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INTRODUCTION TO RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY WITH SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

RT 200 Finals

Topic 3: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) History: 1940s - Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell investigate how nuclei (nuclei of atoms and nuclei of cells) of materials behave in magnetic field. They discovered that these nuclei will absorb energy from radio waves at certain frequency. Bloch and Purcell receives Nobel prize 1952. 1970s Raymond Damandian published the first cross-sectional image of a living mouse in 1971-73. The first NMR image was published by Paul Lauterbur in 1973. The first studies performed on humans were published in 1977. The 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was were awarded to Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield for the mathematical formalism and developing techniques for fast imaging. 1980s The year Magnetic Resonance Imaging, an imaging modality based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), is primarily a medical imaging technique most commonly used in radiology to visualize the internal structure and function (physiologic) of the body. The machine provides cross-sectional, or three dimensional, images without using x-rays or radioactive material. It produces images by the use of a strong magnetic field and radio waves. It was employed in chemistry and physics to obtain information about complex molecules and molecular motion. Molecule structure form of atoms of various elements. The composition of human body is the ultimate basis in atoms (nuclei and protons). The Person who study cell: 1665 - Robert Hooke Study cell and name as the basic biologic building block. 1673 - Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Living cell based on microscopic observation. 1938 - Schneider & Schwann study on plants and animals cells. 1953 - Watson & Crick Living cell DNA deoxyribonucleic s acid Molecular Composition of the Human Body: 5 principal types Water 80% (hydrogen atoms) Protein 15% Lipids (fats) 2%

Carbohydrates (sugar) 1% Nucleic Acid 1% Other 1%

Four (4) of these molecules (protein, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid) are macromolecules (Very large molecules consist of thousand of atoms). Scanner Construction and Its Operation: Schematic of construction of a cylindrical superconducting MR scanner: The 4 major components of an MRI scanner are (the whole system is controlled by one or more computers): 1. The Main Magnet 2. The Shim Coils 3. The Gradient System 4. The RF System 1. The Magnet The largest and most expensive component of the scanner The strength of the magnet is measured in tesla (T). It polarizes(setting direction) the sample

2. The Shim Coils The principal requirement for magnet imaging. Main function: To restore or correct field homogeneity (nuclei placements - same kind are form in the same kind as others). Sub-function: Localize the MR signal 3. The Gradient coils (system) Sub-function: It makes nuclei line-up Main functions: o Electric coils to obtain spatially encode the positions of protons or the information. o Localize the MR signal 4. The Radio Frequency (RF) transmission system (probe) It consists of an RF synthesizer, power amplifier and transmitting coil. It excites sample (transmits pulse) and detect the signal (makes detectable by scanner). MRI Fundamental Concepts: 1. RF system is turned on makes the protons alter their alignment to the field. 2. RF system is turned off return to their alignment but these alignment changes the position of protons which create signal. 3. The signal depends on the strength of magnetic field. 4. The position of protons can be determined by applying additional magnetic fields created by turning gradient coils on and off (knocking sound during scan). 5. These signal which detect by the scanner. Why MRI? Best-low contrast resolution

No ionizing radiation Direct Multiplanar Imaging No bone or air artifacts It produce image by bone in clear, unobstructed detail. (Brain, Spinal Cord nerve damage) Totally non-invasive Between MRI and CT Scan: MRI It uses non-ionizing radio frequency (RF) signals to acquire its images. It provides greater contrast between the different soft tissues (brain, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and oncological [cancer]) of the body. Contrast agents for MRI are those which have paramagnetic properties. CT It uses X-rays, a type of ionizing radiation, to acquire its images composed of elements of a higher atomic number). CT may be enhanced by use of contrast agents containing elements of a higher atomic number

Both CT and MRI scanners can generate multiple two-dimensional cross-sections (slices) of tissue and three-dimensional reconstructions. Safety Contraindication: Implants and foreign bodies Pacemakers Patient with Prosthesis plates Specialized MRI Scans Magnetic resonance angiography - is used to generate pictures of the arteries in order to evaluate them (stenosis [abnormal narrowing] or aneurysms [vessel wall dilatations, at risk of rupture]). Interventional MRI - used to guide minimally-invasive procedures. Radiation therapy simulation is used to locate tumors within the body in preparation for radiation therapy treatments.

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