution and migration of various elements in the various parts of the Earth.
Geomorphology
It Deals with study of Land Forms
Physical Geology
It Deals with endogenous and exogenous agencies and the processes that bring about changes on the earths surface.
Geotectonics
It Deals with movements of the Earths crust and the deformations caused by them.
Geophysics
It Deals with application of Physics which includes geodesy, seismology, meteorology, Oceanography and terrestrial magnetism.
Hydrogeology
It Deals with hydrological properties of Rocks and the occurrences of ground water, its movement and action.
Mineralogy
It Deals with Minerals, their composition , characteristics mode of occurrences and their origin.
Palaeontology
It Deals with Fossils, Plants and Animals that are found in the rocks of past geological periods. They Indicate the climate , age and environment of deposition of the rock unit in which they are found.
Petrology
It Deals with Origin, structure, Texture and mineralogical composition of the different type of rocks.
Stratigraphy
It Deals with Strata of sedimentary Rocks, their succession, thickness, age, variations and correlation.
Structural Geology
It Deals with Configuration of Rocks in the Earths crust produced due to number of factors, generated both Exogenously and Endogenously
Crystallography
It Deals with External Forms and Internal Atomic structure of the Crystalline minerals.
Importance of Geology in Civil Engineering The stability of civil engineering structures is considerably increased if the geological features like faults, joints, bedding planes, folding , solution channels etc in the rock bed are properly located and suitably treated. Before starting a major engineering project, a detailed geological report which is accompanied by geological maps and sections is prepared. Such a report helps in planning and constructing a project.
The Engineering Geology was established in US after the St. Francis Dam near Los Angeles, CA failed on March 12, 1928. Engineering community realized the importance of Geology factor in civil engineering.
Before failure
ROCK CYCLE
Compaction
Recrystallization
. 1.Weathering and ErosionErosion from pre-existing rocks 2. Transportation- movement Transportation from one place to another (by wind, water, or ice)material is then deposited. 3. Compaction -- due to pressure; fine-grained sediments undergo more compaction than coarse sediments 4. Cementation -- precipitation of minerals around sediments (commonly quartz or calcite are precipitated) 5. Recrystallization -- due to pressure, temperature changes 6. Lithification -- squeezing out of fluid to make final solid rock
Lithification
COMPACTION
LITHIFICATION
Matrix: is the finer grains or material that surrounds the larger clasts. It consist of either clay, silt and sand.
Summary
Different branches of geology Importance of geology in civil engineering Some geological processes