Thermoelastoplastic Stress Analysis of a Thick-Walled Tube of Nonlinear Strain Hardening

S. Jahanian
Assistant Professor. Department of ivlechanical Engineering Temple University Philadelptiia, PA 19122

In pressure vessel technology or nuclear power plants, some of the mechanical components are often subjected to rapid heating. If the temperature gradient during such process is high enough, thermoelastoplastic stresses may be developed in the components. These plastic deformations are permanent and may result in the incremental deformation of the structure in the long term. Accordingly, determination of thermoelastoplastic stresses during this process is an important factor in design. In this paper, a thick-walled cylinder of nonlinear strain hardening is considered for the thermoelastoplastic analysis. The properties of the material are assumed to be temperature dependent. The cylinder is subject to rapid heating of the inside surface while the outside surface is kept at the room temperature. A quasi-static and uncoupled thermoelastoplastic analysis based on incremental theory of plasticity is developed and a numerical procedure for successive elastic approximation is presented. The thermoelastoplastic stresses developed during this process are also presented. The effect of strain hardening and temperature dependency of material on the results are investigated.

Introduction The thermoelastoplastic stresses in mechanical components due to transient temperature distribution are of particular interest. This is due to the fact that the plastic deformation which occurs during rapid heating of the inside surface of the tube might be of threat to the physical integrity of the mechanical parts, particularly when such a process occurs several times during the lifetime of the components. This may result in incremental deformation of the structure and eventually may lead to the inremental collapse of the mechanical structure. A literature survey shows that the problem of thermoelastoplastic stress distrilDution has attracted numerous researchers. The earliest analysis of thermal stress problems dates back to the late 1920s when Sachs (1927) presented his classical work in this branch of science. Weiner et al. (1959) and Landu et al. (1960, 1964) were among the first investigators who looked into the more complex type of transient thermoelastoplastic problems. Subsequently, several other researchers investigated the problem (Hwang, 1960; Chu, 1974; Sagar et al., 1974; Weirzbinski, 1985; Shevchenko et al., 1988, 1992; Kabasko, 1986; Gachkevich et al, 1987; Thomas et al., 1985). However, those researchers' assumption that the properties of a material are independent of temperature, seems to be oversimplistic and unrealistic. Ghosh and Dastidar (1974) were among the first who incorporated the temperature dependency of the properties of material in their mathematical model. Assuming the properties of the material to be temperature dependent, they solved the transient thermal problem in a hollow sphere of the Ramberg-Osgood (1943) type of material. For modeling the plastic deformation, different approaches has been adopted. Shevchenko et al. (1988) adopted the Sine law of Tien et al. (1982). Kim (1989) proposed a temperature dependent stain hardening law for his analysis. Rammerstofer et al. (1981) considered the pseudoplasticity effect in their analysis. The Finite Element Codes such as ADINA and Bersafe have been adopted by Mitter et al. (1985) and Fletcher et al. (1985),
Contributed by the Reliability, Stress Analysis, & Failure Prevention Committee for publication in the JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL DESIGN. Manuscript received May 1995; revised April 1996. Associate Technical Editor: E. Sancaktav.

respectively. Li et al. (1988) adopted the Bodner and Partom (1972) constitutive equation for viscoplastic strain analysis. Extension of Mendelson's (1968) method of successive elastic solution has been adopted by Ishikawa (1977, 1978, 1980, 1983), Boyer et al. (1985) and Jeanmart et al. (1985) solved the problem for the Ramberg-Osgood (1943) type of material, and Jahanian et al. (1987, 1990) and Jahanian (1993, 1994), who solved the problem for cylinderically shaped objects with linear strain hardening. In this research effort, the problem of transient thermal stress in an infinitely long thick-walled tube with nonlinear strain hardening and temperature dependent properties is considered. The cylinder is suddenly heated from inside while the outside temperature is kept at the room temperature. For the thermoelastoplastic modeling, the method of successive elastic solution is extended for the case of this analysis. Theoretical Analysis Since most of the mechanical components have cylindrical shapes, a hollow cylinder of outside radius " Z J " and inside radius " a " is considered for the case of this investigation. At t = Q, the cylinder is assumed to be at the room temperature. At f > 0, the inside surface of the cylinder is suddenly heated to temperature To, which is assummed to be below phase transformation temperature. The mechanical properties of the cylinder are assummed to be temperature dependent. The following theoretical approach is adopted to find the radial, tangential, and axial thermoelastoplastic stresses during rapid heating of the inside surface of the cylinder. (1) Transient Temperature Distribution. Consider a hollow cylinder of inside radius " a " and outside radius "b", which is initially at temperature "T = 0.0". The inside temperature is suddenly raised to a medium of " T z " by blowing hot compressed fluid (at T = T2) inside the tube. The temperature outside the cylinder is maintained at a constant value of ' T = 0". The value of "/z, ", the convective heat transfer coefficient, inside the cylinder depends on the nature of the fluid flow, the speed of the fluid, and the inside diameter of the cylinder, and may be given by. h, = 5.5 X IO"V'''*(2a)-"' cal cm^'^C"' (1) The transient temperature distribution in the cylinder can be Transactions of the ASME

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found by solving the general heat conduction equation given by Carslaw and Jaeger (1980). div(A;(gradr)) = yC dt (2)

a's are the roots of the following equation laJ,(aR) + piMaR)][aY,ia) - /3Joia)] -

-[Q;7,(a) - ^7o(a)][aFi(a) + 0iYo(Ra)] ( 6 c ) and finally:

Where "K" is the thermal conductivity, " C " is the specific heat and "y" is the mass density. They are defined by two parameters: The first one, designated by subscript zero, is the dimensional part; and the second one is the temperature dependent part. (Ghosh et al., 1974). K = KoK*(9), ...C= y = 'yo7*(^) CaC*(e) (3)

e(p, T) = ^ n - (i - 2K,<i>y'^]
For the purpose of this investigation: Po = 0.0, /3, = 1000.0

na)

(lb)

The following boundary conditions hold true for such a problem: dT = KiT - To) ar dT = hi(T- T2) dr at r at r = a (4)

(2) Fundamental Equations For Stress and Strains. Total strains developed during the cooling of the cylinder is the sum of three terms; the elastic, the thermal, and the plastic components, as follow = e'j + 6,

adT + elj

(8)

Defining the following dimensionless properties:

0 =

The following dimensionless parameters are defined as

K, 1 - 2 '
^ b 9i

0
' ' ^ '

bh
^

^0

ycb^ , T = h*s, . . p = ~, ...R = a a

t out

L
To

(1 - v)a, EoOioTo
P = -

(1 - //), doTo

h* = C*y*
To

To

) '

"-t
I

K*ie) = 1 - if,!

(5)

(9) To' Where the coefficient of thermal expansion "a", the elastic modules " " , the yield stress a " are assumed to be temperature dependent and have been defined in terms of two parameters, Ghosh etal. (1974) a = aoa*(e), and a* = 1 + ai6>, * = 1 - ,6I^ af = I - au9 ( H ) E = EoE*{6), o-, = cr,o(T*(6i) (10)

r a

Introducing Eqs. (5), (4), and (3) to Eq. (2), and upon further simplification and mathematical manupulation, one may obtain Tne following equations, Jahanian (1994): Mp,r)= e-<^F(a,)C(pctJ

RMi + RM^|i<, In I i ) + Ml + RpAPo In ( 1

<i>i =

Upon introducing the above equations to the familiar stress strain relations, Mendelson (1968), and substituting the results in the equilibrium and strain compatability equations, one may obtain: (6) 2(1 - 1^) J r>F* dp * ^E* ^ peg --dp dp
i\(x*de\dp

/3o + R/S, + RpiPo In (R) 4> = 4>o[cl^2 - (t>}{p, T)]

where: Co(pa) = Jo(pa)[aYi(Ra) + P,Yo{a^)] (6a)

+
- Yo(pa,)[a,J,{Ra,) + PiMaJ]

lp\

\ - v) i

and;

+ (1 + V)^\E*P

p.

^ TTJaJxia,,,) - PoJo{a,)]{{l3iei[aJi{a,n) {pJ + al)[a,J,{a)-poUa^)f-{pl

- j9o7o(a^)] + Poe2[amJ\{Ro^m) + A ^ ( ^ m ) ] } + al)[a^J,{Ra) + +PJo{Roi,)?

,.,.

Nomenclature a b C E t ,, = inside radius of cylinder, in (m) = outside radius of cylinder, in (m) = specific heat, Btu/lb F = Young's modulus, Psi (N/m^) = time (s) = total strain tensor 9 = dimensionless temperature a = coefficient of thermal expansion k = thermal conductivity Btu/in hrF (W/mk) y = mass density, Ibm/in' (kg/m^) V = Poisson's Ratio (0.3) p = dimensionless radius (Tio = yield stress, Psi (N/m^) cXi = total stress tensor, Psi (N/m^) T = dimensionless time

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2(1 - v) J 2p (l - v) J

P^i 1 - -y) J ^ u)
and *g* = \ - v J g* -dpdp

\ pE* e M p + C i + ^ p

(12)

E*ef E^ef

+ (1 + v)E*

\ a*d9 + ^ J \ - V p 1 - V

\ - V J

E*e* + 2cy

(13)

and the boundary conditions are; CT* (p = 0) = 0 and 27r / ' o-fptip = 0 (14)
Fig. 1 Stress-strain curve wiiich is linear strain liardening and independent of temperature

and

a* (p = I) = 0

By using the foregoing boundary conditions, constants Cj, Cj and e,. can easily be obtained. (3) Plastic Strain Increment. The plastic strains which are parts of Eqs. (12) and (13) may be evaluated using the following equations:
*P _ *P , ^r.i r . ( i - l ) +
,,
-

A. */ i-itr,/

e,*(':_i, + Ae.*f ?' - ^ (*' + ?'

(15) (16)

2Ae* 3S

6 r - ^ ( r + 6*')
and; Ae* = e* - 2 / 3 [ ( l + !.)/*]<j*,._i 1 + 2/3[(l + v)IE*\ da* de* //-I

(17)

(18)

These equations are defined in detail by Mendelson (1968) and Jahanian et al. (1993, 1994) and are not repeated here. Numerical Procedure For the numerical analysis the following procedure was adopted: Initially the cross section of the cylinder was partitioned into 100 unequal elements in radial direction, and the time increments were divided into 50 unequal parts. The radial division at areas closer to the inner surfaces and the time increments at the early stage of heating were smaller than the other divisions. This is due to the fact that at those areas or during those time intervals the material experienced a more rapid temperature gradient. 342 / Vol. 118, SEPTEMBER 1996

Due to the complexity of the problem in question, the problem is first tackled for the case of Fig. 1. At time "f" a first approximation for strains was obtained employing equations (12) and (13) and assuming the tangential strains appearing in the right side of equations to be zero. Subsequently, the value of e* on the right side of Eqs. (12) and (13) is the first initialized value of e* at time "t". The new value was used to obtain a better value for e *. This procedure was repeated until a desired convergency was obtained. To obtain the plastic strains, Eqs. ( 1 5 ) - ( 1 8 ) were employed to obtain the first approximation. Then the procedure developed by Jahanian et al. (1987) was used to obtain the plastic strains. For this case the properties of material at room temperature was used. For the case of sensitive material (with temperature-dependent properties) the previous method was extended as follows. At time ' 7 i " the properties of the material at that particular temperature can be evaluated. The stress strain curve at "t fi" would be similar to (stress-strain) curve " T i " shown in Fig. 2. The stress and strain at point "a" which corresponds to time "ti" can be evaluated by following the method described for the case of insensitive material (Fig. 1). At time "h = ti + dt" the stress-strain curve for the corresponding temperature and time is different than the one at "f = f j " (see Fig. 2). To evaluate the stresses and strain at point "b", located on curve "T2" one needs to find the properties of the material at ^ = ^2 and repeat the procedure which was explained for the case of insensitive material. Consequently, stress at time "ti" is point "fl", and stress at time "^2" is point "b" (Fig. 2). This procedure is used because at each temperature the response of the material to the loading follows a stress/strain curve which correspond to the properties of the material at that particular temperature. By selecting smaller time intervals, particularly at the early stage of cooling, better accuracy will be obtained. In the aforementioned technique, H' da* de* Transactions of the ASME (19)

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Fig. 2 Stress-strain curve which is linear strain hardening and temperature dependent

Fig. 3 Stress-strain curve which is nonlinear strain hardening and independent of temperature

was substituted in the Eq. (17) (linear strain hardening). For the case of nonlinear strain hardening and insensitive material the following procedure was adopted. The idea behind this technique is the fact that any curve can be made of several lines. Obviously the smaller the size of lines (smaller time increment), the better the accuracy of the results. Accordingly the stress strain curve was constructed according to (Fig. 3). For this case a new value of H' = dafldef was used at each time increment. At time t= t + dt,iox any specific points which had reached the inelastic region (e.g., point " a " , Fig. 3), H' = dafldef = E*{d). Using the previous value of H' for the subsequent time increments (e.g. point "fo", Fig. 3),CT?,and IS.e* was obtained. Then H' = dafldef for that time interval was found by employing {af)i-2 and (A^),2i The new value of H' was compared with the previous value and the entire process was repeated until the desired convergency was obtained. At each time interval the method described for the case of (Fig. 1) was repeated. For the case of sensitive material (Fig. 4), the preceding method for insensitive material was extended. This was done using the same procedure which was described for the case of Unear strain hardening (Fig. 1, and 2). For each case the problem of post yielding as discussed by Jahanian et al. [1987, 1993, 1994], was carefully examined. Results of Numerical Calculation. For the purpose of discussion and comparison with experimental results, the following data is used for carbon steel with composition of 0.4 Mn, 0.25 Si, and 0,12C Odqvist (1974). ao = 11.7 X 10" ( K ) - ' , EQ = 206 X 10^N/m^ ! = 0.0973\, Ka = 59.9 W/mk,

Where \ is called the loading parameter and is defined as

X = EoaaTo

(1 -

v)ao

(20)

d o = 235.4 X 10'^ N/m^ Ei = 0.223 X 10"^X^

Fig. 4 Stress-strain curve which is nonlinear strain hardening and temperature dependent

Ki = 0.0307\,

ff = 0.0973X, R = 2 Journal of Mechanical Design

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1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

Dimensionless Radius (p)

Fig. 7 Transient tangential stress distribution across the radius of cylinder

Dimensionless Radius (p) Fig. 5 Temperature distribution across the radius of the cylinder

The Poisson ratio v = 0.3 assumed to be unaffected by temperature (Jahanian, 1993, 1994; Gosh and Dastisar, 1974).

Discussion Of Results
Figure 5 shows the temperature distribution along the radius of the cylinder. As one can see, at ( r = 2) the temperature distribution is stabilized. A careful scrutinizing of Figs. 6, 7, and 8 indicates that, at early stage of heating, most of the compressive stresses are developed at the vicinity of the inner surface of the cylinder. This is due to the fact that during those times, and at those areas, the highest temperature gradient occurs. At ( T = 0.2) most of the compressive stresses are shifted toward center. However the level of thermoelastoplastic stresses during this time is higher than the one developed at ( r = 3).

This may be due to the unloading of elastic stresses. As far as radial stresses are concerened they are compressive throughout. Howevere, during heating the maximum radial stresses during heating occur between 1.32 < p < 1.64 and the time interval of .01 < r < 3.0. As far as tangential and axial stresses are concerned, they are compressive at the vicinity of inner surfaces, and tensile at the areas close to the outer surfaces. At the early stage of heating, the highest compressive stresses occur at the vicinity of inner surfaces. At the later stages of heating, part of the stresses at the vicinity of inner surfaces release, which results in lower compressive stresses at areas close to the inner surface. However, at the later stage of heating the compressive stresses shift away from the vicinity of inner surfaces and begin to develop at areas (1.28 < p < 1.5). Between (1.5 < p < 1.67), the stress curve obtains a sharp slope, and at (p = 1.67), the stress

- -

-u=0.01

0.15
- T=0.01

-0.030 -

- - x=0.2 - * - x=3.0

-0.025 -

A'
/
/
-

-K
\
^

0.10

- T=0.1 - T=3.0

<^i'

0]

T
^

0.05

-0.020 -

55
CC
a (0

-0.015 -0.010 -

\v
-0.10 1 1 '' r

-0.005 -

/' y
I " !

0.000 ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

-0.15 1.0

i 1.1

I 1.2

\ 1.3

I 1.4

n~~ 1.5

I 1.6

I 1.7

I 1.8

I 1.9 2.0

Dimensionless ftadius (p)

Fig. 6 Thermoelastoplastic radial stress distribution across the radius of the cylinder

Dimensionless Radius (p) Fig. 8 Transient axial stress distribution across the radius of cylinder

344 / Vol. 118, SEPTEMBER 1996

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0.15
Material with Temperature Dependent Properties "

jected to heating from inside. The following conclusions are derived from the results. (1) The radial thermoelastoplastic stresses are compressive throughout. (2) The axial and tangential stresses are compressive at the vicinity of inner surfaces and tensile at the vicinity of the outer surfaces. (3) The temperature dependency of the properties of material and strain hardening are two important parameters which should be considered in numerical analysis. References
Boyer, J. C , and Boivin, M., "Numerical Calculations of Relaxation in Quenched Plates," Material Science and Technology, October 1985, Vol. 1, pp. 786-792. Bonder, S. R., and Partom, Y., "A Large Deformation Elastic-Viscoplastic Analysis of Thick-Walled Spherical Shell," ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 39, 1972, pp. 751-757. Chu, S., " A Numerical Thermoelastoplastic Solution of a Thick-Walled Tube," AlAA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1974, pp. 176-179. Carslaw, H. S., and /eager, J. C , Conduction of Heal In Solids, Second Edition, 1980, Oxford University Press. Dastidar, D. G., and Ghosh, P., "A Transient Thermal Problem: A Hollow Sphere of Strain Hardening Material With Temperature Dependent Properties," International Journal of Mechanical Science, Vol. 16, pp. 359-371, 1974. Fletcher, A. J., and Lewis, C , "Effect of Free Edge on Thermal Stresses in Quenched Steel Plates," Material Science and Technology, Oct 1985, pp. 7 5 0 752. Grossmann, M. A., Element of Hardenability, 1952, American Society for Metals, Cleveland, Ohio. Hwang, C , "Thermal Stresses in an Elastic, Work-Hardening Sphere," ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, Dec 1960, pp. 629-634. Gachkevich, A. R., and Ya Boinchuck, V., "Thermal Stress of A Long Cylinder Heated By Thermal Radiation," Soviet Applied Mechanics, Vol. 23, No. 4, Apr. 1987, pp. 328-332. Ishikawa, H., "Transient Thermoelastoplastic Stress Analysis for a Hollow Sphere Using Incremental Theory of Plasticity," International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol, 13, pp. 645-655, 1977. Ishikawa, H., "A Thermoelastopla.stic Solution for a Circular Solid Cylinder Subjected to Heating and Cooling," Journal of Thermal Stresses, Vol. 1, pp. 211-222, 1978. Ishikawa, H., and Hata, K., "Thermoelastoplastic Creep Stress Analysis For A Thick-Walled Tube," International Journal of Solid and Structures, Vol. 16, pp. 291-299, 1980. Ishikwa, H., Sugawara, Y., and Hata, K., "Thermoelastoplastic Stress Analysis During Phase Transformation," Journal of Thermal Stresses, Vol. 6, pp. 3 6 5 377, 1983. Jahanian, S., and Sabbaghian, M., "Thermoelastoplastic and Residual Stresses in a Hollow Cylinder with Temperature-Dependent Properties," Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, Feb. 1990, Vol 112, pp 85-91. Jahanian, S., and Sabbaghian, M., "Residual Stress in a Hollow Cylinder Due to Rapid Cooling of Casting," Design and Analysis of Piping, Pressure Vessels, and Components, PVP-Vol 120, 1986, pp. 155-164. Jahanian, S., "Plastic Deformation of a Thick-Walled Circular Cylinder With Temperature Dependent Properties Under Transient Heating and Combined Axial and Torsion Load," Reliability, Stress Analysis, and Failure Prevention Aspects of Composite And Active Materials DE-Vol. 79, 1994, pp. 55-62. Jahanian, S., "determination of Residual Stress Distribution in Sensitive and Insensitive Materials," Reliability, Stress Analysis, and Failure Prevention, DEVol. 551993, pp. 179-183. Jeanmart, P., and Bouvaist, J., "Finite Element Calculation and Measurement of Thermal Stresses in Quenched Plates of High-Strength 7075 Aluminum Alloy," Material Science and Technology, October 1985, Vol. 1, pp. 765-769. Kabasko, N. I., "Increasing The Service Life of Machine Parts and Tools By Intensification of Cooling of Them in Quenching," Metal Science and Heat Treatment, Vol. 28, No. 9/10, Sept/Oct 1986, pp. 758-764. Kim, K. T., "Thermoelastoplastic Expansion of a Strain Hardening Hollow Sphere," Journal of Thermal Stresses. Vol. 12, pp. 107-123, 1989. Landu, H. G., and Weiner, J. H., "Stresses in an Elastic-Plastic Cylinder Due to a Dialatational Phase Transformation," ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, S e r E 3 1 , 1964, pp. 148-150. Landu, H. G., and Zwicky, E. E., Jr "Transient and Residual Thermal Stress in an Elastic-Plastic Cyhnder," ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, Sept 1960, pp. 481-488. Li, Y. Y., and Chen, Y., "Modeling Quenching to Predict Residual Stress and Microstructure Distribution," ASME Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, Oct 88, Vol. 110, pp. 372-379. Mendelson, A., Plasticity: Theory and Application, McMillan Company, 1968. Mitter, M., Rammerstorfer, F. G., and Grundler, O., "Discrepancies Between Calculated and Measured Residual Stresses in Quenched Pure Iron Cylinder," Material Science and Technology, October 1985, Vol. 1, pp. 793-797.

0.10 Properties are not functions " " Of Temperature

-0.15
1.0

~,

1~~T

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

Dimensionless Radius (p) Fig. 9 Effect of temperature dependency of material on ttie accuracy of ttie results

becomes tensile and remains tensile at the vicinity of the outer surfaces. Figure 9 shows the effect of temperature dependency of the properties of material on the results. As one can see, by assuming the properties of the material to be independent of temperature, the results are overestimated. Fig. 10 depicts the effect of strain hardening on the results. As it is depicted in Fig. 10, by assuming elastic perfectly plastic, one may underestimate the results. By assuming linear strain hardening, one might get a better insight to the problem; however, true shape of the curve should be followed to obtain better results. Conclusions A numerical technique is developed for evaluating the thermoelastoplastic stresses developed, in a thick walled-tube sub-

0.15 Nonlinear Strain Hardening" Elastic-Perfectly Plastic -

-0.15 1.0

1 1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

Dimensionless Radius (p) Fig. 10 Effect of strain liardening on the accuracy of the results

Journal of Mechanical Design

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Riimberg,V/., SindOsgood,V/.K., Description of Stress-Slrain Curves by Three Parameters, NACA TN902, 1943. Rammerstorfer, F. G., Fischer, D. F., Mitter, W., Bathe, K. J., and Snyder, M. D., "On Thermoelastoplastic Analysis of Heat Treatment Process Including Creep and Phase Transformation," Computer & Structure, Vol. 13, pp. 771-779, jjgj eli, <- " n M u a T c c , TT^ Di, " -7 Sachs, G., Der Nachweis Inneres Spannungen in Stangen Und Rohren, Z. n/t t iikri \7 \ iQ 1QT7 i^T r a o MeteMe vol ly, l y / / , p. 35^. , , _^ ^ , ^^^. , ^ ^ . Sagar, V., and Payne, D. J., Elasto-plastic Deformations of Thickwalled Crcular Cylinders Under Transient Heating And Combined Axial Tension and Torsion Loads," J Mech. and Physics of Solids, 1974 Vol 22, pp. 47-59. Shevchenko, Y. N., and Merzlyakov, V. A., "Thermoelastoplastic Nonaxisymetric Deformation of Shells of Revolution," Soviet Applied Mechanics, Vol. 24, No. 5, Nov 1988, pp. 469-477.

Shevchenko, Y. N., Novikov, S. V., and Galishin, A. Z., "Determination of the Thermoelastoplastic Stress-Strain State of Cylinder Tubes With Corrugated Inserts," Soviet Applied Mechanics, Vol. 27, No. 8, Feb 1992 pp. 785-793. Thomas, J. R., Jr., Singh, J. P., Tawil, H., and Powers, L., "Thermal Stresses ' " ^ Long Circular Cylinder Subjected To Sudden Cooling During Transient Convection Heating," Journal of Thermal Stresses, Vol. 8, 1985, pp. 249-260. Tien, H. R., and Richmond, O., "Theory of Maximum Tensile Stresses in the ,.,.. c./ ^ ^ . 1 r, , ^ ,. . O . ^ T , , , ,-, SoliQiiying Shell of 3 CoDstrained Rectaogular Castiug, ASME/oMms/o/A/Jp&d. Mectemw, Vol 49 pp. 481-486, 1982. ^Veiner, J. H., and Huddleston, J. V., "Transient and Residual Stresses in HeatTjgatgj Cylinders," ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol 26 March 1959, pp 3i_39. Weirzbinski,S., "The Strain Hardening of Copper Carbon After Rapid Continuous Heating," Physics of Metals and Metalography, Vol 59, No. 6, 1985, pp. 148-153.

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