Eighth Edition

11

CHAPTER

VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:

DYNAMICS
Ferdinand P. Beer E. Russell Johnston, Jr. Lecture Notes: J. Walt Oler Texas Tech University

Kinematics of Particles

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Contents
Introduction Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration Determination of the Motion of a Particle Sample Problem 11.2 Sample Problem 11.3 Uniform Rectilinear-Motion Uniformly Accelerated RectilinearMotion Motion of Several Particles: Relative Motion Sample Problem 11.4 Motion of Several Particles: Dependent Motion Sample Problem 11.5 Graphical Solution of Rectilinear-Motion Problems Other Graphical Methods Curvilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration Derivatives of Vector Functions Rectangular Components of Velocity and Acceleration Motion Relative to a Frame in Translation Tangential and Normal Components Radial and Transverse Components Sample Problem 11.10 Sample Problem 11.12
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Introduction
Dynamics includes: - Kinematics: study of the geometry of motion. Kinematics is used to relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time without reference to the cause of motion. - Kinetics: study of the relations existing between the forces acting on a body, the mass of the body, and the motion of the body. Kinetics is used to predict the motion caused by given forces or to determine the forces required to produce a given motion. Rectilinear motion: position, velocity, and acceleration of a particle as it moves along a straight line. Curvilinear motion: position, velocity, and acceleration of a particle as it moves along a curved line in two or three dimensions.

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration
Particle moving along a straight line is said to be in rectilinear motion. Position coordinate of a particle is defined by positive or negative distance of particle from a fixed origin on the line. The motion of a particle is known if the position coordinate for particle is known for every value of time t. Motion of the particle may be expressed in the form of a function, e.g., x = 6t 2 t 3

or in the form of a graph x vs. t.

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration
Consider particle which occupies position P at time t and P at t+t, x Average velocity = t x = v = lim Instantaneous velocity t 0 t Instantaneous velocity may be positive or negative. Magnitude of velocity is referred to as particle speed. From the definition of a derivative, x dx = v = lim dt t 0 t

e.g., x = 6t 2 t 3 dx v= = 12t 3t 2 dt
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration
Consider particle with velocity v at time t and v at t+t, v Instantaneous acceleration = a = lim t 0 t
Instantaneous acceleration may be: - positive: increasing positive velocity or decreasing negative velocity - negative: decreasing positive velocity or increasing negative velocity. From the definition of a derivative, v dv d 2 x = = 2 a = lim dt dt t 0 t e.g. v = 12t 3t 2 dv a= = 12 6t dt
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration
Consider particle with motion given by x = 6t 2 t 3 v= dx = 12t 3t 2 dt

dv d 2 x = = 12 6t a= dt dt 2 at t = 0, x = 0, v = 0, a = 12 m/s2 at t = 2 s, x = 16 m, v = vmax = 12 m/s, a = 0 at t = 4 s, x = xmax = 32 m, v = 0, a = -12 m/s2 at t = 6 s, x = 0, v = -36 m/s, a = 24 m/s2

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Determination of the Motion of a Particle
Recall, motion of a particle is known if position is known for all time t. Typically, conditions of motion are specified by the type of acceleration experienced by the particle. Determination of velocity and position requires two successive integrations. Three classes of motion may be defined for: - acceleration given as a function of time, a = f(t) - acceleration given as a function of position, a = f(x) - acceleration given as a function of velocity, a = f(v)

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Determination of the Motion of a Particle
Acceleration given as a function of time, a = f(t): v (t ) t dv = a = f (t ) dv = f (t ) dt dv = f (t ) dt dt v 0 dx = v(t ) dt dx = v(t ) dt
x (t ) x0
0

v(t ) v0 = f (t ) dt
0
t

dx = v(t ) dt
0

x(t ) x0 = v(t ) dt
0

Acceleration given as a function of position, a = f(x): v= dx dx or dt = v dt a=

v( x ) v0

dv dv or a = v = f ( x ) dx dt
x

v dv = f ( x )dx

v dv = f ( x )dx
x0

1 v( x )2 2

2 1 v0 2

= f ( x )dx
x0

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Determination of the Motion of a Particle
Acceleration given as a function of velocity, a = f(v):
dv = a = f (v ) dt
v (t ) v (t )

dv = dt f (v )

v0

t dv = dt f (v ) 0

v0

dv =t (v ) f v dv dx = f (v )
x (t ) x0

dv v = a = f (v ) dx x(t ) x0 =
v (t )

dx =

v (t )

v0

v dv f (v )

v0

v dv f (v )

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.2
SOLUTION: Integrate twice to find v(t) and y(t). Solve for t at which velocity equals zero (time for maximum elevation) and evaluate corresponding altitude. Ball tossed with 10 m/s vertical velocity from window 20 m above ground. Determine: velocity and elevation above ground at time t, highest elevation reached by ball and corresponding time, and time when ball will hit the ground and corresponding velocity.
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11 - 11

Solve for t at which altitude equals zero (time for ground impact) and evaluate corresponding velocity.

Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.2
SOLUTION: Integrate twice to find v(t) and y(t).

dv = a = 9.81 m s 2 dt v (t ) t v(t ) v0 = 9.81t dv = 9.81 dt

v0 0

v(t ) = 10 dy = v = 10 9.81t dt y (t ) t dy = (10 9.81t )dt

y0
0

m m 9.81 2 t s s

y (t ) y0 = 10t 1 9.81t 2 2

m m y (t ) = 20 m + 10 t 4.905 2 t 2 s s
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.2
Solve for t at which velocity equals zero and evaluate corresponding altitude. v(t ) = 10 m m 9.81 2 t = 0 s s

t = 1.019 s

Solve for t at which altitude equals zero and evaluate corresponding velocity.

m m y (t ) = 20 m + 10 t 4.905 2 t 2 s s m m y = 20 m + 10 (1.019 s ) 4.905 2 (1.019 s )2 s s y = 25.1 m

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.2
Solve for t at which altitude equals zero and evaluate corresponding velocity. m m y (t ) = 20 m + 10 t 4.905 2 t 2 = 0 s s t = 1.243 s (meaningless ) t = 3.28 s v(t ) = 10 m m 9.81 2 t s s m m 9.81 2 (3.28 s ) s s v = 22.2 m s

v(3.28 s ) = 10

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.3
SOLUTION: a = kv Integrate a = dv/dt = -kv to find v(t). Integrate v(t) = dx/dt to find x(t). Integrate a = v dv/dx = -kv to find v(x).

Brake mechanism used to reduce gun recoil consists of piston attached to barrel moving in fixed cylinder filled with oil. As barrel recoils with initial velocity v0, piston moves and oil is forced through orifices in piston, causing piston and cylinder to decelerate at rate proportional to their velocity. Determine v(t), x(t), and v(x).

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.3
SOLUTION: Integrate a = dv/dt = -kv to find v(t). v (t ) t dv dv v(t ) a= = kv = k dt ln = kt v dt v0 0 v0
v(t ) = v0 e kt

Integrate v(t) = dx/dt to find x(t). dx v(t ) = = v0 e kt dt t x (t ) t 1 kt kt x(t ) = v0 e dx = v0 e dt k 0 0 0

x(t ) =
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v0 1 e kt k
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.3
Integrate a = v dv/dx = -kv to find v(x). dv a = v = kv dx v v0 = kx dv = k dx
v

dv = k dx
0

v0

v = v0 kx

Alternatively,

with and then

x(t ) =

v0 1 e kt k

)
v(t ) v0
v = v0 kx
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v(t ) = v0 e kt or e kt =
v v(t ) x(t ) = 0 1 k v0

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Uniform Rectilinear Motion
For particle in uniform rectilinear motion, the acceleration is zero and the velocity is constant. dx = v = constant dt

dx = v dt
x0 0

x x0 = vt x = x0 + vt

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion
For particle in uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion, the acceleration of the particle is constant. dv = a = constant dt v = v0 + at
v

dv = a dt
0

v v0 = at

v0

dx = v0 + at dt

dx = (v0 + at )dt
x0 0

x x0 = v0t + 1 at 2 2

x = x0 + v0t + 1 at 2 2 dv v = a = constant dx
2 v 2 = v0 + 2 a ( x x0 )
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11 - 19

v dv = a dx
x0

v0

1 2

(v 2 v02 ) = a(x x0 )

Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Motion of Several Particles: Relative Motion
For particles moving along the same line, time should be recorded from the same starting instant and displacements should be measured from the same origin in the same direction.
= x B x A = relative position of B with respect to A xB = x A + xB A xB
A

= v B v A = relative velocity of B with respect to A vB = v A + vB A vB

A

= a B a A = relative acceleration of B with respect to A aB = a A + aB A aB

A
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.4
SOLUTION: Substitute initial position and velocity and constant acceleration of ball into general equations for uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion. Substitute initial position and constant velocity of elevator into equation for uniform rectilinear motion. Ball thrown vertically from 12 m level in elevator shaft with initial velocity of 18 m/s. At same instant, open-platform elevator passes 5 m level moving upward at 2 m/s. Determine (a) when and where ball hits elevator and (b) relative velocity of ball and elevator at contact.
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Write equation for relative position of ball with respect to elevator and solve for zero relative position, i.e., impact. Substitute impact time into equation for position of elevator and relative velocity of ball with respect to elevator.
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.4
SOLUTION: Substitute initial position and velocity and constant acceleration of ball into general equations for uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion.
v B = v0 + at = 18

m m 9.81 2 t s s

m m y B = y0 + v0t + 1 at 2 = 12 m + 18 t 4.905 2 t 2 2 s s Substitute initial position and constant velocity of elevator into equation for uniform rectilinear motion.
vE = 2

m s

m y E = y0 + v E t = 5 m + 2 t s
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.4
Write equation for relative position of ball with respect to elevator and solve for zero relative position, i.e., impact.
yB
E

= 12 + 18t 4.905t 2 (5 + 2t ) = 0 t = 0.39 s (meaningless ) t = 3.65 s

Substitute impact time into equations for position of elevator and relative velocity of ball with respect to elevator.

y E = 5 + 2(3.65) vB = (18 9.81t ) 2 = 16 9.81(3.65)

y E = 12.3 m

vB
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= 19.81

m s
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Motion of Several Particles: Dependent Motion
Position of a particle may depend on position of one or more other particles. Position of block B depends on position of block A. Since rope is of constant length, it follows that sum of lengths of segments must be constant. x A + 2 x B = constant (one degree of freedom) Positions of three blocks are dependent.
2 x A + 2 x B + xC = constant (two degrees of freedom) For linearly related positions, similar relations hold between velocities and accelerations.

dx dx A dx + 2 B + C = 0 or 2v A + 2v B + vC = 0 dt dt dt dv dv dv 2 A + 2 B + C = 0 or 2a A + 2a B + aC = 0 dt dt dt
2
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.5
SOLUTION: Define origin at upper horizontal surface with positive displacement downward. Collar A has uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion. Solve for acceleration and time t to reach L. Pulley D has uniform rectilinear motion. Pulley D is attached to a collar which Calculate change of position at time t. is pulled down at 3 in./s. At t = 0, collar A starts moving down from K Block B motion is dependent on motions of collar A and pulley D. Write motion with constant acceleration and zero relationship and solve for change of block initial velocity. Knowing that B position at time t. velocity of collar A is 12 in./s as it passes L, determine the change in Differentiate motion relation twice to elevation, velocity, and acceleration develop equations for velocity and of block B when block A is at L. acceleration of block B.
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.5
SOLUTION: Define origin at upper horizontal surface with positive displacement downward. Collar A has uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion. Solve for acceleration and time t to reach L.
2 v 2 = (v A )0 + 2a A [x A ( x A )0 ] A

in. 12 = 2a A (8 in.) s v A = (v A )0 + a At 12 in. in. =9 2t s s

aA = 9

in. s2

t = 1.333 s

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.5
Pulley D has uniform rectilinear motion. Calculate change of position at time t. x D = ( x D )0 + v D t in. x D ( x D )0 = 3 (1.333 s ) = 4 in. s Block B motion is dependent on motions of collar A and pulley D. Write motion relationship and solve for change of block B position at time t. Total length of cable remains constant, x A + 2 x D + x B = ( x A )0 + 2( x D )0 + ( x B )0

[x A (x A )0 ]+ 2[x D (xD )0 ]+ [x B (xB )0 ] = 0 (8 in.) + 2(4 in.) + [x B (x B )0 ] = 0

x B ( x B )0 = 16 in.
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.5
Differentiate motion relation twice to develop equations for velocity and acceleration of block B.
x A + 2 x D + x B = constant v A + 2v D + v B = 0 in. in. 12 + 2 3 + v B = 0 s s a A + 2a D + a B = 0 in. 9 2 + vB = 0 s in. a B = 9 2 s v B = 18 in. s

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Graphical Solution of Rectilinear-Motion Problems

Given the x-t curve, the v-t curve is equal to the x-t curve slope. Given the v-t curve, the a-t curve is equal to the v-t curve slope.

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Graphical Solution of Rectilinear-Motion Problems

Given the a-t curve, the change in velocity between t1 and t2 is equal to the area under the a-t curve between t1 and t2. Given the v-t curve, the change in position between t1 and t2 is equal to the area under the v-t curve between t1 and t2.

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Other Graphical Methods
Moment-area method to determine particle position at time t directly from the a-t curve: x1 x0 = area under v t curve = v0t1 + (t1 t )dv
v0 v1

using dv = a dt , x1 x0 = v0t1 +
v1 v1

(t1 t ) a dt

v0

(t1 t ) a dt = first moment of area under a-t curve

with respect to t = t1 line.

v0

x1 = x0 + v0t1 + (area under a-t curve)(t1 t ) t = abscissa of centroid C

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Other Graphical Methods

Method to determine particle acceleration from v-x curve:

a=v dv dx = AB tan = BC = subnormal to v-x curve

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Curvilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration
Particle moving along a curve other than a straight line is in curvilinear motion. Position vector of a particle at time t is defined by a vector between origin O of a fixed reference frame and the position occupied by particle. Consider particle which occupies position P defined r r by r at time t and P defined by r at t + t, r r r dr r = v = lim dt t 0 t

= instantaneous velocity (vector) v = lim s ds = dt t 0 t

= instantaneous speed (scalar)

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Curvilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration
r Consider velocity v of particle at time t and velocity r v at t + t, r r v dv r a = lim = dt t 0 t = instantaneous acceleration (vector) In general, acceleration vector is not tangent to particle path and velocity vector.

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Derivatives of Vector Functions
r Let P (u ) be a vector function of scalar variable u, r r r r dP P(u + u ) P(u ) P = lim = lim du u 0 u u 0 u

Derivative of vector sum, r r r r d (P + Q ) dP dQ = + du du du Derivative of product of scalar and vector functions, r r r d ( f P ) df dP P+ f = du du du Derivative of scalar product and vector product, r r r r r r dQ d (P Q ) dP = Q + P du du du r r r r r r dQ d (P Q ) dP = Q + P du du du
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Rectangular Components of Velocity & Acceleration
When position vector of particle P is given by its rectangular components, r r r r r = xi + y j + zk Velocity vector, r r r r dx r dy r dz r v = i + j + k = xi + y j + zk & & & dt dt dt r r r = vx i + v y j + vz k Acceleration vector, r r r r d 2 xr d 2 y r d 2 z r a = 2 i + 2 j + 2 k = &&i + && j + &&k x y z dt dt dt r r r = ax i + a y j + az k
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Rectangular Components of Velocity & Acceleration
Rectangular components particularly effective when component accelerations can be integrated independently, e.g., motion of a projectile, a x = && = 0 x a y = && = g y a z = && = 0 z
with initial conditions, (v x )0 , v y 0 , (v z )0 = 0 x0 = y 0 = z 0 = 0

( )

Integrating twice yields v x = (v x )0 x = (v x )0 t

v y = (v y ) gt
0 0

y = (v y ) y 1 gt 2 2

vz = 0 z=0

Motion in horizontal direction is uniform. Motion in vertical direction is uniformly accelerated. Motion of projectile could be replaced by two independent rectilinear motions.
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Motion Relative to a Frame in Translation
Designate one frame as the fixed frame of reference. All other frames not rigidly attached to the fixed reference frame are moving frames of reference. Position vectors for particles A and B with respect to r r the fixed frame of reference Oxyz are rA and rB . r rB A joining A and B defines the position of Vector B with respect to the moving frame Axyz and r r r rB = rA + rB A Differentiating twice, r r r r vB = v A + vB A vB
A

= velocity of B relative to A.

r r r a B = a A + aB

r aB A = acceleration of B relative to A.

Absolute motion of B can be obtained by combining motion of A with relative motion of B with respect to moving reference frame attached to A.
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Tangential and Normal Components
Velocity vector of particle is tangent to path of particle. In general, acceleration vector is not. Wish to express acceleration vector in terms of tangential and normal components.
r r et and et are tangential unit vectors for the particle path at P and P. When drawn with r r r respect to the same origin, et = et et and is the angle between them.

et = 2 sin ( 2 ) r et sin ( 2 ) r r = lim en = en lim 0 0 2 r det r en = d

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Tangential and Normal Components
r r With the velocity vector expressed as v = vet the particle acceleration may be written as r r r de dv r de d ds r dv dv r = et + v = et + v a= dt dt dt dt d ds dt but r det r ds = en d = ds =v d dt After substituting, dv v2 r dv r v 2 r a = et + en at = an = dt dt

Tangential component of acceleration reflects change of speed and normal component reflects change of direction. Tangential component may be positive or negative. Normal component always points toward center of path curvature.
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Tangential and Normal Components
Relations for tangential and normal acceleration also apply for particle moving along space curve.
r dv r v 2 r a = et + en dt

dv at = dt

an =

v2

Plane containing tangential and normal unit vectors is called the osculating plane. Normal to the osculating plane is found from r r r eb = et en r en = principal normal r eb = binormal Acceleration has no component along binormal.

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Radial and Transverse Components
When particle position is given in polar coordinates, it is convenient to express velocity and acceleration with components parallel and perpendicular to OP. The particle velocity vector is r der dr r dr r d r r d r v = (rer ) = er + r = er + r e dt dt dt dt dt r r = r er + r& e &
r de r = er d

r r r = re r r der r = e d

r r der der d r d = = e dt d dt dt r r de de d r d = = er dt d dt dt

Similarly, the particle acceleration vector is d r r d dr r a = er + r e dt dt dt r r d 2 r r dr der dr d r d 2 r d de = 2 er + + e + r 2 e + r dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt r r & = && r& 2 er + (r& + 2r& )e r &

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Radial and Transverse Components
When particle position is given in cylindrical coordinates, it is convenient to express the velocity and acceleration vectors using the unit r r r vectors eR , e , and k . Position vector, r r r r = R e R +z k Velocity vector, r r r dr & r r & e + z k v= = R e R + R & dt Acceleration vector, r r r dv r r & 2 e R + (R& + 2 R& )e + && k & && & a= = R R z dt

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.10
SOLUTION: Calculate tangential and normal components of acceleration. Determine acceleration magnitude and direction with respect to tangent to curve. A motorist is traveling on curved section of highway at 60 mph. The motorist applies brakes causing a constant deceleration rate. Knowing that after 8 s the speed has been reduced to 45 mph, determine the acceleration of the automobile immediately after the brakes are applied.
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.10
SOLUTION: Calculate tangential and normal components of acceleration. ft v (66 88) ft s at = = = 2.75 2 t 8s s
an = v2

(88 ft s )2 ft = = 3.10 2
2500 ft s

60 mph = 88 ft/s 45 mph = 66 ft/s

Determine acceleration magnitude and direction with respect to tangent to curve. ft 2 2 2 2 a = 4.14 2 a = at + an = ( 2.75) + 3.10 s

= tan

1 a n

at

= tan

1 3.10

2.75

= 48.4

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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.12
SOLUTION: Evaluate time t for = 30o. Evaluate radial and angular positions, and first and second derivatives at time t. Rotation of the arm about O is defined by = 0.15t2 where is in radians and t in seconds. Collar B slides along the arm such that r = 0.9 - 0.12t2 where r is in meters. After the arm has rotated through 30o, determine (a) the total velocity of the collar, (b) the total acceleration of the collar, and (c) the relative acceleration of the collar with respect to the arm.
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11 - 46

Calculate velocity and acceleration in cylindrical coordinates. Evaluate acceleration with respect to arm.

Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.12
SOLUTION: Evaluate time t for = 30o.

= 0.15 t 2
= 30 = 0.524 rad t = 1.869 s

Evaluate radial and angular positions, and first and second derivatives at time t.
r = 0.9 0.12 t 2 = 0.481 m r = 0.24 t = 0.449 m s & r && = 0.24 m s 2

= 0.15 t 2 = 0.524 rad & = 0.30 t = 0.561 rad s

& & = 0.30 rad s 2
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Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.12
Calculate velocity and acceleration.
& vr = r = 0.449 m s v = r& = (0.481m )(0.561rad s ) = 0.270 m s
2 2 v = vr + v

v = tan 1

vr
v = 0.524 m s

= 31.0

ar = && r& 2 r = 0.240 m s 2 (0.481m )(0.561rad s )2 = 0.391m s 2 & & a = r& + 2r&

= (0.481m ) 0.3 rad s 2 + 2( 0.449 m s )(0.561rad s ) = 0.359 m s 2

2 2 a = ar + a

a = tan 1

ar a = 0.531m s

= 42.6
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2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Eighth Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 11.12
Evaluate acceleration with respect to arm. Motion of collar with respect to arm is rectilinear and defined by coordinate r. a B OA = && = 0.240 m s 2 r

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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