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Abstract: Amoebiasis is a type of gastroenteritis (gastro) and is a cause of diarrhea among travellers to developing countries. Avoid drinking unbottled water and eating uncooked foods, especially raw fruits and vegetables which cannot be peeled before eating, when travelling to areas with poor sanitation. Proper handwashing helps prevent the spread of this type of gastro. When travelling overseas, especially to developing countries, remember to 'cook it, peel it or leave it'.Gastroenteritis (also known as gastric flu, stomach flu, and stomach virus, although unrelated to influenza) is marked by severe inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract involving both the stomach and small intestine resulting in acute diarrhea and vomiting. It can be transferred by contact with contaminated food and water. The inflammation is caused most often[citation needed] by an infection from certain viruses or less often by bacteria, their toxins (e.g. SEB), parasites, or an adverse reaction to something in the diet or medication.At least 50% of cases of gastroenteritis resulting from foodborne illness are caused by norovirus. Another 20% of cases, and the majority of severe cases in children, are due to rotavirus. Other significant viral agents include adenovirus and astrovirus.Risk factors include consumption of improperly prepared foods or contaminated water and travel or residence in areas of poor sanitation. It is also common for river swimmers to become infected during times of rain as a result of contaminated runoff water.
10/14/2011 Passed by: BALMORES, King Daven N. Passed to: Maam Thea Batan

Gastroenteritis Amoebiasis
Abstract Amoebiasis is a type of gastroenteritis (gastro) and is a cause of diarrhea among travellers to developing countries. Avoid drinking unbottled water and eating uncooked foods, especially raw fruits and vegetables which cannot be peeled before eating, when travelling to areas with poor sanitation. Proper handwashing helps prevent the spread of this type of gastro. When travelling overseas, especially to developing countries, remember to 'cook it, peel it or leave it'. Gastroenteritis (also known as gastric flu, stomach flu, and stomach virus, although unrelated to influenza) is marked by severe inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract involving both the stomach and small intestine resulting in acute diarrhea and vomiting. It can be transferred by contact with contaminated food and water. The inflammation is caused most often[citation needed] by an infection from certain viruses or less often by bacteria, their toxins (e.g. SEB), parasites, or an adverse reaction to something in the diet or medication. At least 50% of cases of gastroenteritis resulting from foodborne illness are caused by norovirus. Another 20% of cases, and the majority of severe cases in children, are due to rotavirus. Other significant viral agents include adenovirus and astrovirus. Risk factors include consumption of improperly prepared foods or contaminated water and travel or residence in areas of poor sanitation. It is also common for river swimmers to become infected during times of rain as a result of contaminated runoff water. Introduction Amoebiasis is a type of gastroenteritis (gastro) caused by a tiny parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, which infects the bowel. Amoebiasis can affect anyone, however, the disease mostly occurs in young to middle aged adults. Amoebiasis is generally associated with people living in areas of poor sanitation and is a common cause of diarrhoea among travellers to developing countries. Gastroenteritis (gastro) can be problem for travellers to countries with poor sanitation. Amoebiasis, a type of gastro, is a cause of diarrhoea among travellers to developing countries. It is caused by a parasite known as Entamoeba histolytica that infects the bowel. Amoebiasis most commonly affects young to middle-aged adults. Proper handwashing helps prevent the spread of amoebiasis. When travelling overseas, especially to developing countries, remember to cook it, peel it or leave it.

Diarrhea is one of the most common symptoms Signs and symptoms include:

Diarrhea (which may contain blood) Stomach cramps Fever. The most common symptoms of amoebiasis are diarrhea (which may contain blood), stomach cramps and fever. Rarely, amoebiasis can cause an abscess (infection) in the liver. After infection, it may take a few days, several months or even years before you become ill but it is usually about two or four weeks. To trace the cause of the illness, it is necessary to know what you ate and drank and where you travelled in the weeks before you became ill. Entamoeba histolytica parasites are only found in humans.

It may take months or years to become ill after you are infected with amoebiasis it may take days, months or years before you become ill. However, the illness usually develops two to four weeks after infection. Carriers may have no symptoms some people carry the parasite or cysts in their feces without having symptoms, but they can still pass the disease on to other people. How amoebiasis is spread Amoebiasis occurs when the parasites or their eggs (cysts) are taken in by mouth. People with amoebiasis have Entamoeba histolytica parasites in their faeces (poo). The infection can spread when infected people do not dispose of their faeces in a sanitary manner or do not wash their hands properly after going to the toilet. Contaminated hands can then spread the parasites to food that may be eaten by other people and surfaces that may be touched by other people. Hands can also become contaminated when changing the nappies of an infected infant. Amoebiasis can also be spread by:

Drinking contaminated water Eating contaminated raw vegetables and fruit Unprotected oral-anal sexual contact. Amoebiasis occurs when Entamoeba histolytica parasites are taken in by mouth and the most common way this happens is by person-to-person spread. People with amoebiasis have Entamoeba histolytica parasites in their faeces. If these people do not wash their hands properly after going to the toilet, then contaminated hands can spread the parasites to surfaces and objects which will

be touched by other people. Contaminated hands can also spread the parasites to food which may be eaten by other people. Hands can also become contaminated with parasites when a person changes the nappy of an infant infected with amoebiasis. People can carry Entamoeba histolytica in their faeces without having any symptoms. These people can still pass the disease on to others. Contaminated drinking water can also spread infection. The disease may also spread sexually by oral-anal contact.

If you have any symptoms of amoebiasis, report them to your doctor immediately. This will ensure that you receive proper treatment and advice and those steps are taken to reduce the spread of the disease. Prevention is better than cure!

How can I stop spreading it to my family? In your household, the risk of spreading amoebiasis can be reduced. It is very important that people with amoebiasis or gastroenteritis do not prepare or handle food to be eaten by other people and that no one shares their towel of face washer.

If you develop gastroenteritis If you develop gastro after returning home from overseas, you should contact your doctor. The doctor will arrange for a stool (faeces) sample to be tested. If the results show that you have amoebiasis, the doctor will provide appropriate advice and treatment. You may need to take time off work You may need to take time off work until the symptoms stop. People with amoebiasis must not attend school or childrens services until the diarrhoea has ceased. If you are a food handler or health care worker, it is recommended that you do not attend work until the diarrhea has ceased. Food handlers, child care workers and health care workers with amoebiasis must not work until symptoms have stopped. Children must not attend child care centres, kindergartens or school until symptoms have stopped.

Preventing the spread of amoebiasis

around the home To help prevent the spread of amoebiasis:

Wash hands thoroughly with soap and hot running water for at least 15 seconds after using the toilet or changing a nappy. Clean bathrooms and toilets often. Pay particular attention to toilet seats and taps. Avoid sharing towels or face washers.

When preparing food Food handlers should make sure:

Hands are thoroughly washed with soap and hot running water before touching food. Use paper towel or an air dryer to dry hands. Raw vegetables are thoroughly washed and cooked. The internal temperature of reheated food reaches at least 75C. Microwaves are used according to the manufacturers instructions.

When travelling When visiting developing countries, you should:

Avoid eating uncooked foods, particularly vegetables and fruit which cannot be peeled before eating. Drink only packaged drinks, boiled water or chlorinated and filtered water. Avoid drinks containing ice. Remember, cook it, peel it or leave it.

Where to get help

Your doctor Nurse-on-Call Tel. 1300 606 024 for expert health information and advice (24 hours, 7 days) Your local councils health department Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Department of Health Victoria Tel. 1300 651 160

By following the guidelines below, everyone can do something to avoid getting amoebiasis. Careful hand washing Everyone should wash their hands thoroughly with soap and hot running water for at least ten seconds:

before preparing food before eating after going to the toilet or changing nappies after smoking after using a tissue or handkerchief

Food handlers should use disposable paper towels or an air dryer to dry their hands. Cloth towels are not recommended as they get dirty quickly and can spread germs from one person to another. Safe food storage and handling

Thoroughly cook all raw foods Thoroughly wash raw vegetables before eating Reheat food until the internal temperature of the food reaches at least 75 C

Note for microwave oven users Remember that part of the microwave cooking process, includes standing time. If a microwave oven is used, read the manufacturer's instructions carefully and observe these standing times to ensure the food is completely cooked before it is eaten. Household cleaning Bathrooms and toilets must be cleaned often to avoid the spread of disease. Pay particular attention to surfaces such as toilet seats and handles, taps and nappy change tables. Water from untreated sources Untreated water that comes directly from lakes or rivers may be contaminated with faeces from people. Boil water from these sources before drinking it. Overseas travel Special care needs to be taken by people travelling overseas, particularly to developing countries. Contaminated food and drink are common sources of this disease. Careful selection and preparation of food and drink offer the best protection. Foods which are best to avoid are uncooked foods, particularly vegetables and fruit, which cannot be peeled before eating. Unpackaged drinks and ice should also be avoided.

Things to remember

Amoebiasis is a cause of diarrhoea among travellers to developing countries. Proper handwashing helps prevent the spread of amoebiasis. When travelling overseas, especially to developing countries, remember to cook it, peel it or leave it.

Treatment for Amoebiasis Most common forms of treatment for amoebiasis is the administration of antibiotics, such as metronidazole and tinidazole. Usually, antibiotics is given three times a day and may be administered to the patient for at least one week to 10 days. Dosage may vary according to the age of patients. Children are more likely given a lower dosage compared to adults. If antibiotics does not make any improvements on the condition of the patient, other modes of treatment may be used. In the event where amoebic abcess may develop on the liver, spleen, lungs, or brain, doctors may advise an operation on the affected area. The operation is usually meant to drain the abcess. There are some people who may also develop other complications resulting from amoebiasis. A common complication that may arise from this disease include peritonitis. This usually happens when bacteria is spilled into the peritoneum of a person. In this case, doctors may need to perform surgical procedures aside from administering antibiotics to the patient.

Antibiotics are not necessary in every case of bacterial gastroenteritis. Most cases are self-limiting and will resolve in a few days. If the causative organism has been identified with a stool culture and the symptoms are persisting, then antibiotics may be necessary. Immunocompromised patients may also require antibiotics. Antidiarrheal agents should be avoided unless the symptoms are persisting despite resolution of the infection or if antibiotics have already been commenced. This is dependent on individual cases and should be discussed with a medical doctor before using an antidiarrheal agent. A persistent diarrhea in this case may also require probiotics. Probiotics containing Saccharomyces boulardii and Lactobacillus casei may be useful in all cases but more so in the event of persistent diarrhea after the infection has been treated or has resolved. Oral rehydration therapy is the cornerstone of infectious gastroenteritis management. The BRAT diet followed by a simple bland diet should be commenced immediately once the vomiting subsides but an oral rehydration solution (ORS) should be continued for as long as the diarrhea is present.

SUMMARY
The whole article discuss all about gastroenteritis that is caused by the bacteria Entamoeba histolytica which is the causative agent for Amoebiasis. It tackles about what is gastroenteritis caused by the said bacteria, which is possibly you get from unsanitary preparation of foods and contaminated water; what are the symptoms of it which discuss that diarrhea is the most common sign of these disease. Based on the study, it tells that this type of problem may be on your system for a year because; they said that you may be ill after a day, a month or a year after the contamination occurs to your body. Some people carry the parasite or cysts in their feces without having symptoms, but they can still pass the disease on to other people.

Amoebiasis occurs when the parasites or their eggs (cysts) are taken in by mouth. People with amoebiasis have Entamoeba histolytica parasites in their faeces (poo). The infection can spread when infected people do not dispose of their faeces in a sanitary manner or do not wash their hands properly after going to the toilet. Contaminated hands can then spread the parasites to food that may be eaten by other people and surfaces that may be touched by other people. Hands can also become contaminated when changing the nappies of an infected infant. Amoebiasis can also be spread by:

Drinking contaminated water Eating contaminated raw vegetables and fruit Unprotected oral-anal sexual contact. Amoebiasis occurs when Entamoeba histolytica parasites are taken in by mouth and the most common way this happens is by person-to-person spread. People with amoebiasis have Entamoeba histolytica parasites in their faeces. If these people do not wash their hands properly after going to the toilet, then contaminated hands can spread the parasites to surfaces and objects which will be touched by other people. Contaminated hands can also spread the parasites to food which may be eaten by other people. Hands can also become contaminated with parasites when a person changes the nappy of an infant infected with amoebiasis. People can carry Entamoeba histolytica in their faeces without having any symptoms. These people can still pass the disease on to others. Contaminated drinking water can also spread infection. The disease may also spread sexually by oral-anal contact.

If you developed gastroenteritis, you should contact your doctor as soon as possible because they know what to do with your infection, thats the best further prevention when you acquired it.

When preparing for foods, make sure that, you are preparing sanitary enough in order not to inflict infection with others. Washing hands is the best prevention for not to pass the bacteria especially when you came from comfort rooms, thorough hand washing is needed to make sure that you are preparing foods sanitary enough. Cook foods very well and never cook it raw for it may leave the bacteria alive and may not possibly kill these bacteria that are in these particular foods. Water should be boiled if comes from unfiltered reservoirs. If you had the signs of this disease, better not to go work or school but rather to contact as soon as possible your heath care provider so then can treat you and prevent further spread of this disease.

Comprehensive Discussions
Relevance to: 1. Nursing Practice It is a must that we, as nurses should be able to understand this disease in order for us to provide relief and cure for the patient. We should be able to understand how this disease affect our client so we can give proper care for them, and be able us to help their present condition by knowing how they interact to the client so we can help alleviate or curing, not only the symptoms but the disease itself. It is important for us nurses to know about this disease because; we can never help our client if we dont know what it causes and how we can treat it. Dealing with patients like this needs a lot of knowledge in order that we can give the best care for our client suffering from these problems. Thorough study, a great intellectual knowledge, and most of all, a greater skill is needed in order to help your client be treated, especially when your client is a child. A great patience is needed so we can treat the disease because for a fact that Amoebiasis is not a simple disease, it is very hard to remove.

2. Nursing Education In nursing education, we must have a great knowledge about the disease in order to discuss with the client or significant others the present condition he/she is facing at the very moment. Thats why I chose this journal, to give us the background of this specific disease that our client is now facing. We must be knowledgeable enough about this particular disease in order to answer all the questions that will be ask to me and be ready you nurses in the future if you encounter this disease, you will be able to educate your client on what it causes, how it should it be removed, and how to prevent it, and what really gastroenteritis is; especially AMOEBIASIS.

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3. Local Setting

In our local setting, it is necessary for us to know this article in order to prevent possible cross infection to the family and prevent them from acquiring the disease. In our local setting, there may be a possible reservoirs for the bacteria that causes this, it is important for us to know this, and be able to discuss to the guardians or to the patient itself in order to prevent the second possible contamination. Like here in Baguio city, there may be many cause of these infection, for us nurses, our responsibility is to know this threats and be able to teach the patient and guardians about these threats that may be found in different areas that may cause possible infection to the client itself. Education is the best important role for us nurses considering the LOCAL SETTING of our client and be able to give the proper care for them.

4. To the Client It is relevant to my client because, my client itself acquired the disease and I, as the student nurse, must have the knowledge in order to give care to the patient and help her cure all her symptoms and even the disease itself. My client is suffering from gastroenteritis particularly amoebiasis, so, I should have a knowledge in order to gave proper interventions and provide knowledge to her in order to prevent another infection to her and most of all, so I can help my client to go back to her normal life living with no pains and discomforts to her life and back her smiles in her lips again by simply knowing the things I can do to relief all her problems regarding this disease.

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