Heat as a form of energy Heat is a form of energy, with the sun as the primary source of heat energy.

. Heat Production All forms of burning produce heat All hot objects give out heat Friction produces heat Electricity can be used to produce heat Chemical reactions also produce heat Differences between heat and temperature Heat Heat is a form of energy The unit for measuring heat energy it the joule (J) An object becomes hotter when it absorbs heat. An object gets cooler when it loses heat Heat energy is the total amount of energy of all the particles in the substance Temperature Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of an object It is not a measure of the quantity of heat in a substance Temperature of a substance can be measured by using a thermometer The two common temperature scales are the Celsius and Kelvin scales Temperature is the measure of the average value of the kinetic energy of each particle in a substance Expansion and Contraction of Matter When objects are heated, their volume generally increases. This increase in size is called expansion When objects are cooled, their volume generally decreases. This decrease in size is called contraction Heat Flow Heat energy travels from one place to another as a result of differences in temperature. Heat every moves from an area of high temperature to an area of low temperature until equilibrium is obtained The rate of heat transfer depends on the difference in temperature between the two objects. The greater the difference in temperature, the faster heat flows. The process of heat transfer can occur in three ways: o Conduction the flow of heat through solids o Convection the transfer of heat from one part of a fluid to another by the circulating movement of that heated fluid. Only takes place in fluids or substances which can flow

o Radiation a process of heat transfer that does not require a medium. It can takes place in a vacuum because it does not require any medium Heat Flow in Natural Phenomena Pg 119 Heat conductors and heat insulators Conductors A conductor is a material that allows heat to move through it easily. Generally, metals are very good conductors of heat. Insulators Insulators are called poor conductors of heat, conduct heat much more slowly Generally, non-metals are good insulators A vacuum is the best insulator Effect of heat on matter Matter undergoes a change of state when the amount of heat energy in it changes We can change matter from one state to another by heating or cooling it o When a substance is heated, it absorbs heat o When a substance cools down, it releases heat energy The physical processes involved in these changes of state of matter are melting, boiling, condensation, freezing, and sublimation Melting and Freezing Melting is a process in which a substance changes from being in a solid state to being in a liquid state When a liquid becomes a solid, it is called freezing The temperature at which a pure substance melts is called the melting point The temperature at which a pure substance freezes is called the freezing point Boiling and condensation Boiling is the process by which a substance changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state The temperature at which a substance boils is called its boiling point Condensation takes place when a substance changes from a gaseous state to a liquid state. The temperature at which a substance condenses is called its condensation point. Evaporation Evaporation is a process in which a liquid becomes a gas without boiling

Evaporation takes place at temperatures below the boiling point of a liquid. During evaporation, heat is absorbed from the surroundings

Sublimation Sublimation is the process in which substance changes directly from a solid to a gas without having changed into a liquid first. When cooled, the gas changes back to a solid without condensing to a liquid. Absorbing and Giving Out Heat The rate of absorption and radiation of heat by an object depends on o The temperature around the object o The type and color of its surface