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Chapter 9 GSM
Distributed Computing Group
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Overview
GSM Overview Services Architecture Cell management TDMA, FDMA Orientation Handover Authentications HSCSD, GPRS
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GSM: Overview
formerly: Groupe Spciale Mobile (founded 1982) now: Global System for Mobile Communication Pan-European standard (ETSI, European Telecommunications Standardization Institute) simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991, 1994, 1996) by the European telecommunication administrations seamless roaming within Europe possible today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America) more than 640 million subscribers
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Total mobility
international access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers
Worldwide connectivity
one number, the network handles localization
High capacity
better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell
Security functions
access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN
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Disadvantages of GSM
no end-to-end encryption of user data no full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbit/s to the user reduced concentration while driving electromagnetic radiation abuse of private data possible roaming profiles accessible high complexity of the system several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
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TE (U, S, R)
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Bearer Services
Telecommunication services to transfer data between access points Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3) Different data rates for voice and data (original standard) data service (circuit switched)
synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s asynchronous: 300 - 1200 bit/s
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Tele Services
Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones All these basic services have to obey cellular functions, security measurements etc. Offered services
mobile telephony primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 3.1 kHz Emergency number common number throughout Europe (112); mandatory for all service providers; free of charge, without contract; connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
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Supplementary services
Services in addition to the basic services, cannot be offered stand-alone Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link May differ between different service providers, countries and protocol versions Important services
identification: forwarding of caller number suppression of number forwarding automatic call-back conferencing with up to 7 participants locking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls) ...
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GSM: overview
OMC, EIR, AUC NSS with OSS VLR MSC HLR
GMSC
fixed network
VLR
MSC
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subsystems
RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover, switching OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network
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BTS Abis BSC A MSC NSS VLR HLR O OSS EIR AUC OMC VLR GMSC IWF MSC signaling ISDN, PSTN PDN BSC
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Components
MS (Mobile Station) BSS (Base Station Subsystem): consisting of
BTS (Base Transceiver Station): sender and receiver BSC (Base Station Controller): controlling several transceivers
Interfaces
Um : radio interface Abis : standardized, open interface with 16 kbit/s user channels A: standardized, open interface with 64 kbit/s user channels
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BTS X X X X X X
BSC X X X X X X X X X X
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Mobile station
Terminal for the use of GSM services A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups
MT (Mobile Terminal):
offers common functions used by all services the MS offers corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access end-point of the radio interface (Um)
TA (Terminal Adapter):
terminal adaptation, hides radio specific characteristics
TE (Terminal Equipment):
peripheral device of the MS, offers services to a user does not contain GSM specific functions
TA S
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MT
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EIR SS7
HLR
Databases
HLR (Home Location Register) VLR (Visitor Location Register) EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
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EIR SS7
HLR
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cell
use of several carrier frequencies not the same frequency in adjoining cells cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density, geography, transceiver power etc. hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap) if a mobile user changes cells: handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
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Channel Assignment
Formal definition of the problem: Input: A Graph G, the nodes of G are the cells, there is an edge between two nodes if the cells interfere. Each node u has an integer weight w(u) that represents the number of users in cell u. Output: We assign w(u) colors to each node, such that no two neighboring nodes have a same color. We are interested in the minimum number of colors needed. This problem known as Graph Multicoloring. It is NP-hard.
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f4 f3
f5 f1 f2
f3 f6 f7
f2 f4
f5 f1
Borrowing Algorithms: Improvement of FA. If traffic is not balanced, cells can borrow frequencies from neighboring cells. Hybrid Channel Assignment: Divide the frequencies into reserved and borrowable ones. Dynamic Channel Assignment: A centrally coordinated pool of frequencies is distributed to cells.
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or
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Theorem: The randomized algorithm is 2.97-competitive. Remarks: For randomized algorithms, we use the expected benefit. An improved version of the algorithm is 2.651-competitive. The algorithm can be generalized and is 27/28-competitive.
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GSM - TDMA/FDMA
935-960 MHz 124 channels (200 kHz) downlink
fre qu e
nc y
3 bits
57 bits
1 26 bits 1
57 bits
546.5 s 577 s
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Logical Channels
Traffic Channel TCH: For speech and data
Full rate TCH/F (22.8 kbit/s), Half rate TCH/H (11.8 kbit/s) - Speech codec needed 13 kbit/s remaining bandwidth is used for strong error correction TCH/FS; now some use TCH/HS - For data there are TCH/F4.8, TCH/F9.6, and TCH/F14.4
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... ...
48 24
49
50 25 6.12 s
24 ...
25 48 49 50
120 ms 235.4 ms
...
4.615 ms 577 s
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Um MS
CM MM RR RR LAPDm radio LAPDm radio BTSM LAPD PCM
A MSC
CM
MM
RR BTSM LAPD PCM
BSSAP
BSSAP SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
16/64 kbit/s
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HLR
4 5 7
VLR
3 6
calling station 1 PSTN
8 9 14 15
MSC
GMSC
10
BSS
10 13 16
BSS
10
BSS
11
11 11 12 17
MS
11
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VLR
3 4
PSTN
5
MSC
8 2 9
MS
1 10
BSS
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MTC/MOC
MS
MTC
paging request channel request immediate assignment paging response authentication request
BTS
MS
MOC
channel request immediate assignment service request authentication request
BTS
authentication response ciphering command ciphering complete setup call confirmed assignment command assignment complete alerting connect connect acknowledge data/speech exchange
authentication response ciphering command ciphering complete setup call confirmed assignment command assignment complete alerting connect connect acknowledge data/speech exchange
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2 MS
3 MS
4 MS
BTS
BTS BSC
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Handover decision
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Handover procedure
MS BTSold BSCold measurement measurement report result HO decision HO required HO request resource allocation ch. activation HO command HO command HO command HO request ack ch. activation ack MSC BSCnew BTSnew
HO access
Link establishment clear command clear command clear complete clear complete HO complete HO complete
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Security in GSM
Security services
access control/authentication
user SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): secret PIN (personal identification number) SIM network: challenge response method
confidentiality
voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
anonymity
temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) newly assigned at each new location update (LUP) encrypted transmission
secret A3 and A8 available via the Internet network providers can use stronger mechanisms
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GSM - authentication
mobile network Ki AuC 128 bit A3 SRES* 32 bit SRES 32 bit RAND 128 bit RAND
MSC
SRES* =? SRES
SRES
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mobile network (BTS) Ki AuC 128 bit A8 cipher key BTS Kc 64 bit data A5 encrypted data RAND 128 bit RAND
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TCH/F14.4
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GR (GPRS Register)
user addresses
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Delay class 1 2 3 4
SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byte mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile < 0.5 s < 1.5 s <2s <7s <5s < 25 s < 15 s < 75 s < 50 s < 250 s < 75 s < 375 s unspecified
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MS
BSS
SGSN
GGSN
PDN
Um
Gb
Gn
Gi
MSC
HLR/ GR EIR
VLR
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Um
BSS
Gb
SGSN
Gn GGSN
Gi
LLC
BSSGP
FR
FR
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fast
mobile
GSM DECT
slow
SAMBA
portable
WAND ISDN
10 kbit/s 2 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s
MEDIAN B-ISDN
30 Mbit/s
fixed
150 Mbit/s
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