1.

The Opening Part of a Presentation

Functions a. Welcoming / greeting your audience

Possible Expressions Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Good afternoon, ladies and gentleman. Good afternoon, everybody. My name is .............. You can call me ............. I am from .................. I am ........... years old, etc Today I am going to talk about .................. The purpose of my presentation is to ................. I'd like to start by... / First of all, I will .... / I will begin by..... Next / And then / After that .... Finally / Lastly / At the end.....

b. Introducing yourself

c. Introducing your subject / topic d. Outlining the structure of your presentation

An example of outlining the structure of your presentation : First of all, I will describe the progress made this year. Then I will mention some of the problems we've encountered and how we overcame them. After that I will consider the possibilities for further growth next year. Finally, I will summarize my presentation. e. Giving instructions about asking questions

Do feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions. I will try to answer all of your questions after the presentation. I plan to keep some time for questions after the presentation.

2. The Body of the Presentation

There are some useful functions to help the presenter in delivering the presentation, such as; a. Stating and referring to fact b. Analyzing a point c. Clarifying the argument and giving opinion d. Signposting / Time signaling e. Interrupting f. Giving examples g. Finishing one subject and starting another

a. Stating and referring to fact Stating fact Everyone knows that ... Its a fact that . Referring to fact Based on ....... (fact) . According to ... (person) b. Analyzing a point

Where does that lead us? Let's consider this in more detail..................... What does this mean for ABC? Translated into real term ..

c. Clarifying your argument and giving opinion Clarifying your argument I mean What Im trying to say is What I mean is that. The point Im trying to make is .. Giving opinion In my opinion, As far as Im concerned, As I see it, . Personally, I think, .. It seems to me . I think . I believe . d. Signposting

During your introduction, you should tell your audience what the structure of your presentation will be. You might say something like this: I will start by describing the current position in Europe. Then I will move on to some of the achievements we have made in Asia. After that I will consider the opportunities we see for further expansion in Africa. Lastly, I will quickly recap before concluding with some recommendations. The following is the list of some signals that can be used in delivering the presentation: addition example explanation time result cause contrast comparison generalizati on reference condition as I said earlier, as I mentioned before, if, unless in addition, also, furthermore, moreover, and, besides, another for instance, for example, to illustrate, specifically, such as in other words, that is, to put it another way now, first, second, next, then later, before, after finally, therefore, thus, consequently, as a result, as a consequence because, because of, since, is caused by, resulted from, is due to although, even though, in contrast, on the other hand, while in comparison, similarly, in the same way, like, in general, in most cases, usually, for the most part

e. Interrupting Presentation will always be two - way communication, which is between the presenter and the audience or vise versa. The communication may happen either during the presentation or in the question and answer session, which commonly occur after the presenter completes his/her presentation. The following are example of expressions, which are useful in that specific setting of communication Excuse me, Excuse me for interrupting, but Sorry to interrupt, but

It is possible that someone will try to interrupt you before you finish speaking. Then you can try to prevent that person from interrupting you by saying a polite way: Just a moment / minute, please. Let me just finish this point. Excuse me. Could I just finish my point? Im not quite finished. Just a second.

f. Giving examples

For example,... For instance . A good example of this is... As an illustration,... To give you an example,... Let me give you an example . To illustrate this point

g. Finishing one subject and starting another Finishing one subject

Starting another subject

Well, I've told you about... That's all I have to say about... We've looked at... So much for .

Now we'll move on to... Let me turn now to... Next... Turning to... I'd like now to discuss... Lets discuss now at ..

3. Closing Part of the Presentation

As the last part of a presentation, a closing should be clear and impressive. There are several things to say in closing the presentation, such as summarizing, making conclusion, giving suggestion as well as recommendation. Summarizing and making conclusion This part is to summarize or review the main points of what the speaker has said. He/she can also make a conclusion of his/her presentation without adding new points or arguments anymore. The following are the expressions of summarizing and making conclusion in a presentation : In summary, To conclude, . In conclusion,. I'd like now to recap... I can sum up the main points that. Let's summarize briefly what we've looked at... Finally, let me remind you of some of the issues we've covered... Id like to emphasize how important it is for you to remember that . Let me quickly review the main points of my presentation. Briefly, Id like to summarize the major points of my presentation. Finally, may I remind you of some of the main points we have considered. Giving suggestion and recommendation After giving the summary or conclusion of the presentation, the speaker may give the suggestion or recommendation for the audience by saying one of these expressions: Lets Perhaps we could . We might Why dont we . Why not .. What about How about .. I suggest . My recommendations are .. I therefore suggest/ recommend you the following things.

c. Inviting questions

Questions are a good opportunity for you to interact with your audience. You can keep a time for questions after your presentation. Thats why you should make it clear during the introduction that you will have at a time for questions after you finish delivering the presentation. These are some ways in inviting questions : Are there any questions? Do you have any questions? Can I answer any questions? Are there any final questions? d. Thanking your audience In ending the presentation, the speaker can express his/her gratitude to the audience by saying on e of these expressions :

Thank you all for coming. Thanks for your attention. Id like to thank you for your attention/participation. May I thank you all for being such an attentive audience.