Problem 3-2

In Hilbert Space finctions are square integrable,

the inner product must exist, and in particular, <f f > =
_
a
b
Abs[f (x)]
2
dx;
f (x) = x

on the interval 0 to 1
f (x) = x

_
0
1
(x

)
2
dx
Set::write : Tag Times in f x is Protected. >
x

IfRe[] > -
1
2
,
1
1 + 2
, Integratex
2
, {x, 0, 1], Assumptions - Re[] -
1
2

Assuming]Re[] > -
1
2
,
_
0
1
(x

)
2
dx
1
1 + 2
Assuming]Re[] < -
1
2
,
_
0
1
(x

)
2
dx
Integrate::idiv : Integral of x
2
does not converge on 0, 1. >

0
1
x
2
ox
Assuming]Re[] = -
1
2
,
_
0
1
(x

)
2
dx
Set::write : Tag Re in Re[] is Protected. >
$Assumptions::bass :
1
2
is not a wellformed assumption. >
Integrate::bass :
1
2
is not a wellformed assumption. >
IfRe[] > -
1
2
,
1
1 + 2
, Integratex
2
, {x, 0, 1], Assumptions - -
1
2
&& Re[] -
1
2

if <
1
2
, solution blows up,
and if =
1
2
,
_
0
1
(x

)
2
dx =
_
0
1
x
2
dx =
_
0
1
x
1
dx =
_
0
1
dx
x
,
> , ,
Printed by Mathematica for Students
= ln (x)
0
1
= ln (1) ln (0) = o, and it blows up.
Therefore >
1
2
, and then the inner product of f with itself =
1
1 +2
,
otherwise the integral does not converge;
3-2 b.
In Hilbert Space,
_
a
b
f (x)
2
dx < o, and when =
1
2
,
this is true, so f (x) is in Hilbert space ,
_
0
1
_x
1
2 _
2
dx
1
2
In Hilbert Space,
_
a
b
f (x)
2
dx < o, and when =
1
2
, this is true,
so f (x) is in Hilbert space ; as is x f (x); but the derivative of f (x0) is
1
2 x
and
_
a
b
1
2 x
2
dx =
1
4
_
0
1
dx
x
which is not less than o.
_
0
1
x _x
1
2 _
2
dx
1
3
D]x
1
2 , x
1
2 x
_
0
1
1
2 x
2
dx
Integrate::idiv : Integral of
1
x
does not converge on 0, 1. >

0
1
1
4 x
ox
3-5.
a. Find Hermitian conjugate of x, p, and

x
2 Griffiths Ch 3 Selected Solutions in Quantum Mechanics prob 2,5,7,10,11,12,21,22,27.nb
Printed by Mathematica for Students
3-5.
a. Find Hermitian conjugate of x, p, and

x
Q

=( Q

T
)
-
so
for x, using brafket notation,
( f xgj =
_
o
o
f
-
(x g) dx
=
_
o
o
(xf)
-
(g) dx
= (xf g) therefore x

= x
i

= i
T-
= i
-
= i
for i, using brafket notation,
( f i g_ =
_
o
o
f
-
(i g) dx
=
_
o
o
(i f)
-
(g) dx
= (i f g_ therefore i

= i
for
d
dx
, using brafket notation,
f
d
dx
g_ =
_
o
o
f
-
d
dx
g dx so this must be integrated by parts :
= [f
-
g]
o
o

_
o
o
df
dx
-
g dx and the first termgoes to zero
=
_
o
o
df
dx
-
g dx
therefore f
d
dx
g_ =
df
dx
g_
d
dx

=
d
dx
3-5.
b. Find Hermitian conjugate of a

Griffiths Ch 3 Selected Solutions in Quantum Mechanics prob 2,5,7,10,11,12,21,22,27.nb 3

Printed by Mathematica for Students
a
+
=
1
2 m
(i p + mx)
Since the operators p and x are Hermitian,
p

= p and x

= x, and froma above, i

= i,
a
+

=
1
2 m
(i p + mx)
3-5.
c. Show (QR)

= R

(using Q

= Q, and R

= R for brevity)
(f |(QR)

g) =
_
f
-
(QR)

g dx =
_
f
-
|Q

g] dx =
_
|Q

f
-
] |R

g] dx =
_
|R

f
-
] (g) dx =
_
|(R Q)

f
-
] (g) dx
therefore (QR)

= R

3-7. a.
Q f =q f since q is an eigenfunction of Q and
Q g = q g
so if m = f + g then
Q m = Q f + Q g = qf + qg
so Q m = q (f +g) and mis an eigenfunction of Q with eigenvalue q
b.
f (x) = :
x
g (x) = :
x
operate on both functions with operator
d
2
dx
2
d
2
dx
2
:
x
= :
x
4 Griffiths Ch 3 Selected Solutions in Quantum Mechanics prob 2,5,7,10,11,12,21,22,27.nb
Printed by Mathematica for Students
d
2
dx
2
:
x
= :
x
so both f and g are eigenfunctions of operator
d
2
dx
2
, and the eigenvalue is 1 for both;
:
x
+ :
x
= 2 Cosh[x];
:
x
:
x
= 2 Sinh[x];
these are orthogonal to each other;
3-10.
Ground state wave function :
1 =
2
a
Sin_
n x
a
where n = 1
momentumoperator p = i
d
dx
Question : is b 1 = i
d
dx
1?
i
d
dx
2
a
Sin_
x
a
=
i
2
a

a
Cos_
x
a
which can never equal a constant b 1;
so the ground state wave function is not an eigenfunction of the momentumoperator
D_
2
a
Sin_
x
a
_ , x_
2
1
a
3/2
Cos
x
a

3-11.
Griffiths Ch 3 Selected Solutions in Quantum Mechanics prob 2,5,7,10,11,12,21,22,27.nb 5
Printed by Mathematica for Students
Find the momentumspace wave function T(p, t)
for a particle in the ground state of the harmonic oscillator.
Ground state 0 (x, t) =
m

1
4
:

m
2
x
2
:

i t
2
T(p, t) =
1
2
_
o
o
:
i p xf
(x, t) dx
=
1
2
_
o
o
:
i p xf
m

1
4
:

m
2
x
2
:

i t
2
dx
=
1
2
m

1
4
_
o
o
:
i p xf
:

m
2
x
2
:

i t
2
dx
T(p, t) =
1
(m )
1
4
:

1
2
i t
p
2
2 m
_
-

e
-r p x/
e
-
m
2
x
2
e
-
r t
2 dx
IfRe
m

> 0,
c
-
1
2
f t -
p
2
2 m 2
m

,
Integratec
-
2 f p x+m x
2
+f t
2 , {x, -, ], Assumptions - Re
m

0
Assuming_Re_
m

_ > 0,
1
2
m

1
4
e
-
r t
2
_
-

e
-r p x/
e
-
m
2
x
2
dx_ // FullSimplify
c
-
1
2
f t -
p
2
2 m

1/4

1/4

3-11. b
3-12.
Given :
(x) =
1
2
_
o
o
:
i p xf
T(p) dp
6 Griffiths Ch 3 Selected Solutions in Quantum Mechanics prob 2,5,7,10,11,12,21,22,27.nb
Printed by Mathematica for Students

-
(x) =
1
2
_
o
o
:
i q xf
T
-
(q) dq
T(p) =
1
2
_
o
o
:
i p xf
(x) dx
T
-
(p) =
1
2
_
o
o
:
i p x'f

-
(x') dx'
1
2
_
o
o
:
i p x'f
:
i p xf
dp = (x x')
Substitute the expression for T(p) and T
-
(p) into the right hand side of the equation, then
_
o
o
T
-
(p)

i
o
o p
T(p) dp =
_
o
o
1
2
_
o
o
:
i p x'f

-
(x') dx'

i
o
o p
1
2
_
o
o
:
i p xf
(x) dx dp
Nowmove the derivative inside the x integral to get
_
o
o
T
-
(p)

i
o
o p
T(p) dp =
1
2
_
o
o
_
_
o
o
:
i p x'f

-
(x') dx' _
_
o
o
x :
i p xf
(x) dx dp
Nowmove all the p dependence to interior and obtain
_
o
o
T
-
(p)

i
o
o p
T(p) dp =
_
o
o
_
o
o

-
(x') (x)
1
2
_
o
o
:
i p x'f
:
i p xf
dp x dx dx'
The expression in parentheses is the Dirac delta function. By
integrating over x' we get what we expect,
_
o
o
T
-
(p)

i
o
o p
T(p) dp =
_
o
o
_
o
o

-
(x') (x) (x x') x dx dx' =
_
o
o

-
(x) (x) x dx =
_
o
o

-
(x) x (x) dx = < x >
3-21a. A matrix is said to be idempotent if A
2
=A;
the projection operator is defined as P

= a) a ;
so P
2
fj = P

fj = P

aj (a f)
Griffiths Ch 3 Selected Solutions in Quantum Mechanics prob 2,5,7,10,11,12,21,22,27.nb 7
Printed by Mathematica for Students
and we knowthat a bra acting on a function results in a scalar,
c , so (a f) can be shifted, and leaves P

acting on aj :
P
2
fj = (a f) ( P

a) = (a f) aj
(a a) where we know (a a) = 1
so P
2
fj = (a f) aj = aj a f = P

f
so P
2
fj = P

f and the projection operator is idempotent.

3-21b. Find the eigenvalues, and characterize the eigenfunctions.
we have two equations :
P
2
= f
2

and P

= f where is the eigenvalue

so since P

= P
2
then f f
2
= 0 so f (f 1 ) = 0;
the two solutions are 1 and 0;
3-22.
ket | 1 ) 2 | 2 ) | 3 )
ket | 1 ) 2 | 3 )
Syntax::sntxf : "i" cannot be followed by " 1 ) ".
Syntax::sntxi : Incomplete expression; more input is needed.
so
abra = i < 1 2 < 2 +i < 3
bra = i < 1 2 < 3
( > = (i < 1 2 < 2 + i < 3 ) (i 1 > +2 3 >)
= i (i) < 1 1 > + (i) (2) < 3 3 >
= 1 +2 i
( > =
8 Griffiths Ch 3 Selected Solutions in Quantum Mechanics prob 2,5,7,10,11,12,21,22,27.nb
Printed by Mathematica for Students
aket {, 2, }
ket {, 0, 2}
abra {, 2, }
bra {, 0, 2}
i, 2, i
i, 0, 2
i, 2, i
i, 0, 2
abra ket
1, 0, 2 i
bra aket
1, 0, 2 i
so
< a > = < a >;
Aop = a > < ;
A11 = < 1 a > < 1 > = (i) (i) = 1;
A12 = < 1 a > < 2 > = (i) (0 ) = 0;
A13 = < 1 a > < 3 > = (i) (2) = 2 i;
A21 = < 2 a > < 1 > = (2) (i) = 2 i;
A22 = < 2 a > < 2 > = (2) (0) = 0;
A23 = < 2 a > < 3 > = (2) (2) = 4;
A31 = < 3 a > < 1 > = (i) (i) = 1;
A32 = < 3 a > < 2 > = (i) (0) = 0;
A33 = < 3 a > < 3 > = (i) (2) = 2 i;
so Am = 1, 0, 2 i, 2 i, 0, 4, 1, 0, 2 i
Am {{1, 0, 2 }, {2 , 0, 4}, {1, 0, 2 }};
[[ MatrixForm
1 0 2 i
2 i 0 4
1 0 2 i
Griffiths Ch 3 Selected Solutions in Quantum Mechanics prob 2,5,7,10,11,12,21,22,27.nb 9
Printed by Mathematica for Students
Transpose|Am];
[[ MatrixForm
1 2 i 1
0 0 0
2 i 4 2 i
Am daggar also requires conjugate, but i already see that Am is not equal to Am daggar and it is not hermitian.
3-27.
1 =
(3 1 +4 2)
5
2 =
(4 1 3 2)
5
Set
A 1 = a1 1
A 2 = a2 2
B 1 = b1 1
B 2 = b2 2
(x, t) = _c
n

n
A n = an n
measure A
_a
n
c
n
2
where c
n
2
is the probability that a
particle in state will be in state n at a time in the future ;
The value obtained is a1, an eigenvalue, so 1 is now = a1;
measure B
the state of the systemis 1 =
3
5
1 +
4
5
2
since 1 and 2 are both eigenstates of B, either b1 or b2 could occur
Probability of b1 =
3
5
2
=
9
25
Probability of b2 =
4
5
2
=
16
25
10 Griffiths Ch 3 Selected Solutions in Quantum Mechanics prob 2,5,7,10,11,12,21,22,27.nb
Printed by Mathematica for Students
Put 1 and 2 in terms of 1 and 2
1 =
3
5
1 +
4
5
2
2 =
4
5
1
3
5
2
to get probability of a1, look at 1
Prob[a1] =
9
25
3
5
2
+
16
25
4
5
2
= 0.5392
9
25
3
5
2
+
16
25
4
5
2
337
625
N_
9
25
3
5
2
+
16
25
4
5
2
_
0.5392
Griffiths Ch 3 Selected Solutions in Quantum Mechanics prob 2,5,7,10,11,12,21,22,27.nb 11
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