Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 41 (2004) pp.

943948
c International Academic Publishers Vol. 41, No. 6, June 15, 2004
Quantum Theory of Femtosecond Soliton Propagation in Single-Mode Optical Fibers

CHEN Shi-Hua,

ZHANG Shao-Wu, and SHI Du-Fang

Department of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
(Received May 13, 2003; Revised July 18, 2003)
Abstract In this paper we have derived the generalized QNLS equation with considering the third-order dispersion and
Kerr dispersion, which can be applicable to the femtosecond regime and is suitable for discussing the quantum properties
of femtosecond solitons in single-mode optical bers, as compared with its classical counterpart. This quantum operator
equation can be solved by many methods such as the linearized perturbations and phase-space methods. Moreover, owing
to the fact that this quantum equation is rather similar to its classical counterpart, all these methods can be facilitated
to a great extent by citing correctly the classical results obtained before.
PACS numbers: 42.50.Lc, 42.50.Ct, 42.65.Tg, 42.81.Dp
Key words: generalized QNLS equation, single-mode optical bers, third-order dispersion
1 Introduction
The quantum theory of picosecond soliton propaga-
tion such as quadrature-amplitude or phase squeezing,
[1]
photon-number squeezing,
[2]
momentum squeezing,
[3]
and
quantum nondemolition measurements
[4,5]
based on the
fundamental quantum nonlinear Schrodinger (QNLS)
equation
[6,7]

=
i
2

2
+ i

2
(1)
was well-studied over the past two decades. Particu-
larly, Haus and Lai developed a linearized perturbation
approach to this QNLS equation.
[6]
In the meantime, the
transformation of the quantum operator equations into
the stochastic dierential equations was formulated by
Drummond et al.,
[7]
using the +P and truncated Wigner
representations, respectively. More recently, a generalized
QNLS equation
[8]
with considering the stimulated Raman
scattering, which results in the self-frequency redshift,
[9]
was derived to analyze the quantum noise for femtosec-
ond soliton propagation in single-mode optical bers. The
third-order dispersion (TOD) and Kerr dispersion, how-
ever, were ignored there for the sake of simplicity. Fur-
thermore, the form of that equation is apparently dier-
ent from its classical counterpart
[10]
and thus one cannot
obtain the physical insight more directly and eciently.
As we know, when the optical pulse duration is su-
ciently short, being comparable to the characteristics re-
sponse time of vitreous ber material, it is necessary to
take the Kerr dispersion into account simultaneously with
the TOD. As a rule, it is essential to ultrashort pulses of a
femtosecond duration range. Besides that, we should con-
sider the Raman eect, which also contributes to the non-
linearity, since the Raman response time T
R
is extremely
short (T
R
6 fs), being of the femtosecond order. As
a special low-frequency case to this Raman scattering,
the guided-wave acoustic Brillouin scattering, resulting
from the so-called optical electro-striction motion, also
impose some inuence on the femtosecond pulse propa-
gation. However, because its response time (picosecond-
order) is larger comparable to the Raman response time,
we can neglect the Brillouin scattering with introducing
only an innitesimal error in the process.
[10]
Certainly in
the long-haul communication line the reservoir absorption
and amplier gain should be considered, too, since they
introduce quantum-noise eects which result in the well-
known GordonHaus eect
[11]
albeit the minimum absorp-
tion coecient of approximately 0.2 dB/km in wavelength
1.5 m can be compensated for readily by atomic
gain.
In this paper we derive the complete Heisenberg equa-
tion following the procedures developed by Drummond
et al.,
[8]
as compared with the classical counterpart.
Therein we have considered the TOD and Kerr disper-
sion. As usual, this generalized QNLS equation can also
be solved by many methods such as the linearized per-
turbation method,
[6]
and the +P or truncated Wigner
representations.
[7,8]
All these methods can be facilitated
to a great extent by citing correctly the classical results
which are also given in our work.
2 Quantization Scheme
In this section, we will derive the generalized QNLS
equation. For brevity, we only outline the salient points
for derivations or modify them somewhat to suit the
present situation here. More details can be found in
Refs. [7] and [8]. For simplicity, only one-dimensional
case and some essential assumptions, such as polarization-
preserving waveguide and neglecting polarization-mode
dispersion, are still utilized in our scheme.

The project partially supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China under Grant No. 0212012007

Email: cshua@mail.edu.cn
944 CHEN Shi-Hua, ZHANG Shao-Wu, and SHI Du-Fang Vol. 41
Therefore, as a femtosecond pulse propagates in non-
linear single-mode optical bers, where the TOD and
the dispersion of Kerr nonlinearity up to the rst order
are taken into account, the total system Hamiltonian,
which consists of the ber-optic Hamiltonian

H
f
, the Ra-
man Hamiltonian

H
r
, the loss Hamiltonian

H
a
, and the
gain Hamiltonian

H
g
, can be written as

H =

i

H
i
,
(i = f, r, a, g). In the interaction picture, we can rewrite
the total interaction Hamiltonian

H
int
(all constituent
free-Hamiltonians have been subtracted) as

H
int
=

H
f
int
+

H
r
int
+

H
a
int
+

H
g
int
, (2)
where

H
i
int
(i = f, r, a, g) denote the corresponding in-
teraction constituent Hamiltonian for ber-optic, Raman,
loss, and gain, respectively.
2.1 Fiber-Optic Hamiltonian and Associated
Heisenberg Equation
By choosing the appropriate, correct canonical com-
mutator as
[

D
j
(x),

A
k
(x

)] = i

jk
(x x

) , (3)
where the delta function

jk
(x x

) can be dened as

jk
(x x

) =
jk

3
(x x

) +
j

k
[1/(4|x x

|)],
[12]
we
can write the normally order, ber-optic Hamiltonian in
the form,
[8]

H
f
=
_
dk(k) a

(k) a(k)
_
d
3
x
_

(3)
(x, k)
4
3
(
0
)
_
: |

D|
4
(x) : (4)
with x = (r, z), where z is the longitudinal coordinate and r the transverse coordinate.
Here (k) denotes the frequency of modes with wave vector k that describes the linear polariton excitations in the
ber, including dispersion through the relation:
(k) =
0
+
3

m=1
[d
m
/dk
m
]
=
0
(k k
0
)
m
/m! ,
where v =

0
= [d/dk]
=
0
represents the group velocity. Similarly, Kerr susceptibility
(3)
(x, k) is a slowly
varying function of spatial position x and wave vector k, and depends on the nonlinearity dispersion through the
expansion relation up to the rst order:
(3)
(x, k) =
(3)
(x, k
0
) + (k k
0
)
(3)
(x, k
0
)/k. As usual, (
0
) is the
mode-average dielectric permittivity at a carrier frequency
0
and a(k) is an annihilation mode operator, dened as
[ a(k), a

(k

)] = (k k

). In the above derivations of the ber-optic Hamiltonian, we assume that optical ber is
spatially uniform and neglect the spatial variations of linear susceptibility
(1)
(k).
The electric displacement eld operator

D(x) and the photon-density operator

(t, z) can be dened correspondingly
as

D(x) = i
_
dk
_
k[(k)]

(k)
4
_
1/2
a(k)u(r) exp(ikz) + h.c. , (5)

(t, z) =
1

2
_
dk a(k) exp[i(k k
0
)z i(
0
)t] , (6)
where
_
d
2
r|u(r)|
2
= 1, [

(t, z),

(t, z

)] = (z z

), and h.c. denotes hermite conjugate. Substituting Eqs. (5) and

(6) and all the above relations of the last paragraph into Eq. (4), we can obtain the resulting ber-optic Hamiltonian
in the rotating wave and slowly varying envelope approximations as

H
f
=
_
dz
0

(t, z)

(t, z)
_
dz

(t, z)
_
iv

z

(t, z) +

0
2

2
z
2

(t, z) i

0
6

3
z
3

(t, z)
_

_
dz
_
1
2

e
(z)

2
(t, z)

2
(t, z) i(z)

(t, z)

z
[

(t, z)

2
(t, z)]
_
, (7)
where

e
(z) =
3
2
0
v
2
4(
0
)c
2
_
d
2
r
(3)
(x, k
0
)|u(r)|
4
, (z) =
3
2
0
v
2
8(
0
)c
2
_
d
2
r

(3)
(x, k
0
)
k
|u(r)|
4
.
Thus in the interaction picture, subtracting the free Hamiltonian, we can write the interaction Hamiltonian of
this kind and the associated Heisenberg equation of motion describing the evolution of soliton eld operator

(t, z),
respectively, as

H
f
int
=
_
dz

(t, z)
_
iv

z

(t, z) +

0
2

2
z
2

(t, z) i

0
6

3
z
3

(t, z)
_

_
dz
_
1
2

e
(z)

+2
(t, z)

2
(t, z) i(z)

(t, z)

z
[

(t, z)

2
(t, z)]
_
, (8)
No. 6 Quantum Theory of Femtosecond Soliton Propagation in Single-Mode Optical Fibers 945
_
v

z
+

t
_

(t, z) =
_
i

0
2

2
z
2
+

0
6

3
z
3
_

(t, z)
+ i
e
(z)

(t, z)

2
(t, z) + 3(z)

z
[

(t, z)

2
(t, z)] . (9)
2.2 Raman Eect
As mentioned above, we must take into account, by neglecting the guided-wave acoustic Brillouin scattering, the
interaction between optical eld and optical phonons which consist of thermal and spontaneous excitations in the
displacement of the atoms from their mean locations with high resonant vibration frequencies in the dielectric lattice.
As in Ref. [8], we can write the Raman interaction Hamiltonian as

H
r
int
=
_

dz
_

0
d

(t, z)

(t, z)R(, z)[

b(, z) +

(, z)] +
_

dz
_

0
d

(, z)

b(, z) , (10)
where R(, z) is a real frequency-dependent coupling of phonon mode to the radiation mode at the resonant vibration
frequency , while

b(, z) and

b

(, z) denote the phonon annihilation and creation operators, respectively, dened as

[

b(t, , z),

(t,

, z

)] = (

)(z z

). Since Raman excitations are not completely localized, we need a frequency

cuto in the function R(, z) such that the operator

(t, z) slowly varies on the photon scattering distance scale.
Choosing R
2
(, z) = 1/2
r
(z) coth(T
R
), which is in good agreement with the experiments in a high frequency
domain, we write the Raman response function g(t)
[8,13]
in the following way
g(t, z) =
_

0
2R
2
(, z) sin(t)d

r
(z)
T
R
exp
_

t
T
R
_
, as t , (11)
where
r
(z) is the eective Raman nonlinear polarizability dened as
r
(z) =
_
d
2
r
r
(x, k
0
)|u(r)|
4
, and T
R
is the
Raman response time. In the derivations of Eq. (11) we have used the high-frequency cuto assumption.
[14]
After careful manipulations, the extra additive Heisenberg equation resulting from Raman term

H
r
int
reads
1
i
[

(t, z),

H
r
int
] = i
_
_

0
dt

g(t

, z)

(t t

, z)

(t t

, z) +

r
(t, z)
_

(t, z)
i
_

r
(z)
_
1 T
R

t
_

(t, z)

(t, z) +

r
(t, z)
_

(t, z) , (12)
where

r
(t, z) =
_

0
dR(, z)[

b(t
0
, , z) exp[i(t t
0
)] + h.c.] . (13)
Here we have used the fact that the response function g(t, z) varies very fast as compared to the slowly varying envelope

(t, z). This Markov approximation is generally rather sucient for our purposes.
The quantum stochastic operator

r
(t, z) and its hermite conjugate represent the multiplicative quantum noise
terms dened as the frequency-domain correlation:

(, z)

r
(

, z

) = 2R
2
(, z)[n
th
() + ()](z z

)(

) , (14)
where () is a usual step function, n
th
() = [exp(/kT) 1]
1
, and

r
(, z) denotes the Fourier transform of

r
(t, z) through the following relation:

r
(, z) =
1

2
_
dt exp(it)

r
(t, z) . (15)
2.3 Reservoir Loss and Gain
The photon absorption reservoir here is modelled as a continuum of harmonic oscillators that couple to radiation
modes at the resonant frequency , and the loss Hamiltonian in the interaction picture reads
[8]

H
a
int
=
_

dz
_

0
d{[

(t, z) a

(, z)A(, z) + h.c.] + (
0
) a

(, z) a(, z)} , (16)

where A(, z) is a complex coupling of the photon reservoirs to radiation modes at resonant frequency , and
0
is
a carrier frequency. The reservoir annihilation and creation operators, a(, z) and a

(, z), have the commutator:

[ a(, z), a

, z

)] = (z z

)(

).
In the same way as before, we write the extra additive Heisenberg equation of this kind as
1
i
[

(t, z),

H
a
int
] =
_

0
dt

a
(t

, z)

(t t

, z) +

a
(t, z) , (17)
946 CHEN Shi-Hua, ZHANG Shao-Wu, and SHI Du-Fang Vol. 41
where

a
(t, z) = (t)
_

0
d|A(, z)|
2
exp[i(
0
)t] , (18)

a
(t, z) = i
_

0
dA

(, z) exp[i(
0
)(t t
0
)] a(t
0
, , z) . (19)
In the case of a spatially uniform reservoir with a at spectral density, the WignerWeiskop approximation reduces
Eq. (18) to a simpler Markov case, i.e.,
a
(t, z) =
A
(t), where
A
is a constant. Thus the corresponding frequency-
domain correlations are given by

(, z)

a
(

, z

) = 0 ,

a
(, z)

, z

) = 2
A
(z z

)(

) , (20)
where similarly

a
(, z) and

, z

) are the Fourier transforms of

a
(t, z) and

(t, z), respectively, and n

th
(
0
) 0
for the process of optical frequency domain.
In the interaction picture we can obtain the gain interaction Hamiltonian in the same way, which describes the
interaction of gain reservoirs with radiation modes through a complex coupling function G(, z), neglecting the other
nonlinear eects such as the saturation and dispersion, that is,
[8]

H
g
int
=
_

dz
_

0
d
_
[

(t, z)

(, z)G(, z) + h.c.] +
(
0
)
2

z
(, z)
_
. (21)
Here

(, z) represent the raising and lowering Pauli eld operators for two-level lasing transitions and have the
equal-time commutator: [

(t, , z),

(t,

, z

)] =
z
(, z)(z z

)(

). As such, the extra additive Heisenberg

equation of motion about this case reads
1
i
[

(t, z),

H
g
int
] =
_

0
dt

g
(t

, z)

(t t

, z) +

g
(t, z) , (22)
where

g
(t, z) = (t)
_

0
d|G(, z)|
2
exp[i(
0
)t] , (23)

g
(t, z) = i
_

0
dG

(, z) exp[i(
0
)(t t
0
)]

(t
0
, , z) . (24)
The frequency-space correlations in the WignerWeiskop limit are given for this Markov process
g
(t, z) =
G
(t):

(, z)

g
(

, z

) = 2
G
(z z

)(

) ,

g
(, z)

, z

) = 0 . (25)
3 Generalized QNLS Equation
The complete Heisenberg equation of motion describing the evolution of soliton eld operator

(t, z) can be obtained
most simply by adding Eqs. (12), (17), and (22) to the right-hand side of Eq. (9), viz.
_
v

z
+

t
_

(t, z) =
_
i

0
2

2
z
2
+

0
6

3
z
3
_

(t, z) + i
e
(z)

(t, z)

2
(t, z) + 3(z)

z
[

(t, z)

2
(t, z)]
+ i
_

r
(z)
_
1 T
R

t
_

(t, z)

(t, z) +

r
(t, z)
_

(t, z)
_

0
dt

a
(t

, z)

(t t

, z)
+

a
(t, z) +
_

0
dt

g
(t

, z)

(t t

, z) +

g
(t, z) . (26)
After a renormalization in the propagative reference frame of = (t z/v)/T
0
and = z/L
D
, where T
0
is a typical
initial soliton duration and L
D
= T
2
0
/|k

0
| (k

0
=

0
/v
3
) denotes the dispersion length at carrier frequency
0
for
scaling purpose, we write the resultant Heisenberg equation in the Markov approximation as

=
i
2

2
+ i

2
+
1
6

2
) i

] + i

R
+

, (27)
where =

_
vT
0
/ n is a dimensionless photon eld amplitude and [ (, ),

(,

)] = (vT
0
/ nL
D
)(

). The other
parameters are dened as
=
k

0
T
0
|k

0
|
, =
e
+
r
, =
3
T
0

, n =
v
2
T
0
L
D
, =
T
R

r
T
0

,
No. 6 Quantum Theory of Femtosecond Soliton Propagation in Single-Mode Optical Fibers 947
=
(
A

G
)L
D
v
,
1
=
L
D
v
,
2
=
_
L
3
D
v
3
,

R
=
1

r
,

=
2
[

a
+

g
] .
Therein we have neglected the dependence of parameters ,
e
,
r
, and on position .
The stochastic terms in Eq. (27), according to the generalized WienerKhintchine theorem,
[15]
have the following
time-domain correlations:

(, )

R
(

) =
1
n
(

)(

) ,

+
(, )

) =

G
n
(

)(

) ,

(, )

) =

A
n
(

)(

) , (28)
where
() =
1
2
_
exp[i]
R
()
_
n
th
_
||
T
0
_
+ ()
_
d , (29)
and
R
() = 2R
2
(, L
D
)/,
G
= 2
G
L
D
/v,
A
= 2
A
L
D
/v. Here a shorthand = (, ) is exploited for brevity.
In the above derivations of Eq. (27), a condition of inequality vT
0
L
D
must be satised. For typical values
of the parameters used in practical ultrashort soliton communication ber, this condition is often well satised. The
positive sign in front of the second derivative term applies for anomalous dispersion (

0
> 0), which occurs for longer
wavelengths, whereas the negative sign applies for normal dispersion (

0
< 0).
4 Discussion and Conclusion
We have derived the generalized QNLS equation, which is rather similar to its classical counterpart and is appro-
priate to analyzing the soliton behaviors of femtosecond pulses under all currently known eects such as GVD, SPM,
TOD, self-steepening, self-frequency shift (SFS),
[9]
and the net loss, which, respectively, are denoted sequentially by the
fore six terms on the right-hand side of Eq. (27). The last two terms, which denote correspondingly the multiplicative
and additive stochastic noises, are responsible for the soliton noises,
[16]
which often occur in the communication lines.
Real parameters , , and are small compared with unity and are related to the higher-order eects such as TOD,
self-steepening, and SFS. When the pulses are shorter than 100 fs these higher-order eects are non-negligible and
will play an important role in soliton propagations.
[10]
As compared to GVD and SPM, which produce symmetric
broadening in the time and frequency domain, respectively, and counterbalance to propagate solitons under certain
parametric conditions, these higher-order eects give asymmetrical broadening either temporally or spectrally and also
have the possibilities to yield soliton propagation.
[17]
If all these higher-order eects are omitted which corresponds to
the picosecond-soliton case, equation (27) reduces to the well-known QNLS equation [Eq. (1)], whose soliton solutions
and quantum properties were well-analyzed, as mentioned before.
[17]
Furthermore, provided that gain and loss in the ber are broadband relative to the soliton bandwidth and balance
exactly, i.e., = 0, by omitting the self-frequency shift term, equation (27) reduces to the higher-order QNLS equation
(HQNLS) (the noise sources are not included for brevity):

=
i
2
D

2

2
+ i

2
+
1
6

2
) , (30)
where D = sgn(k

0
). As one might expect, these simplications are reasonable in the subpicosecond-femtosecond
regime for which parameter is considerably small and thus can be neglected. To date, some authors
[18]
have given
the bright and dark soliton or solitary wave solutions of the classical form of Eq. (30) under some specic conditions.
After some appropriate transformations, these one-soliton solutions for bright and dark solitons, respectively, are given
by

0
(, ) =

3
A
exp[i + i()]
cosh[A +q()]
, (D = 1 , < 0 , bright) , (31)
where
=
3 +
2
,
q()

= A
_
1
6
A
2

1
2

2
+
_
,
()

=
_
1
2
(1 )A
2
+
1
6

1
2

2
_
,
and

0
(, ) =

3
Atanh[A Q()] exp[i + i()] , (D = 1 , > 0 , dark) , (32)
948 CHEN Shi-Hua, ZHANG Shao-Wu, and SHI Du-Fang Vol. 41
where
=
3
2
,
Q()

= A
_
1
3
A
2
+
1
2

2
+
_
,
()

=
_
(1 + )A
2
+
1
6

3
+
1
2

2
_
,
where A denotes the intrinsic soliton parameter.
If the self-frequency shift cannot be neglected (or equivalently, in a femtosecond domain), to our knowledge, nobody
has reported the soliton or solitary wave solution for Eq. (27) recently. However, through appropriate soliton control
techniques such as bandwidth-limited amplication
[19]
and nonlinear gain,
[20]
the model equation
[21]
[the modied
classical form of Eq. (27)] also has some stable solitonlike solutions (e.g., see Eq. (4) in Ref. [21]) which are rather
robust against the perturbations of amplitude, white noise, and chirp up to 3000 dispersion lengths. Once the classical
solutions about Eq. (27) [including Eqs. (31) and (32)] are known exactly, we can exploit some robust strategies,
which have been developed before,
[6,7]
to solve Eq. (27) or its modied form quantum mechanically and to analyze its
quantum properties directly.
In summary, we have derived the generalized QNLS equation [Eq. (27)] with considering the TOD and Kerr
dispersion, which is applicable to the femtosecond regime and is suitable for discussing the quantum properties of
femtosecond solitons in single-mode optical bers, as compared with its classical counterpart. As usual, one can solve
Eq. (27) quantum-mechanically by treating all higher-order eects as perturbations to the well-analyzed NLS equation
referring to classical manipulations.
[16,22]
Or one can transform this quantum operator equation into the stochastic
dierential equation by using the phase-space methods.
[7,8]
We can expect that all these methods can be facilitated to
a great extent by citing correctly the classical results obtained before.
[10,16,18,21]
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