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Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint Figure 1.4 Categories of topology
Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations
Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN
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Protocol Standards
• Protocol is a set of rules that govern data • Ensure connectivity between devices from
communication different manufactures
— What is communicated? —De facto standard is not approved by anyone
— How it is communicated? • But adopted through widespread use
— When it is communicated? —Normal standard that is approved by an International
• Syntax is a structure or format of the data organization
— E.g., the first 8 bits of data are address of sender • Standards organization
• Semantics is the meaning of each section in bits —Standard creation committees
— How is the pattern interpreted and what action to be taken? • ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, IEEE, EIA
— E.g., does an address identify next hop or final destination —Forums: Speed up acceptance and use of technologies
• Timing —Regulatory agency: Protect public interest
— When data should be sent and how fast can they be sent? —Internet standards
• Internet draft and RFC (Request for comment)
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