SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT REPORT ON INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

AUTOMAT IRRIGATION PVT. LTD. SIDCUL IIE, HARDWAR SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTERS DEGREE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION OF

UTTARAKHAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN

SUBMITTED TO:
INTERNAL GUIDE Name Designation IMS Dehradun EXTERNAL GUIDE Name Designation Company Name Location

SUBMITTED BY: NARENDRA SINGH NEGI MB10B03

INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES-DEHRADUN

BATCH: 2010-2012

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am immensely thankful to God who provides me the health ability to withstand the problem coming in my way. I am thankful to Mr. A. S. Pandey (Dean) faculty of MBA department, INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, DEHRADUN for his encouragement and providing other assistances whenever required. I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. A. S. Pandey who generously helped me to color the mosaic of this project report with the titles of their knowledge, expertise and memories. Thanks are also due to various employees for their co-operating during research.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Inventories constitute the most significant part of current assets of a large majority of companies in India. To maintain a large size of inventory, a considerable amount of fund is required to be committed to them. It is, therefore, absolutely imperative to manage inventories efficiently and effectively in order to avoid unnecessary investment. A firm neglecting the management of inventories will be jeopardizing its long-run profitability and may fail ultimately. It is possible for a company to reduce its levels of inventories to a considerable degree, e.g.10% to 20%, without any adverse effect on production and sales, by using inventory planning and control techniques. The reduction in excessive inventories carries a favorable impact on a companys profitability. A companys merchandise raw materials, and finished and unfinished products which have not yet been sold is called Inventory. The term inventory management is used in two ways unit control and value control. Production and purchase officials use this word in term of unit control whereas in accounting this word is used in term of value control. As investment in inventory represents in many cases, one of the largest assets item of business enterprises particularly those engaged in manufacturing, wholesale trade and retail trade. Sometimes, the cost of material used in production surpasses the wages and production overheads. Hence, the proper management and control of the capital invested in the inventory should be the prime responsibility of accounting department because resources invested in inventory are not earning a return for the company. Rather, on the hand, they are costing the firm money both in terms of capital costs being incurred and loss of opportunity income that is being foregone.

OBJECTIVES
GROWTH:

To ensure a steady growth by enhancing the competitive edge of AUTOMAT IRRIGATION in existing business, new areas and International operations so as fulfill national expectations from AUTOMAT IRRIGATION .
PROFITABILTY:

To provide a reasonable and adequate return on capital employed, primarily through improvements in operational efficiency, capacity utilization and productivity, and generate adequate internal resources to finance the company's growth.
CUSTOMER FOCUS:

To build a high degree of customer confidence by increasing value for his money through international standards of product quality, performance and superior services.
PEOPLE-ORIENTATION:

To enable each employ to achieve his potential, improve his capabilities, perceive his role and responsibilities participate and contribute positively to the growth and success of the company. To invest in human resources continuously and be alive to their needs.
TECHNOLOGY:

Achieve technological excellence in operations by development of indigenous technologies and efficient absorption and adaptation of imported technologies to suit business needs and priorities, and provide the competitive advantage to the company.

CONCLUSION

On seeing the liquidity position of AUTOMAT IRRIGATION. I conclude that it is not very good as the current assets are in the form of inventories and debtors. The debt collection period is high and inventories are least liquid current assets. So maintaining the inventories are relatively costly affair for the company and the management must have to investigate properly. It is very necessary so that fund should not be blocked unreasonably. Efficient inventory management is required in AUTOMAT IRRIGATION.

On seeing the leverage position of the AUTOMAT IRRIGATION. I conclude that it is very good as the stake of owners in company is continuously increasing and its long-term debt continuously decreasing it means that company is paying its debt promptly and creditors will not face any risk in investing in AUTOMAT IRRIGATION as also AUTOMAT IRRIGATION is giving assured ROI.

CONTENT

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The project work is done to fulfill the requirement of our M.B.A degree course. It is an integral part of the curriculum of this program. The main objective of this project is to have deeper insight in to the financial position of the company and make analysis of items of the Balance sheet and profit & loss a/c. This will help to know about the past and present trend as well as predict about the future. It will help to make inter firm comparison and act according to this. What strategy a company has to make and in what filed more expenditure is to be made can be analyzed with the help of the project.

In addition to the knowledge, this project report provides the financial position of the unit for the current financial years for various areas. It is also tells about the various policies and accounting adopted by the firm.

INTRODUCTION

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: Founded in 1972, Automat Industries Pvt. Ltd. is a progressive engineering concern engaged in the production of world class custom made high-precision parts and irrigation products. We are one of the leading manufacturers and exporters of premium quality impact sprinklers, part circle sprinklers, water guns, filter products, air release valves, pressure release valves, quick coupling valves, etc. Renowned for their precision, perfection and superb performances, our products are moving towards setting new standards. We are better known for our commitment to quality and reliability for timely delivery. The company is also involved in the import of various items such as water guns, filters, compressors fittings, ball valves, etc. from the markets of Italy and Middle East. We are a member of PHD Chamber of Commerce, Export-Import Council and Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries. OurProducts With our extensive knowledge and technical expertise, we, Automat Industries Pvt. Ltd. offer an unbeatable line of irrigation products and custom made high-precision parts. We are a distinguished manufacturer, exporter and importer of the following products:

Irrigation Products:o Impact sprinklers o Part circle sprinklers o Water guns o Filter products o Air release valves o Pressure release valves o Quick coupling valves o Aluminum accessories o Wheel moves and center pivots o Other products Industrial Products: o High precision parts and components manufactured on screw machines o Precision components for hierological industry and the defense sector o Brass impact sprinklers o Precisely engineered components of up to 10 micron accuracy.

OurCoreCompetencies The following are the hallmark features of our organization:

Precision machining of brass, aluminum stainless steel on Swiss sliding head machines with accuracies of 8-10 microns with ability to design and develop components & assemblies within a very short period Capability to handle large volumes to the tune of 1 million pieces per month for each item Highly productive & efficient manufacturing systems with flexibility for large scale as well as batch production.

OurValues Our primary business objectives are:

To deliver our clients with the world's best range of products at highly economical prices. Constant re-engineering and innovative development with a target of 25% of the business each year from new products. Focus on the concept of Frugal Engineering, without diluting the quality & functional aspects of the product. Developing & manufacturing a lot of products cost-effectively in short duration Minimizing error through rigorous quality control checks by using modern statistical methods thereby reducing costs for our clients.

OurQuality We follow rigid quality control measures at every stage of our operation to ensure smooth and flawless production. The company follows well defined parameters of quality control right from the initial stage of designing, production and finishing, thus leaving no space for the quality degradation. Our entire process is supervised by an expert team of professionals having versatile knowledge of their respective discipline. The biggest strength of Automat lies in its ability to integrate knowledge, skills and resources from different fields of engineering to develop reliable products and present them to the market at a competitive price.

Infrastructure Automat Industries Pvt. Ltd. is well equipped with an outstanding facility at Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi, the commercial hub of India. We are outfitted with ultra modern machines and a team of excellent workers to innovate world class products. The following is a small detail of our mechanical strength:

Automates/Screw Machines

Sliding Head Automats Tornos & Petermann Stationary Head Automats Traub (capacity up to 32 mm)

Secondary Operations Machines:

Drilling Machines Aciera, Switzerland Milling Machines Aciera, Switzerland

Threading/Tapping Machines:

Centreless Grinding Agathone & Wickman Semi Automatic Lathe Schlaublin, Switzerland

Tool Room:

CAM Shaving and Milling Surface Grinders Precision Lathes Vertical Milling Machines Drilling Machines

Clean Room Assembly Facilities:

Paddle Press Machines Special Purpose Assembly Equipment Vibro-Honing and Ultrasonic Cleaning

Testing and Quality Assurance Facilities:

Digital Profile Projector Hauser & Nikon Microscopes Bore Gauge, Slip Gauge & Height Gauge Various Kinds of Specialized Quality Assurance Equipments e.g Comparators

ORGANISATIONAL CHART OF AUTOMAT IRRGATIION

Inventories are stock of the product a company is manufacturing for sale and components that make up the product.
VARIOUS FORMS IN WHICH INVENTORIES EXIST IN A MANUFACTURING COMPANY:-

1) Raw materials: Raw materials are those basic inputs that are converted into finished product through the manufacturing process. Raw materials inventories are those units which have been purchased and stored for future productions.

2) Work-in-process: Work-in-process inventories are semi-manufactured products. They represent products that need more work before they become finished products for sale.

3) Finished goods: Finished goods inventories are those completely manufactured products which are ready for sale.

Stocks of raw materials and work-in-process facilitate production, while stock of finished goods is required for smooth marketing operations.

OBJECTIVE OF INVENTORY:Inventories represent investment of a firms funds. The objective of the inventory management should be the maximization of the value of the firm. The firm should therefore consider: (a) Costs, (b) Return, and (c) Risk factors in establishing its inventory policy.

Two types of costs are involved in the inventory maintenance: 1-Ordering costs: - Requisition, placing of order, transportation, and staff services. Ordering costs are fixed per order size increases. 2-Carrying costs: - Warehousing, handling, clerical and staff services, insurance and taxes. Carrying cost increases.

The firm should minimize the total cost (ordering cost + carrying cost). The economic order quantity (EOQ) of inventory will occur at a point where the total cost is minimum. The following formula can be used to determine EOQ: EOQ= (2AO/C)^1/2 Where, A=Annual requirement. O=per order cost. C=per unit carrying cost.

WHEN SHOULD THE FIRM PLACE AN ORDER TO REPLENISH INVENTORY?

The inventory level at which the firm places order to replenish inventory is called reorder point. It depends on (a) the lead time and (b) the usage rate. Under perfect certainty about the usage rate, the instantaneous delivery (i.e. zero lead time, the reorder point will be equal to:

Lead-time *Usage rate +Safety stock.

The firm should strike a trade-off between the marginal rate of return and marginal cost of funds to determine the level of safety stock. A firm, which carries a number of items in inventory, which differ in value, can follow a selective control system. A selective control system, such as the A-B-C analysis, classifies inventories in to three categories according to the value of item: A-Category consists of highest value items, B- Category consists of high value items, C-Category consists of lowest value items. More categories of inventories can also be created. Tight control may be applied for high-value items and relatively loose control for low-value items.

Why business houses hold inventories?

There are at least three motives for holding inventories: 1-To facilitates smooth production and sales operation (transaction motive). 2-To guards against the risk of unpredictable changes in usage rate and delivery time (precautionary motive). 3- To make advantage of price fluctuations (speculative motive).

ELEMENTS OF INVENTORY:There are three basic forms of inventory : 1. STORES INVENTORY : This mainly comprises with (a) Direct materials: such as raw material in form of ferrous, non ferrous, insulating materials , casting-forgings and components. (b) Indirect materials: These are also known as general stores, Maintenance and operating supplies and the like it includes all the non product items regularly stocked by the company and either consumed in operation of the plant or office or needed to maintain its building and equipment. 2. Stores In Transit: These are item which have been shipped or dispatched from vendor but not yet reached their destination in stores and not yet accounted for in the priced ledger. 3. Production Inventory : a) Work In Progress Inventory: This includes all product materials on which the company has performed some manufacturing, processing or converting operation but which are not yet in finished form ready for sale. b) Finished goods inventory: these include completed the items of modules that are ready for sale. These may be located at a company plant or store for a branch for a commercial warehouse.

MANAGEMENT OF INVENTORIES

THE NEED AND IMPORTANCE: The need for inventory control in a manufacturing concern can hardly be overemphasized, since in varies constitute the largest component of working capital in most of the organizations, its needs the greatest amount of care and attention for proper control. Its excess or inadequacy, both has adverse effects on liquidity and profitability of a firm. Insufficient and inefficient procedures may lead to unbalanced inventories e.g. some items out of slick and some over slick, resulting in excessive investment. All these insufficiencies will ultimately have an adverse effect on profits. Control techniques, such techniques are applied for reducing the investment in inventories, out adversely affecting the smooth running of production and sales operation. Material Management is an integrated function of the various sections of an organization dealing with the supply of materials and allied activities in order to achieve maximum coordination and optimum expenditure on materials.

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

Altogether the company deals with stock of thousands of items raising a serious problem of how one can keep control of track of all these items also, where it necessary to have some extent of control on each and every item. Different types of analysis each having its own specific advantages and purpose help in bringing a practical solution to the control of inventory. The most important of all such analysis is the ABC analysis. The others ones are VED - analysis SDE - analysis HML - analysis FSN - analysis

ABC ANALYSIS Its a formal way of classifying inventory so that the important ones will be given the most attention. Through this analysis the professional inventory manager will concentrate his efforts on were they will yield the greatest rewards. The ABC of ABC analysis refers to the classes, A, B and C into which the inventory is divided. A is high value items whose rupee volume typically account for 75-80% of the value of the total inventory while representing only 10-15% of the inventory items, the B class is lesser value item whose rupee volume accounts for 15-20% the value of the inventory, while representing 15-20% of the inventory items. The C class is low Value item whose volume accounts for 10-15% of the inventory value but 75-80% of the inventory items. The same degree of control is not justified for all the three classes of items. The class of items requires the greatest attention and the class of items the least attention. Class C items need no special calculations since of they represent a low inventory investment. The order quantity might be a one-year supply a periodic review once year class B items could have CODs developed into a semi-annual review of the variables. Class of items could have EOQs developed a review of the variables each time an order is placed. The major concern of an ABC classification in to direct

attention to there inventory items their represent the largest amount expenditure. If inventory levels can be reduced for claim of items it result in a significant reduction in inventory investment.

ABC INVENTORY CLASSFICATION Percent of total class percent of total No. of units in Annual usage value each class

Percentage inventory items 10 15 75

of Category classes A B C

of value of the total inventory(rupee volume in %) 75 15 10

 VED ANALYSIS This analysis specially pertains to the classification of maintenance spares denoting the essentiality of blocking spares. V - stands for vital - items when out of stick or when not readily available, completely bring the production a hault. E - Is for essential items without which temporary losses of production or dislocation of production week occurs. D - Denotes desirable items - all other items, which are necessary but do not cause any immediate.

S.D.E ANALYSIS Effects on production.For developing countries and especially where certain items are in scarce supply. This analysis is very useful. S - Refers to scarce items, especially imported items and those which are very much in short supply. D - Are difficult items which are available in market but no easily available. E - Items are those which are easily available, most local items.

HML ANALYSIS The cost per item is considered for this analysis. H - High cost M - Medium cost L - Low cost

 FSN ANALYSIS Materials are classified as: F- Fast moving - the items with other rates of consumption. S - Slow moving- if less than five percent is consumed. N - Non moving items if less than one percent of the item inventory has been consumed in the past three months, it is termed as non-moving.

Ordering Systems The main problem in any ordering system is when to order and how much to order accordingly. Main methods used for overcoming these problems are:1. Reorder level system (ROL method):In this method, at first a recorder level is found out taking into consideration the lead-time and also the rate of consumption. To take care of any variation either in the lead-time or in the ratio of consumption of quantity known as a buffer stock or safety slick is provided. 2. Periodic ordering method:The stocks received at fixed intervals of time and orders are placed either for a fixed quantity or a variable quantity.

SAFTEY STOCK The safety stock become necessary in order to avoid 'stock outs' if the rate of consumption increased and/or the lead time gets extended from the values considered for the replenishing systems, Thus, a simple way of establishing the safety stock would be to find out the above two variations that could systematize such a big amount of information. What is required then I a upgrading on the class of information processing technology. In other words the management are as follows. 1. It enables to establish a well-defined ordering policy.

2. It helps on accurate program planning. 3. It helps in detection of universal consumption on trends by consumption analysis. 4. It produces derailed machine processed stores ledgers. 5. It picks up important items from wide inventories require management attention. 6. It produces ABC analysis for effective control of issue and procurement. 7. It highlights pending orders and pinpoints disparity between the last purchase rate and the current purchase. Before and inventory can be put on the computer a large manual efforts is required for assignment of individual codes after the coding structure is selected from either of the systems indicated below. In large inventory of over hundred thousands of items, this effort may take a year pr even longer specially if meaning codes are to be assigned. Is the coding effort can be very expensive and therefore effort can be very expensive and, therefore effort should be made to minimize it by depending the coding structure as simple as possible. So in this present era of computer, computerization of material management has become a necessity.

The safety stock would be to find out the above two variations that could normally occur over a period of time in terms of additional quantity of stock to be maintained.

DETERMINATION OF ORDERING COST

Ordering cost is the cost which will be incurred by concern because of initializing or placing order for the supply of materials. To find out the ordering cost, at first the following cost are determined for a particular year1. Suitable position of administrative staff lost who have been engaged in purchasing activities. 2. Clerical cost. 3. Depreciation on building furniture, and on office equipments. 4. Post telegraphic cost and stationary expenditure. 5. Travel and electricity expenditure.

After finding out the total expenditure of all the items, divide that particular amount by the total number of orders placed in that particular year, which will give the order cost in Rs.

DETERMINATION OF INVENTORY CARRYING COST

Inventory carrying cost is the total expenditure incurred by the material management function for carrying the inventory in stock. So find the inventory carrying cost at first the following expenditure for the particular year is find out.

(1) Suitable position of the administrative staff cost. (2) Suitable position of the security cost & electrical cost.

(3) Maintenance and depreciation expenditure on building and furniture.

(4) Stationary, post, telegraph and electricity expenses.

(5) Obsolescence, Insurance and handling charges.

OBJECTIVES OF INVENTORY CONTROL

1. Financial: goal is to keep investment in inventories within the limits of budget available so that composition of working capital is not thrown out of balance. 2. Operating: a) To obtain the best overall balance between production and inventory carrying cost on the one hand and customer service at the other. b) To minimize losses resulting from inventory deterioration & obsolesce 3. Property protection: a) To safeguard an important asset against theft preventable waste all unauthorized use. b) To make certain that within reasonable tolerances the value of this asset is correctly stated in companys books

To meet objectives AUTOMAT IRRIGATION Hardwar Inventory Control Department has outlined following major objectives:

1. To maintain the investment in Inventories at the lowest point consistent with operating sales turnover & financial requirements of the enterprise as per budget. 2. To ensure an adequate supply of required kind of raw materials parts supplies and other items to maintain the most efficient level of operations to meet the demands of customers. 3. To report and liquidate slow moving, non-moving defective or obsolete items. 4. To ensure the actual existence of physical quantities and values shown in the records. 5. To prevent loss through waste, damage or pilferage.

6. To signal over under-stocked conditions in relation to current and projected de mand.

FUNCTION OF INVENTORY CONTROL

Functions to be performed in the field of Inventory Control are: 1 Setting up norms for carrying Inventory. 2 Determining what items to be stocked. 3 Setting rules for Inventory replenishments. 4 Receiving, storing and issuing inventory items as needed. 5 Maintaining records of inventory quantities and values. 6 Identifying and deposing of slow-moving, non-moving, obsolete or damage inventories. 7 Furnishing summary information on inventory position for control purposes.

Locations of position responsible for performing each of these functions in organization structure greatly vary from company to company.

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN AUTOMAT IRRIGATION

In AUTOMAT IRRIGATION Hardwar determination of product material or direct work order material (what?) o be carried in Inventory is more or less automatic result of product design formulation and is given in material forecast for a work order. Indirect materials consumed in manufacturing process such as electrodes, brazing alloys, tooling etc. are usually given by process engineering or at times by design departments. Balance great bulk of indirect materials is made up of repair parts and general supplies. Responsibility for specific (what?) items to be carried in inventory rests with Works Engineering. With respect to raw materials and purchased parts, responsibility for determining (when?) and how much to buy is a sign to relevant product manufacturing i.e. production planning and material planning groups. However a strict budgetary control and allocation to specific work order control on high value items is exercised by Inventory control department o rganized separately under Material Management, Purchase department attached to manufacturing department determines (where?) to buy. Determination of indirect material (when?) and how much to buy and (where?) , is done by central group under Material Management by consolidating requirements of all sections and while looking at consumption trends over a No. of years. Again a strict budgetary control and control on high value items for their allocation is exercised by Inventory control group.

There are different departments which deals with Inventory management : Purchase Department Shipping Department. Receiving Department. Storing Section Rejection Shell

Process of placing an order in AUTOMAT IRRIGATION: User department raise the indent. (Requirement) Indent will go to purchase department. Purchase department will raise the Tender. In Reply, supplier will give their quotations. Company choose any of them (lowest) & places the order. On receiving the material the user department will raise Stores Receipt Voucher (STR)

Inventory Record Keeping And Related Procedures:How well Inventory records are maintained has a major bearing on the effectiveness of Inventory control program. Mostly information recorded automat irrigation. system is: Name of the part or material Short description Identifying No called Material code Unit of measurement Location in store (custody) Bin no. Opening, received, issue, closing quantity and value.

These records are maintained in an online system on main frame computer user departments have shared access for posting and retrieval of information.

There is a system for reserving specific items as customer specific which is done by tagging on the item. Posting of withdrawals or issue from inventory is done on specific authorization by a document called Store Issue voucher. AUTOMAT IRRIGATION produces long production cycle items against the firm orders from customers. Because of this as well as sizeable imported raw materials and compulsory bulk purchase of items like steel and copper in line with availability from SAIL and MMTC, the company has to carry high level of inventories.

NEED OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT: Stiff competition, globalization of trade and liberalization. Achieving, increasing and positive EVA. Cost reduction. Energy conservation. Conservation of natural resources. Better, work environment. Improved health and safety. Enhanced public image.

AUTOMAT IRRIGATION took the following steps to control its inventory:-

STRATEGIES/MEASURES: Formation of specific group in each area to identify the wastage elements and seek participation of all. Identification of wastage. Formulation of action plan to eliminate/minimize wastage. Review of status. Identification of corrective actions and their implementation. Highlighting the gains.

INVENTORY CONTROL
In managing inventories , the firms objective should be in consonance with the shareholders , wealth maximization principle . To achieve this , the firm should determine the optimum level of inventory . Efficiently controlled inventories make the firm flexible . Inefficient inventory control results in unbalanced inventory and inflexibility the firm may sometimes run out of stock and sometimes may pile up unnecessary stocks . This increases the level of investment and makes the firm unprofitable .

Inventory can be controlled in two ways 1. BEFORE PROCUREMENT is decided HOW much should be ordered ? WHEN should it be ordered ? To manage inventories efficiency ,answers to be sought to the following answers , HOW MUCH TO ORDER relates to the problem of determining economic order quantity and is answered with an analysis of costs of maintaining certain level of inventories . the second question WHEN TO ORDER ,arises because of uncertainity and is a problem of determining the re-order point. There are certain TECHNIQUES adopted by firms ,they are 2. IN STORE it refers to continous stock checking when goods are in stores . This system is adopted by large firms to put check to discripencies and errors made in stores.

IN AUTOMAT IRRIGATION ,this function is performed by PRICE STORES LEDGER and STOCK VERIFICATION A . PRICE STORES LEDGER ; Price stores ledger relates to goods in stores only . Its major functions includes following; Inventory control in stores it relates to control of inventory in stores ,as it accounts for issue of materials to different departments . Price variation control it controls price changes to stock ,implies impact of price change of stock in market to cost of material in stores . Accounting for scrap and surplus stores Due to changes in design or obsolescence of products etc, some items in stores become surplus. As maintenance of these items in the inventory results in additional expenditure by way of inventory carrying cost, these items are to be reviewed periodically declared as surplus and disposed off to the best advantage of the company. The accounting treatment accorded whenever the materials are declared surplus and charged off to P & L account or when materials already declared as surplus and charged off to P& L account are put to alternative use and issued for production or when the surplus materials already declared as surplus are disposed of on sale . BUT PSL s major function include receiving GOODS ,after the order have been placed as per requirement by the indenter and then distribute those received goods to different departments for conversion to finished goods . It is regarded as its major function being basic requirement for production. THIS is accomplished as follows under two systems;

Manual System:
In almost all the manufacturing divisions, this ledger is maintained on the computer or a data processing machine. Where the priced stored ledger is maintained manually the register will be maintained .The stores Receipts Vouchers will be priced by the stores account section(Stores review or stores bill group) with reference to the purchase order and the bills passed for payments. The priced SRVs are posted in the receipts column of the Priced Stores Ledger both in quantity and value. In respect of other receipts and issue documents, the valuation will be done by PSL section in consultation with the other account sections and departments concerned wherever required. The valuation of issues is generally done on the basis of monthly weighted average price. For this purpose the issue price will be arrived at by adding the opening balance of the month and all the receipts separately in value and quantity and dividing the value by the quantity so arrived at, as illustrated below: If A&B represents the quantities of opening balance and receipts , X & Y represents opening balance and receipts during a month in value and t represents the weighted average issue price T=(X+Y)/(A+B) All issues during the month will be priced on the basis of t.

At the end of every month the ledger will be closed and the closing balances will be struck. The Priced Stores Ledger will be maintained material code-wise and a consolidated summary of all the materials held in stock class-wise and material code-wise will be presented ,for obtaining the class-wise summary and the grand total of all class-wise summaries agreed with the general ledger.

Computerized System :
1.Processing and Receipt Documents : All the receipt documents are checked for validation of material code, unit of measurement and location with reference to material master on the computer. The responsibility for correcting error in this respect rests with Stores department . After this validation , SRVs are routed for pricing on computer. In this respect two further error statements are generated. The first statement refer to those SRVs for which price factors have been fed by Stores Accounts section (Stores review / Stores Bills group) but for which there is no matching code in the material master. The second error list refers to those SRVs for which price factors have not been received from the Stores Accounts section (Stores Review /Stores Billing group). The responsibility for corrective action on these two error lists rests with the Stores Review/ Stores Bills group of the Stores Accounts section.

2.Processing of Issue Vouchers on Computer : Just like receipt vouchers , issue vouchers are also validated with reference to material master regarding material code, unit and location . They are also validated with reference to the stock available in the stock master and if there is no stock to accommodate. They are rejected by the computer. As in the case of receipts, the responsibility for error location rests with the Stores department. After correction , the validated vouchers are further processed in computer. The issue rate is arrived at base on a system of monthly weighed averages after taking into account all the receipts during the month. Thus the issue vouchers are priced on weighted average only after all receipts have been accounted for in particular month. With this , Priced transaction file of of computer gets completed in particular month and from there , different tabulation pertaining to current PSL, progressive PSL, document-wise receipts and issues , accounts code -wise receipts and issues , material- wise receipts and issues etc., are received from computer for future work in PSL section. 3.Processing of Transfer and Other Documents on Computer : The transfer and other documents specified above are priced in the PSL section and fed into the computer. A tabulation for all such documents processed on the computer is obtained at the end of every month. 4.Accounting of Material in PSL : Based on the computer tabulations received for receipts/ issues/ transfer documents necessary accounting adjustments through journal vouchers are effected in the PSL section. 4.1.Accounting adjustments at the time of Mid- year / Annual Closing of Accounts At the time of Mid- year / annual closing of accounts, the balances under each of the different stock heads are reconciled with the progressive PSL and the class summary register. After reconciliation is made , the closing balance value in each of the stock heads is cleared and taken to closing stock accounts in the Financial Ledger, The journal entry is effected in Cost Accounts section. 4.2 Accounting of Stock of Durable Tools : At the time of accounts, the values of durable tools in stock is brought to account as stock. The tools are classified as consumable tools and durable tools. The criteria for treating a tool as a durable tool are as follows : (a) the cost of each tool shall be above Rs 10,000; and (b) the life expectancy of the tool shall be more than one year.

4.3 Accounting of Non-stock Items of Stores: 4.3.1 In case of medical and stationary stores for which no Priced Stores Ledger is maintained, statements of stock of medical stores and stationary stores are obtained from the Chief Medical Officer/'Stores department, as at the end of accounting period/year, duly priced and the following adjustments are made in the accounts based on the priced stock statements.

Code

Description

Dr.

Cr.

162001 Inventories 7130xx Medical expenses

Miscellaneous stores Stock of medial stores at the close of the year/ Overhead control

xxx xxx

8040xx

Printing and stationary/Overhead control

xxx

The above entries are reversed in the following accounting year i.e. in December/April. However in April, this is done by operating code 7110xx-'stock of medical stores at he beginning of the year' instead of 7130xx, in case of medical stores. 5.2Check up of High Value Receipts/Issues: The problem relates to accounting of stray mistakes in regard to pricing or in feeding pricing element to computer e.g. rate which is reckoned per MT may be given as per Kg or vice-versa. For this purpose tabulated figures of all high value SRVsare checked up every month both for quality and value. The responsibility of ensuring that all receipts are completely reported to EDP rests with the Stores Review group of Stores Accounts section.

5.3 Quantity Mistakes in Issue Vouchers due to Punching Errors: Major errors are generally reconciled when current PSL is reviewed and minor errors are revealed at the time of reconciliation of PSL balances with bin card balances. If the quantity is punched wrongly value is also calculated wrongly by the computer. This mistake is corrected through PSL adjustment forms.

5.5 Wrong Purchasing of Material Codes : Because of wrong purchasing of material codes, the transactions relating to one material is wrongly accounted for under another material code. These mistakes are generally revealed at the time of reconciliation of PSL with bin card balances and they are also corrected through PSL adjustment forms.

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN AUTOMAT IRRIGATION AUTOMAT IRRIGATION produces long production cycle items against the firm orders from customers. Because of this as well as sizeable imported raw materials and compulsory bulk purchase of items like steel and copper in line with availability from SAIL and MMTC, the company has to carry high level of inventories. RS/LACS 2002PARTICULA RS ACT. Raw Material & components Material with fabricators Stores &spares Material in transit Finished goods at plant 99 155 105 306 395 353 7639 5338 10469 11567 10375 10386 ACT. ACT. ACT. ACT. ACT. 03 200304 200405 200506 200607 200708

2333

2092

1594

1848

2989

3061

1466

3819

3716

9910

8193

9705

931

2603

2181

1770

2454

1819

W.I.P Transfer in transit Total Turnover Average inventory Inventory to turnover Days of inventory holding

18488 23699 1413 1508

38585 42120 38398 36411 2326 2277 4823 3630

32370 39214 10133 5 97432

58976 67898 67627 65365 14069 16406 20086 23509 6 7 0 4 37915 35792 49095 33752 3.26

42267 45414

1.93

1.78

2.38

2.72

2.99

139

192

248

215

166

135

Inventory Turnover Ratio = Sales / Average Inventory Days Of Inventory Holding =365 / inventory Turnover Ratio

Graphical Representation of Days of Inventory Holding:

DAYS OF INVENTORY HOLDING

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

NO. OF DAYS

248 192 139

215 166 135

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006- 200703 04 05 06 07 08

YEARS

INTERPRETRATION:If we see from the above table that the days of inventory holding in the year 2005-06 has come down to 215 days from 248days in the previous year. Inspite of increase in turnover i.e. 164060 in 2005-06 from 140697 in the year 2004-05the days of inventory holding decreases. This indicates that the company is using effective strategy to bring down its inventory level. This makes very less investment in inventory. It is in the interest of every organization to minimize its inventory level.

Following is the process through which the company can achieve the optimum inventory level.

STANDARD INVENTORY LEVEL

TAKING ACTUAL INVENTORY LEVEL

COMPARISION OF ACTUAL WITH STANDARD

TAKE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS

ANALYSING REASON OF VARIATION/DEVIATION

VARIATION/ DEVIATION

NEED OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT: Stiff competition, globalization of trade and liberalization. Achieving, increasing and positive EVA. Cost reduction. Energy conservation. Conservation of natural resources. Better, work environment. Improved health and safety. Enhanced public image.

Graph of inventory in AUTOMAT IRRIGATION:

70000

60000
50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006- 200703 04 05 06 07 08

Interpretation:By the graphical representation, we can easily understand that the level of inventory is coming down but in 2005-06 it increases due to large amount of raw material .It comes down because company takes some effective measures to control the level of inventory.

STRATEGIES/MEASURES: Formation of specific group in each area to identify the wastage elements and seek participation of all. Identification of wastage. Formulation of action plan to eliminate/minimize wastage. Review of status. Identification of corrective actions and their implementation. Highlighting the gains.

Suggestion: After analyzing the steps taken by the company there are some suggestions to manage the Inventory: There should proper analysis of requirement of raw material. Order should be placed according to the lead-time. Wastage should be avoided. There should be proper coordination between the Inventory Department and Production Department

USES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS TO DIFFERENT PARTIES

The analysis and interpretation of financial statements is an important accounting activity. The end users of business statements are interested in these statements primarily as an aid to determine the financial position and the results of the operations. There are different parties interested in the financial analysis of their statements and their aims and their objectives also differ significantly. The following are the use of statement analysis to different parties: TO THE FINANCIAL EXECUTIVES The first party interested in the financial statement analysis is the finance department of the business concern itself to the financial managers such analysis provides a deep insight into the financial condition of the enterprises and the view of the past performance which helps in future decision making. The financial statements give vital information concerning the position of the enterprise as well the result of the operations. TO THE TOP MANAGEMENT The top management of the concern is also increased in the analysis of these statements because it helps them reaching conclusions regarding: Performance appraisal of overall business activities. Enquiry about current financial position and long term strategic planning. Queries concerning the relationships of earnings to trends in sales etc. Queries concerning the relationships of earnings to investment.

 TO THE CREDITORS The analysis of these statements is very essential to the creditors. Also some aspects of enterprise operations are of interest to creditors in regard to liquidity of funds, soundness of financial structure, profitability of the operations, effectiveness of working capital management etc.

TO THE INVESTORS AND OTHERS Investors presents as well as prospects are also interested in the measurement of earning capacity of the securities. Investors have been increasingly concerned with the cash generation capability of an enterprise, primarily in terms of the flexibility available to such enterprises to acquire other business and new assets on an advantage basis for this purpose.

PROBLEMS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

There are certain problems and issues encountered in financial analysis, which call for care and judgment in such exercise. DEVELOPMENT OF BENCHMARKS Given the diversity of AUTOMAT IRRIGATION product lines, it is difficult to find suitable benchmarks for evaluating its financial performance and conditions. Hence even for such firm, the financial analyst may run into difficulty. If information is available only about industry average or some other standard and not about the entire dispersion of ratios for various firms in the industry, it may not be possible to draw meaningful inferences. WINDOW DRESSING Firm may resort to window dressing to project a favorable financial picture. When window dressing is suspected, the financial analyst should look at the average data available as per resource. PRICE LEVEL CHANGES In India financial accounting takes into consideration price level changes. As a result, balance sheet figures are distorted and profits are misreported. Hence financial statement analysis can be vitiated. VARIATIONS IN ACCOUNTING POLICIES Business firms have some latitudes in accounting treatment like depreciation, valuation of stocks research and development expenses, foreign exchange transactions, installment sales, preliminary and preoperative expenses, and provision of reserve and revaluation of assets. Due to diversity of accounting practices found in practice, comparative financial statement analysis may b e
vitiated.

BENEFITS OF MODERN TECHNIQUES

These techniques helped in following manner1) Helps in reducing carrying cost of inventory. 2) It helped in reducing the level of working capital blocked in inventory . 3) It helped in reducing the level of work of store keeping department and inventory control department as inventory level is optimum. 4) As more concern is given on wastages it helps in reducing losses. 5) As inventory is kept at optimum level , chances of obsolescence are decreased. 6) Ease in importing goods as, Transchart (Ministry of shipment) is recevied. 7) Auto indenting have helped MPIC official in placing the order.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is the way to systematically solve the research problem. Objective of research study is Analysis of inventory of AUTOMAT IRRIGATION Ltd. Analyzing of inventory, we determining following inventories1. Raw materials inventory. 2. Work in progress inventory. 3. Finished goods inventory & 4. Supplies inventory. In this section of inventories, we should analyze the annual investment in inventories, Valuation of inventory after closing balance of items in inventory. In this manner, we calculate reorder point, safety stock levels, minimum & maximum levels of inventory. Working hypothesis of the objective is that inventories are the stock piles of goods .The all organization on their inventories. JOL invests about 60% of total assets inventory should be analyzed their records. The analysis of inventory according to their data available in the company. The data collection of inventory for analysis by the direct store department We should record primary and secondary data by the helps of assistants ledger books M R N etc. We went to the all inventories as raw material work in progress inventory, finished goods inventory by the proper observation of datas of the company. The particular method for data collecting used direct interview with assistants and telephone interview with friends to known about annual investment of inventories and other important data.

SOURCES OF DATA:-

The data collection for the project work from two sources i.e. primary and secondary sources1) PRIMARY DATA:-

a) Manuals b) Questionnaire
2) SECONDARY DATA:-

a) Websites. b) Transcripts of book

SAMLING DESIGN-Descriptive SAMPLING TECHNIQUE-The sampling method has been followed for this study is RANDOM SAMPLING. SAMPLING SIZE-60 SAMPLING UNITS-Workers, Management (officers, executives), and Personal(H.R.)

QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGNING

Estimated development 1st Quarter 2011 Compared with the same quarter of a year ago, are Up Same Down

Expected development

2nd Quarter 2011 Up Same Down

1. a) Domestic sales (volume) b) Export sales (volume) 2. Production (volume) 3. a) Domestic orders received (volume) b) Export orders received (volume) 4. Unfilled orders relative to total sales 5. General business conditions 6. Number of factory workers 7. Average hours worked per factory worker 8. Fixed investment 9. The rate of increase in the a) Average total cost per unit of production b) Average labour cost per unit of production c) Average purchase price per unit of raw Material d i) average domestic selling price per unit of production d ii) average export selling price per unit of production

Estimated development 1st Quarter 2004

10.Compared with the same quarter of a year ago, are current stocks of a) Raw materials relative to planned production b) Finished goods relative to expected total demand 11. Are delivery periods of orders received over the past 3 Months? 12. Is your present level of output below capacity? (i.e. are you working below a satisfactory full rate of operation) 13. How do you find current business conditions? 14. .To what extent do the following hamper your current all activities a) Shortages of Skilled labour Semi-skilled labour Unskilled labour Raw materials b) The current level of short-term interest rates c) Insufficient demand for your products d) The current political climate 15. In comparison to current levels in your sector, what do you expect the following to be in 12 months time? a) Volume of goods imported b) Volume of goods exported c) Real investment in machinery and equipment d) General business conditions

Too High Just Sufficient Too Low

Longer Unchanged Shorter

Yes

No

Satisfactory

Unsatisfactory

Seriously Slightly Not at

Higher Same Lower

16. Compared to current levels of total investment spending in your sector, what do you expect the following to be in 12 months time? a) Total fixed investment (excluding inventories) b) Land, building and construction works c) Inventories

17. What are the investment prospects over the next 12 months regarding a) Replacements b) Additions 18. What factors are likely to limit your ability to invest over the all next 12months? a) Insufficient demand for products b) The political climate c) Cost of credit d) Tax structure

High Same Lower

Seriously Slightly Not at

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

I have obtained some weak and strong points of the company during the analysis of financial statements, which are as follows: As just only the analysis financial statement is not only mean to reach at conclusions we cannot substitute it for sound judgment. Furthermore good judgment depends upon the intelligence and ability of the analyst On seeing the liquidity position of AUTOMAT IRRIGATION. I conclude that it is not very good as the current assets are in the form of inventories and debtors. The debt collection period is high and inventories are least liquid current assets. So maintaining the inventories are relatively costly affair for the company and the management must have to investigate properly. It is very necessary so that fund should not be blocked unreasonably. Efficient inventory management is required in AUTOMAT IRRIGATIO. On seeing the leverage position of the AUTOMAT IRRIGATION. I conclude that it is very good as the stake of owners in company is continuously increasing and its long-term debt continuously decreasing it means that company is paying its debt promptly and creditors will not face any risk in investing in AUTOMAT IRRIGATION as also AUTOMAT IRRIGATION is giving assured ROI. On seeing turnover, fixed assets and current assets turnover of company goes on increasing which is a good indicator as it brings commensurate gain and also the average collection goes on decreasing but management should take more efficient steps to reduce it.

On seeing the profitability of the AUTOMAT IRRIGATION its overall performance is very good. A continuous increase in the values of EPS (except year 1999) and DPS results, investors feel safe to invest money in AUTOMAT IRRIGATION.

RECOMMENDATIONS
1) The techniques and methods used should be regularly updated. 2) High value and high cost items should be carefully handled and regular check should be made. 3) With the globalization of economy , proper care should be given to suppliers
and customers.

4) It should aim at reducing non value added costs involved in production. 5) Investment should be made in those stock items which are fast moving rather than on those which
are non moving.

References
1) www.google.com 2) www.AUTOMAT IRRIGATION PVT. LTD.co.in 3) www.AUTOMAT IRRIGATION PVT. LTD.hwr.co.in 4) www.wickeypedia.com 5) www.answer.com
.

BOOKS: Intelligent stock market security by N. J. Yasaswy. The Indian securities market by Tadashi Endo. The Big Picture : Reflects on Our Economic Times by T.T. Ram Mohan Financial Accountancy by M .Y .Khan Research methodology by C.R.Kothari