San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation Inc.

2772 2774, Roxas Blvd, Pasay City

Effects of Career Motivation on the Academic Performance of the First year Nursing Students of SJDEFI School year 2009- 2010

Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction

There are so many choices today that its easy to become overwhelmed by the vast array of career possibilities. Paradoxically the more choices people have, the more they paralyze themselves trying to find the right choice, and the less satisfied they are with their eventual decision. The problem with this mindset is that it places too much of a barrier between decision and action, as if theyre two distinct phases in the career development process. In reality these phases are rarely distinct. Career decisions are ongoing, and free to change directions at any moment. Further down the road, a career in game development became a natural extension of hobby. As you made additional career decisions, you can ask yourself, What would be fun and interesting to do next? as opposed to What permanent career choice should I make? A lot of people use the term career to mean the job occupation, or vocation a person has. However, career involves much more than those a job, an occupation, or a vocation. A career is the pattern of work and work- related activities that develop throughout a life time. It includes the job or series of job a person has until retirement. There are as many as kind of career as there are people. They vary greatly in the type of work involved and in the ways they influence a persons life. People differ from what they want from their career. Many people desire a high income. Some hope for fame. Others want adventure. Still others want to serve people and make the world a better place. Before you begin to explore career fields, you should determine (1) your values; (2) your interests; and (3) your aptitudes. Most people are happiest in jobs that fit their value, interests and aptitudes. Motivation is the characteristic that helps you achieve your goal. It is the drive that pushes you to work hard and reach whatever it is that you are after. It is the energy that gives you the strength to get up and keep going - even when things are not going your way. It can be intrinsic or extrinsic (internal and external). Extrinsic motivation, are motivated by rewards from an external source and inspired by the recognition from external sources. Intrinsic motivation is something internal or motivated to reach ones goal for own internal benefits. On the other hand, motivation commonly refers to anything that causes people to behave as they do. Most people have a clear sense of what it feels like to be motivated to do something. But scientists have found it is difficult to define motivation. When studying motivation, most psychologists and behavioral scientists focus on two specific aspects of motivated behavior: arousal of behavior and the direction of behavior

Arousal of behavior involves whatever brings an organism to action. It may result from stimuli inside or outside the body. Direction of behavior determined by several influences includes an organisms habits, skills, and basic capacities. This study wants to know how the first year nursing students of SJDEFI were able to perform on their studies whether they are intrinsically or extrinsically motivated in attaining their goal to become a professional nurse. Background of the Study This study was conducted at selected nursing students of San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation Inc. at Pasay City, which has a noble vision/mission and a dynamic environment. Its facilities and other physical features have been aligned with CHED's (Commission on Higher Education) policies and requirements. It has highly qualified. The faculty members teach their fields of specialization. It is an educational institution which offers different courses such as Bachelor of Science in HRS, Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Science, Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy and Bachelor of Science in Nursing. The selected college is a dynamic and pro-active learning organization that produces quality and globally competitive students and graduates; upholding the highest standard of excellence in the fields of education, research, and other developmental pursuits towards contributing to the over-all attainment of a better quality of life for the Filipinos. The researchers have arrived at the research problem "The study on the Effects of Career Motivation in Academic performance of the first year nursing students of San Juan de Dios Inc School year 2009-2010 researches wants to study how the first year nursing students of SJDEFI were able to perform on their studies whether they are intrinsically or extrinsically motivated in attaining their goal to become a professional nurse. The goal of this study is to know if there is a significant difference in the academic performance of the first year nursing students when grouped according to career motivation. To identify how the first year nursing students of SJDEFI were able to perform on their studies whether they are intrinsically or extrinsically motivated in attaining their goal to become a professional nurse.

Statement of the Problem This study will determine the effects of career motivation on the academic performance of the first year nursing students in San Juan de Dios educational Foundation Inc. school year 2009- 2010. This study aims to answer the following questions: 1. What intrinsic and extrinsic motivation influenced first year nursing students to take up nursing course? 2. What are the final grades of the respondents? 3. Is there significant difference in the academic performance and career motivation? Hypothesis Considering the aforementioned problems, the researchers came up with the hypothesis. (H01): There are no significant differences in the academic performance of the students and their career motivation.

Scope and Delimitation The respondents of the research are the first year nursing students of SJDEFI with 75 total populations, during school year 2009- 2010. The students should be officially enrolled in the program of Bachelor of Science in Nursing regardless of age and gender in the first semester. The study was limited to the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to first year nursing students in their academic performances. Significance of the Study The result of this study will be beneficial to the following: 1. To the Students

The study will determine the factors affecting academic performance; both beneficial and unhelpful. This study would help the students to further improve their academic performance whether they are intrinsically and extrinsically motivated thru possible recommendations of the researcher. 2. To the Parents

The study will help out parents in identifying factors that affects their childs academic performance. This study will help motivate their child to pursue in their chosen career.

3.

To the Department- College of Nursing

This study will help the facilitators on what strategies they will use to motivate the students to study and understand the attitudes of the students towards the course. Conceptual Framework

Nursing Students (First year)

Extrinsic factors
-Parental influence -Peers -Media

Intrinsic Factors
-Desires -Perception -Goals Leadership

Academic Performance

(Midterm and Final grade on the first semester)

Figure 1. Diagram of Research Paradigm The Figure 1, shows career motivation is divided into two types: intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation happens when a person is intrinsically motivated to do something because it brings the person pleasure. The person thinks it is important or the person feels that what he or she learning is significant. Examples of intrinsic motivations are: seeing nursing as a caring profession, perceiving nursing as a challenge, taking up nursing to be able to render care to those who are ill, belief that Filipinos are good nurses, and the desire to uplift

ones self esteem. Extrinsic motivation comes into play when a person is compelled to do something or act a certain way because of factors external to that person. Examples of which are: taking- up nursing due to the influence of parents and friends, high salary, plans of going abroad, or because medical profession runs in the family. These motivations influenced the first year nursing students to take up the nursing course. This may or may not affect the academic performances. Theoretical Framework According to the Two- Factor Theory (Herzberg, 1959) intrinsic/ extrinsic motivation, says that certain factors in the workplace result in job satisfaction, but if absent leads to job dissatisfaction. He distinguished between motivators; (e.g. challenging work, recognition, responsibility) which provide positive satisfaction, and hygiene factors (e.g. status, job security, salary and fringe benefits) that motivate if present, if absent leads to decrease in motivation. Motivation has two kinds: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation happens when a person is internally motivated to do something. It either brings him/her pleasure and he/she thinks it is important or significant. Extrinsic motivation comes into play when a person is compelled to do something or act a certain way because of factors external to him/her (parents, peers, media, etc...) Hence, in the relation to the present study, the theory of motivation will affect the students decision in choosing a career in life and it may or may not have an impact on their academic performance. Definition of terms Career- chosen profession by the nursing students Motivation- anything that caused the students to behave as they do Career Motivation- refers to intrinsic and extrinsic factors that made the first year nursing students take up the nursing course Extrinsic Motivation- external factors that influenced the first year nursing students to take Bachelor of Science in Nursing course such as parents, peers, economic status, and mass media Intrinsic Motivation- internal factors that predisposed the first year nursing students to take Bachelor of Science in Nursing such as their discernments, perceptions, and views regarding the nursing course Final Grade- average grade of the subjects such as English, Filipino, Algebra, PE, Psychology, Chemistry, Philosophy of Man, Nursing, Religious Education, and Vincentian Heritage in the midterm and final term of the first semester of the first year nursing students of San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation Inc. currently enrolled in school year 2009- 2010, a basis to determine if the performance of the first year nursing students were affected by either intrinsic or extrinsic motivation.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Literatures MOTIVATION Motivation towards studies is a question of energy, such as process starting, sustaining and directing students study behavior. On the other hand, motivation in education can have effects on how the students learn and their behavior towards subject matter (Ormrod, 2003). It can direct behavior toward specific goals, guide to increased effort and energy, increase initiation of, and persevere in activities, intensify cognitive processing, determine what consequences are to be strengthened, lead to better performance. On the other hand, Frederick Herzbergs two factor theory (1959), a.ka. intrinsic/ extrinsic motivation, says that certain factors in the workplace result in job satisfaction, but if absent led to job dissatisfaction. A support to Herzbergs two factor theory was a theory developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan in 1971; it was the self determination theory focalizes on the importance of intrinsic in driving human behavior. The primary factors that inspire motivation and development are autonomy, competence feedback, and relatedness. Another theory about motivation is Stephen Moultons Multifactor Motivation Theory (2007). It says that people are motivated to do things because they desire to and not because others think it is a good thing to do. Motivations results from actions that gratify from inner needs. It is not an indicative of being motivated if people are strained to do something and doing it. And according to numerous studies done over the past 50 years, Parents (despite of generation

or supposed generation gap) have the greatest influence over their childrens career decisions even in todays society, with the influence of television , peers, internet, and broken marriages. Theories of how an adolescent develops career choices are moderately new and not often studied phenomenon. Until very recently, it was assumed that adolescents underwent a natural evolution, first started at the high school level, to the world of work. This principle was widely held until 1952 when Ginzberg pioneered a developmental theory concerning career of choice is a course by which extends from about 10 to age 21, and that was the most significant factor determining career choice is the series of interlocked decisions the adolescents makes over time (Helams, 1980). He further theorized that the process of career choice is largely irreversible. Generally, Ginzberg projected that a final career choice usually resulted from a compromise between need and reality. Perhaps the biggest impact on vocational choice are the schools, since schools have recently been focusing more on training occupation, than mere teaching to produce more highly educated individuals. Studies have found that 39% of college students consider their high school teachers as major influence regarding their occupational choices. Guidance counselors in schools have the capacity to be highly influential when it comes to helping young teens choose a career path. Guidance counselor should have the resources and the misunderstandings of the students goals in order to realistically advice the adolescents in a positive way. Although these actions should represent the norm, there have been indicators that guidance counselors are not really doing their best in these matters. Studies have repeatedly indicated that students they get little or no help from their school guidance counselors (1987) Another concept was the theory of needs which was popularized by American behavioral psychologist David Mc Clelland. He built his study on the earlier works of Henry Murray (1938), Mc Clelland states in 1961 from three dominant needs: the need for achievement, power and affiliation. The Need for Achievement (N-Ach) is the degree to which a person desires to perform complicated and challenging tasks on a high level. Some characteristics of high N-Ach people are as follows: they want to achieve to success and require the need to receive positive feedback often. They seek to broaden themselves and thus tend to avoid both low- risk and high- risk situations. They avoid low-risk situation because the easily achieved success is not a genuine achievement. In high-risk projects, achievers perceive the outcome as one of chance rather than the end result of their own effort. In comparison to the Attribution Theory, they like to work single handedly or with other high achievers. Mc Clelland believes that these people make the best leaders, although there can be a possibility to stipulate too much of their subordinates in the belief that they are also highly results driven. The Need for Affiliation (N- Affi) means that people search for good interpersonal relations with others. Some characteristics of high N- affiliation are, they desire to be liked and accepted by others, and attach importance to a personal interaction. They tend to be traditional to the norms of their work group. They try hard to make and keep relationships with a high amount of trust and mutual understanding. They prefer teamwork over competition. They perform well

in customer service and client interaction situations. McClelland believed that a strong Need for Affiliation undermines the objectivity and decision- making capability of managers. The Need for Power (N-Pow) is normally seen to people who like to be in charge. They can be grouped into two types: personal and institutional power. People with a high need for personal power desire to direct and influence others achieve the goals of the organization. High power people rivalry and status oriented positions. While the people imposed to leadership roles, they may not acquire the required flexibility and people centered skills. (Mc Clelland, 2002)

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Motivation can be seen as an intrinsic or extrinsic factor. Enjoy learning for its own sake or positive feedback on learning outcomes are example of intrinsic motivation. Accordingly, there is a built-in pleasure for the activity itself. Intrinsic motivation is the internal desires to perform a particular task, people do certain activities because it gives them pleasure, develops a particular skill. Extrinsic motivations are factors external to the individual. In a study of self- efficacy, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations as predictors for students engage or not in academic work.

Influences on Students Aspiration It appears that there are numerous factors that influence students in their decision to choose a particular career. Included in these factors are new technological trends, innovation for enhancing the education process, economics, tuition costs and student indebtedness, changing demographics of students in general, and the influences of family members, friends, and teachers. (Tamayose, T.S. et al, 2004). Students self-efficacy beliefs their confidence in their educational and vocational prospects shape the occupational options they consider and the way they prepare for careers. These beliefs and aspirations are often influenced by parents own self-efficacy beliefs and aspirations (Bandura, Barbaranelli, Caprara, & Pastorelli, 2001; Bandura et al, 1996). Parents Values regarding academic achievement influence adolescents values and occupational goals (Jodl, Michael, Malanchuk, Eccles, & Sameroff, 2001).Moreover, gender also may have an influence. A 1992 report by the American Association of University Women (AAUW) Educational Foundation claimed that schools short-change girls by steering them away from

science and math and into gender-typed pursuits. Six years later, a follow up study reported that girls were taking more science and math than before and doing better in those subjects. According to the National Center for Education Statistics (1997), male and female high school seniors are now equally likely to plan careers in math or science (AAUW Educational Foundation, 1998b; Weinman 1998). Parents Influence Over the years, research has moved from examining family demographics and their relationships to career development to examining the dynamics of family interactions. One consistent finding in research suggests that adolescents own aspirations are influenced by their parents aspirations or expectations for them. When adolescents perceive their parents to have high educational expectations for them, adolescents are likely to have higher aspirations for themselves. A (1998) Sylvan Learning Center report indicates that parents and childrens views about career aspirations are more compatible than incompatible. Parents are influential figures with whom, whether intentionally or unintentionally, children become aware of and get exposed to occupations or career opportunities and implied expectations (Taylor et al, 2004). Overall, research supports the influence of parental expectations and aspirations on the career decisions and aspirations of their children. These expectations lay a foundation for parents behaviors and interactions with their children, which then indirectly or directly influence choices they make in the future (Taylor et al, 2004).

Peer Influence Peers have also been shown to have an effect on career choice. While the effect of peers on vocational choice is reliant upon gender and social class, research point out that boys tend to rank peer influence low when it comes to career choice. Also, there is verification that lower class boys who attend middle class schools tend to have higher aspirations than do lower boys who attend lower class schools (Adams, 1980). Media Influence These results relate to how the media depict nurses and the nursing profession. Thirtytwo (25%) participants stated that the media presented a negative view of nursing. In comparison, only 6 (4.8%) participants stated that the media projected a positive perspective. This view shows how media affects students in choosing nursing as a degree of course. Family Monthly Income Socioeconomic status can be a powerful factor in educational achievement through its influence on family atmosphere, on choice of neighborhood, and on a parents way on rearing children (National Research Council, 1993a). The neighborhood of a family can afford generally determines the quality of schooling and opportunities for higher education; and the availability of such opportunities, together with attitudes in the neighborhood peer groups, affects motivation

(Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence, 2004).Still, many young people from disadvantaged neighborhoods do well in school and improve their condition in life. What may make the difference is social capital: the family and community resources children and adolescents can draw upon. Parents who invest time and effort in their children and who have a strong network of community support build the familys social capital (J.S. Coleman, 1998).

Parents Educational Attainment The most commonplace observation in the study of educational stratification and mobility is that how far an individual goes in school is strongly associated with how far his or her parents have gone in school. Although the reasons for this association are the subject of a rich field of investigation and the strength of the association varies across time and place, the positive correlation of parents and offsprings educational attainments is nearly universal. Whereas early studies of educational inequality focused on educational attainment as a status, typically measured by total years of schooling attained, (Duncan 1965; 1967; Blau and Duncan 1967; Hauser and Featherman 1976), more studies that are recent have assumed that schooling is a dynamic process. The process is conceived of and measured as a sequence of school transitions between levels of schooling, whether measured as years of school completed or enrollment in major organizational divisions of school systems (e.g., Duncan 1968; Mare 1980, 1981a; Shavit and Blossfeld 1993; Breen and Jonsson 2000). Typically, mothers and fathers schooling in the same way as offsprings schooling measure as highest grade of school completed, and estimate their linear effects on the log odds of school continuation. It is widely recognized that parents aspirations for their offsprings socioeconomic achievements are heavily conditioned by their own accomplishments. Parents desire and expect that their children will grow up to achieve at least as high a standard of living as they themselves enjoy and that educational attainment is the primary avenue to socioeconomic success. In an era of secularly rising average levels of educational attainment, one criterion of successful parenthood is for children go at least as far in school as their parents. Moreover, theorists of educational inequality suggest that parents educational attainments set a floor for the attainments of their offspring because individuals face psychic costs to downward intergenerational mobility (Boudon 1974; Breen and Goldthorpe 2000; Breen and Yaish ).

Foreign Studies On the study made by BioMed Central Nursing Research about Nursing Students Motivations towards their studies, the motivation among first year nursing students goal and the future time perspective theories were combined. The result of the study showed that the students could be motivated by the present studies leading to the future utilities as registered nurses and that both present and the future might be regulated internally or externally. These dimensions of a goal have different influence on motivation. Students who are internally regulated were more task-oriented and attracted in the course and performed well. Students who are externally regulated used more avoidance ego goals, were less interested and performed worse. Those

students, who also find the courses practical for the future, not only for the training but also they are motivated and attained better result, than those students who found the courses just relevant for training (Wilson, 2008). Students motivation naturally has to do with students desire to take part in the learning process. But it also concerns the reasons or goals that underlie their involvement or noninvolvement in academic activities. Although students may be similarly motivated to perform a task, the sources of their motivation may differ. A student who is intrinsically motivated undertakes an activity for its own sake for the enjoyment it provides, the learning it permits or the feelings of accomplishment it evokes (Lepper, 1988) An extrinsically motivated student performs in order to: attain some reward or avoid some punishment external to the activity itself. , such as grades, stickers or teacher approval(Lepper, 1988) Even if motivation is elevated, this may not be reflected in the performance, perhaps because of hindrances, such as lack of capability or preparation, inadequate materials, machinery, aids and tools, an unsuitable strategy for doing the job, a system and organizational environment which are not helpful to continuous improvement, etc.

Conceptual Paradigm Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Academic Performance

Figure1. The Diagram of Research Paradigm

The Figure 1, shows career motivation is divided into two types: intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation happens when a person is intrinsically motivated to do something because it brings the person pleasure. The person thinks it is important or the person feels that what he or she learning is significant. Examples of intrinsic motivations are: seeing nursing as a caring profession, perceiving nursing as a challenge, taking up nursing to be able to render care to those who are ill, belief that Filipinos are good nurses, and the desire to uplift ones self esteem. Extrinsic motivation comes into play when a person is compelled to do something or act a certain way because of factors external to that person. Examples of which are: taking- up nursing due to the influence of parents and friends, high salary, plans of going abroad, or because medical profession runs in the family. These motivations influenced the first year nursing students to take up the nursing course. This may or may not affect the academic performances.

Theoretical Framework According to the Two- Factor Theory (Herzberg, 1959) intrinsic/ extrinsic motivation, says that certain factors in the workplace result in job satisfaction, but if absent leads to job dissatisfaction. He distinguished between motivators; (e.g. challenging work, recognition, responsibility) which provide positive satisfaction, and hygiene factors (e.g. status, job security, salary and fringe benefits) that motivate if present, if absent leads to decrease in motivation. Motivation has two kinds: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation happens when a person is internally motivated to do something. It either brings him/her pleasure and he/she thinks it is important or significant. Extrinsic motivation comes into play when a person is compelled to do something or act a certain way because of factors external to him/her (parents, peers, media, etc...) Hence, in the relation to the present study, the theory of motivation will affect the students decision in choosing a career in life and it may or may not have an impact on their academic performance.

Nursing Students (First year) Extrinsic factors

-Parental influence -Peers -Media

Intrinsic Factors
-Desires -Perception -Goals Leadership

Academic Performance

(Midterm and Final grade on the first semester)