Sunteți pe pagina 1din 56

w

<DNA

File G:\qqq\Borders\BORDER34.TIF not found.

w<DNA
'n ^i'

~g ~&+ZY M?

na^gsZ] E
W
5kB Z1Z !*
zeY GEZ
'^'

:Z !*
Mg m ~^W
na^gsZ] E
5kB Z1Z
Ph.No:04024469996(6:30 to 10:30 pm)

Website: www.ziaislamic.com
Email:zia.islamic@yahoo.co.in

<DNA

p*
* et ]

w<DNA

[ x **

eY GEZ ~g ~&+ZY M? :

na^gsZ] E
W
5kB Z1Z !*
z

;@*

Y 2011

yx| 1432

wzZ T

q
-Z
( 1000)g ZD

Z Z

[zg 35

!*
Mg m ~^W
n
a^gsZ] E
5kB Z1Z

**

040-24469996:y !*
Mgm ~^W
n
R,
]_Z1Z

-i
8

~g k
,
;Z

$
"

~&<g+Z[Zqr
# ~g ZuZzq**

-i+gsz6,
8

!*
Wg m(eY

!*
Mg m ~^W
n
a^gsZ] E
5kB Z1Z

!*
Mg {g7hkgi
+R,

!*
Mg ~r y[
!*
Mgm~&z',
zgk%A6,
]_Z1Z
G
!*
Mg m ~^] E
5kB Z G
E
04$
px { g
pS{g
Hi Z{]|?
g7KuF,
W: {[8;
]pzyZ`

@*
v

<DNA

k`
5
7
8
10
10
11
12
12
13
14
14
15
18
20
20
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
26

K Z :XZ]gDNA
b)igzZ DNA
s Z DNA
lzz DNA
| DNA
F,
0
Y Zb

ZgzZ DNA
w^g7gDNA~{0<
**
Zz<DNA6,

C
?[ Z<DNAH
w DNA~)lO
?b Z~]gxy%=g f<DNA
Zz<DNAb
]ogzZ^g7g DNA
Z
wZ]o
'gg elZ
]o
9b (1)
b (2)
o!*
-I
>XE
z (3)
o (4)
]{ c*
i{ c*
igzZ n]o
jzh
+'
]o

























w
27
29
31
31
33
33
36
36
38
38
38
39
40
40
41
42
43
43
43
46
47
48
49
50

<DNA

^g7gDNAgzZy
g Z.
**
W!*
.
lZ

w^g7g DNAgzZ
X [Z0
<
X [Z~]o=gfDNA
<
4~}g !*
<

^7g DNAgzZ
wZ
~x Z
gZ Z
~*yW

**
: Z1 Wypx?Zm-]| (1)
**
ue1x?Zm- ]|(2)
x?Zmy]|(3)
g Z Z
~fg
$ q Z
g Z Z
gzZ]b

7x
]o
]o=g f^g7g DNA
?|
# Zi6,

C^g7g DNAH
jz**
i]o
gZ
Z ( 1)
] ( 2)
g Z.
**
^g7g DNA~mzzu
Zz<DNA~)l**
i
<DNAgzZy
x Z {f0DNA


























<DNA

n
Y M?]|6,
www.ziaislamic.com V
$d
$z sZ

E
G
E
W
n a^g sZ ] 5kB Z1Z !*
z eY Z ~g ~&+Z
n
zgt :zb |
# z
zh
+y

g !*
zg z]g {ze >i { izgi ~z
6,] ~ NZz x vz ^
,Y**
z^
,Y x Zwz w'
z
z
g ZZ XgzZ ]gzbX ~zjzg6,zR
wZL 6,
LV
$d
$z
HHg (Z
D Vz,zg "Z~]!*
Z
?D W]Z }g=g fT
,
*=g f,
MZ *
@Y HwgZ 7Z
g]!*
Zr
#
bZ gzZ j7 q
-Z n V V
$ d
$z sZt ~C

XK)q
-Z n Z
Z Zzg~ vgzZwj
WWW.ZIAISLAMIC.COM V
$ d
$z ,i Z {z
~z6,
{ .Z Z Z
Zg ZD
M@*
: Zizg T
{f 7
6,
Qd
$z Zg vgzZ-i
+z[k- ,
-:{zkZg
4-i
b pz~ ]Zh
+]
. ~z~ ^ F
+z gzZk
,

Z e
$. ;gY H .Z { c*
i kZ ~ qgz DNAzg F,
r
# ?]|n i b) 0 kZ,',
q
$ zb
kZwzzZ }p[
k
,
[ q
-ZB iE
] }
.g Zzr
# ?~ sZ}[t g DW_
jnxib)h
+]
.cx Zsq
-Z ~
/q
-Z
kZ vZ ZgnkeZ a^gsZgzZsZ}s~uz
X }W
x`

Zr
# ?]|gzZ
x [
)

Zz

!*
Wg m ~^W
na^g sZ] E
5kB Z1Z

6
File
E:\1\m\10.jpg
not found.

<DNA

^n f ] n( o $ ] F$ ] (n ^ ] h( # v]
n ] e^v] (ma^_$ ] n fn( _$ ] $ oF (n ]
= e ^$ ] ! m( ] m oF] ^u^ e ` fi ` f$u] oF (n q]

G7E#
g)
,
z]
{y


ZzZy
KZ vZ

: \h
g Z 6 J e~+4gzZ c*
z` @*
Zz wZZ +4y
KZ " u*] o ^] ^
X c*

Za~|
#
!mi
G
45 Z >g)
( 4X EG
Y
IZ } Q H Za N T

X 3gyi Z ~|
# ~gzZ H
 g

: \~g !*

g Z2
p$]
]$

!
( 7Xg Z >g)

]gz ^z |
# y
KZ ]{kZ

: Z
g ZOgg " ~kZ
ZgzZ~ s ZZV*
KKZ7Z G o ^] o ^i ^m! `m
Zz6,yZJ
-V N 3~ VZf $*] ` n$f jm oj#u `*]
e( e m ]* % v]
\W7t H
hz Y $]*
X {Z6,
qC
[g

!n` o ( o

( 53X >Z3>g)

<DNA

:c*

*ZzvZxy%Z**
]|]Z[!*
f] ^] p_] n

n q ] i]

! Z c*
Z (,q
-Z ~ Z
#

?N*
g&tH

K
Z :XZ]gDNA
! Z
g x n Z g0
+Z
KZ O
L ; ( Immune System)x ( Nervous System)x
x{z Z ]g
' x t {)z ( Digestive System)x
VE
KYzx4Zg ZsW
z Zz LZ V*
K
X
K Zq
-Z DNAV~V
IZ~
V ~
KZ kZ !*
zn ]g vZt
/7EVzhz
{7 ~ kZ c*
y
kZ3C
~ yZ
g ( cells) G

g0
+Z LZ hu ;i Zg x 0
+
i 3r
# DNAL L
X ZaBg Zlq
-ZqC
G

: Z
gZ
!e ^ o $ ^$
( 49XZ >g)

X{g Zlq
-Zk0*
kZqC
gzZ

: ~g !*

g Z2
!]e o %
( 8XZ >g)

Bg Zl{ KZqC
c*
e~gI]c*
WyZ g
V ]g Zz t Z ~ DNA C
vZO Za

<DNA

g ZZz ]Z kZ gH R/z
A & kZ ~ T Og
bx nZ
czD
) z]zI k
,
iz
) z]g wkZG
X
gHzglBggzZ RkZ
wq y
KZ =g f<DNA Z
# V Z0
xVZy

z Vp zz zg0
+Z && ~z 8 kZ 0 wgzZ
{z
H1DNA T YYc*
]!*
kZ ^g7g <DNA $
Y

rg ZZz
A &J
-u{z~ /z ]
]**
Z C~ ^ ( Coding) ig ]x t ~?DNA
LZ,kZy
KZg
xq
-Z ]gs Z0Z]tb~*
gT~Zzt W{z ;g0
+iwVzg ZD
~
]c*
g Z f g'XN W} 8
-g gVE
K]gZgz x
: {g
Z+
$YZ~21e
$W
7? H V*
K~ z }g vgzZ ]* *] o
X ?
! fi
gZZ >g)
( 21X ]c*

'
'b)igzZ DNA
6,
0
+
i Czy
KZt 7s Z q
-ZDNA
kZgzZ 0
+
i C 7zJ
-]PaxsZ<
;gi Z0
+Z W,
Z

KZ]gzZ @*
z c~}g !*
Vx v
DNAt 0#
Z n kZ @*
yib) Zz W7~

<DNA

X e**
ib) Zz} 9JZzz
^g7g <DNA ~ ~gz'Yt 0DNA
y sZQ _g (Z w]o ~ ] l {)z **
i O
? zg H
wJ.
J
-u ~ b)^g7g <DNA {0<
zg <
L z [iX D YGf b)P ~kZ ? g Z

: k
~gZ)f xsZY f**
x~
] Zz q=g fkZ ? Hw<DNA

( 1)

?7c*
YZz < Zuz DNA H ?Yc*
zg H
m6,
CkZgzZ YY H"
$U*
x`

O=g f<DNAH

( 2)

?7c*
Y Wxie
$ c*
]g6,
CkZ H x**
y7 C
^g7g <DNA

( 3)

?7c*
$
c_ b Z
zz 60
+Z ~g F $ c*
{ xg Z gzZ

( 4)

? YYc*
Zz<DNAgzZb H

;ggZC

Zz s %Z yxg~gzZC
0 ^

( 5)

kZ D{ .Z <DNAH g C
^ kZ ~gzZ
?7c*
YYH"
$U*
._^g7g
c*
W Vg ~ Z
Z F kZ gzZ: x ^
/Z

( 6)

?7c*
wJ.
n]o^g7g DNA

10

<DNA

?7c*
g Z.
^g7g DNAc*
Wn"
$U*
x`

**
i ( 7)
XC
D ck
,
i]Zzg kZ yZ
 u0 <DNA
[q
-Z 8 y kZgzZw<DNA~}g !*

X =pZv!*
zX g Y
VZi Z N Y 7] ~gz0 DNA~kZ
X YHZz~b){g6,
g-

'
's Z DNA

4J& q

 ( Fredrick Miescher)hG
-gi
+
~ Y 1869

4
4hG
.nG
L e i c e s t e r ) ;gE- H
~ Y 1 9 8 4 H s Z } Z +Z ~ e
4E
58E~ y ( University
&Z Z e (Genetic Scientist) H
5G
G
E
38E
q
-ZgzZ "
$U*
$ Z kZ~ Z`
e

(Alec Jeffreys) m,G


@*
{ Ozgq
-Z ~ bzg ~ fC
H"
$U*
VrZ ~ kZ H
!
@*
i }uz bzg ~ fC
~ T Lg @*
vg
X Lg7ykZ x Z
Zz gzZ

'
'lzz DNA
VzhzV~ bzg ~fC
x **
} Ozg, Z DNA

Deoxy-Ribo- nucleic Acid xg DNA


*
@Yc*
0*
~ V
: CYs
# zp Z~x **
DNAV
**
Y**
Y =De=

11

<DNA

xW =oxy=
x **
]nq
-Z Zg =ribo=
{
/
%3=nucleic=
F,
Zzpg{! Z!=acid=
Zg Zz pg C
xWq
-Z Z%Zg W ~ e V
5E
-Z :DNA;t x|kZF,ZgzZ {
q
/
%3 Z% G
XF,
~
/
%Zzpg C
xW
]q
-Z Zz q ( gum arabic) 0
+
! Zg Zg
( subsahara-) WZ Y
Z ! 0
+
! fp ''arabinose'' i! L L
X @*
q( acacia) Z} 7 ZzY0*
~

'
'| DNA
R,
bT $
Y wVsfzgq| DNA
D
g igHTML ZzW6,
( browser)gi Z',
+YDQ 6,}i bZ
D( Codes)igDNA~g Z0
$N*
_ LtL zggzZ]gz^~C
g Z0
+Y
kZZg ( phenotype) U
4E
7)'
4E
5G
5G
~ e
C ( eH
g OZgz {7 g0
+Z} Z +Z ~ e~]
( genotype) U
$N*
L L OZgzi : YZ t 0
+
i ~g7
H~ } Z +Z
X @*
B
+hZ~z K +Z s
# z t
OZgzigzZ ~C
i
{zc*
._ 2
$hZ n LZ6,g x Z
/
z6,
Zz W6,

12

<DNA

nkZgzZ
YY6,
gz wV ~C
ipx Z
/
z6,
X C
/
g 6,
gzg0
+Z# OZgzi2
$hZ

'
'0,
FY Z

bZgzZ DNA
c*
0*
~ k],
Zz {z @*
~Vz
/
% ]Vzg Z0
+Y x DNA
xW 0g (Macro Molecule) L 0* (Z q
-Z Zz Y
[;
X
C(Elements) 6 kg` gzZ Xz>** Xzg +
^ O
/g Z Vx Z0
+{ _g Z DZg m DNA
@*
W~ * kZ ( chromosome) qxziz \!*
V LZ
X Tgg0
+ZkZaix @*
{z
X YYHzgzZo**

w!*
y
KZ<DNA
&zi Zn)
45G
G
5F
( c*
H
G
~ Y ZZ 0 kZ ] ~gz~ }g !*
DNA
X *
@YHyb){f

'
'w^g7g DNA~{0<
] Zz q=g fkZ ? Hw<DNA

( 1)

? YZz<Zuz DNAH ?Yc*


zg H
7zg z ]o^g7g <DNA ~ zg {0<
]mZgZX,',
~zg
zwkZ @*
YYc*

~ ]g Y 0*
:
L LV;z ~gz?z q zgi Z n

13

<DNA

7uz? n)l]o] {q=g f<DNA


<DNAV;z $
Y Z
~]mZgZX%Z
b ]kZ vZY
yZ N Yx] {q=gf
X g W~Kb)
7]oDgzZ=gf x "
$U*
x`

^g7g <DNA Z
)zyYgzZlxxZz%Z^g7gtV;$

"
$
"
$U*
{) 0E
0G
gzZ B
bg wgz yz~ 6,
g
^g7gkZpYYH{W6,
gZ
Z|`zzkZgzZ
XYYc*
7e
$c*
m zu6,

'
'*
* Zz<DNA,
6 C

~ Zi W g Z
/0
+
i{g~ <zu6,gLZC
xsZ
xsZ }h
+N0 0
+
i}uz 7ht p
n Zzg kZ h g Z
/0
+
iB ~ Zi W
Z e~ y}uzgzZ
rg 7ZzgZ%]i YZ~ y}uz
,',
g Zz $
+gzZ ~ *yW
O g Z
qN
}uzC

/Z YZz7< DNAgzZ qzgi Z


gzZ x $
+z ~ { Y ~} ]i YZ Zz<DNA
4E
-G
&g _(,]Z W,
@G
]gz gzZ B Y )~ { G
SE
Z tkZ
z gzZ w n kZ

@*
0*
gZ
gzZ**
Zz<DNA CZp

14

<DNA

X s ZuZ
@*
s

'
'?[Z<DNAH
V } : [ Z~ ]5v gzZ mz zu
/Z
-Z c*
q
%q
-Z sV;zg g ZVgzgzZ%q
-Z c*
ZVz'Mz
? $
gzZ ] ^g7gDNAH ]gq
-ZgzZ%
/J43X eD
zq
-Z~wqC
<DNA G
bgdf]!*
t~kZ
b)V; Y7',Z',Zg
Zg !*
/gzZ
p n V;z C wJ.
Z q
-Z V ~
X g Wc0,,g Z.
<DNA

'
'w DNA~)lO
m6,
CkZgzZ YY H"
$U*
x`

O=g f<DNAH

( 2)

?Wxi
6,
CkZgzZ YY H6,kZ ^g7g DNA ~ ROH
?H kZzg{0<? $
Y~ Zw
Zz%ZgzZ)h
+'
)lgzZ:
/Z~)lO
c_kZ qgzZ YkC]gzZz<DNAxn W
Z xF
/Z Zz<DNA CZ e xF }
<DNA CZ Z
X Yg6nkZ7Z ( Judge),g ZZz
0
+
K kZ=g f ^g7g Zz<DNA xF%Z

15

<DNA

e
$ c*
mgzZ YYc*
g Z
7L
Z6
,

C^g7gkZC
V# @*
D] !*
kZ=g f<DNAnkZ YYc*
7
g c*
-~x`
q

c*
xz @*
7"
$U*
tp 6
,
] Zg ZzY
T ] Zg Zz Y e M
h] Z F~ kZn kZ
Z Z , Z { z
H1 ( forensic sample):%g
V ; z kZ c*
c*
Wn X y Y x n
gz Z Hg ( Zg Z
{ Zg ] Zg Zz Y{ DL Z Z<
gz Z
] Z bkZ
H
/
,] Zg Zz x {)z w !*
6
o**
kZ ~ z Z k Z
C Y` Sg 7w q]g0 L
-Za 6
,
C
G
-o!
Zw L B Z Y 0
+
KL
<DNA ~ ]g+ Z n kZ
X:g Z
Z {z4z@*
YYc*
7g Z

Y7~g Yu q6,
Cp Y O6,kZ V;
7]o~
Cz ~O<DNA D Yzuzz Y
/Z Ygz yz~ { Zg )z x`

@*
@*
0*
gZ

^g7g DNA
s Z e !*
C;6,kZ YYH{Z @*
xg Zz g] W =g f
| H [g Z x`

{z @*
$
Y b@*b7 kZ
zgxsZy Q :{ ZgzZ}:g Z
Z {z
/ZXg Z
Z
X YYc*
gZ
7L

'
'?b Z~]gxy%=gf<DNA
]g6,
CkZ H x**
y7 C
^g7g <DNA

( 3)

16

<DNA

? $
c_ b Z
{ Zg Z b T {0<n Zg Zzb
yxgzi @*

N @*
b ~gzZ ~ ]i YZ kZ
i 0
+
i YZzi ZgzZ YZa ] z yi
/Z g EZzg ZG 0*

M
hY G 7bZi[Z {z
/Z YHgz[ZkZ Y 0
X , gkZ ec*
Ogb G
00_Ig e{z *
@Yc*
h
]gkZ H h yn%C
x=g f <DNA
/Z
W
?g (Z c_ b ZgzZ CC
~<zgi Z~
Hf{)z m',
x Z_
. y~ [Zb Z xsZ Y 
: D
k
,
mvZ G
*9g )Y !Zo
b 6,gi**
{ kZC
%

gn

]g zz T o g !* ] ^] ^`m
zZx Z_
.y&g Z xgBkZ

]r] r^e

H Z b zz kZJ
-V m',
g |^] f]
X YY

!|^] e m oju
( 639 mb ]
dZxzoz`b ]
dZ[ 2 ` ZZK
M F, E
5{Z Z$+)
-
G
G
*9gx Z~ s Z 0*J'ZgzZ vZ G
*9gN
m 0Zx Z w
x Z x Z
~4} $
c_ b Zzz yC
]gtZg mvZ
Dy ,~kZ x ZY %Z 6,wmvZ G
*9gx Z ~ :
! y( 2) E
3)
3!y( 1) :e9z y
E

17

<DNA

3!y(1)
54Xt E
b Z Ug]g~ ]gkZ EZ yG
! y(2)X@*
3)
qhc_
~gy9z9zt E
kZY ~ wq
-Z n `C
~ ]g+Z
X $
c_ b Z]g:bZin%
:~~K~z
g y
/Z : c*

mvZ G
*9gx Z ] u v ^
b T 5X J
- w q
-Z Z r] ^ ] o^i
{zgzZ CY ~ ~ ]g ~%** $ ^ qm ^$^u
bgg (Z]g:q w q
-Z ]] v] e ]nm
{z EZ y
/ZgzZ ^f_ ^ ] fm
Z Dg (Z Z gzZ #

!^ e gr^`

X ~~zqb
! o] p^v] o]
4E
5Z{Z[]Zt Z[1`~K~zE
(526m EG
)6,g C
x=g f^g7g DNA
/Z~ zg ,kZ
E
Eg
Y : qg (Z c_b L ]g6, kZ y7gzZ yi Z
iC

/Z Z E<XDk,5+g] Z W,ZkZ 7n%{7zguy
]gkZ c*
g Z
EZgzZ ` ykZ nC
gzZ VC
yU*
W6,g
y
/Z u b Z6,c_ kZgzZ bg q hc_ Z~ ~
&c*
` C
J
-wq
-Z : q h b Z]g ` LE
g
gg (Z]gwq
-Z :gz n%yZgzwq
-Z
/Z 5Y~

<DNA

18

XgBZ e}
c_ b Z e

'
'Zz<DNAb
Hzz 60
+Z~g F$c*
{xg Z gzZ

( 4)

? YYc*
Zz<DNAgzZb
t 0 gzZ
<DNA b gY ]!*
2~~g Fu **
z$c*
YZz @*
ebg Z
~gz
X : Za ~gFZ0
+{{Wc*
7
:gZzu 0*
$u0 {n/"b
g
yxg}g v9 tVYNZ ?

m ] pu] ^ ^n] ]

X=g f EZ
!^ne
+
E
! B Z ZZ Y Y [!*
$u GE
b ]
dZ[Z1Z p~F,
Y)
( 1110:g
~ (F,
b +Z zmvZ -u0*
g2
X{ c*
i
A &6/z!*
Zz~T
: u 0*
$uO
g
y{ Zzpg
A &{ c*
i6gzZ Zz

]]qi

6,]~g v~VZv~Yz b

$^ o^ ]

X VZz
] e
E
-
2052 :g
$uX Y Z u zH,
Z [!*
b]
dZ [ zZ ! Z )
G

-
0Z[ !*
$u G ZzH,G
G
b ]
dZ[
K
( 3240:g

19

<DNA

b X Yc*
Zz< DNA { T7,ZgZt p
{n gzZ
"
$U*
]i YZ J
-u {n s fg
$ qZ
W0 z ZgzZ nx Cgzp^z ]g9
+ Y6bZ YY 3g pg ZB[g Zz m,
n
X YYc*
{ i Z0
+Z zZ&Zp{~
yZ0
+{n
q=g f<DNAs ',
kZ {],
Z gZ yZ
C

/Z7`g { kZ 0
+
i WzgkZ {],
Z ] Zz
# V ZbaYc*
Z
gZ
i< DNA b n
~
KZ $
xVc*
g Fzg0
+Zx Zz W7{W=gfkZ
=g f<DNA
/Z CZq
-Z CV Vc*
g F
x& N Y G xnZ%Z {7 Zz W7 {W
wg e 7*
* b kZ
Zz g F ~ wV#
gzZ}g {gzZ g6,Zz<DNA
wq ]gkZ ~gzZ N Y {g % 0
+
i YZzi Z VH
XVW',
}u **

b 0
+
i YZzi Z n[!*
}yZ~ {0<,',
X 7R Zz< DNA
/Z
C
~g F b gz Z Y ~
%< DNA
$ zg <gz Z $
Y ~g Z
/0
+i zgz Z yz 3W
E
W
p
g ^ C=g f Zgz Z 7 t :zz V- g F

20

<DNA

6,g8 Y 60
+Z kZ Wt ] !*
V- g F Zz h~ w
h ~g F ~ wq, 7I ~
Zz V- g F y Z { z 7t ]g Z}
.z y kZ V
c*
%Z Xg ~ s 7Z xz L Z }
:
-u Z s ; gC
J
60
+Z ~ {)z ii
+ZnZ% Z $ !*
z0
zg q
-Z n y EZ] !*
kZ 7c*
2~ n%kZ { z Z Z c*
W
X $
]i Y Z < DNA~

'
']ogzZ^g7g DNA
;ggZC

Zz s %Z yxg~gzZC
0 ^

( 5)

^ ~ gzZ
kZ D{ .Z <DNA H g C
? YYH"
$U*
._^g7g
]o x ^g7g DNA ~X kZ
X ~gzg7wZ

'
'Z
{n Z6,
yZ0
+{x @*
:
/Z xq
-Z vZ
b VZyZ0
+{ Z
Z x ~ T J o(Z q
-Z D Y
%N
X } F
7 z Zgz]BVzg Zg6,
Cy
KZ
:c*

0 vZ @*
W

21

<DNA

M (Wq
-Z# ) 0*
T zgzZ

^] p]a

X c*
Zz"
$Z
ZOgzZ ZQ H Za

!]` ^f r ]e
( 54X yZ >g )

:gzZ ,: [sVzuz \WLZ


N @*
2
: h
g Z,g [sVzuz
x **
\!*
yZ ( V1)7Z ? a `^e6 a]
X ]!*
w{ c*
iq
- 4,
vZtzg

!] ]

Z >g)
( 5X [ Z x

: pg
$u~~g g9

G
& Zz ]| ^ m ] e $]
: D
vZ g ^Z 0 I
:c*


g Z zmvZ -xZwg]|

n ] o ]

Zz W t yc Z (,
 " p]
{zWKZ c*
[s){z

( ne n o q] om

m *wg c*
7 kZ 3 ( i ^ n pm
4
-hG
}[]!*
{z s G Zz > }Z o ] o m
X :
g Z \ W

!m ^ n ]

$u1Z zu[!*

Z[ ~g Z 9)
( 3509:g
: u 0*
$u~9z~g g9bZ
g
e
$Zzg vZ g {1Z ]|z]|

e oe]

D ] Z|Vz

V m ^a

22

<DNA

zmvZ-zz(V Vz}

of ^ p^] j

zmvZ -xZ g H p w }g zZ

n ] o ] v

){zZz\WLZ :g o] V m
Zz kZ {z }Y {z}[s ] m a ne] n o]
X x Zw
A 6,
kZ 7

]u n r^ ne] n

96766:g
$uX Z) Z Z [!*
ZZ [ ~g Z 9)
$
$u G
zZgyZZwqy[!*
yZZ[
( 229:g
Fv6,X 0 V~
CyQ{0< ]oa
$4gzZ e
$z _Zxg ] Y b O g Zzg Z [Z1Z
%Z $
+q
-Zt hZz ]omb)]~
C
CyWgzZ Zc*
kZx gzZ wEZMq
X g
e
$.~X]osZ<zzZ

'
'wZ]o
Z C~ b T]gt <wZ~kZ
LZBs
# Zzs
# z x?Zz > }Zmqg
@*
"
$U*

:c*

e
$y ]o=g fug I
g Z
: ug Ig
$u~~g g9O
gzZ @*
[C
lZ
r
# ^

^ ] ]

XnZi

!rv]

23

<DNA

[ 9 6 8 1 8 : g
$uZ Or [ !*
g Z [ ~g Z 9)
oZ zlZE
-I
Z[ !*
q Z
$u] E
( 3688:g

'
''gg elZ]o
g e lZ
L L? ]o Z x u 0*
$u {g
g
: @*
"
$U*
~Vg
o*
-I
o (4) >XE
!z(3) b (2) 9b (1)
~tZ@ 6
$U*
"
9b bTY
o!*
-I
gzZ >XE
z b,z @*

^] |^^e kf%m xnv]

X@*
"
$U*
o

!nn] e `f ^e

|^^e kf%m^ g]

E
D Ei4Z]o[ !*
434m 2 ` Xo^m]`]E

'
'9b (1)

E
]oL L b ~ zg g
$u 9 Zz lZ Z L L s Z Y 

$U*
"
lZ
6,
gi "
$U*
b
/Z c*
g Z
:
L ~C
L gLzZ lZ

E3E
: c*
D~}g !*
5Z Z
A zi 0G
zb C
{ Zp @*

4)6XzwpY
: ~ E
5{Z Z$
+
On{7q
-Z ~G.nE

n kZ b :
L ~C
]o |^] a a^] ff
E3E
n{7q
-Z
A zi 0G
z
^ ^e ] ] ]

24

<DNA

E
( Ei4Z]o`b ]
dZ[ ZZK
M F,
E
5{Z Z$
+)

'
'b (2)
@*
"
$U*
kZ
~9b ~ ]o b
6X Yg
zwp ]~]g b %Z

: ~~K~z
$U*
"
^~b gzZ

o ] ] g kf%m

- 4,
q
mvZ G
*9gx ZgzZ @*
g] fji ^] |^]
4)6gX Z ] v ] k

z~G.nE
~ : c*

Z1Z ]|

pj] n o^i ] u

X ~{Z
66,
Z

X nnfj] o] &n]e] ^

dZ {Z[]Z b ]
dZ[ 1` ~K~z)
( 330m)ZzZ b ]

o*
-I
'
'>XE
!z (3)

kZ Hz ]g B<iKZ ~ . zz
: ~tZ@X "
$U*
Zz]I
9b b T Y

x n v ] | ^ ^ e k f % m ^ g ]

ob , z @*
"
$U* e ^] | ^ ^ e k f % m
-oI!*
@*
"
$U*
>XE
zgzZ
!`f o^enn]
E
D434m Ei4Z]o[!*
2`(o^m]`]E

25

<DNA

'
'o (4)
^Z
/Z
:zx Z ~0
+!*
x C~ ! W~0
+!*
$U*
"
g !*
-Z Z
q
# gzZ }g Z
Z kZ {z "
$U*
z kZ W

zx Z ~0
+!*
[ZY7]gzg Z
ZW
zZa Vh
+'
[
X: c*
zx Z ~0
+!*
{ Zp: "
$U*
}g Z W%Z _
G
: ~g 5B+ ZgO
lZ
zg q
-Z : Zg g e lZ

e] oE

~ kZ lZ
~0
+!*
{zgzZ

]a nDgi]

zgq
-ZgzZ 7"
$U*
g Z
Z%

n g] kf%m ]

kZ lZ
zx Z {zgzZ lZ

j ^e]

p "
$U*
g Z
Z%~ ]g

kf%m ^] ] ]a

: "
$U*
zzgZ !o^e ojm e n
lf$ o ( _] h^j2 t (me^ e^jv]E
D684 Xgi] e] o ]] g_( g]

'
']{ *
c i{ *
c igzZ n]o
{c*
i {c*
iZ
# 4}gzZ { b ] n]o
nZ Y Za { b b]g
/Z k',
z
kZ {b TYc*
gZ
C
ZgzZ Y "
$U*
C

kZ
HwZC
kZc*
_t:]g
/Z bZH b

26

<DNA

yZgzk',
z|l,
egzZ H7bJ
-k',
z]zC
c*
t:
E
{z Y7xZZz,ZYEi4Z"
$U*
{zZa
XBg
CC
{]zc*
Zzt:

'
'jz+
h']o
: @*
"
$U*
qzgi ZVhzh
+'
, i Z { z
Z (1)
Z (2) g Z
V#^t} Z]gc*
% c*
Z^}g Z
Z%
X "
$U*
Z qzgi Z
# z X~kZ @*
s
"
$U*
lZ
r
#
:5e
$Zzgp~g g9n
vZ gi ]|>Z x Z

e fj ^ k^ ^

mz ! Z 0E C

e
$Zzg

n] o]` ^ oe]

ztvZgmz! Z0LZ
Z ? ^ ~0
+!*
ei
7Z c*
W w l Z
# Q
8 q

e] ] ^ oe] e
f^ o n
] xj] ^ ^^

t gzZ 1 vZ g ]|
(
o] e] ] ^
4E
-G
~}g !*
kZ }
E
@G
Z
t:} 9ei0gzZ z

e f ^ n o]`

y Z
^ ~0
+!*
Zz} Z n e] o] ^
ZZa 6,
_

] o oe]

<DNA

27

zmvZ -vZ wg ]| Vz y Z

] o]^^j

g]| H7)l~ kZ #
}
. ^ n ] o
! zmvZ -vZ wg c*
:HnvZ
= ~ }g !* ^ kZ }
Zt ei 0gzZ z
_ y Z ^ ~0
+!*
Zz}

zmvZ-vZwg]|A
$ZZa 6,

o] e] ] ^m
^ n o]` ^
e] o] e f
] o oe] n

( ) Zg v{z!ei0} Z :c*


gZ

] o ] ^

{6, ^ kZ c*

vZ gei

^ $ ( rv] a^

kZ z m vZ -gY ! z

ofrju]( ke

ZigzZ @*
lZ
#
r^ :c*


g ZQ f ^m a n
M {]|0.Zx ZQn ( ] ] ( e

{kZO @Ex ( fje `f p ^


X
HwzyZ :vZg

!] o oju ^a$ ^

(] ] k^ u ] ] h^e (]] h^j (p^f] xnv)


( 6749f &mu

'
'^g7g DNAgzZy

o **
i6,~ KZgzZ}g Z kZ ] z ^C

/Z

g Z kZ ~gzZn: 7{ Zh
+ 0g e n"
$U*
~p

28

<DNA

,yVz
/ZgzZ Yc*
y._y sZ }
sV^ 7"
$U*
C
^ gzZ u& yxg yZ
/ZgzZ [
$;gxC
A
V KZ^=g f^g7g DNA
:gzZ $
x y: ^g7g DNA Y Y H7g Z kZ
: ~~K~zOX YYH"
$U*
kZ~]g+Z
g Z Z S ] zC
Z
# gzZ q] o ]
zZ Y G 7 g I Z c*}

] gn i]

h
+y

y ~gzn ] zg fm oj] ^v] o


]gkZgzZ
 g *
*g Z eZ
z

] $ ^jfm `j]

X uy{z~

! e n x

( 518m yrZ ~ Z[]Z t Z[ 1` ~K~z)


p YZz s %Z~}g!*
^ yxgzyi
/Z
c*
Y c*
: yyxgVzzz Y 0*
: _ Z/y
y *
c ;g l{ {zgzZ ~ g I Z c*
}h
+y

[n^ C

~ Vgx yZ VG: y ~ VxVzz!*


C
g
~z 6 : c*
Z
# Zz u6,kZ { Zp : ^
: ~~K
kZ c*
C
^ ~

e l ^r ] q

tc*
7Z^t gzZ kZ

o n ] ]a ^ ^

:o) ygzZ **
i^t

^] ] ]a ^

Hzz( Y0*

q] qe ^]

29

<DNA

Z^t 7 kZ

] g] ojm

# Zz u6,kZ { Zp [s
Z

grm v] n gq

~ kZ gzZ {g bZ
: c*

a ^ ]

!*
Vz 1 V IZ yVz

ojm ^jm ^]

~]g+Z H7y

| o ] g]

X 7

!p^v_]

( 519m yrZ ~ Z[]Z t Z[ 1` ~K~z)


:lZ
? a ~Vg!*
{g: y
{z ZE<X Lg[sC
V KZ^ C76,

C
g
/
q
-Z
/Z[Z bg_gZzkZ \!*
kZgzZ _gZz\!*
LZ
!Zj Zza~ ~uzgzZ W% ZGY Z
#
sV^g7gDNA{Zp BZz<gzZ,c_Zz<DNA
\!*
LZbg_gZzkZ{zgzZg"
$U*
\!*
^ZVc*
XlZ
? ]oY gg ZzBXgzv~z

'
'g Z.*
*.W*
!lZ

xZY 7 XXrv] ^ ] ]L Lu0*
$u
g
lZ
**
Z
/x)
+F,~ kZ ~ ]g "
$U*
lZ

sfzgq{fmvZ G
*9g
++
$ 0Z) 6@*

s
:@*
gDWb

30

Zz g ~ [f
/Z Y 7? H

<DNA

^ne ] pi ]

gzZ H b y{k
,
+x ~t% ne ti
5
b yxg$jY Vz yZ j %] ^`ne
b y{
q ,!*
, ] { c*
i e l ^r `]
^c*
C
^B]

f kf$ `] j

] L
L g ZzY "
$U*
]ZZ &mv
q nlZ
r
# XX]

i ] XX ]

]!*
**
(q
-Z zi~]gkZ ne ^`ne ^jq]
g%ZtY "
$U*
C
@*
]q
X e#
Z

! ]] m_e
( 128m 2`++
$0bg G
)

Za^Ug b z!*
, Z
+Zi b yxgzi
]o 2z: c*
"
$U*
]yxgyZ { Zp *
@Y c*
g Z
C
6,
bZ 7gZ .
>
^ gzZ {zC
~X
Z
g Z .
**
zZzg$
+^g7g DNA D(C
) lZ
r
#
X$
7^\!*
lZ
r
# 6,
Vz
CyZ
: k0*
Zz ~
/Z @*
x ,kZ
Ug b ] zgzZ, Z
+Zib yxg~gzZC
c*

~X ]o zz kZ @*
"
$U*
lZ
r
# A
$
Y@>
z^^: Zz~ DlZ
r
#

31

<DNA

gZh
+ ^g7g gzZ Yc*
Zz < DNA
/Z Yc*
Zz <DNA :gzZ
s lZ
r
# wq^ ~X ck
,
i ~ # c*
W~G @*
X [

'
'w^g7g DNAgzZ
V g ~ Z
Z F kZ gzZ : x ^
/Z

( 6)

?7c*
wJ.
n]o^g7g<DNA

/Z @*
Zz g6,wZ 0 ]o
} ^ {z L L } : x ^ W 7 ]g +Z
$ia ~: {ci c*
:
 6,
uzg Z)f kZgzZ Yc*
0*
ZZ 7,
4E
&kZ H kZ Tg: !*
0E
0G
# gzZN Y
|
F
/Z gzZ "
$U*
^ kZ B ZgzZ YH wJB
H : ]o k0*
kZ p;g q
-Z c*
Vg Zh
+
? YYH"
$U*
^6,

CkZ Dk6,
<DNA
Zx ZY 0 7iXkZ
<
Xg: !*
mgzZ YZzbhZ[Z @*
D YGf

'
'<X [Z0
] gzZg Z
Z ~ ]ok0*
gzZ G
0
Y
pg
$ukZg ~9z ~g g 9X [Z ]o {z

32

<DNA
: Hw+ Z

gi ]|>Z x Z :F, o k^ ^
VrZ e
$Zzg vZ n ] o ]
}zmvZ-xZwg]|:c*

a m l]
{n\Wp=lt
Klk0*

? H :c*

g ogZ
?& Z Z 7
k iEE
vZgXgq0h
+igzZh
+i0)Z

] pi ] ^^m V^
p] or] ]r
n_ ^`n ]m ^]

J eVzu Z geq
-Z6,
zZyZ le ^` ^n_
?&kZ a ] ^(^`]]
}uzq
-Zxt iEE
Xn
pgm

!e ^`e ]]

q Z [
9X 6771:g
$u `Z [!*
ZZ [ ~gZ 9)

( 3691:g
$u
Z`Zt !*
) Z[ !*

Y ~}g !*
mvZ G
*9g ~zx Z9bg

:Dy<
Z

nu e] ^ ^] e ] o ^] j]
na^q o^] jf$] ^v] p%] e^v]
o n ^] o i^f$] ^ `] (^]
&mu o^] n ^`n i^f$] m] o ]v]
j] o q | n ] o of] r
vm ^e ^n] k^ ^`a^fj] ^`e^]nm

33

<DNA

h^j(p xnv |E! e


D471(1t (] ^] ^v^e ] h^e(^]
~ n ]ogzZ Zz q i z s %Z ~
/Z
0 Y ~]g+Z ng ~ b c*
k0*
gzZ
G
:? F,
E
G
E
: x % GL Ls ZswG
0;X 6 YYH"
$U*

g] l^f$] o] e^v] n^] n^] ga


^j] i^f$] o^`n ^j] ]^q] ^n^e
!^` p] ] ^i ] ^` p] n]
D ^n( ^] u( njm]n`]]E

'
'<X [Z~]o=g fDNA

DNA ]o~<
X [Z _x] !*
t

tt yxg <DNA gzZY/x<

V~<DNAgzZ @*
Y H"
$U*
Ng U*
W~C

KZ~
X *
@YHx6,Y ig {7=g f} Z+Z ~ e~( Cells)
p;g q
-Z c*
Vg Zh+^ Z
Z F
/Z n kZ
g: !*
# gzZN Y $ia~: {ci c*
|
:]ok0*
kZ

._ <
X [Z Z7]ogzZ F,~ < DNA a
X YH"
$U*
kZ0
+
KT=g f<DNA

'
'<4~}g *
!

)
g Z .
**
~X ]o k0*
sZ Y 
: ~~g g9b~g Z >mvZ G
*9gv+Zg$
+

34

<DNA

mvZ G
*9g1ZWZx Z]|:F, ^_ nue] ^

g Zt vZY
n^ i ZZo^i
! e n^ i:ug I D36V ]]E XX e
D Tz7,#
] !*
kZgzZ or] &mu o n
&
? gzZ ( 36 :LZuZ >g) X 7
iEE
v] hq o n
g Z ~ pg
$u5 ^ ^] ^] e
Xg q0h
+
i]|Y
Hc*
7

vZ g ) Z ]| vZ g

"
$U*
% F,

yZ zmvZ -x Z ]|gzZ

w ~ ]o

( f m ^je^$ f
] o of] sjvm
o] o n
of] gri^] u]

mvZ -xZ ]|%Z 7]gz


?&z
pgzZ Zg "
$Z iEE

n ] o

-|q yLZ
J

p] ] nu

grjm^r e^]

6
,] !*
kZ

gnm p] q]

zmvZ -x Z ]|gzZ Y V
?&
c*

7n kZ ] !*
iEE

i e v] kf%m
n ] o ]

vZ g) Z ]|zz kZ

n ^]

{z Z 7"
$U*

^ l^f$] o ^jm

X {"
$U*

!^je^$ m

h^e( g^] h^j(11 t(on p^f] xnv | p^] > E


D (3555Vf &mu(300 n ] o of]

35

<DNA

6,V) zz kZ**
lp zmvZ -vZwg]|
G
.--! Y Y u
t 0k0*
V) **
E
G

] c*
w he
$zg0
+e~xsZtwVkZ 7{xsZ

$zg
e
/Z @*
7"
$U*
yV c*
Z ]D @*
"
$U*

Zx [ ]DyZgz kZ HyZ W0
+e wwh
wwhe
$gT g@*
zgzZ 9y{~g Ywwhe
$zg

]D 7t pkZp pV kZ HyZ

]!*
kZ7]onZ 1y uxsZIZ[
:gIe
$WtyW
n"
$U*

X z7,
kZ7DqT e n^ i
#

(36:LZuZ>g)
E
8
:i Zg ( | 483)mvZ G
*9g4guZ0+Z)
t? ~g6,gZ.
**
wk:F, ^_e] o ^jru
0 ayxg~gzZ0
+
z{Z
#

o] n]

o~g$
+6,~gzZ}gZ 0
+
z{) Z

o^i ] ] ^]

CZgvt7~g$
g
+
~ ~ ne ^] u
yxg~gzZC
vZ~]g+Z(

o nq]

k c*

7t H qz yL L

^m ( g]

t }eNd
Wip
gzZC
{zzc*
g o] q^e
x<zgiZIk
/Z7c*
g
CC

^ ^]

c*
g kOy @*
wJ.
gzZ

n^e ru

X*
@Yc*

! ^fj] n]

<DNA
E
+ 4)
E
8
(` G
54Z~Z[!*
~Z[ gZZ0)Ao iE
Z)
36

'
'^7g DNAgzZ

@*
0*
gZ
7? n]o
ak0*
s Z 
$E4Z
rgzg

@*
7]o< DNA ._ 0G
z
Y
F,~ ^g7g DNA %Z ~zg
]Z ~ kZ %Z {@x
C ^g7g DNA gzZ fz kZ
"
~zgt0E
0G
$
7]oD^g7g DNA n kZ D Y 0*
?zg H Z
~{0<YHgt[Z

)zyY lx xZz%Z^g7g<DNA( 1)
X "
$U*
gzg zyz~6,
g
6,]Zg Zz Y ~ O `=g ^g7g <DNA ( 2)
X YYc*

zg q
-Z y\Zg~ ]g 60
+Z ~ nZ%Z $ !*
z ( 3)
X $
]i YZ<DNA~

'
'wZ ~x Z
g Z .
**
Z
~gZ 0 mzzuk0*
s Z 
kZ D m p g
$uz * yW
2z D
mvZ G
*9g ~&
++
$0Z) YYH7g Z W
s ',
:
$0bg G
) fji ] ]]
( 129m 2`++

c*
g Z
xZgzZg Z ng Z
Z~Y ,x Z {0<

<DNA

37

# gg Z.
Z
Z s u Zu
, Z+Z { Zz
/Z
X}:g Z kZgzfJ
-

0gZ kZ s ] zg Z
gzZ Y G
SG
Z
/Z

ei0]|w9z ~g g 9 6 Y H._
X Zxpg
$uvZg

: x %~~Z[ ZZs Z 6DzZ


V;

nc*
nc*
g Z
Z c*
c*
u :F, nf] ^] rv]
T D ( Judge) c*
)l c*
g Z nn]]]]]

) 7/ Z
, Z c*
;gz ]]
!g g ~B; kZ e
_y

] ^]]

kZ v ~g spz 6,kZ

]mm^e o^]

3t D4Zg0
+Z y Ug gzZ

]] ] e vm

Z 7,1
$
~ yp Z H %f q
-Z

g_m^ o ]]

y k:gzZ ~ y k: Zuz

e v]

e Y L
z
3C
!* ni &nve v]
yV Z
/
uz yZ n ~B;

e _] nu o

DgzZ +F,~ t p 7DOZ

^]` ]^

x kZ ;ggsw g

o n ]

Bs
# zgkZ6,/Z
@*

'ja m

~ zg ]oDz kZ D

v] m ^^e

! ] $] n

D350 (p] h^j X7t (^] | ]] vf]E

38

<DNA

'
'gZ Z ~*yW
Vk 6 HtZgzZ **
xZ
sZ <
s kZyZ
~*yW

HHp Z
~
-8Zt<G
54X@*
x T 7g Zz
-ZZ
q
~x?Zz > }Z <XE
*
@YHf Z
P!Zj*yW
V X n
pgg Z 0<Egb

'
'*
*: Z1 Wypx?Zm-]| (1)
Wyp x?Zm- ]|~ #
}
.x?Zm[ ]|
zz e**
zwtq 7Z{z
HH71

Y:k]Y{gz9k]gzZWypzi
:c*

51x?Zm[ ]|zzZ c*
W77Zz
m -
H Z
" c*
t

^nu g]]a ^ oj

X @*
h M71yZgzZ *
@Y3x?Z

m m ^m

{)zvZgk0vZ]| n ^f e] ^ n]
G
(?yWZxZ )

'
'*
*ue1x?Zm- ]|(2)
{g Z olizzi ^m,
Z
# 6,x?Zm- ]|
6,Cli uet1x?Zm- ]|
/Z~ Z^gZp
ue1VX6,hx?Zm- ]| ue
/ZgzZ
:
gZ~*yW
X

Zz]YZ',
x?m
Z -]|**

39

Zz Z q
-Z I Z kZgz Z
1 ( x?Zm- ) y Z
/Z ~ Z
{ zgz Z s ( li ) kZ Z W

<DNA

^` a ]* ( a^ `
f $ n ^

a k
1 y Z
/Z gz Z ~ V I n ^ !n eF]
{ zgz Z ^ ( li ) kZ Z a ke e $
~ V Zz s ( x?Zm- ) pF ^$ !n # ]
1 \ W ( ^ m,) kZ Z
#Q
} g vt G Z t

$ ^ e $ n
$ n $ $ n

X Z (,d
$
Zg vgz Z d
$

!n
( 28@*
26- >g)

'
'x?Zmy]|(3)

]gq
-Z c*
Wc*
7
-eZg YnVzBLZ'gz

~uz

H ^} c*
}uz q
-Z ~ yZ :
H ^
m Z ]|)l CZ Vz yZO
H^ } :

Vz {zQ c*

^ ~ h]g~(, \W H7~ { g !*
x?Z
\WVz {zc*

x?Zmy]|7Zg: Zzg V;z

~q:c*

x?Zmy]|N Z`

Zg qg~#
}
.
Zg ]g~(,6,kZ Vz} z^ ~ @*

Z^t }3g6,\WvZ <: (Z ]|:gzZ Hg Z ]gKggzZ


]gKgZg^ c*

g t\WA
$,h
+Z^ ]g~(,
: ~ 79e
$WY m
CZ >gX Yc*
Z

40

<DNA

ma oe ( o^] p^f] u t
:

n ] o ] ^ : ^ ] o
(ne] u g] ^q ( ^` ^e] ^` ^i] ^ne
^a^ ^jq pf o ] o ^^vj
: p] k^. ^`ne n] ]i^a: ^ ^n
.

p e o i ^`e] a ( ] um
E
34)ZgZ )
CZ >gg I
( 79:Y m

: Zg6,Y o^ kZ ~g .KZ ]gKgkZ


X ]gKg^
6,
]!*
kZ **
YZg]g~(,
gzZ **

'
'g Z Z ~f$
g q Z

b 6 ],
xZ
~fg
$ q Z

:g Zzu0*
$u0~qg{z~
g
kZgzZ 5Y ]i YZ {z :F, ^`] ^ji f]
X {kZ]i YZ

!^`i

f] _^e |^] o gn%] ]j] h^e b ]


dZ[
9)
( 3542:g
$ul^e

{ { !*
z!ZzmvZ -g Zg~ u 0*
$u kZ
g

X c*
ZYgzZwJ.
}g Z
]i YZz~qg

'
'g Z Z gzZ]

GE
Z
Qg G0;Xb){y ~ zg <wZ 2
:~127m 2` +$+0Zbg G
g Z.
J
-uq
-Zp76,g

41

<DNA

s Z Y ~ Z
:F, ^ DhmE
0 mZ t gzZ y ,

] ^`n]u ^m] n%

6,q c*
g Z
xBZ

n] ]u]

? z
! s~ kZ gzZ ^ h]n] o j]
zi~ y zi y bZ

amri u^_]

w EZ .
n C
s %Z

km ^e ^`]
gzZ xw C
~}g !*
y e jm ^n ne

~ y w EZ .
]g

j] ]

{)z O Y H wJw ]g knf] j] o nq]


:G-!

^` u] ] rm
V s xF z X ~ Z`
Y G{ kZ
(Z **
Yc*
0* o t x^] o
s i
 k0*
n

je `j] fu n

Z **
Y eZV; Zz Y g l]^] ` v
kZt p
/Z ^
,Y 6,

~C

n] k e ] ]q

n Z{ Zw z ~ `m ] ] n
X V:V;z

! jq ^`^e

'
'7x]o

s wZ {gH <^g7g DNA


/Z

n ]o^g7gt g0
+
K
< DNAY : wJ.
:gzZlZ
%Z/_h
+]
.q
-Z Zz {Z
+fzs

42

<DNA

kZ~]oZ E<X
rgzg
gzZ#
<DNAa~]g
X YH"
$U*
ZkZgzZ bgg Z
gZ
Za eg Z
Z kZ6,gz [gzZg Zh+ q
-Z
/Z
< DNA ~]g+Z Z7? s kZgzZ pO
X 0*
gZ
\!*
^kZ Zzg Z
Zz~7]gzZz
~g Ug C e
$zG@*
X kZb

}g ~ sf

~y ZgzZ,~ ^ mZ bZz
/Z :F, ^q^ ^] D]E
{zgzZ 0
+
K #
6,^ q
-Z

^au] E

zz
kZ 0*
._0
+
KkZ#

e%e re p] De

F,~ kZ s kZ 0*
gZ
Z^

]] D u]` ])

0
+
K#
6,} {z
/Z
:

p] p]^`^m

!^`
X YH7g Z kZ }
G
G
( 346G3Z[ X3tg 5B+ Zg;Zg ZgZ )
Zz e #
6,^ bT~b

{g
HH
T=g f^g7g DNA~]g: ]o bZ
X YYH[skZ^
0
+
K

'
']o=g f^g7g DNA

$E4
n ]o ^g7g DNA gzZ ._ 0G

!*
ggzZ,{f 0 Z
~zg
t n
pg7w

43

<DNA

kZp;g~q
-Z c*
Vg Zh+ Z
Z F
/ZY n
pg7
: !*
# gzZ N Y $ ia ~: { ci c*
|
: ]o k0*

$E
:gzZ 0G
4gzZ ~zg
^g7g DNA a g
^g7g DNA ~ ]g+Zzz kZ g Z .
Z
~ ]g
X YH"
$U*
kZ0
+
KT=g f
^g7g DNA ._]%x ZY x ~Xck
.
,
i
s Z Y t t
yxg Y vgzZ s Z Y pg Z

X ~zgk0*
Y vgzZ g~zg
^g7g DNAk0*

'
'?#
| Zi,
6 C
^g7g DNAH
?7c*
g Z.
^g7g DNAc*
Wn"
$U*
x`

**
i

(7)

~zg gzZ
{z @*
q D =g f <DNA
YYc*
g Z
7',
Z', ZkZp Zx t
# I!*
g 6
g _ Z Je
$. sZ < ~ ] l mzzu
)u ~gZ
~gz Z Z
Z%w !*
yge,Z n**
iu
X V Z4Z g~wze c*
s~Z

'
'jz*
*i]o
:g Z Z ( 1)
] y
KZ kZ x`

e
$. **
i 7Zgz ~ kZ

44

<DNA

"
$U*
x`

kZ n kZ zguZwkZgzZ Cg ZZz',
Wz
t]gkZ @*
"
$U*
x`

tg Z
ZT gpo Z ~(,n
~p Z Zz%g et T
$**
kZ c*
xsZ q Zz[g Z kZ
X H[g Z +F,
+
$
tkZ}gZ
Z
: u0*
$u~p9O
g
{ z e
$ZzgvZ g {h+',0 y]|

ne me e ^n

:c*
VrZ D e
$Zzg Zz LZ

o ^ e ^ ^q ^

-x ZgvZg?Z 0 ]|

^ n ] o of]

ntq ~ { g!* z m vZ ^. o` ] ^m
u 0*
= ! zmvZ -vZ wg c* ] j^ q] vm
?Z}
.:c*
z!ZzmvZ -xZg

n q ^. n gi

]n vZgzZ Y :Zz}3g6, ] ^m ^ ^q $ ne
gz {z : ~zZg X z/gzZz o ] ^. o`
mvZ -vZwg c*
:HnqQ q] vm n ]
mvZ -xZg u 0*
= ! z ^. n gi ] j^
gzZ Y :Zz!}3g6,?Z}
.:c*
z ^m ^ ^q $ ne n q
~Xz/gzZz]n vZ of] ^. o` ]
vZ -ggzZ Hn VrZ % % n ] o
c*
e
$[Z 7Zzm

45

ZC
p Z % a Z
# J
-V

<DNA

e]] k^ ] oju

~ :c*
yZ zmvZ -g o ] ^
**
i :Hn VrZ ?Vzu 0*
q

n n ]

?h+
: g t ~ ~g g 9) X ^. `
n VrZ ~i !*
c*
11 s . o]
-g( X !zmvZ -vZ wg c*
7:H

n ] o ]

7y7Z H:c*
c*
g zmvZ f. q e
7y7 {z
HH n? Z h . re n
r
# q
-Z ? 8 [ZVrS H :c*
Q . ] h ^
k0*
yZ 11 yZ JZ `j^ q ^
mvZ-g: ~zZg 0*
:1[Z xm rm
nVrZ? H **
i?H:c*
z ^ ^.
-g! zmvZ -vZ wg c*
V; :H

n ] o ]

Wg ~ }g !* yZ z m vZ ^. kn
X
HH Wg7ZgzZ :c*

!q e .

9 3207:g
$u o^e o j] h^e (v] h^j
9)
l ] k ^] m h^e( v] h^j~g Z
( 6324:g
$u

un
pg7nJ
-V @*
x u 0*
$ukZ
g

46

<DNA

=g fZ c*
gZ
Z ._wZ J
-Z
# gzZ Y
X Y: ~g Yu: "
$U*
x`

'
':] ( 2)
]o**
i g po Zzgu ~ ] n **
i ]o
X Vw gzZ Zi W!*
y e { Z%,Zg e n
xF VrZ , bkZ ZgzZF,
!*
z C
$c*
gzZ ]
~ ,.gzZ s~ Z)u bT ~ ]I
q )FgzZ
~ }g !*
gZ v gzZ ]g6'

z (yxg VZ
/Z X g
X Y7**
iugzZ wJ.
**
ZyZ Yc*
0*
s %Z
E
+-BE
# ZkZ
: D
bkZ G0Z)s
] v] o n^ ^ ^m ]^ ]ne ^E
o e v] hq v] De u ]q ]
t Xv] h^j (^] | ]] vf]E !o^]
D9 X 5
3W Yk0*
q Yiut bkZ
/Z
z!ZzmvZ -xZgO e *
*inkZ PE
+
z
x`

kZ ~
g { g !*
vZ g VM:c*

wZD
0h
LZ7Z ?
/Z ]n ^ e%e ij:5ngZ
Z
:
g Z t2@*
4n}g vf
e,
$J e~}

<DNA

47

Z
# p!g Dg
/
gzu~:W ^n v] ]^i
~gzf ukZQY VJ
-x`

u oe ^ ne
X Y

!gq

3804:g
$u X^_] fi ^ v] ] h^e Xv] h^jXzZ! Z)
( 4802:g
$u Xm ^ ]u m ^ h^e X^] _ h^jZ
Dzgun"
$U*
x`

**
i Qzgt !*
m
t T
$**
n Z c*
qx~]gg Z
Zp]Z &
+
HHV
q s

# Zt ~ ] x`

kZ gzZ u7,I~ p Z
gZvgzZykz y i2z o 9 VZw yg e
z] I
Z s %ZVZ~
-Za w<DNA : wJ.
q
~g Yu **
i DNAZ E<X7~zg ? z {@x v
gzZ

X Y7wJ.
n

'
'gZ.*
*^g7g DNA~mzzu

O
Hc*
u @*
Za
/Z ~ x`

]o

l^f^e v] ] ]:
g Z z!WzmvZ -u 0*
g
ZwzZ[]ZzZ[w )Z + )X zzuzz]2:F,
$u{Z
( 12972:g
6,
KkZ
H3g+F,
JgkZg "
$U*
**
iu
g e
/Zt ~g gzZ y kZ D F,
Z}g7 ] l
az!*
kZ D y {@x v0 ~g $
+y;Z & O

48

<DNA

5Y 7~g Y**
iu Z "
$U*
;g 7g e
/Z Y } h (80) Z s uVZ V yZ
^g7g DNA
iu
gzZ zq
-Z wq ^g7g DNA H Y wJ~ ]mZ **
gzZ wJ.
{ c*
i {@x Z
Zg!*
!*
z &H/pz
X ! 7
/
?z
C
{y x ZY gzZz _ Z ~
/yZ ~ ]mZ mzzu
7 mc*
zu 6, ^g7g DNA @*
V ] b

W,
~ ]mZ x Z +F,J mzzu <D N A YYc*

k0*
]g3q
-Z { ~
YHg g Z

g z

KZ q
-Zzz Z kZ H Y Hq ]Zg Zz Y Oc*
Yc*
0*
X ?Y~ yY
Zi Z kz #
wz',
Wz ]w z yY xsZq
]Zt',
Z',
{+
M
KZ ~g7*
* h**
yY
~! nqZz kZ
[
73gzZ {zZiV;z
: { Zz)Zz c*

H{gz ~ o**
c*
k]]g
Xc*
Zo**
c*
k]kZz Zz
6,zz xgkZ Cx + wZ ]!*
t
! Y~~g Y**
iu

'
'Zz<DNA~)l*
*i
g e 0**
i c*
gZ
Z Zp%g e a n Zi

49

<DNA

~ )l**
i @*
7"
$U***
i % kZ
~gz Z VZ w
qt ~ kZC
]!*
-V Zz<DNA
J
7]i YZ Zz<DNA ~)l**
i Z E<X *
@Y H<DNA
[gZ gZ x ZwFn wt ]gc*
%Y $
Y ~
Y~}]i YZ kZ
/ZgzZ {)zq MW 6,
" ~," @*
Wxi
n gz~g F T Y { i ZzggzZ q
-Z "=g f kZ
X Y0::
L ~g FZ}` T tkZ g Y Zz
Zzg ^g7ggzZ Y c*
Zz<DNA u
/Zz!*
kZ
{Z%Z YY7ZikZ6,Y ^g7g DNA0
+
K
g e c*
g Z
Z **
i%g e x W^g7g DNA
/Z $
Y b @*
b7

HHZ
+x ZZ **
i6,
/ZgzZ xi**
iu6,kZ Y"
$U*
ZVZ
D# 4Z s~ Z)u V{ Zw g e6,kZ
@',kZ 7|
# Z=g f^g7g DNA pVA
h+'
0 $c*
z
ZVZyZ~]g+Z ;gxZigzZ
~g Yu6,
C ZB $c*
z
Z VZg e @*
4 Y
X YH7g Z <DNAgzZ5Y

'
'<DNAgzZy
{ Zh
+ 0g e p }g Z ^ o6,~ KZC

/Z
y6,VzyZ zgsZy }: & mZ ]ggzZn:7
C
gzZ }& yxg Vz B y
~gz

50

<DNA

6,
kZ }g ZyC

/Z [sV^Y oj
< DNA ^ ]g [s Z^ gzZ 5Y ~g Y s u
^g7g ~ [!*
Y c*
Zz<
/Z 7]gz Zz
X :g Z

'
' x Z {f0DNA
DNA {
MgW6,g-"
$!*
XC

IF
4&xZx @*
L G
*
@YH7[]
gzZxZ{g0
X N Y
zg z]o^g7g<DNA~zg{0< ( 1)
]mZgZXO~zg
zwkZ @*
YYc*
7
~ ]g Y 0*
: V;z ~gz?z q zgi Z n
7uz? n)l]o] {q=g f<DNA
<DNAV;z $
Y Z
~]mZgZX%Z
X N Yx] {q=g f
7]oDgzZ=gf x "
$U*
x`

^g7g <DNA Z
)z yY gzZ lx xZz%Z V; $

"
$
"
$U*
{) 0E
0G
gzZ B
bg wg z yz~ 6,
g
kZ p YY H{ W6,g Z
Z|`zz kZgzZ
X YYc*
7e
$ c*
m zu6,

C
CZ ]gz gzZ YZz7< DNA gzZ

51

<DNA

@*
s
zgzZw nkZgzZ gzZs ZuZ **
Zz<DNA
X s ZuZ
Zg!*

/gzZ zq
-Z wq <DNA
Zq
-Z sV ~ b)V; Y7',
Z',
Zg

X g Z.
<DNAp nV;z CwJ.
Zz%ZgzZ )h
+'
)lgzZ:
/Z~)lO( 2)
kZ qgzZ Y kC]gz Zz<DNAxn W
:G-!
:G-!
/Z Zz<DNA CZ e X }c_
Z X
<DNA CZ Z
X Yg6nkZ7Z,g ZZz
:G-!
kZ =gf ^g7g Zz <DNA X kZ %Z
7e
$ c*
m Yc*
g Z
L
Z6,
C^g7gkZC0
+
K

Y y# @*
D]!*
kZ=g f<DNA n kZ YY c*
g c*
-~ x`
q

c*
xz @*
7"
$U*
t p6,]Zg Zz
e M
h]Z F~ kZn kZ7{@xv<DNA a
,Z {z
H1 ( forensic sample):%g T ]Zg Zz Y
V;zkZ c*
c*
WnXyYxn ZZ
zZkZgzZHg(ZgZ
{Zg]ZgZzY{DLZZ<
gzZ
-Za6,

C]ZbkZ
H
/
6,
]ZgZzx{)zw!*
o**
kZ~
~ ]g+Z n kZ CY` Sg 7w q ]g0 L

G-o!
{ z4z @*YYc*
7g Z
Zw L B Z Y 0
+
K L
<DNA

52

<DNA

X:g Z
Z
Y Y7~g Yuq6,

Cp YO6,
kZV;
7]o ~
Cz ~ O <DNAL L D Y zu zz
/Z Y yz~ { Zg )z x`

@*
@*
0*
gZ

^g7g DNA
s Z e !*
C;6,kZ YYH{Z @*
xg Zzg] W=g f
:g Z
Z {z
/Zg Z
Z |H[g Z x`

{z
/Z @*
$
Yb @*
b7
X YYc*
g Z
7L
6,
g Q :{ ZgzZ}
y7gzZ yi Z)6,g C
x=g f ^g7g DNA
/Z ( 3)
E
Eg
0_]g6, kZ
zgu yVY : qg (Z b L 0E
yg U*
W6,giC

/Z Z E<X Dk,5+g]Z W,ZkZ 7n%{7
Z~ ~ ]gkZ c*
g Z
EZgzZ ` ykZ nC
gzZ VC

` .
c*
g y
/Z u b Z6,c_ kZgzZ bg h c_
~ ` C
J
-wq
-Z : q h b Zg|Z ]g
Z e gg (Z]gwq
-Z :gz n%yZgzwq
-Z
/Z 5Y
XgBZ e}
c_ b
t wZ Zz<DNAc*
b J
-V ( 4)
{Wc*
72~ ~g F u **
z $c*
n x
q=g f<DNA t n~kZ Za 7~g F Z0
+{
`g { kZ 0
+
i Wzg kZ {],
Z ] Zz
baYc*
g Z
i < DNA b n C

/Z7

53

<DNA

xVc*
$
g F Zz W7 {W zg0
+Z x =g f kZ Z
# V Z
/Z CZq

-ZgzZ CV Vc*
g F~
KZ
N Y G xnZ%Z {7 Zz W7 {W=g f <DNA
e7*
* b kZ
Zzg F~wV#x&
{gzZ g6,Zz< DNAwg
wq ]gkZ ~gzZ N Y {g b VHgzZ}g
XVW',
}u **

60
C
+Z ~ {)z ii
+ZnZ%Z $!*
z 0 c*
%Z
7c*
2~n%kZ {zZ Z c*
WnyEZ]!*
kZs;g
X $
]i YZ<DNA~zgq
-Z
**
i6,~ KZgzZ}g Z kZ ] z ^C

/Z ( 5)
~gzZn: 7{ Zh
+ 0g e n"
$U*
~po
,yVz
/ZgzZ Yc*
y._y sZ Hg Z kZ
V^ 7"
$U*
C
^ gzZ u& yxg yZ
;gxC
V KZ^=g f^g7g DNA
/ZgzZ [s
$
gzZ $
x y: ^g7g DNAY Y H7g Z kZ A
^ yxgz yi
/ZX YYH"
$U*
kZ~ ]g+Z:
zz Y 0*
: _ Z/ypY Zz s %Z~}g !*

Z c*
}h
+y

[n^ C
c*
Y c*
: yyxgVz
y~VxVzz!*
g y*
c ;gl{ {zgzZ ~ g I

54

<DNA

# Zzu6,kZ { Zp : ^C
Z
~ Vgx yZ VG:
X: c*

Z : ?gzZ F,~ < DNA gzZ: lZ


<

/Z
Z 0
+
KT=g f<DNA ._UgzZ wX
$E
@*7 n]o< DNA._0G
4X Y H"
$U*
kZ Y
F,~ <DNA %Z ~zg
z
D Y 0*
]ZP ~ kZ @*
{@xh+]
.
C<DNA gzZ fz
X
rgzg
~ pY7?<DNAzzX
byxg~gzZC
c*
:k0*
Zz~
/Z
lZ
r
# A
$ Ugb ] zgzZ, Z
+Zi
D lZ
r
# ~X ]ozz kZ @*
"
$U*

z ^^: Zz ~
Yc*
Zz<DNA:gzZ Y@ >
~ # c*
W~G @*
g Zh
+ ^g7g { Zp Yc*
Zz< DNA
/Z
X [slZ
r
# wq^~Xck
,
i
s wZ {gH<^g7g DNA
/Z ( 6)
n ]o^g7gt g0
+
K
< DNAY : wJ.
]g :gzZ lZ
r
# %Z {Z
+ fz s
bgg Z kZ~]oZ E<X
rgzg
gzZ #
<DNAa~
X YH"
$U*
ZkZgzZ
gZ
Za eg Z
Z kZ6,gz [gzZg Zh+ q
-Z
/Z

55

<DNA

< DNA ~]g+Z Z7? s kZgzZ pO


X 0*
gZ
\!*
^kZ Zzg Z
Zz~7]gzZz
$E
n]o^g7g DNAgzZ._0G
4
~ q
-Z c*
Vg Zh
+ Z
Z F
/Z ~zgt n
pg 7w
N Y $ia ~: {ci c*
:]ok0*
kZp;g
$E
0G
4gzZ ~zg
^g7g DNA a g: !*
# gzZ
|
]g+ZzzkZg Z.
Z
~]g:gzZ
X YH"
$U*
kZ0
+
KT=g f^g7g DNA~
^g7g DNA ._ ]% x ZY x ~X kZ
.
s Z Y t t
yxg Y vgzZ s Z Y pg Z

X ~zgk0*
Y vgzZ g~zg
^g7g DNAk0*
g e6,kZ c*
gZ
Z Zp%g e a n Zi ( 7)
~)l**
i Z E<X @*
7"
$U***
i% kZ
~gzZ VZw
ukZz!*
$
Y ~ 7]i YZ qzgi Z Zz<DNA
0
+
K uzg ^g7g gzZ Y c*
Zz <D N A
Yb @*
$
b 7{Z%Z YY7ZikZ6,^g7g DNA
ZVZg e c*
g Z
Z **
i%g exW^g7g DNA
/Z
X xi**
iuY"
$U*

Z)u V{ Zw g e6,kZ
HHZ
+x ZZ **
i6,
/ZgzZ
^g7g DNA pVA D# 4Z s~

<DNA

56

+Z ;gxZigzZ @',
kZ 7|
# kZ=g f
g e @*

4Yh
+'
0 $c*
z
ZVZyZ~]g
gzZ 5Y ~gYgzu 6,

C Z B $c*
z
Z VZ
X YH7g Z <DNA
~ NZz ~
azz!ZzmvZ -xZ LZ vZ
$

i Z
u Zg "
$Zz +Z GEG
g p V!iz d
[c*
g !*
~pz g z!ZzmvZ -LZgzZ KZ~ V VzgzZ
X

v] nq] fv ] n ^e o^i ] o ?Fm ^re n


n^] h

File
E:\1\m\allah-circle-bw.jpg
not found.

S-ar putea să vă placă și