AREVA HVDC DC Protection Scheme Lecture Notes

T&D UK Ltd.
Power Electronic Activities
Lecture Notes
Converter Protection
AREVA HVDC DC Protection

Confidential - This document must not be forwarded, copied or disclosed to others; its use and communication of its content is not permitted without prior authorization from AREVA T&D Inc
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities
Lecture Notes
1. 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 3. 3.1 3.2 4. 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 3 PROTECTION PRINCIPLES ........................................................................ 4 Selectivity .................................................................................................. 4 Reliability................................................................................................... 4 Stability...................................................................................................... 5 PROTECTION STRATEGY .......................................................................... 6 Protective Zones........................................................................................ 6 Protection Scheme .................................................................................... 7 PROTECTIONS ..........................................................................................14 DC Pole Protections .................................................................................16 Valve & Ancillary Equipment Protections ................................................24 Converter Transformer Protections .........................................................35 Harmonic Filter Protections .....................................................................40 Circuit Breaker Fail Protection .................................................................44 Open Circuit Test Mode ............................................................................44 Last Line Disconnect ................................................................................45 PROTECTIVE ACTIONS AND MARSHALLING ...........................................47 Marshalling of DC Pole protections ........................................................48 Marshalling of Converter Transformer Protections .................................50 Marshalling of Harmonic Filter Protections .............................................50 Marshalling of Valve and Ancillary Equipment Protections.....................52 Marshalling of Unexpected Breaker Movement and Converter Isolation Detector 53 Marshalling of AC protections..................................................................53 Ground Faults and Short Circuits ............................................................54 Overvoltage ..............................................................................................56 Undervoltage ............................................................................................56 Ancillary Equipment Failure .....................................................................57 Commutation Failure ................................................................................58 Misfire .......................................................................................................58 Thermal Overload .....................................................................................59
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Lecture Notes
1. Introduction
AREVA COGELEX is the supplier of the 3 x 600 MW back-to-back HVDC facility for the Al Fadhili 400 kV-380 kV sub-station for the Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority.
The project consists of three HVDC Back-to-Back converter poles located at Al Fadhili in Saudi Arabia. On one side is the Saudi, 380kV 60Hz system and the other the 400kV 50Hz system connecting Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman and UAE. The protection scheme is a set of functions which work in co-ordination to isolate promptly any part of the equipment under extreme stresses and to prevent undue disturbances to the system due to control mal-operation. The scheme is deployed on a per pole basis with clearly defined protective zones and actions in accordance with the requirement of the Technical Specification stating that the control and protection to be organised in an hierarchical fashion. The protection schemes for both sides of all the three poles are identical except for the filter protection and as such only the protection scheme for one side of a pole is described in this document. Any side or pole specific requirements is highlighted when necessary. This document lays down the principles underpinning the protection design and describes the strategy employed to implement the protection scheme. The objectives of the protection scheme are to limit the damage to the faulted equipment, to isolate the faulted equipment from the rest of the system in order to allow the system to continue to operate, to minimise fire risk and to minimise hazards to personnel. Contrary to ac networks, the majority of the practical fault cases on the DC side of the HVDC scheme do not constitute immediate danger to the equipment involved, however, the high controllability and power transfer capability of the dc link makes it necessary to have an additional objective which is to protect the system from the consequences of HVDC control mal-operation by prompt removal of the faulty equipment. Similar to the ac network, the two principal stresses on the equipment are overcurrents and overvoltages. Surge arresters are installed across major circuit equipment such as the converter transformers and the thyristor valves to protect the equipment insulation against transient and temporary overvoltages. The control action to limit long term voltage stress are converter dynamic control, tap changer control and reactive power control. The high voltage operating condition of the equipment dictates that protection of DC equipment against overcurrent using fuses is not a viable option, instead the transient overcurrent withstand capability is accounted for in the main circuit design of the equipment ratings. The HVDC control acts to limit DC side overcurrent and most of the ground faults do not give rise to huge overcurrents as may be observed in ac networks. Thus, except for valve short-circuit or converter transformer faults which may severely overstress the equipment, urgent circuit breaker tripping is not always required. In ac networks, the protective action is limited to circuit breaker tripping and usually results in removal of transmission capacity. The fast speed of response of the dc link makes it possible to use valve firing sequences in addition to circuit breaker tripping and mechanical switching sequences to implement fault clearing actions.

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Lecture Notes
2. Protection Principles
The guiding principles for protective relaying in ac networks are generally applicable to dc protection design. 2.1 Selectivity Fault conditions or other abnormal conditions that might expose equipment to hazards as well as conditions that will cause unacceptable disturbances to operation shall be detected and the faulty or faulted equipment shall be taken out of service or relieved of stresses in a controlled manner so that disturbance to the operation of the rest of the system is minimised. The aim of the protection design is to limit the amount of equipment removed when isolating a fault. Ideally only the faulted equipment or the smallest possible zone containing the fault is disconnected. For example, in a multi-polar scheme the majority of faults are cleared by tripping one pole, leaving the other poles in operation. Selectivity is achieved by dividing the protection function into zones. The advantage of this approach is that the location of a fault can be determined and it makes it possible to disconnect the faulted equipment while leaving the rest of the system in operation to limit the consequences of failures. 2.2 Reliability There are various measures that can be employed to improve reliability to minimise the impact of faulty protective equipment and the primary measure is through redundancy. Redundancy is applied to the entire tripping sequence and failure of any single element doesl not prevent tripping. The protection has two independent tripping schemes and where applicable each fault scenario is detected using different principles. The protections is arranged into overlapping protective zones and for each fault case there is a fast primary protection with restricted protective zone, supported by a time-graded less sensitive backup protection based on a different measurement principle and with a more extended protective zone. For cases where primary/backup concept cannot be practically applied, the protection function is duplicated. A typical example is the valve short circuit case where valve overcurrent capability dictates a short fault clearing time which precludes the use of slow backup clearing times. As mentioned before, the provision of primary and backup protection is to avoid failure of any single element preventing tripping. Possible causes are due to failures of one of the following : Power supply to the protection Power supply to the protective sequencing Measurement equipment Protective sequencing hardware and software Protection hardware and software Circuit breaker tripping circuits or breaker mechanism
For this reason, primary and backup protections is physically separated with independent auxiliary power supplies and, where applicable, independent measurement transducers. The circuit breakers are provided with breaker failure protection and the tripping and blocking paths are duplicated and monitored by the control system. The protection is as far as possible independent (not affected by control failure) of control system i.e. separate power supplies and separate/buffered measurements to avoid common mode failures. Control and protection functions in practice cannot be totally separated. In ac
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Lecture Notes
networks, the protection action is restricted to circuit breaker tripping and usually results in taking out the transmission capacity. The controllability of HVDC systems makes it possible to use valve firing sequences to implement protective actions. Since the valve firing sequence is used for both control and protection purposes, it is not always possible to discriminate between control and protection by the action taken. 2.3 Stability The protection is able to discriminate between external power system events or transient and genuine internal faults so that undue disruption or disturbance to dc transmission can be avoided. A typical example is the requirement to avoid tripping on inverter commutation failure caused by ac network faults. The dc link in this case is designed to recover from commutation failures. On the other hand, repeated commutation failure caused by control mal-operation is not disregarded. Other protections may also have to be coordinated under depressed ac voltage condition to avoid mal-operation. This is usually achieved by setting the trip operating delay longer than the expected duration of ac disturbance. Often such delays are unacceptable and detection principles that can discriminate external and internal faults are provided. A protection acts upon a specific type of fault within a designated zone and is inert to other types of disturbances or fault external to the relevant zone. Stability and selectivity are achieved though timegrading and unit system. Protection settings and delays are chosen to avoid operation due to ac system transient disturbances and recoverable faults. Time guards and (Inverse time with Definite Minimum Time) IDMT characteristics are generally used for time grading. Unit system does not involve time grading and therefore can be relatively fast in operation. This is achieved by means of a comparison of quantities at the boundaries of AC-DC or DC-DC system. The ac network is protected from the consequences of dc control mal-operation. The ac network can in most cases tolerate the noncharacteristic harmonics that are created during dc system disturbances. In some cases protection operating times may need adjustment to meet ac network requirements.

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Lecture Notes
3. Protection Strategy
3.1 Protective Zones The HVDC facility is divided into a number of separately protected and overlapping zones. The protective zones are illustrated in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1 Protection Zones
Figure 1 shows the arrangement for one of the poles relating to one side. The arrangement is identical for all poles. The protective zones are: Zone 1: Cable Zone 2: Busbar Zone 3: Harmonic Filters Zone 4: Converter Transformer Zone 5: Pole Zone 6: Converter Zone 7: Lines (Outside Scope) Zone 8: Substation busbar (Outside Scope) Zone 7 and 8 is outside the scope and is not described in this document. Every credible fault within the protective zones is detected and acted upon either by a main protection function or an independent back-up protection function generally using a different detection principle. Where different detection principles cannot be used, duplicated protections are used.

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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 3.2 Protection Scheme 3.2.1 General
Lecture Notes
The circuit breaker tripping logic is implemented by two independent schemes. The circuit breakers are provided with dual tripping facilities. The two protection circuits are energised from independent power supplies. Circuit breaker tripping initiated by a protection results in the circuit breaker(s) being locked out and inhibited from closing until the trip relays are reset manually by the maintenance/operation personnel. Where appropriate, the operation of ac protection signals the controls so that the converters will be blocked and/or signals sent to initiate the circuit breaker failure protection (see section 4.6). Back-up and redundant protections is as far as possible be fed by independent transducers and all protection trips is separately alarmed. The protection scheme can be divided into two main categories : AC Protections These protections are mainly associated with the protection of the AC busbar, the AC cable and the AC line. Only protections for the AC busbar and AC cable are covered here, being in AC113 scope of supply. Protections included in this category are given in Table 1 below. Duplication is used to provide redundancy in order to ensure continuous operation or safe and orderly shut-down of equipment, as appropriate to the fault condition. The ac protection for the transformer (4) and filters (5) are dealt with under DC System Protection.
Table 1 AC Protections Protection Busbar Differential Protection Cable Differential Protection DC Protections The HVDC related protection functions are referred to as DC protections. These protections are associated with the protection of equipment used for HVDC transmission which includes the harmonic filters, the converter, the converter transformer and ancillary systems. They can broadly be categorised into the categories described below: DC Pole Protections DC Pole protection independently oversees the system and ensures equipment safety. As shown in Figure 2 below within each CCP lane there are two parallel identical DC protection systems Main1 and Main 2. It is as independent as possible from the control system and control failure does not limit the functionality of these protections. Each of these protection systems provides the primary, backup and duplicated protection and are identical. Both are always active and are powered by separate power supplies. This ensures continuous operation or safe and orderly shut-down of equipment, as appropriate to the fault condition.
Protective Zone Busbar Zone
Remarks Zone 2
Cable Zone
Zone 1
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Lecture Notes
CCP
La ne 1 Control System Lane 1 Side B Main 2 Protection Lane 1 Side B
Control System Lane 1 Side A Main 1 Protection Lane 1 Side A
CCP
Main 2 Protection Lane 1 Side A
Main 1 Protection Lane 1 Side B
Interface Cubicle Side A
VBE Side A
Side A
Side B
VBE Side B
Interface Cubicle Side B
Control System Lane 2 Side A Main 1 Protection Lane 2 Side A
CCP
Lane 2
CCP
Control System Lane 2 Side B Main 2 Protection Lane 2 Side B
Main 2 Protection Lane 2 Side A
Main 1 Protection Lane 2 Side B
Figure 2 Main 1 and Main 2 Protection Arrangement
For single lane operation, if either system detects a condition where equipment integrity may be at risk, protective action is performed. Ultimately a protective action results in a converter block and main circuit breaker trip. These DC protections are implemented on a microprocessor- based system, Series V and each protection function is capable of operating standalone and being configured through an Engineers Interface. The protections are designed so that it is possible to test protective functions during operation without affecting the operation of the transmission. The protective zone for these protections is normally either the pole zone or the converter zone and includes the protections described in Table 2: Protection Asymmetry Protection DC Differential Protection DC Overcurrent Protection Adverse Firing Angle Protection AC>DC Differential ( Short Circuit) Protection DC>AC Differential (Commutation Failure) Protection AC Overcurrent AC Overvoltage Valve side AC Overvoltage Line side Table 2 DC Pole Protections Protective Zone Remarks Pole Zone Pole Zone Pole Zone Converter zone Converter zone Converter zone
Converter zone Converter Zone/Converter Transformer Zone Busbar Zone/Converter Transformer Zone
Implemented within DC Pole Protections but has an extended protective 8/59

T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities zone AC Undervoltage Tap Limits Low Id Protection Thermal Model Valve Hall AC Conductor Ground Fault Protection Converter Zone Converter Zone Converter Zone Converter Zone Converter Zone/ Converter Transformer Zone
Lecture Notes
Described in converter transformer protections
Valve & Ancillary System Protection These protections are associated with equipment failure that may cause the power transfer level to be compromised, harm the thyristors or compromise the integrity of the main components of the DC equipment, for example failure of the Converter Cooling Plant. They may not always be protections as such, for example the change over unit (see section 4.3.6) but can when required block and trip the pole in order to ensure that the integrity of main circuit components is not compromised. The protective zone for these protections is normally within the Converter zone and includes the protections/equipment listed in Table 3: Table 3 Valve & Ancillary Equipment Protection Valve Base Electronic Refire Thyristor Redundancy Exceeded Coolant Leak Detection BOD Redundancy Exceeded PSU Redundancy Exceeded PCB Interlock Protection Transceiver Card Failure Backup Trip OT1 and OT2 VBE Fail Invalid Changeover Command Thyristor Level Protection (Gate unit) Forward Recovery Protection dv/dt ( rate of rise of forward overvoltage) Forward Overvoltage Protection Reverse Overvoltage Protection Electronic VBO triggering Convertor Cooling Control Valve Cooling Water Flow Rate Valve Cooling Expansion Vessel Water Level Valve Cooling Water Conductivity
Protective Zone Converter Zone
Remarks VBE implements a set of protective features
Converter Zone
The Gate unit implements a set of protective features
Converter Zone
Converter Cooling Control implements a set of protective 9/59
T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities Valve Cooling Water Temperature Valve Hall Dew Point Valve Hall Fire Detection System Valve Hall HVAC System Change Over Unit Power Supply Supervision
Lecture Notes
features
Converter Zone Converter Zone Converter Zone Not zone dependent
Incorporates CCP failure
Converter Transformer Protections These protections are used to protect the converter transformer and include both electrical and mechanical protections. The list of converter transformer protections is given in Table 4. Table 4 Converter Transformer Protections Protection Transformer Differential Protection Transformer Overcurrent and earth fault protection Restricted Earth Fault Protection High Oil Temperature Protection Line Winding Temperature Protection Valve Winding Temperature Protection Buchholz Surge Protection Tap Changer Oil Surge Protection Tap Changer Sudden Pressure Protection Valve Hall AC Conductor Ground Fault Protection Protective Zone Converter Transformer Zone Converter Transformer Zone Converter Transformer Zone Converter Transformer Zone Converter Transformer Zone Converter Transformer Zone Converter Transformer Zone Converter Transformer Zone Converter Transformer Zone Converter Zone/ Converter Transformer Zone Remarks
Harmonic Filter Protections The ac filters protection scheme is shown in Table 5. Table 5 Harmonic Filter Protections Protection Main Capacitor Overvoltage Protection Filter Earth Fault
Protective Zone Harmonic Filter zone Harmonic Filter zone
Remarks
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities Filter Overcurrent Protection Filter Overload Protection Filter Resistor Overload Protection Filter Reactor Overcurrent Protection Filter Capacitor Unbalance Protection Harmonic Filter Differential Protection Harmonic Filter zone Harmonic Filter zone Harmonic Filter zone Harmonic Filter zone Harmonic Filter Zone Harmonic Filter zone
Lecture Notes
In addition to the protections listed above, two additional protections, Converter Isolation Detection (Islanding) and Unexpected Breaker Movement (Opening) are supplied that do not properly reside within any of the above categories but are needed as a final stage shutdown of the links. These are associated with what is defined as the last line disconnect. They are described in section 4.8. Filter CBs are equipped with Circuit Breaker Fail protection. Main CBs are outside the scope of supply but these also have Circuit Breaker Fail protection. Circuit Breaker Fail protection is described separately in section 4.6. 3.2.2 Measurements
3.2.2.1 Converter Transformer Protections In order to derive the measurements required for the electrical Converter Transformer Protections described in section 4.4 the arrangement in Figure 3 is deployed:
Figure 3 Converter Transformer Measurements
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 3.2.2.2 DC Pole Protections
Lecture Notes
In order to derive the measurements required for the DC Pole Protections described in section 4.2 the arrangement in Figure 4 is deployed:
Asymmetry
DC Differential
Adverse Firing angle
Line winding overvoltage
Filter Banks
Valve winding overvoltage
AC>DC Differential
DC Overcurrent
AC Undervoltage
DC>AC Differential
Low ID
CID
1)
AC Overcurrent
Tap Limits
NOTES 1) Converter Isolation Detection is included here although it is treated separately.
ZFCT Voltage Divider CT CVT
Figure 4 DC Pole Protection Measurements
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Lecture Notes
3.2.2.3
Harmonic Filters An example of the protection scheme applied to a double damped filter is given in Figure 5 below.
Figure 5 Protection Scheme for Harmonic Filter
As shown in Figure 5 above, CTs mounted are in the common neutral end of each phase and in the centre limb of the main capacitor bank H connections to feed the capacitor unbalance protection. Where appropriate, CTs are provided in the connections to the filter reactors and resistors to feed the reactor and resistor overload protection. To feed the Harmonic Filter Differential Protection dedicated cores in the filter CB bushing CTs are used in addition to CTs mounted at the common neutral end of each phase.
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Lecture Notes
4. Protections
Descriptions of all protections listed in section 3.2.1 are provided in this section. The descriptions where appropriate, include: Protection In case of protections implementing several protective features, for example converter cooling control, the features are described as separate functions and this heading is used to indicate which protection is responsible for the protective feature.
Protective Zone Primary Objective Protective Action The protective actions implemented by the protection to clear a fault or alleviate stress on the equipment. The main objective of the protection. The Protective Zone for the protection
Backup Protection The Backup protection used to detect the fault or the means to provide proper redundancy by for example duplication.
Functionality Remarks Additional information regarding the protection, for example coordination with other protections. The detection principle and when required necessary background information.
Unexpected Breaker Movement and Converter Isolation Detection are described under section 4.8 Circuit Breaker Fail protection is described in section 4.6 All protections employed in the protection scheme are listed under this section. The protections are organised by their respective group (AC Protection, Converter Transformer Protection etc)
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 4.1 AC Protections
Lecture Notes
AC protection is provided to protect against faults detected on the busbar leading up to the main equipment of the facility, i.e the converter transformer and harmonic filters. 4.1.1 Busbar Differential Protection
Protective Zone Primary Objective
Busbar Zone To detect earth or phase faults on the busbar and if detected take the pole out of service. Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Duplicated Busbar differential protection comprises CTs connected at the cable end, at the HV CBs of the harmonic filters and at the Converter Transformer. The protection determines earth faults or faults between phases by detecting differential current and will in response trip and block the pole.
Protective Action
Backup Protection Functionality
Remarks
4.1.2
Cable Differential Protection
Cable Zone To detect earth or phase faults on the cable and if detected take the pole out of service. Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Duplicated Cable differential protection comprises CTs connected at the main feeder CBs and at the connection between the cable and the converter main busbar. The protection determines earth faults or faults between phases by detecting differential current and will in response trip and block the pole.
Protective Action
Backup Protection Functionality
Remarks
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 4.2 DC Pole Protections
Lecture Notes
These protections are implemented on a Series V microprocessor-based system that is as independent from the control system as is practical. 4.2.1 Asymmetry Protection Pole Zone
nd
To detect persistent presence of fundamental and 2 harmonic voltages between the dc terminals of the pole; caused by, for example, valve misfire or commutation failure. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated DC>AC (Commutation failure) Protection Functionality The measured HVDC voltage is band-pass filtered with respect to fundamental and second harmonic frequencies and when the magnitude of the RMS voltage exceeds preset thresholds the protection is initiated. As soon as a fault is detected an alarm is initiated. If the fault persists the pole is taken out of service. The protection has an inverse time characteristic.
Remarks 4.2.2 DC Differential protection Protective Zone Primary Objective To detect ground faults on the dc side of the converter and the ac conductor between the converter transformer and the valve hall and in response take the pole out of service. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated Valve Hall AC Conductor Ground fault ( If the converter is blocked) The protection detects mismatch between the two HVDC current input signals, Id1 and Id2 measured either side of the dc circuit earthing point, and operates after a delay. Possible causes of 16/59 Pole Zone
Functionality
Lecture Notes
mismatch are ground fault at the Neutral busbar, transformer star/delta winding, or within the valve hall zone. The protection has two levels of sensitivity, at the lower level the delay time before the protection is triggered is longer at typically 30ms. If the mismatch exceeds the higher level the protection must act faster and the delay before operating is brought down to typically 3ms. The delay is introduced to avoid spurious triggering if the protection detects mismatches during energisation caused by charging currents. Remarks 4.2.3 DC Overcurrent Pole Zone
To detect overcurrent in the HVDC link and take the pole out of service if a fault is detected. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated AC Overcurrent Protection Functionality The protection has an inverse time with definite minimum time characteristic (IDMT) with the response time (the length of time the fault is allowed to persist before protection operates) being inversely proportional to the input signal for low overcurrents and a definite minimum time for large overcurrents.
Remarks 4.2.4 Adverse Firing Angle Protection Converter Zone
To detect abnormal firing angle conditions that may result in thermal failure of surge arresters connected between the thyristor valve terminals. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated
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Lecture Notes
Functionality
The adverse firing angle protection computes when the voltagedependent components are in danger of overheating by processing various system parameters within a mathematical model. The operating time depends on the firing angle and the dissipation characteristics of the surge-arresters.
Remarks 4.2.5 AC>DC Differential (Short Circuit) Converter Zone
To detect a valve short circuit, other phase-to-phase short circuits which give rise to high AC currents and low DC currents and in response take the pole out of service Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated
Functionality
The HVDC current is compared to the ac current and if the ac current is greater than the equivalent HVDC current by a preset amount the protection is initiated.
Remarks 4.2.6 DC>AC Differential (Commutation Failure) Converter Zone To detect commutation failures within a twelve-pulse converter bridge and if the fault persists take the pole out of service Alarm Increase the firing angle ( performed before block and trip to aid recovery) Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated Asymmetry Protection Functionality This is the opposite of the AC > DC Differential above. In this case the sense of the difference indicates a commutation failure where dc current flow bypasses the ac connections. 18/59
Protective Zone Primary Objective Protective Action
Lecture Notes
The firing angle is advanced to aid recovery A commutation failure signal is sent to the thermal model (see 4.2.13), so that the Id signal is used instead of the Ivw signals for the junction temperature Tj calculations as the Ivw signal cannot be relied upon during a commutation failure
On immediate detection of commutation failure:
Normally the system shall be able to recover from a commutation failure but if the commutation failure persists which indicates control mal-operation the pole is blocked and tripped. Remarks 4.2.7 AC Overcurrent Converter Zone To detect overcurrents in any of the 12 valve winding connections which can result from phase to phase valve connection faults or control failure and initiate protective actions at detection. This protection needs to be coordinated with ac system protections as well as the asymmetry protection
Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs
Backup Protection Duplicated Transformer Overcurrent & Earth fault Protection Functionality The protection has an inverse time with definite minimum time characteristic (IDMT) with the response time (the length of time the fault is allowed to persist before protection operates) being inversely proportional to the input signal for low overcurrents and a definite minimum time for large overcurrents.
Remarks 4.2.8 AC Overvoltage Line Side Converter Transformer Zone Busbar Zone To detect overvoltages in the line winding side that could stress the equipment and in response take the pole out of service in case of persistent ac overvoltage
Protective Zone
Primary Objective
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection
Lecture Notes
Duplicated Tap Limits ( Shall operate prior to this protection) AC overvoltage Valve side
Functionality
Overvoltage is tolerated for a certain time, dependent on the voltage level, - if the overvoltage is removed within this time then the protection does not operate. If the overvoltage persists, or if the overvoltage is removed but recurs within the cooling period allowed, then the protection operates. The equipment is required to be protected for AC system voltage excursions beyond the specified range resulting from a system disturbance. The overvoltage protection characteristic is defined here based on the equipment capability. The line side overvoltage characteristic is based on the worst case of the converter transformer overfluxing in the event of overvoltage. The converter transformer overfluxing characteristic associated with the maximum tap at full frequency (60Hz or 50 Hz) is selected as it encompasses the requirement of all the equipment connected to the line terminal.
Remarks
The operation of this protection is required to be coordinated with the tap changer control and the tap limit protection to allow for normal operation. Provision shall also be made so that the settings do not give rise to unnecessary alarms and trippings due to permanent ac network voltage changes or switching actions. AC Overvoltage Valve Side Converter Zone Converter Transformer Zone To detect overvoltages in the valve winding side that could stress the equipment and in response take the pole out of service in case of persistent ac overvoltage
4.2.9
Protective Zone
Primary Objective
Protective Action Alarm Block Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated Tap Limits ( Shall operate prior to this protection) AC overvoltage Line Side
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities Functionality
Lecture Notes
The voltage is measured on the line winding side of the converter transformer and calculated for the valve winding using the measured tap position. Overvoltage is tolerated for a certain time, dependent on the voltage level, - if the overvoltage is removed within this time then the protection does not operate. If the overvoltage persists, or if the overvoltage is removed but recurs within the cooling period allowed, then the protection operates. The equipment is required to be protected for AC system voltage excursions beyond the specified range resulting from a system disturbance. The overvoltage protection characteristic is defined here based on the equipment capability. For the transformer valve winding side overvoltage protection, the characteristic with respect to time is defined by the valve surge arrester capability, followed by the expected voltage on the eventual tripping of the AC filters and the consequent protective tapchanger lowering of the converter transformer.
Remarks
The operation of this protection is required to be coordinated with the tap changer control and the tap limit protection to allow for normal operation. Provision is also be made so that the settings do not give raise to unnecessary alarms and trippings due to permanent ac network voltage changes and switching actions. (Line and shunt reactor switching). AC Undervoltage Converter Zone To monitor the line-to-line ac system voltage and inform Valve Base Electronics that the ac volts are too low to maintain the charge on the thyristor gate unit supply. If the ac volts should persist to be too low for a fixed time when the pole is deblocked, the protection will block and trip the pole.
4.2.10
Protective Action Inhibit Databack (performed prior to block and trip) to prevent false reporting. Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated Functionality The voltage is measured on the line winding side of the converter transformer and calculated for the valve winding using the measured tap position. If any valve winding line voltage falls below the set level and remains below it for longer than a definite time, an indication to Databack that the ac
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Lecture Notes
voltages are too low to maintain the charge on the thyristor gate unit power supplies is sent. Following restoration of the voltage level, Databack inhibit is held for a predefined period to allow time for the gate unit to be fully charged. If the converter is deblocked, it produces block and trip after a fixed delay when undervoltage is detected. The undervoltage detect time is selected to be comfortably shorter than the energy storage time of the gate unit power supply, so that no corrupt signals are transmitted. The power supply storage time itself exceeds the ac network protection time, so that there is time to carry out all necessary fault limitation, autoreclose and isolation functions and then to restart transmission before it expires. If restoration is unsuccessful, e.g. if an autoreclose fails, the undervoltage detection feature will time out, triggering Block and Trip. If charging voltage is restored before the end of the time-out, Databack inhibit will never be exerted, nor will the Block and Trip commands. Remarks In practice for this scheme autoreclose action should not impact on the converters due to the number of lines and in the case of the 60Hz system, the non-use of autoreclose. Databack is part of the data gathering system for the Valve Based Electronic System (VBE). 4.2.11 Tap Limits Converter Zone Converter Transformer Zone
Protective Zone
Primary Objective To prevent long-term voltage stress that may cause harm to the equipment if they are allowed to persist. A typical example is overexcitation of the converter transformer. Protective Action Alarm Inhibit Raise Force Lower Backup Protection Duplicated AC Overvoltage Valve winding AC Overvoltage Line winding Functionality Valve line side voltages are measured and compared with pre-set thresholds. For moderate voltage stress, the control is inhibited from raising the tapchanger position. For severe voltage stress the tapchanger is forced to tap down to acceptable levels. The overfluxing of the converter transformer is frequency dependent. The settings of this protection do not interfere with normal tap changer control Remarks
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 4.2.12 Low Idc Protection Converter Zone
Lecture Notes
The Low Idc (low dc current) protection prevents prolonged operation of either a rectifier or inverter operating into an open circuit, i.e. when one side fails to deblock. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Backup Protection Duplicated AC Overvoltage Valve winding AC Overvoltage Line winding Functionality When the DC current goes below a set value for a set time the protection operates. An integral timer is employed so that repeated low currents have a cumulative effect. The protection is always active but will not operate unless the pole is deblocked. Remarks 4.2.13 Thermal Model Converter Zone The settings are coordinated with the minimum deblocking current for the scheme.
To calculate the thyristor junction temperature and take protective action should the temperature exceed preset limits. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated Functionality The thermal model has two temperature levels: The OT1 level is deemed to be the maximum thyristor temperature for non-fault conditions. Smoothing is introduced to avoid tripping on transient overtemperature. The OT2 level results in a firing sequence which forces continuous conduction in order to prevent damage to the thyristors, which have a diminished forward voltage withstand capability above this temperature. The valve has a chance to recover during the reverse voltage period
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Lecture Notes
following the conduction period in which OT2 was exceeded, but if OT2 is still exceeded at an instant shortly before the valve voltage goes positive then a 'REFIRE' pulse is received from VBE, which then causes a Protective firing of the valve. A Block and Trip is then issued to the converter and the other valves are blocked. The Thyristor junction temperature as calculated by one thermal model in Main 1 (see Figure 2) is compared to the value calculated by the other thermal model in Main 2. If a discrepancy in excess of a preset value is detected for more than pre-set time then, a lane changeover is forced when both lanes are initially available and the original lane made unavailable, or the converter is tripped if only one lane was initially available. Remarks 4.3 4.3.1 Valve & Ancillary Equipment Protections Valve Base Electronics (VBE) The Valve Base Electronics includes several protective functions. Note that they are not separate protections but simply protective functions carried out by Valve Base Electronics (VBE). A summary of the Protective functions are given below: 4.3.1.1 Refire Valve Base Electronic Converter Zone
Protection Protective Zone Primary Objective
To monitor the number of thyristors conducting and the number of failed to recover thyristors and issue a refire. Protective Action Alarm Valve Refire Backup Protection Duplicated Functionality Independent Protective triggering of individual thyristor levels can sometimes lead to partial blocking of the valve, where some of the levels are fired and others remain blocked. Partial valve conduction can arise for example when some levels fail to satisfy the forward recovery requirement and the rest do or where all levels do recover but the re-applied forward dv/dt is high enough to activate the protection on some, but not all levels. In this situation, if the valve voltage were to rise to a large positive value and then reverse, the protectively triggered levels can potentially experience a higher reverse voltage than they can handle. To prevent high reverse voltages, if more than a certain number of thyristors (taking into account the number of redundant levels) are protectively triggered, the entire valve is refired.
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Lecture Notes
Refire relies on each individual thyristor level, signalling to ground level via databack that it has been protectively fired (see section 4.3.2) Remarks 4.3.1.2 Thyristor Redundancy Exceeded Valve Base Electronic Converter Zone
To monitor the number of failed thyristors and if too many thyristors fail take the pole out of service. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated Functionality If a preset number or more thyristors fail then the thyristor redundancy exceeded alarm is generated and the scheme is blocked and tripped. Remarks 4.3.1.3 Coolant Leak Detection Valve Base Electronic Converter Zone
To detect coolant leakages . Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated Functionality The leak detection system comprises a collection tray and detector located in the bottom stress shield of the quadrivalve (HVDC multi-valve unit). Coolant drips will collect in a bucket under the tray and when a predetermined amount of coolant has accumulated, will cause the bucket to decant. The number of operations per unit time is an indication of the rate of coolant leakage.
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Lecture Notes
The Leak Detector function comprises an optical transmitter which sends light through a glass optical fibre to the detector and back to the optical receiver. The transmitter sends a continuous chain of light pulses, which are interrupted when the bucket decants. A minor coolant leak alarm will be generated by the bucket tipping and a Block and Trip will be generated if the bucket stays down or if the rate of leakage exceeds a predetermined amount. Remarks 4.3.1.4 BOD Redundancy Exceeded Valve Base Electronic Converter Zone
To take the pole out of service in case of prolonged BOD firing. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated Functionality If healthy level BOD firing persists for a long time period the protection operates to take the pole out of service.
Remarks 4.3.1.5 PSU (Power Supply Unit) Redundancy Exceeded Valve Base Electronic Converter Zone
To take the pole out of service in case the Power Supply Redundancy limit is exceeded. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities Backup Protection Duplicated Functionality
Lecture Notes
If insufficient power supplies are available for VBE the pole is blocked and tripped.
Remarks 4.3.1.6 PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Interlock Valve Base Electronic Converter Zone
To ensure that the transceiver cards are in place Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated Functionality VBE monitors that all transceiver cards are in place and if a card is pulled out this will cause a block and Trip. Remarks 4.3.1.7 Transceiver Card Failure Valve Base Electronic Converter Zone
To take the pole out of service in case of transceiver card failure Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated
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Lecture Notes
VBE monitors that the transceiver cards are healthy and should a transceiver card fail the pole is taken out of service. Remarks 4.3.1.8 Backup Thermal Model Trip OT1 OT2 Valve Base Electronic Converter Zone
To provide a backup to thermal model to block and trip the pole in case of excessive junction temperature
Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated Functionality VBE receives thermal junction temperature from the Thermal model (see section 4.2.1.3) and provides a back-up in case Thermal Model does not block and trip the pole. Remarks 4.3.1.9 VBE (Valve Base Electronic) Fail Valve Base Electronic (watchdog) Converter Zone
To monitor the communication of firing word and thermal word and if comms fail, take the pole out of service. In addition at start up if the firmware fails to load this will also cause a block and trip. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated
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Lecture Notes
VBE continuously monitors the communication status of firing word and thermal word, even if the pole is blocked. Should the comms fail the pole is taken out of service. In addition at start-up of VBE, if the firmware fails to load from the non-volatile memory the pole is taken out of service. Remarks 4.3.1.10 Invalid Changeover Command Protection Protective Zone Primary Objective To ensure that the lane selection is correct Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated Functionality VBE receives information of the control lane selection in form of two signals, Select Lane 1 and Select Lane 2 and if both are true simultaneously for a long time (1-2 s) the pole is blocked and tripped. Remarks 4.3.2 Thyristor level protection Triggering the thyristor into conduction is a useful mean of protecting individual thyristors. The following features are provided within the Valve Electronics and utilise this facility to protect the thyristor valves. These features also feed the Refire function of VBE described in section 4.3.1.1 which is used to refire a whole valve. Forward Recovery Protection After a period of conduction the thyristor takes time to recover its forward blocking capability. The thyristor is deemed to be conducting, if the fire latch is set when anode voltage is greater than minus 10V. The turn-off time, tq, increases with junction temperature and the gate unit incorporates this characteristic. The gate unit starts a recovery timer when the voltage on the thyristor anode becomes more negative than minus 20V (the minus 10V threshold comparator has 10V hysteresis, resulting in a threshold of minus 20V for a negative going signal and minus 10V for a positive going signal). The fire latch is reset when the recovery timer reaches the determined value of tq. If however the voltage on the thyristor anode becomes more positive than minus 10V before the recovery timer stops, the timer resets and begins counting from zero up to the time tq if anode voltage goes below minus 20V again. Also, if during Valve Base Electronic Converter Zone
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Lecture Notes
recovery the recovery time is updated, the recovery protection has the capability to revise the recovery time on the fly. If forward volts appear too early (before the recovery timer times out) across the thyristor when the fire latch is still set, the gating unit re-fires the thyristor, to avoid destructive breakdown of the device. In addition, a thyristor conducting signal is transmitted via the databack fibre to the VBE. Thyristor conducting is a logic signal obtained by ANDing the fire latch and the output from the minus 10V threshold comparator. A change of state of this signal triggers a databack transmission. This enables the VBE to monitor the status of each thyristor level, so it can then prompt the whole valve to fire under a marginal recovery (section 4.3.1.1) case when some levels recover and some refire. The next section covers dv/dt protection during forward recovery. dv/dt Protection The rate of change of voltage (dv/dt) that a thyristor can withstand and remain blocked is limited and varies depending on the previous operating condition. After conduction, at the start of recovery, dv/dt withstand is very low, and increases with time as the thyristor recovers, until it reaches a maximum when the thyristor is fully recovered. The rate of increase of dv/dt withstand, and the maximum withstand when fully recovered, depends on junction temperature. At very high temperatures, the dv/dt withstand even for a fully recovered device will remain at a very low level. The gating unit models the thyristor dv/dt capability in real time. A gate pulse is issued to fire the thyristor if the capability is exceeded when forward volts appear, to prevent destructive breakdown. During recovery when the dv/dt threshold is very low, the dv/dt protection can be susceptible to nuisance firing due to high, but limited excursion dv/dt. Even at high dv/dts, a thyristor requires a minimum voltage excursion before dv/dt induced turn-on becomes likely. The design of the dv/dt protection takes this factor into consideration. Large forward voltages can be established as a result of fixed delays in the system, such as gating unit propagation delay and thyristor turn-on delay. To avoid this from happening particularly at high levels of dv/dt, it is necessary to produce gate current while the thyristor voltage is still negative, i.e. to phase advance the gate pulse. Forward Over-voltage (VBO) Protection The gate unit delivers a gate pulse to the thyristor to prevent its forward voltage exceeding its safe rating. Electronic VBO triggering is supplied. When a thyristors junction temperature is increased above about 110C, the forward blocking capability of the device is reduced. The gate unit models the thyristor forward blocking voltage as a function of junction temperature, which it uses to set the VBO threshold. Reverse Over-voltage Protection In some circumstances, the thyristor reverse voltage can reach the avalanche level. The thyristor will then pass current in the reverse direction. The thyristor is chosen to survive the dissipation that results, but it will also need time to recover its forward blocking capability, as it does after a normal conduction period. When the anode voltage crosses the overvoltage protection threshold (-8kV for 8.5kVthyristor), the gate unit sets the fire latch, so that forward recovery protection can operate if necessary. 4.3.3 Converter Cooling Plant The converter cooling plant includes several protective functions that can cause a block and trip of a pole. Each sensor can be switched out of service so that maintenance/replacement can take place without causing spurious protective operations. A summary of these functions are given below:
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 4.3.3.1 Valve Cooling Water Flow Rate Converter Cooling Plant Converter Zone
Lecture Notes
To detect low flow and give an alarm indicating that the flow is too low and to take the pole out of service should the flow not be adequate to cool the converter. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated sensors Thermal model Functionality The valve cooling water has a low speed and a high speed flow depending on the ambient temperature. Each of these states has a corresponding low flow alarm and a trip setting. Should the flow go below the Alarm setting an alarm is issued. Should the flow go below the trip setting the pole is blocked and tripped.
Remarks 4.3.3.2 Valve Cooling Expansion Vessel Water Level Converter Cooling Plant Converter Zone
To ensure sufficient water within the system between top up events is available Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated level transmitters
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Lecture Notes
The cooling water circuit includes an expansion vessel to provide for cooling system volume change with temperature variation. This also provides a reservoir for maintaining sufficient water within the system between top up events. The vessel has duplicated level transmitters that will issue an alarm if the water level should go below a predefined value or trip the pole should the water level go below a preset value that is set lower than the alarm level.
Remarks
This protection will also stop the pumps if the water level goes below the trip setting to prevent the pumps from running dry should the low level be due to a major leak. Valve Cooling Water Conductivity Converter Cooling Plant Converter Zone
4.3.3.3
to maintain an adequate insulation level in the thyristor valves. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated conductivity transmitters Functionality The main cooling water circuit conductivity is continuously monitored to maintain an adequate insulation level in the thyristor valves. The cooling circuit has duplicated conductivity transmitters. If the conductivity should rise above the alarm level an alarm is issued. If the conductivity exceeds the trip level the pole is tripped.
Remarks 4.3.3.4 Valve Cooling Water Temperature Converter Cooling Plant Converter Zone
To ensure the water temperature does not exceed preset limits so that the maximum thyristor junction temperature is not exceeded. It also ensures that the water temperature is not too low as this may decrease the thyristors voltage level withstand level
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Lecture Notes
Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated temperature transmitters Thermal Model Functionality The cooling circuit has duplicated temperature transmitters to continuously monitor the main cooling water temperature before entering the thyristor valves. The cooling controls maintain the water temperature within a range. Upper limits define the alarm level and trip level if the water is too hot. Lower limits define the alarm level and trip level if the water is too cold. If the temperature of the water falls outside the boundaries defined by the trip levels, the pole is tripped. Remarks 4.3.3.5 Valve Hall Dew Point Converter Cooling Plant Converter Zone
To monitor the temperature of the outlet air from the air conditioning plant in order to ensure that the risk of moisture condensation forming on the insulated cooling pipes in the valves, which could result in a flashover, is eliminated. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs
Backup Protection Duplicated dew point transmitters Functionality The valve hall dew point temperature is continuously measured by monitoring the outlet air from the air conditioning plant and the cooling water temperature. The air circuit has duplicated dew point transmitters. The cooling control continuously compares the water temperature (and hence the temperature of the pipes in the valve hall) to ensure that it is sufficiently greater than the dew point so that condensation will not form. If the difference in temperature is not great enough an alarm is raised. If the difference between the water temperature and dew point temperature is very small then the pole is tripped before condensation can form. Remarks 33/59
Lecture Notes
4.3.4
Valve Hall Fire Detection Protection Each valve hall is equipped with a duplicated fire detection system to protect the converter station against fire hazards.
Converter Zone
To detect a fire or fire hazard within the valve hall or HVAC room and take the pole out of service when detected. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated system with duplicated transmitters Functionality When a fire hazard or fire is detected this will trip and block the pole.
Remarks 4.3.5 Valve Hall HVAC System The Valve HVAC system is provided to ensure that the temperature in the valve hall does not go above preset values.
Converter Zone
To detect excessive valve hall temperature and in response take the pole out of service. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated system with duplicate sensors Functionality Sensors mounted below the valve hall ceiling are used to measure the temperature and in case of excessive temperature the pole is blocked and tripped. Remarks 34/59
T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 4.3.6 Change Over Unit
Lecture Notes
The controls are equipped with a Change Over Unit so that if one control lane fails due to for example a sysfail (system failure detection), change over to the redundant lane occurs. Should the redundant lane be unavailable due to for example maintenance or a fault within the redundant lane, the pole is blocked and tripped. 4.3.7 Power Supply Supervision Protection cubicles for all protections, regardless of whether it is AC protections or Harmonic Filter Protections etc, are be provided with power supply supervision that will cause a block and trip if the power supplies to a cubicle fails. 4.4 Converter Transformer Protections
The converter transformers are connected between the AC bus and the HVDC valves. In contrast to a normal power transformer the converter transformer current is not purely sinusoidal. The line side has grounded wye-windings, while the valve side is not grounded and the voltage level can be considerably high. These characteristics are taken care of in the protection design. The following converter transformer protections are provided: 4.4.1 Electrical Protections The converter transformer is provided with the following electrical protections: 4.4.2 Transformer Differential Protection Converter Transformer Zone
To detect internal faults within the transformer and in response take the pole out of service Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Transformer Overcurrent and earth fault protection Restricted earth fault protection Duplicated Functionality This differential protection is fed from the CTs on the transformer line winding, valve winding bushings and neutral ground connection. It detects differential current and in response it will take the pole out of service. Remarks
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 4.4.1.2 Transformer Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection Converter Transformer Zone
Lecture Notes
To detect internal earth faults and overcurrents in the transformer and in response take the pole out of service Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Restricted earth fault protection AC overcurrent protection (valve side only) Functionality This protection is driven from a set of CTs mounted in the converter transformer line windings to detect overcurrent and earth faults. Overcurrent protection is not provided directly on the secondary (valve) windings as this is covered by the AC Overcurrent protection Remarks 4.4.1.3 Restricted Earth Fault Protection Converter Transformer Zone
To detect ground faults on a given winding more sensitively than overall transformer protection is able to do and in response take the pole out of service Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs
Backup Protection The protection is duplicated Transformer overcurrent and earth fault protection Transformer differential protection Functionality This differential protection compares the residual line winding phase current with the associated line winding star point to earth current to detect ground faults on the line winding, tap-changer compartment or AC conductors. Remarks
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 4.4.1.4 Valve Hall AC Conductor Ground Fault Protection Converter Transformer Zone
Lecture Notes
To detect phase-to-phase short circuits or ground faults on the ac conductors between the transformer and the converter. Protective Action Alarm Backup Protection Duplicated DC Differential Protection (only if converter is deblocked) Functionality This protection is only enabled if the converter is blocked, if the converter is deblocked the protection used is the DC Differential Protection. The protection operates by monitoring the valve winding voltage and if the voltage goes below a preset level the protection operates
Remarks
This protection operates as an interlock that prevents deblocking of the pole and will not cause a block and trip.
4.4.2
Mechanical Protections In addition to the electrical protections mentioned above each converter transformer is also equipped with the following mechanical protections:
4.4.2.1
High Oil Temperature Protection Converter Transformer Zone
To protect the converter transformer from overheating as a result of sustained overload or cooling system failures. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated Functionality The oil temperature is measured at the top of the transformer and if the temperature is too high the protection operates
Remarks
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 4.4.2.2 Line Winding Temperature Protection
Lecture Notes
Converter Transformer Zone
To protect the converter transformer from overheating as a result of sustained overload or cooling system failures. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated Valve winding temperature protection Functionality The hot spot temperature of the winding is derived using temperature sensors and current measurement of the winding. When the temperature exceeds pre-set values the protection operates. Remarks 4.4.2.3 Valve Winding Temperature Protection
To protect the converter transformer from overheating as a result of sustained overload or cooling system failures. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated Line winding temperature protection Functionality The hot spot temperature of the winding is derived using temperature sensors and current measurement of the winding. When the temperature exceeds pre-set values the protection operates. Remarks
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 4.4.2.4 Buchholz Surge Protection Converter Transformer Zone
Lecture Notes
To detect dielectric failure inside the transformer due to winding short-circuit or internal flashover and in response take the pole out of service Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Duplicated pressure relief device Functionality A Buchholz relay is mounted in the pipework to an overhead oil reservoir, called a conservator, of the oil-filled converter transformer to detect dielectric failure inside the transformer due to winding short-circuit or internal flashover. When electric arcing due to insulation failure or overheating develops inside the transformer coils, gas is generated. The protection has two different detection modes. On a slow accumulation of gas, due to for example a slight overload, gas accumulates in the top of the relay and forces the oil level down. A float operated switch in the relay is used to initiate an alarm signal. This same alarm switch also operate on low oil level, such as a slow oil leak. If there is an internal flashover, gas is accumulated rapidly and oil will flow swiftly into the conservator. This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the path of the moving oil that will cause the protection to operate. Buchholz relays have a test port to allow accumulated gas to be withdrawn for testing. Flammable gas found in the relay indicates some internal fault such as overheating or arcing, whereas air found in the relay may only indicate low oil level or leak. Remarks 4.4.2.5 The alarm stage operates into the alarm scheme. Pressure Relief Device Converter Transformer Zone
The pressure relief device is mounted on the transformer to relieve dangerous pressure that may build up within the transformer tank. When a predetermined pressure is exceeded, a pressure reaction lifts the diaphragm and vents the transformer tank.
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities Protective Action
Lecture Notes
Vent out excess pressure in the transformer tank Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Bucholz surge protection This protection is duplicated Functionality Internal flashover in a transformer tank causes a rapid oil pressure rise which will cause the protection to operate.
4.4.2.6
Tapchanger Sudden Pressure Protection
To protect the tapchanger from overpressure in the tap changer conservator due to internal flashover if the pressure relief device fails to operate. Protective Action Alarm Block DC Link Trip Main CBs Backup Protection Diaphragm pressure relief device in tapchanger head Functionality This protection is implemented by a pressure relay mounted in the tapchanger housing to detect conservator overpressure. Normally the pressure relief device should operate (4.4.2.5) but if this fails to operate when overpressure is detected the pole is blocked and tripped.
Remarks 4.5 4.5.1 Harmonic Filter Protections Harmonic Filter Differential Protection Harmonic Filter zone To detect earth or phase faults within the Harmonic Filter zone and if detected take the filter out of service Alarm Trip Filter CB Filter Earth Fault Protection 40/59
Protective Action
Backup Protection
Lecture Notes
Functionality
Harmonic Filter differential protection comprises CTs mounted at the filter CB bushings and the neutral of the filters. The protection determines earth faults or faults between phases by detecting differential current and will in response trip the filters.
Remarks 4.5.2 Main Capacitor Overvoltage Protection Harmonic Filter zone
To protect the main capacitor banks of filters from overvoltage in the event of for example load rejection or light load. Protective Action Alarm Trip Filter CB Backup Protection AC Overvoltage Line side
Functionality The protection utilises a set of cores in the filter neutral CTs and measure line current (using appropriate treatment of the harmonic currents) in order to produce a signal representative of the voltage waveform applied to the capacitor bank. Remarks 4.5.3 Filter Earth Fault Harmonic Filter zone
To detect faults to ground in the filter components and bus work of the filter branch. Protective Action Alarm Trip Filter CB Backup Protection Harmonic Filter Differential Protection Functionality This protection detects zero phase sequence current in the filter neutral and provides both IDMT and instantaneous tripping characteristic depending on the current level. Remarks
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 4.5.4 Filter Overcurrent Protection Harmonic Filter zone
Lecture Notes
To protect the filter components from filter overload and short circuits either due to harmonics or high fundamental frequency currents due to a flashover across part of the capacitor elements units, which develops into a partial short circuit of the high voltage capacitor. Protective Action Alarm Trip Filter CB Backup Protection Group B Filter Overcurrent Protection Functionality This protection has an inverse time characteristic acting on the rms value of the measured harmonic current. The Harmonic current in ac filters vary with dc power level, firing angles and filter configurations. Remarks 4.5.5 Filter Overload Protection Harmonic Filter zone
To protect the filter components from thermal overload stress. Protective Action Alarm Trip Filter CB Backup Protection Group B Filter Overload Protection Functionality This protection has a definite time set acting on the thermal response current derived from a model the thermal response of the harmonic filter to rms heating current. Remarks 4.5.6 Wide band harmonic detection required. Filter Reactor Overcurrent Protection Harmonic Filter zone
To protect the filter reactor from thermal overload Protective Action Alarm
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities Trip Filter CB Backup Protection Not Applicable Functionality
Lecture Notes
This protection protects a filter reactor against overcurrent by a thermal overload relay that is driven by a CT in series with the reactor. The relay shall respond to fundamental and harmonic thermal overload and be co-ordinated with the overload characteristics of the reactor. Remarks 4.5.7 Wide band harmonic detection required. Filter Resistor Overload Protection Harmonic Filter zone
To protect the filter resistor from thermal overload Protective Action Alarm Trip Filter CB Backup Protection Not Applicable Functionality This protection protects a filter resistor against overcurrent by a thermal overload relay that is driven by a CT in series with the resistor. The relay shall respond to fundamental and harmonic thermal overload and be co-ordinated with the overload characteristics of the resistor. Remarks 4.5.8 Wide band harmonic detection required. Filter Capacitor Unbalance Protection Harmonic Filter zone
To detect one or more levels of failed capacitor units and protect the healthy capacitor elements by indicating failure conditions that may lead to fault and by opening the filter circuit breaker if the condition poses an immediate risk to the remaining healthy capacitor elements. Protective Action Alarm Trip Filter CB
Backup Protection Filter Overcurrent Protection 43/59
Lecture Notes
The basic building blocks of a filter capacitor are capacitor units. A capacitor unit is made up of series/parallel connected capacitor elements with or without internal fuses housed within a steel enclosure. By Correct rating of stress levels, the filter banks can be arranged such that it can tolerate loss of a specified percentage of capacitor units without causing overvoltage over the remaining units. In which case no further protective action is required. However, if the specified limit is exceeded which usually involves a more severe fault such as leakages, the remaining healthy elements may be subjected to unacceptable high voltage stress. The main capacitor bank of each filter is therefore protected by an unbalance scheme that gives an H Arrangement as shown in Figure 5. Any unbalance between the four arms of the H connection arrangement will result in a spill current flowing through the CT, the level of which gives an indication of how many capacitor elements may have failed, therefore a sensitive CT is required for this application. There are usually different stages of protective action with the capacitor unbalance protection implemented to detect various levels of capacitor elements failure and produce alarms for long-term faults and trip for immediate faults. A short time delay is introduced to avoid spurious operations due to transient events. Remarks 4.5.9 Filter Tripping All filter protections described above for a specific filter bank operates into one hand reset lockout-relay for the filter bank where the trip was generated. The Overcurrent protection (4.5.4) and Earth Fault protection (4.5.3) directly operates the trip relay. All other protections operate the trip relay after a time delay. The circuitry is designed to ensure that if any of the fault detecting relays reset during the time delay the tripping still occurs. Each filter circuit breaker has a circuit breaker fail protection. See section 4.6 for information regarding circuit breaker fail protection. 4.6 Circuit Breaker Fail Protection Each filter is provided with breaker fail protection. This protection is initiated when the filter trip relay is operated. It measures the filter current and if the filter current has not gone below a preset value after a pre-set time the protection operates. This will trip the main CBs and also trip the other healthy filters to minimise the duty on the feeder CBs and block the converters. 4.7 Open Circuit Test Mode Open Circuit Test Mode is a mode of operation that the system can be selected to operate in. When the system is set to this mode it is possible to apply a direct voltage to an open d.c.
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Lecture Notes
circuit. This is used for commissioning only. This also means that some of the DC Pole protections will need to be sensitised or desensitised as no current should flow through the converter during this test. Below follows a list of the protections that are affected by this mode: 1. AC>DC Differential -The DC signal input is set to zero to sensitise the protection during Open Circuit Test Mode. 2. AC Overcurrent protection During Open Circuit Test Mode no current should flow through the converter. This protection is therefore sensitised during Open Circuit Test Mode by shifting the IDMT charachteristic down to a new pick-up level.
3. DC Overcurrent protection During Open Circuit Test Mode no current should flow through the converter. This protection is therefore sensitised during Open Circuit Test Mode by shifting the IDMT characteristic down to a new pick-up level.
4. DC Differential protection This protection is sensitised when Open Circuit Test Mode is selected to protect against flashovers
5. Low Idc protection - The protection is disabled during Open Circuit Test. 4.8 Last Line Disconnect The purpose of this section is to cover the principles for last line disconnect. There are mainly two reasons for having a principle on last line disconnect: Islanding Unexpected breaker opening 4.8.1 Islanding When a HVDC scheme is isolated from its receiving ac system, the inverter may still be feeding power into an islanded area of ac filters/capacitors which can resonate with the saturated converter transformer reactance, a phenomena known as ferroresonance. The resulting ringing voltage provides a commutation voltage of nearly correct frequency that enables the inverter to continue to operate. This condition is defined as islanding. If this condition is allowed to persist, main circuit components may be damaged due to the ensued overvoltage and it is therefore necessary to detect this condition and take action to remove it.
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Lecture Notes
The detection principle used is able to distinguish between the islanding condition and other system disturbances and is fast enough to ensure that the condition is removed before the equipment is harmed. 4.8.1.1 Converter Isolation Detection The Converter Isolation Detection (CID) function is included in the protection scheme in order to detect and take action upon detection of islanding. On detection of islanding the CID shall force the isolated inverter into rectification mode of operation in order to remove power from the isolated network and thereby alleviate the ensued overvoltage. In order to prevent overcurrent and minimise the disturbances on reconnection to the ac network through breaker(s) closing, the converter is bypassed until the ac voltages have recovered. The primary method for detection of islanding is by measuring the line winding voltages and compare the magnitude with pre-set limits. If the line winding voltage measurement exceeds these pre-set limits for a pre-set time, the control action invoked is to order Enforced Rectification Mode for a pre-set time followed by converter bypassing. The bypass is only revoked when the busbar voltages exceed 0.75 pu, which indicates that the remote breaker has reclosed and normal operation can be resumed. As a backup to the overvoltage detection for islanding a frequency out of range detector is provided. If the ac system frequency is outside preset limits, control action is invoked as described above. 4.8.2 Unexpected Breaker Opening The HVDC control guards against inadvertent disconnection of the converter from the ac system due to unintended breaker opening or an adjacent ac protection zone trip. Inadvertent disconnection will cause commutation to stop, however the last two valves in a three-phase bridge may continue to conduct current and if a natural by-pass pair is not formed it is possible for the converter to feed DC current into the breaker. This may result in breaker damage if the breaker is not able to extinguish the DC Current. 4.8.2.1 Unexpected Breaker Movement Protection The Unexpected Breaker Movement protection is included in the protection scheme in order to detect and take action upon detection of inadvertent breaker movement. The Unexpected Breaker Movement function guards against inadvertent disconnection of the converter from the ac system due to unintended or adjacent protection initiated breaker opening. The connectivity of the converter to the ac system is derived from the busbar energised, isolators and circuit breakers statuses. If there is current flowing in the circuit when the connectivity status indicates the converter is disconnected from the ac system, this indicates the circuit breaker has opened unexpectedly and appropriate protective actions have to be taken depending on the mode of operation. If the converter is operating as an inverter the protective actions are to bypass the inverter and block the other side rectifier. The bypass action is revoked when the ac current is extinguished and the inverter is blocked immediately. If it is operating as a rectifier both the rectifier and the other side inverter are blocked.
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Lecture Notes
Protective Actions and Marshalling

The protective actions normally employed to clear a fault or prevent a fault are: Trip CB The objective of this action is to isolate the HVDC equipment from the AC system and thereby clearing the fault and reducing the stress on the equipment. For an urgent converter fault such as a valve short circuit where the converter in immediate danger, the operating time of the circuit breaker should be less than two and a half cycles and therefore the delay of the trip chain is selected to be well within this range. For a non-urgent converter fault where the converter is not in immediate danger, it is desirable to trip the feeder circuit breaker when there is no current flowing through the breaker. This can be achieved by checking that the valve winding currents are nearly zero after a protective block before issuing a trip command. In the case of converter feeder CB tripping, the filters normally open at the same instant or earlier to assist the opening of the feeder circuit breaker. Block DC Link Protective blocking is used to stop the flow of both AC and DC current in order to limit the effect of the fault. This is achieved by simply removing the firing pulses to the converter valves. Normally a protective block is followed by a trip as simply removing the firing pulses may not always stop conduction. If protection operates on one side resulting in a block the other side is also blocked. Valve Refire To prevent high reverse voltages, if more than a certain number of thyristors (taking into account the number of redundant levels) are protectively triggered, the entire valve is refired. Inhibit Raise For moderate overvoltages the tapchanger is inhibited from tapping up to ensure that the overvoltage condition is not worsened due to tapchanger action. Force Lower For more severe overvoltages the tapchanger is forced to tap down to alleviate the stress on the equipment due to the overvoltage.
Inhibit Databack to VBE (Data gathering system for the Valve Base Electronic System) If any valve winding line voltage falls below the set level and remains below it for longer than a definite time, an indication to Databack that the ac voltages are too low to maintain the charge on the thyristor gate unit power supplies is sent. Following restoration of the voltage level, Databack inhibit is held for a predefined period to allow time for the gate unit to be fully charged.
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Lecture Notes
Bypass This action provides a short circuit across the converter and is achieved by sending start codes to valve pairs connected to one phase only in each converter bridge of a twelve pulse converter pole
Enforced Rectification Mode Enforced Rectification mode means that all valves are turned on so that the converter basically operates as a diode bridge. Increase firing angle On immediate detection of commutation failure the firing angle is advanced to aid recovery. Force thyristor into conduction In order to protect an individual thyristor from being destroyed it can be forced into conduction by the gate unit. Rapid filter removal To trip all the filters associated with a pole when a pole is protectively blocked. This is done to ensure that the filters are removed in advance or at the same time as tripping of the bay and tie breakers to minimise the duty on the bay and tie breakers. Alarm Whenever a protection operates or protective action is taken a separately indicated alarm is given. 5.1 Marshalling of DC Pole protections The protective actions invoked when a DC Pole protection is operated are described in Figure 6. Protections that can carry out both Block & Trip actions as well as other protective actions will in general try to use the protective actions at its disposal (for example increase firing angle) in an attempt to clear the fault before initiating a block and trip.
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Lecture Notes
Figure 6 DC Pole Protection Marshalling
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 5.2 Marshalling of Converter Transformer Protections
Lecture Notes
The protective actions invoked when a Converter Transformer protections is operated are described in Figure 7.
Figure 7 Converter Transformer protection marshalling 5.3 Marshalling of Harmonic Filter Protections The protective actions invoked when a Harmonic Filter Protection is operated are described in Figure 8. Included here are also the Circuit Breaker Fail Protections. Note that the number of filters varies between the sides.
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Lecture Notes
Figure 8 Harmonic Filter Protections
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Lecture Notes
5.4
Marshalling of Valve and Ancillary Equipment Protections The protective actions invoked when a Valve or Ancillary Equipment Protection is operated are described in Figure 9.
Figure 9 Valve & ancillary system protection marshalling

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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 5.5
Lecture Notes
Marshalling of Unexpected Breaker Movement and Converter Isolation Detector In order to deal with islanding and unexpected breaker opening as described in section 4.8 4.8 Last Line Disconnect, two additional protections that do not fit into any of the above categories are deployed in the protection scheme. The marshalling for Unexpected Breaker Movement and Converter Isolation Detector can be found in Figure 10 below.
Figure 10 Converter Isolation & Unexpected Breaker Movement Protection Marshalling 5.6 Marshalling of AC protections The only AC protection within AREVA Contract 113 scope is the cable and busbar differential protection. The 400kV 50Hz protection are provided under Areva Contract 116 while the 380kV 60Hz protection are provided within SECs existing protection systems. The marshalling is given in Figure 11.
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Lecture Notes
Figure 11 Marshalling of AC protections
Fault Cases
This section is aimed at describing some of the most common fault cases or fault cases that may severely compromise the integrity of the equipment and also show which protection(s) normally operates in response to the fault. 6.1 Ground Faults and Short Circuits
Figure 12 Ground Faults and Short Circuits Figure 12 shows some possible cases of short circuits and ground faults. Table 6 gives the details of the faults and also the protection(s) that will operate in response to the fault.
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities Table 6 Ground faults and short circuits FAULT Fault 1 Converter Short Circuit Fault 2 Ground faults at a DC terminal of a bridge Fault 3 Faults across bridge terminals Fault 4 Fault across a valve Protection DC Differential Protection DC Overcurrent DC Differential Protection DC Overcurrent DC Differential Protection DC Overcurrent AC>DC Differential Protection AC Overcurrent AC>DC Differential Protection DC Differential Protection DC Overcurrent AC Conductor ground fault Fault 7- Converter Transformer Internal Fault Transformer Differential Protection Transformer Overcurrent & Earth Fault Protection Restricted earth fault protection Buchholz Surge Protection Tapchanger Sudden Oil Pressure Tapchanger sudden pressure protection Busbar Differential Protection Cable Differential Protection Harmonic Filter Differential Protection Filter Earth Fault Protection Filter Resistor Overcurrent Protection Filter Reactor Overcurrent Protection
Lecture Notes
Remarks
Fault 5 Faults across AC phases on the valve side of the converter transfomer Fault 6 AC conductor ground fault
Only operates when the pole is blocked
Fault 8- Fault on the busbar or cable
Fault 9- Fault in a Filter branch
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 6.2 6.2.1 Overvoltage Transient and Temporary Overvoltage
Lecture Notes
The equipment is protected against transient and temporary overvoltages by surge arresters and converter control. The converter control acts to limit the voltage stress. 6.2.2 Long Term Overvoltage The primary action used for overvoltage is to try to reduce the voltage stress by control actions. The control action to limit long term voltage stress are converter dynamic control, tap changer control and reactive power control detailed. Should this not be sufficient to alleviate the overvoltage the protections in Table 7 below will detect and act upon overvoltage. Table 7 Overvoltage protection Remarks Will inhibit controls from tapping up to increase the voltage stress and if necessary force the tapchanger to tap down via hardwired signal. The settings of this protection shall not interfere with normal tap changer control
FAULT Valve Side Overvoltage
Protection Tap Limits
Line Side Overvoltage
AC Overvoltage Valve Side AC Overvoltage Line side
This protection operates due to overvoltage on the busbar
Trips the filter CB Main Capacitor Overvoltage Protection
6.3
Undervoltage Table 8 Undervoltage
FAULT Single phase fault Phase-tophase fault Three phase fault
Protection AC undervoltage DC>AC Differential
Remarks Under normal operating conditions the HVDC shall be able to continue operation during these fault conditions. Only severe sustained fault conditions will operate the AC undervoltage protection. These faults may also cause commutation failure described in section 6.5
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 6.4 Ancillary Equipment Failure
Lecture Notes
Some protective functions included in subsystems or equipment require that the pole shall be taken out of service. Table 9 gives a description of possible equipment failures that may result in block and trip of the pole. FAULT Low Water Level High Water Temperature High Water Conductivity Low Water Flow Danger Of Condensation Low water temp Fire Hazard Excessive convection heat detected VBE Power Supply failure Transceiver Card failure Thyristor failure causing thyristor redundancy to be exceeded Cooling leak detected Thermal Model Fails to block and trip Change Over failure Table 9 Equipment failure Protection Remarks Converter The Converter Cooling Control has separate protective Cooling Control functions to detect these fault conditions. Converter Cooling Control Converter Cooling Control Converter Cooling Control Converter Cooling Control Converter Cooling Control Valve Hall Fire Detection System Valve Hall HVAC system VBE has protective features to detect these fault VBE conditions. VBE VBE
VBE VBE Change Over Unit In response to a sysfail or power supply failure of a lane the change over unit transfers to the redundant lane. If this lane is also unavailable due to for example maintenance the pole is blocked and tripped.
Converter Transformer Cooling failure
Protection cubicle power supply failure
Line winding temperature protection Valve winding temperature protection High oil temperature protection Power Supply Supervision
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T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities Low oil level in Transformer Conservator Transformer overpressure Low oil level detection within Buchholz surge protection Buchholz surge protection Pressure relief device Tap changer sudden pressure protection
Lecture Notes
6.5
Commutation Failure A commutation failure is the result of a failure to commutate current from an outgoing valve to an incoming valve before the driving voltage across the valves reverses its polarity, taking into account the need for sufficient extinction time for charge recombination and carrier sweep-out in the outgoing valve and regaining its blocking capability. This type of fault is mainly associated with ac system faults at the inverter end and if the fault is electrically close the inverter may not be able to recover on its own. Apart from AC system faults commutation failure can also be caused by valve misfire or inadequate extinction angle. Normally the system recovers from a commutation failure due to ac system disturbances. Should commutation failure persist due to control mal-operation protective action is required. Table 10 Commutation failure
FAULT Commutation Failure
Protection DC>AC Differential Asymmetry
Remarks Will aid recovery by increasing firing angle. Only after repeated commutation failures will the protection operate to trip and block the pole.
6.6
Misfire Misfiring is the term used when a valve fails to fire during a scheduled conducting period and is normally the result of control and firing equipment failure. Table 11 Misfire FAULT Misfire Protection Valve Base Electronic Asymmetry Remarks
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Lecture Notes
6.7
Thermal Overload Normally the equipment is able to sustain short periods of overload. Normally the overload controller assesses the thermal limits of the thyristor valves and the converter transformer and limit the current in order to ensure that the thermal limits are not exceeded. Should the overload however persist despite the action of the overload controller or the overload controller fails, it may damage the equipment and protective action must therefore be taken.
FAULT Transformer thermal Overload
Filter Overload
Table 12 Overload Protection High valve winding temperature High line winding temperature High oil temperature protection Filter Overload Protection Filter Resistor Overload Protection Filter Reactor Overload Protection Thermal model Converter Cooling Control Adverse Firing angle protection
Remarks
Not helped by the overload controller Not helped by the overload controller Not helped by the overload controller
Filter resistor Overload
Filter thermal Overload
Valve thermal overload
Thermal overload on Surge arresters connected to the terminals
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AREVA HVDC DC Protection Scheme Lecture Notes

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T&D UK Ltd.

Power Electronic Activities

AREVA HVDC DC Protection

T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities

AREVA HVDC DC Protection

T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities

AREVA HVDC DC Protection

T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities

T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities

AREVA HVDC DC Protection

T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities

Figure 1 Protection Zones

AREVA HVDC DC Protection

Protective Zone Busbar Zone

T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities

Control System Lane 1 Side A Main 1 Protection Lane 1 Side A

Main 2 Protection Lane 1 Side A

Main 1 Protection Lane 1 Side B

Interface Cubicle Side A

Interface Cubicle Side B

Control System Lane 2 Side A Main 1 Protection Lane 2 Side A

Control System Lane 2 Side B Main 2 Protection Lane 2 Side B

Main 2 Protection Lane 2 Side A

Main 1 Protection Lane 2 Side B

Figure 2 Main 1 and Main 2 Protection Arrangement

Implemented within DC Pole Protections but has an extended protective 8/59

AREVA HVDC DC Protection

Described in converter transformer protections

Protective Zone Converter Zone

Remarks VBE implements a set of protective features

The Gate unit implements a set of protective features

Converter Cooling Control implements a set of protective 9/59

Converter Zone Converter Zone Converter Zone Not zone dependent

Incorporates CCP failure

Protective Zone Harmonic Filter zone Harmonic Filter zone

Figure 3 Converter Transformer Measurements

AREVA HVDC DC Protection

T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 3.2.2.2 DC Pole Protections

Adverse Firing angle

Line winding overvoltage

Valve winding overvoltage

NOTES 1) Converter Isolation Detection is included here although it is treated separately.

ZFCT Voltage Divider CT CVT

Figure 4 DC Pole Protection Measurements

AREVA HVDC DC Protection

T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities

Figure 5 Protection Scheme for Harmonic Filter

AREVA HVDC DC Protection

T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities

AREVA HVDC DC Protection

T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 4.1 AC Protections

Protective Zone Primary Objective

Backup Protection Functionality

Cable Differential Protection

Protective Zone Primary Objective

Backup Protection Functionality

AREVA HVDC DC Protection

T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities 4.2 DC Pole Protections

Protective Zone Primary Objective

AREVA HVDC DC Protection

T&D UK Ltd. Power Electronic Activities

Protective Zone Primary Objective